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Alids

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Descendants of Ali, cousin of Muhammad

This article is about those who claim descent from Ali ibn Abi Talib. For the Levantine syncretistic sect, seeAlawites. For the Turkish mystic sect, seeAlevis. For the Moroccan royal family, see'Alawi dynasty. For the former ruling dynasty of Egypt and Sudan, seeMuhammad Ali dynasty.

Alids العلويين
Hashemite Arab Tribe
A medallion bearing the name of Ali inscribed withIslamic calligraphy inHagia Sophia,Istanbul,Turkey.
Ethnicity	Arabic descent
Nisba	al-Alawi
Location	Islamic world
Descended from	Ali
Parent tribe	Banu Hashim
Demonym	Alawis
Branches	Hasanids Husaynids Hanafi Alids Abbasid Alids
Language	originallyArabic, nowadays languages spread all over theIslamic world
Religion	Islam
Surnames	Al-Hashimi, Al-Alawi

Alids (Arabic:العلويين,romanized: al-ʿAlawiyyīn) are the descendants ofAli, the fourthRashidun caliph and the first Imam inShia Islam. He was also thecousin andson-in-law of theIslamic prophet Muhammad.

The Alids have led various movements inIslam. The direct line of Alids, beginning with Ali himself, constitutes the Twelve Imams ofTwelver Shia Islam, the largest branch of Shia Islam.

Other branches of the Alids are theHasanids andHusaynids, named afterHasan andHusayn, the eldest sons of Ali from his marriage toFatima, the daughter of Muhammad. As the progeny of Muhammad, they are revered by allMuslims.

Children of Ali

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Alids in history

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Umayyads era (r. 661–750)

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Mu'awiya seized the rule after theassassination of Ali in 661 and founded theUmayyad Caliphate,^[7] during which the Alids and their supporters were heavily persecuted.^[6] After Ali, his followers (shi'a) recognized as theirimam his eldest son Hasan. After his death in 670, they turned to his brother Husayn, but he and his small caravan were massacred by the Umayyads in theBattle of Karbala in 680.^[4] Soon followed the Shia uprising ofal-Mukhtar in 685 on behalf of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiya.^[4] Many more Shia revolts followed afterward, led not only by the Alids but also by other kinsmen of Muhammad.^[4]^[8]

Battle between the ʿAlid forces ofMuslim b. Aqil and Umayyad forces ofʿUbaydallah b. Ziyad.Ḥadīḳatü’s Süʾedā, Brooklyn Museum of Art, Brooklyn, 70.143, fol. 324a

The main movements in this period were the now-extinctKaysanites and the Imamites. Named after a commander of al-Mukhtar,^[9] the Kaysanites energetically opposed the Umayyads and were led by various relatives of Muhammad. Their majority followedAbu Hashim, the son of Ibn al-Hanafiya. When Abu Hashim died around 716, this group followedMuhammad ibn Ali ibn Abd-Allah, the great-grandson of Muhammad's uncleAbbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib.^[10]

The Kaysanite movement thus aligned itself with the Abbasids, that is, the descendants of Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib.^[4]^[11] On the other hand, the Imamites were led by the quiescent descendants of Husayn through his only surviving son,Ali Zayn al-Abidin (d. 713), their fourth imam. His son Zayd ibn Ali was an exception for he led a failed uprising against the Umayyads around 740.^[4] The followers of Zayd went on to form theZaydites, for whom any learned Hasanid or Husaynid who rose against tyranny was qualified as imam.^[12]

Abbasids era (r. 750–1258)

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To overthrow the Umayyads, the Abbasids had rallied the support of the Shia in the name of theAhl al-Bayt, that is, the family of Muhammad. But many Shias were disillusioned when the Abbasidal-Saffah (r. 750–754) declared himself caliph, as they had hoped for an Alid leader instead.[13] The Abbasids soon turned against their former allies and persecuted the Alids and their Shia supporters.^[4]^[14]

