| Action off Charles Island | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part ofWar of 1812 | |||||||
 USS Essex off Galapagos. | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 United States |  United Kingdom | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 David Porter | William Stavers | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 1 frigate 2sloops-of-war | 3 armed whaling brigs | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 1 sloop-of-war damaged | 89 men captured, of which 48 were released on parole after the battle 3 brigs captured | ||||||
Theaction off Charles Island was a naval battle fought during theWar of 1812 in the summer of 1813 offCharles Island in theGalapagos. AnAmerican squadron of three vessels attacked threeBritish armedwhalers, and captured them. The engagement was notable for being one of the few to occur in thePacific Ocean during the war and involvedUnited States MarineLieutenantJohn M. Gamble, the first U.S. Marine to command an American warship.[1]
In the War of 1812 between the United Kingdom and the United States, AmericanCaptainDavid Porter, in the thirty-six gunfrigateUSS Essex, led a fleet of armed vessels in the South Pacific in acommerce raiding operation. At the time of the action,Essex was accompanied by two smaller vessels, recently captured from the British and classified assloops-of-war by Captain Porter. They were the 10-gunGreenwich of 338 tonsburthen and the 8-gunGeorgiana of 280 tons burthen. Porter had sent the rest of his fleet toValparaiso, Chile, to be sold while he and the remaining vessels patrolled for Britishwhalers betweenTumbes,Peru and the Galapagos.[2][3][4]
Because Porter had entered the Pacific with no more than 350 American servicemen under his command, when he took prizes he could only place small skeleton crews in most of his ships.Georgiana had a complement of forty-two men under Mr. Adams, theEssex'schaplain, andGreenwich held only fourteen men under the command of Lieutenant Gamble, USMC.
There is some confusion as to the date of the battle; in later memoirs, Lieutenant Gamble recalled that it was fought on 12 or 13 July, while Captain Porter's memoir, and letters from Porter to Gamble, stated that it occurred on 14 July. Either way, at about 11:00 AM the Americans were sailing west fromTumbes, Peru, offBanks Bay (Bahia de Bancos) in the Galapagos, when they sighted three sets of sails on the horizon. Commodore Porter signaled his ships to prepare for action and a chase began. At the time, the majority of British ships cruising in the South Pacific were whalers sailing underletters of marque, legally permitting them to act asprivateers should the opportunity arise.[Note 1]
The first British vessel Porter captured was thebrigCharlton of ten guns.Charlton was sailing in the center of the three ships, and she surrendered toEssex without a fight asGreenwich andGeorgiana went afterSeringapatam.[2]
Seringapatam had made several whaling and sealing voyages to the South Atlantic and this area since 1800. She had a 41-man crew under the command of Captain William Stavers and was armed with fourteen 9-pounder guns. On this voyage she captured one American whaler on the way to the whaling grounds.
When escape seemed unlikely,Seringapatam changed course and appeared to be sailing to engageGreenwich. Still, the latter came to a halt and waited forGeorgiana to come up and provide assistance. At this point, as four men were transferred fromGeorgiana toGreenwich, Captain Stavers chose to break off the attack and flee. Lieutenant Gamble closed the distance between the two ships and he first demanded that the British surrender. But when the Americans came within pistol range,Seringapatam raised her colors and fired a powerful broadside.[2]
Greenwich immediately returned fire with small arms and cannon, and for several moments the two vessels exchanged fire. American fire proved to be more accurate, and after taking heavy damage the British struck their colors andGreenwich ceased her firing. Just as Lieutenant Gamble was preparing to board the enemy,Seringapatam attempted another escape. Gamble ordered his men to resume shooting at the sails of the British vessel and eventually brought her to a halt. Meanwhile,Essex had finished pursuing the small 8-gunNew Zealander and captured her without difficulty. Captain Porter then assisted in chasing downSeringapatam.[2]
American sources make no mention of casualties on either side, thoughGreenwich sustained some damage andSeringapatam was crippled. Porter took 89 prisoners in all, and the American ships were already filled with captives, so the Americans disarmedCharlton, loaded her with 48 of the prisoners, and sent her toRio de Janeiro as acartel with the prisoners under parole with orders to surrender to the first American authority they encountered.Lloyd's List reported thatEssex had capturedSeringapatam, Stavers, master;New Zealander, Donneman, master; andCharlton, Halcrow, master.[5]
Captain Stavers, when asked to surrender his privateer's commission, revealed that though he had applied for aletter of marque, he had not yet received one, but that it was probably waiting for him in Lima.[Note 2] Captain Porter announced that Stavers would be taken to the United States and be tried as a pirate, and ordered him and his crew to be put in irons. They were given more freedom after some liberated American whalers told Porter that the British had treated them well during their time as prisoners aboardSeringapatam.[2]
The American press declaredSeringapatam to have been a formidable threat to American commerce in the Pacific, making Lieutenant Gamble famous, with the consequence that he received many letters of congratulations from naval officers.Seringapatam was found to have carried up to 30,000 dollars' worth of armaments and provisions. Gamble was promoted to captain and died in 1836 as alieutenant colonel. However, despite a petition to the U.S. Congress, he never received any prize money for the capture or his subsequent service.[7] Following the engagement, Captain Porter made forNuku Hiva in theMarquesas where he built America's first base in the Pacific and repaired his ships. He then sailed off, leavingGreenwich,Seringapatam, and another prize,Sir Andrew Hammond, behind. It was after his departure that theSeringapatam Mutiny occurred.[8] The mutineers and British prisoners-of-war recapturedSeringapatam and sailed her to Australia, from where she was returned to her owners. Gamble burnedGreenwich before leaving Nuka Hiva inSir Andrew Hammond.
