| al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah الفائز بنصر الله | |
|---|---|
| Imam–Caliph of theFatimid Caliphate | |
| Reign | 1154–1160 |
| Predecessor | al-Zafir |
| Successor | al-Adid |
| Born | 31 May 1149 |
| Died | 22 July 1160(aged 11) |
| Dynasty | Fatimid |
| Father | al-Zafir |
| Religion | Ismaili Shia Islam |
Abūʾl-Qāsim ʿĪsā ibn al-Ẓāfir (Arabic:أبو القاسم عيسى بن الظافر; 1149–1160), better known by hisregnal nameal-Fāʾiz bi-Naṣr Allāh (الفائز بنصر الله), was the thirteenth and penultimateFatimid caliph, reigning inEgypt from 1154 to 1160, and the 23rdimam of theHafizi Ismaili branch ofShi'a Islam. Al-Fa'iz was raised to the throne at the age of five after the murder of his father by thevizierAbbas ibn Abi al-Futuh, and spent his entire life as apuppet of Abbas' successor,Tala'i ibn Ruzzik. Experiencingepileptic seizures, al-Fa'iz died from an episode at the age of eleven, and his nephew,al-Adid, the final Fatimid caliph, succeeded him.
The future al-Fa'iz was born as Abu'l-Qasim Isa, the son of the twelfthimam–caliph of theFatimid Caliphate,al-Zafir.[1] Isa was raised to the throne on 16 April 1154 at the age of five, after the murder of his father and two of his uncles, by thevizier,Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh, and his son, Nasr.[2][3] He was given theregnal nameal-Fāʾiz bi-Naṣr Allāh, 'Victorious with God's Help'.[1] The sight of his uncle's corpses, and the loud cries of acclamation from the assembled troops of theFatimid army frightened the young boy. Throughout his life, the common belief was that his subsequentepileptic seizures and tremors were a result of these traumatic experiences.[1] For the same reason, his role in public ceremonies was limited; the annual ceremony celebrating theflooding of the Nile was even held at night during his reign.[4]
The bloody events soon resulted in Abbas' own downfall. Terrified women in the Fatimid family called upon theArmenian-born governor ofAsyut,Tala'i ibn Ruzzik, for assistance, reportedly sending their own cut hair in supplication.[3][5] Ibn Ruzzik readily agreed and marched on Cairo. Abbas tried to resist, but faced general opposition: most of the troops were reluctant to support him or defected outright, and the remainder found themselves under attack by the populace with stones. In the end, on 29 May Abbas had to force his way out of the capital with his son and a handful of followers. The party made forSyria but was intercepted on 6 June by theCrusaders near theDead Sea. Abbas was killed, and Nasr was sold to the Fatimids; he was mutilated and beaten to death by the palace women.[3][6]
Ibn Ruzzik was named vizier with plenipotentiary powers on 17 June,[7] while the underage al-Fa'iz was placed under the tutelage of his aunts, headed by al-Zafir's sisterSitt al-Qusur ('Lady of the Palaces'), who had played a leading role in securing revenge against Abbas and Nasr for the murder of her brothers.[3][8] Outside the walls of theGreat Fatimid Palaces, Ibn Ruzzik was the actual ruler of the state, and al-Fa'iz was virtually his prisoner.[2] ATwelver Shi'ite, he actively sponsored theAlidashraf in theHijaz andIraq, but he made no attempt to depose the Fatimid dynasty, instead ruling on its behalf as ade facto king in the style of the all-powerful and illustrious Armenian viziersBadr al-Jamali andal-Afdal Shahanshah, whom he attempted to emulate.[9]
Ibn Ruzzik's position was not without its challenges: in 1155, and again in 1157, he faced uprisings against him by provincial governors.[10] Seeking to bolster his legitimacy, Ibn Ruzzik returned to an aggressive policy against the Crusaders inPalestine. He scored some successes with a naval attack onTyre in 1155 and with raids atGaza andHebron in 1157 and 1158, but his efforts to secure Egypt through an alliance with theZengids of Syria underNur al-Din Zangi failed.[2][11][12] WhenBaldwin III of Jerusalem prepared an invasion of Egypt in 1160, he had to be bought off.[11] Ibn Ruzzik's reputation as a holy warrior, a poet, and a patron of culture was counterbalanced by his despotic rule, resorting to confiscations to address the by now chronic shortfalls of revenue, exacerbated by the active pursuit of the war against the Crusaders.[13]
Al-Fa'iz died during an epileptic seizure on 22 July 1160.[2][4] Ibn Ruzzik chose another underage child to succeed him: al-Fa'iz's nine-year-old cousin al-Adid, who was wed to one of the vizier's daughters for good measure.[4][14] He was to be the last Fatimid caliph.[15]
| Preceded by | Fatimid Caliph 16 April 1154 – 22 July 1160 | Succeeded by |
| Imam ofHafizi Isma'ilism 16 April 1154 – 22 July 1160 |