In response, Shia doctrinally limited its leadership to the Alids, many of whom revolted against the Abbasids, including the Hasanid brothersMuhammad ibn Abd-Allah (d. 762) and Ibrahim.[1]^[1] Some Alids instead took refuge in remote areas and founded regional dynasties in the southern shores of theCaspian sea,Yemen, and westernMaghreb.^[4]^[15]

For instance, the revolt of the HasanidHusayn ibn Ali al-Abid was suppressed in 786 but his brotherIdris (d. 791) escaped and founded the first Alid dynasty inMorocco.^[1]^[14] Similarly, a number of Zaydite rules appeared in northernPersia and in Yemen, the latter of which has survived to the present day.^[16]^[4]

Some quiescent imams of the Imamites were also probably killed by the Abbasids.^[17] For example, the seventh imam,Musa al-Kazim (d. 799), spent years in the Abbasid prisons and died there, possibly poisoned by order of Caliph Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809), who also had "hundreds of Alids" killed.[18] Caliphal-Ma'mun (r. 813–833) later attempted a reconciliation by appointing Ali al-Rida as heir apparent in 817, the eighth Imam. Other Abbasids revolted in opposition inBaghdad, which forced al-Ma'mun to reverse his policies and Ali al-Rida died around that time, likely poisoned by al-Ma'mun.^[19]^[20]

Ali al-Hadi (d. 868) and Hasan al-Askari (d. 874), the tenth and eleventh imams of the Imamites, were held in the capital Samarra under strict surveillance.^[21] Most Imamite sources report that both were poisoned by the Abbasids.^[22] Their followers believe that the birth of their twelfth imam,Muhammad al-Mahdi, was hidden for fear of Abbasid persecution and that he remains in occultation by divine will since 874, until his reappearance at the end of time to eradicate injustice and evil.^[23]^[24] They became known as theTwelvers.^[25]

Meanwhile, the only historic split among the Imamites happened after the death in 765 of their sixth imam, the quiescentJa'far al-Sadiq,^[4]^[25] who played a key role in formulating Imamite doctrines.^[26] Some claimed that his designated successor was his sonIsma'il, who had actually predeceased al-Sadiq. These followers permanently separated and later formed theIsma'ilites.^[4] Some of them denied the death of Isma'il but their majority accepted the imamate of his sonMuhammad ibn Isma'il.^[27]

Muhammad ibn Isma'il's death around 795 was denied by the majority of his followers, who awaited his return as the Mahdi, while a minority traced the imamate in his descendants.^[27] The Isma'ilites actively opposed the Abbasids,^[28] and their efforts culminated in the establishment of theFatimid Caliphate (r. 909–1171) in North Africa,^[4] although some have questioned the Isma'ilite ancestry of the Fatimid caliphs.^[1]

The abortiveZanj rebellion against the Abbasids was ignited in Iraq andBahrain in the mid-ninth century by Ali ibn Muhammad Sahib al-Zanj, who claimed descent from Abbas ibn Ali. The poetry by descendants of Abbas ibn Ali is collected inal-Awraq, compiled by theTurkic scholaral-Suli (d. 946–947). One of his descendants was Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Alawi, who reached fame as a poet and scholar during the reigns of Harun al-Rashid and al-Ma'mun.[29]

Alid dynasties

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Several dynasties have claimed descent from Ali, often through his son Hasan. The Hasanid dynasties include theIdrisites and Sharifs of Maghreb in North Africa, andHammudids inAndalusia, located in modern-daySpain.^[4] The Fatimid Caliphate claimed a Husaynid descent.^[1]

