Jeffreys was born into a middle-class family inOxford, where he spent the first six years of his life until 1956 when the family moved toLuton,Bedfordshire.[6] He says he inherited his curiosity and inventiveness from his father and paternal grandfather, who held a number of patents.[9] When he was eight, his father gave him achemistry set, which he enhanced over the next few years with extra chemicals, even including a small bottle ofsulphuric acid.[9] He says he liked making small explosions, but an accidental splash of the sulphuric acid caused a burn, which left a permanent scar on his chin (now under his beard).[9] His father also bought him aVictorian-era brassmicroscope,[15] which he used to examine biological specimens.[9] At about 12, he made a small dissecting kit (including a scalpel, crafted from a flattened pin) which he used to dissect abumblebee, but he got into trouble with his parents when he progressed to dissecting a larger specimen. One Sunday morning he found a deceased cat on the road while doing hispaper round and took it home in his bag. He relates that he started to dissect it on the dining room table before Sunday lunch, causing a foul smell throughout the house after he ruptured its intestines.[9]
After finishing his doctorate, he moved to theUniversity of Amsterdam, where he worked on mammalian genes as a research fellow,[16] and then to theUniversity of Leicester in 1977, where in 1984 he discovered a method of showing variations between individuals' DNA, inventing and developinggenetic fingerprinting.[9][19]
Jeffreys says he had a "eureka moment" in his lab in Leicester after looking at theX-ray film image of aDNA experiment on 10 September 1984, which unexpectedly showed both similarities and differences between the DNA of different members of his technician's family.[8][19] Within about half an hour, he continued, he realised the possible scope of DNA fingerprinting, which uses variations in thegenetic information to identify individuals. The method has become important inforensic science to assist police detective work, and it has also proved useful in resolving paternity and immigration disputes.[9] The method can also be applied to non-human species, for example in wildlifepopulation genetics studies.[20] Before his methods were commercialised in 1987, his laboratory was the only centre in the world that carried out DNA fingerprinting, and was consequently very busy, receiving inquiries from all over the globe.[9][19]
Jeffreys's DNA method was first put to use in 1985 when he was asked to help in a disputed immigration case to confirm the identity of a British boy whose family was originally fromGhana.[9] The case was resolved when the DNA results proved that the boy was closely related to the other members of the family, and Jeffreys saw the relief in the mother's face when she heard the results.[9] DNA fingerprinting was first used in a police forensic test to identify the killer of two teenagers, Lynda Mann and Dawn Ashworth, who had been raped and murdered inNarborough, Leicestershire, in 1983 and 1986 respectively.Colin Pitchfork was identified and convicted of their murders after samples taken from him matchedsemen samples taken from the two dead girls.[9] This turned out to be a specifically important identification; British authorities believe that without it an innocent man would have inevitably been convicted. Not only did Jeffreys' work, in this case, prove who the real killer was, but it exonerated Richard Buckland, initially a prime suspect, who likely would have spent his life in prison otherwise. The story behind the investigations is told inJoseph Wambaugh's 1989 best-selling bookThe Blooding: The True Story of the Narborough Village Murders and the murders and subsequent solving of the crimes was featured in Episode 4 of the first season of the 1996 American TV seriesMedical Detectives in which Jeffreys himself also appears. A further television mini-series based on these events was released in 2015,Code of a Killer. In 1992, Jeffreys's methods were used to confirm the identity for German prosecutors of the body ofJosef Mengele, who had died in 1979, by comparing DNA obtained from afemur bone of his exhumed skeleton,[15] with DNA from his mother and son, in a similar way to paternity testing.[9]
DNA profiling, based on typing individual highly variableminisatellites in thehuman genome, was also developed by Alec Jeffreys and his team in 1985,[21][22] with the term (DNA fingerprinting) being retained for the initial test that types manyminisatellites simultaneously. By focusing on just a few of these highly variable minisatellites, DNA profiling made the system more sensitive, more reproducible and amenable to computer databases. It soon became the standard forensic DNA system used in criminal case work andpaternity testing worldwide.
The development of DNA amplification by thepolymerase chain reaction (PCR) opened up new approaches to forensic DNA testing, allowing automation, greatly increased sensitivity, and a move to alternative marker systems. The most commonly used markers are now variablemicrosatellites, also known asshort tandem repeats (STRs), which Jeffreys first exploited in 1990 in theMengele case.[23] STR profiling was further refined by a team of scientists led by Peter Gill at the Forensic Science Service in the 1990s, allowing the launch of theUK National DNA Database (NDNAD) in 1995.[citation needed] With highly automated and sophisticated equipment, modern-day DNA profiling can process hundreds of samples each day. Sixteen microsatellites, plus a marker for sex determination, are used with the current system developed for the NDNAD, giving a discrimination power of one in over a billion. Under British law, anyone arrested in England, Wales or Northern Ireland has their DNA profile taken and stored on the database whether or not they are convicted (different rules apply in Scotland).[24] The national database in 2020 contained the DNA information of about 5.6 million people.[25] Jeffreys has opposed the current use of DNA profiling, where the government has access to that database,[26] and has instead proposed a database of all people's DNA, access to which would be controlled by an independent third party.[27]
23 January 2008 – Graham Medal of the Glasgow Philosophical Society, awarded after he gave his lecture "DNA Profiling; Past, present and future", which was nominated as the Graham Lecture[47]
Jeffreys met his future wife, Sue Miles, in a youth club in the centre ofLuton, Bedfordshire, before he became a university student,[9][16] and they married on 28 August 1971.[55] Jeffreys has one brother and one sister; he and his wife have two daughters, born in 1979 and 1983.[6][55]
^Jeffreys, A.; Allen, M.;Hagelberg, E.; Sonnberg, A. (1992). "Identification of the skeletal remains of Josef Mengele by DNA analysis".Forensic Science International.56 (1):65–76.doi:10.1016/0379-0738(92)90148-P.PMID1398379.