Genealogical tables

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Footnotes

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^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱLewis 2012.
^Buehler 2014, p. 186.
^Khetia 2013, p. 78.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^mDaftary 2008.
^Nasr & Afsaruddin 2023.
^^a ^bHuart 2012.
^Madelung 2003.
^Momen 1985, p. 64.
^McHugo 2018, p. 104.
^Daftary 2013, p. 39.
^Momen 1985, p. 69.
^Momen 1985, p. 49.
^Donner 1999, pp. 24–25.
^^a ^bMomen 1985, p. 71.
^Donner 1999, p. 26.
^Momen 1985, p. 50.
^Pierce 2016, p. 44.
^Momen 1985, pp. 39–40.
^Madelung 1985.
^Momen 1985, pp. 41–42.
^Momen 1985, p. 162.
^Momen 1985, p. 44.
^Amir-Moezzi 1998.
^McHugo 2018, p. 108.
^^a ^bMcHugo 2018, p. 107.
^McHugo 2018, p. 105.
^^a ^bHaider 2014, p. 124.
^Daftary 2013, p. 5.
^Bahramian & Bulookbashi 2015.
^Al-Yasin, Shaykh Radi. "1".Sulh al-Hasan. Jasim al-Rasheed. Qum: Ansariyan Publications. p. 4.
^Madelung, "Al-Ukhaydir," p. 792

References

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Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (1998)."Eschatology iii. Imami Shiʿism".Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. VIII/6. pp. 575–581.
Bahramian, Ali; Bulookbashi, Ali A. (2015)."Al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAlī". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.).Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Negahban, Farzin.doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0009.
Blichfeldt, Jan-Olaf (1985).Early Mahdism: Politics and Religion in the Formative Period of Islam. E.J. Brill.ISBN 9789004076433.
Buehler, Arthur F. (2014)."Fatima (d. 632)". In Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (eds.).Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–187.ISBN 9781610691772.
Daftary, Farhad (2008)."'Alids". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.).Encyclopaedia of Islam (Three ed.).doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26329.ISBN 9789004171374.
Daftary, Farhad (2013).A History of Shi'i Islam. I.B. Tauris.ISBN 9781780768410.
Donner, Fred M. (1999)."Muhammad and the Caliphate". InEsposito, John L. (ed.).Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–62.ISBN 0195107993.
Haider, Najam (2014).Shī'ī Islam: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 9781107625785.
Huart, Cl. (2012)."ʿAlids". In Houtsma, M.Th.; Arnold, T.W.; Basset, R.; Hartmann, R. (eds.).Encyclopaedia of Islam (First ed.).doi:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_0645.ISBN 9789004082656.
Khetia, Vinay (2013).Fatima as a Motif of Contention and Suffering in Islamic Sources (Thesis). Concordia University.
Lewis, B. (2012)."'Alids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.).doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0543.ISBN 9789004161214.
Madelung, Wilferd (1985)."ʿALĪ AL-REŻĀ".Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. I/8. pp. 877–880.
Madelung, Wilferd (2003)."Ḥasan B. ʿAli B. Abī Ṭāleb".Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. XV/3. pp. 327–328.
McHugo, John (2018).A Concise History of Sunnis and Shi'is. Georgetown University Press.ISBN 97816261-65878.
Momen, Moojan (1985).An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press.ISBN 9780300035315.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein;Afsaruddin, Asma (2023)."ʿAlī".Encyclopedia Britannica.
Pierce, Matthew (2016).Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi'ism. Harvard University Press.ISBN 9780674737075.

v t e Alids
Names	Alvi Sayyid Sharif
Branches	Banu Hasan Banu Husayn Banu Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya Banu Abbas ibn Ali Banu Umar ibn Ali
Related	Muhammad Ali ibn Abi Talib Fatimah Hasan ibn Ali Husayn ibn Ali Zaynab bint Ali Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah Abbas ibn Ali Umar ibn Ali Banu Hashim Quraysh Adnanites Bani Ismail

Religious family trees

Abrahamic

Biblical

Book of Genesis	Adam to Noah family tree Abraham's family tree (from Noah to the sons of Jacob, including Levi) Levi to Moses family tree Shem image Ham Japheth Esau Ishmael
Book of Ruth	Naomi to David
Books of Kings	Kings of Israel and Judah
New Testament	Genealogy of Jesus

Islamic

BeforeMuhammad	Lineage of Six Islamic Prophets (from Adam toIsa and Muhammad) Maryam (image)
Muhammad	Family tree of Muhammad
Rashidun	Abu Bakr Umar Uthman Ali Fourteen Infallibles
Later Kings	Umayyads Abbasids Ottomans

Polytheistic

v t e Muhajir communities ofPakistan
Originally fromTelangana	Alids Alvi Sayyid Chaush Hamidi Hyderabadi Muslims Siddiqi
Originally fromBihar andBengal	Ansari Bengali Bihari Muslims Bisati Chik Gaddi Idrisi Khanzada Malik of Bihar Mughal Muker Pathan of Bihar Rayee Shaikh of Bihar Stranded Biharis Thakurai Teli
Originally fromDelhi	Abbasi Saqqa Ansari Arain Behna Bhatiara Dhobi Ghosi Gujjar Manihar Meo Mughal Pathans Qassab Qaum-e-Punjaban Rajput Muslim Rangrez Saifi Shaikh Sayyid Salmani
Originally fromGujarat	Alavi Bohra Ansari Arabs Behlim Bhadala Bharbhunja Bhishti Chunara Chundrigar Dawoodi Bohra Dhobi Dhuldhoya Doodwala Ghanchi Ghanchi-Pinjara Kadia Kagzi Ker Khoja Machiyar Malik of Gujarat Mandali Makwana Manka Mansoori Memon Meta Qureshi Miyana Molesalam Momna Mughal Multani Multani Lohar Mutwa Nagori Node Panar Parmar Patani Bohra Patni Jamat Pathans of Gujarat Salaat Sanghar Shaikhs of Gujarat Shaikhda Sayyid of Gujarat Siddi Sipahi Sulaymani Bohra Sunni Bohra Surti Muslims Tai Turk Jamat Vora Patel Vyapari
Originally fromKarnataka	Baghban Beary Chaush Kodagu Mappila Konkani Muslims Nawayath Siddi
Originally fromKerala	Koya Mappila Marikkar Thangal Thulukkar
Originally fromRajasthan	Ansari Cheetah Deshwali Gaddi Ghosi Khadim Khanzada Merat Meo Mughal Pinjara Qaimkhani Rangrez Rath Shaikhs of Rajasthan Silawat Sorgar
Originally fromTamil Nadu	Kayalar Labbay Marakkar Rowther
Uttar Pradesh andMadhya Pradesh	Alvi Ansari Momin Nesba Panipati Ansaris Baghban Baluch Behlim Behna Bisati Dhobi Musalmaan Dogar Fareedi Gaddi Garha Ghosi Gujjar Musalmaan Halwai Idrisi Iraqi Jat Musalmaan Jhojha Kakorvi Shaikh Kamboh Kayastha Musalman Khanzada Khumra Lalkhani Rajput Malkana Manihar Meo Milki Mughal Mujavir Muker Nagar Muslims Pathans of Madhya Pradesh Pathans of Uttar Pradesh Qassab Qaum-e-Punjaban Qidwai Rajput Musalmaan Rangrez Rayeen Rohilla Sadaat Amroha Saadat-e-Bara Sadaat-e-Bilgram Saifi Salmani Sayyid of Uttar Pradesh Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh Siddiqui Shaikhzada Teli Musalmaan Turk Tyagi Musalmaan
See Also	History of Muhajirs Partition of India Muhajir culture Muhajir cuisine Muhajir Cultural Day Muhajir nationalism Demographic history of Pakistan Urdu propagation movement Geographical distribution of Urdu speakers Hindi–Urdu controversy In Bangladesh: Dhakaiya Urdu Bengali language movement Bangladesh genocide Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh