Calendar year
April 11 : TheBattle of Ceresole is fought in Italy1544 (MDXLIV ) was aleap year starting on Tuesday of theJulian calendar , the 1544th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini 2nd millennium , the 44th year of the16th century , and the 5th year of the1540s decade. As of the start of 1544, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.
Calendar year
January 4 – InIndia ,Maldeo Rathore , King of Marwar (now part of the state ofRajasthan ) is tricked by counterintelligence spread byMughal Emperor and Afghan ShahSher Shah Suri into departing fromJodhpur . TheBattle of Sammel begins shortly afterward and is won by the Afghan and Mughal armies.[ 1] January 13 – AtVästerås , the estates ofSweden swear loyalty to KingGustav Vasa and to his heirs, ending the traditional electoral monarchy in Sweden.[ 2] [ 3] Kingdom of France .January 24 – During a solar eclipse visible over the Netherlands, Dutch mathematician and designerGemma Frisius makes the first recorded use of acamera obscura and uses it to observe the event without directly looking at the Sun. Frisius writes about the event the next year and illustrates it in his bookDe Radio Astronomica et Geometrica (Regarding rays of light in astronomy and geometry ).[ 4] February 20 – TheFourth Diet of Speyer is convened.[ 5] [ 6] March 7 – Five Roman Catholic priests—John Larke ,John Ireland ,the vicar of Eltham andRobert Singleton are executed atTyburn , outside of London, in England after being convicted of participating in thePrebendaries' Plot to removeThomas Cranmer , the ProtestantArchbishop of Canterbury .[ 7] March 16 –March 29 –Royal assent is given by King Henry VIII to laws passed by the English Parliament, including theThird Succession Act , the amendedTreason Act and theKing's Style Act .April 11 –Battle of Ceresole :French forces under the Comte d'Enghien defeat forces of theHoly Roman Empire , under the Marques Del Vasto, nearTurin .[ 8] April 21 – The Italian town ofAgropoli , frequently targeted by pirates from North Africa, is sacked by Ottoman raiders and 100 people are taken prisoner.May 3 –Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford , with anEnglish army, capturesLeith andEdinburgh from theKingdom of Scotland .[ 9] May 7 –Edward Seymour, Lord Hertford , carries out theburning of Edinburgh , capital of the Kingdom of Scotland, by the English Navy, then proceeds to destroy neighboring areas.May 17 – AtLima ,Blasco Núñez Vela takes office as the first Spanish Governor of theViceroyalty of Peru , which encompasses most of what are now the nations of Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay, as well as the western part of Brazil.May 23 –May 25 – On orders of King Henry VIII, the English Navy, commanded byThomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk , begins crossing theEnglish Channel to invade from the west with 19,000 troops, whileCharles V, Holy Roman Emperor , commences an invasion ofFrance from the east.[ 11] June 4 – A combined force of troops from the Holy Roman Empire and from Spain, both commanded by EmperorCharles V , defeat the French in theBattle of Serravalle after three days of fighting.June 8 – The Duke of Norfolk crosses the English Channel after having landed troops in Normandy.[ 11] June 24 – Theplundering of the Italian island ofIschia , part of theKingdom of Naples is carried out by the Ottoman Empire Navy, commanded byHayreddin Barbarossa , who captures 4,000 of the residents and then sells them as slaves in Algeria.
Dorothea Susanne of Simmern Anna of Saxony January 19 – KingFrancis II of France (d.1560 )[ 31] January 24 –Gillis van Coninxloo , Flemish painter (d.1607 )[ 32] [ 33] February 3 –César de Bus , French Catholic priest (d.1607 )[ 34] March 11 –Torquato Tasso , Italian poet (d.1595 )[ 35] April –Thomas Fleming , English judge (d.1613 )[ 36] April 20 –Renata of Lorraine , duchess consort of Bavaria (d.1602 )[ 37] May 24 –William Gilbert , English scientist and astronomer (d.1603 )[ 38] July 14 –Henry Compton, 1st Baron Compton , English politician (d.1589 )[ 39] August 9 –Bogislaw XIII, Duke of Pomerania (d.1606 )[ 40] September 1 –John Gordon , Scottish bishop (d.1619 )[ 41] September 28 orSeptember 29 –Giovanni de' Medici , Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1562 )[ 42] November 1 –Hasan Kafi Pruščak , Bosnian scholar and judge (d.1615 )[ 43] November 15 –Dorothea Susanne of Simmern , Duchess of Saxe-Weimar (d.1592 )[ 44] December 23 –Anna of Saxony , only child and heiress of Maurice, Elector of Saxony (d.1577 )[ 45] date unknown probable Johannes Magnus March 16 –Louis V, Elector Palatine (1508–1544) (b.1478 )[ 50] March 22 –Johannes Magnus , last Catholic Archbishop of Sweden (b.1488 )[ 51] April 30 –Thomas Audley ,Lord Chancellor of England (b.1488 )[ 52] June 14 –Antoine, Duke of Lorraine (b.1489 )[ 53] July 15 –René of Châlon , Prince of the House of Orange (b.1519 )[ 54] June 23 –Eleonore of Fürstenberg , wife of Philip IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (b.1523 )[ 55] August 19 –Hans Buser , Swiss noble (b.1513 )September 12 –Clément Marot , French poet (b.1496 )[ 56] September 25 –Valerius Cordus , German physician and scientist (b.1515 )[ 57] October 10 –Charles Blount, 5th Baron Mountjoy , English courtier and patron of learning (b.1516 )[ 58] October 12 –Antonio Pucci , Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1485 )[ 59] November 13 –Ursula van Beckum , Dutch Anapabtist (b.1520 )[ 60] November 15 –Lucy Brocadelli , Dominican tertiary and stigmatic (b.1476 )[ 61] November 29 –Jungjong of Joseon (b.1488 )December 9 –Teofilo Folengo , Italian poet (b.1491 )[ 62] date unknown ^ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006).The Mughal Empire , Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp. 81-82 ^ Skrifter utgivna av Institutet för rättshistorisk forskning: Rättshistoriska studier. Serien II ISBN 978-91-85190-28-7 . Retrieved22 September 2023 .{{cite book }}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help ) ^ Medelius, Hans (1993).Himla många kungar: historier kring Den Svenska Historien ISBN 978-91-7108-338-8 . Retrieved22 September 2023 . ^ Grepstad, Jon (20 October 2015)."Pinhole Photography – History, Images, Cameras, Formulas" .Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved1 September 2016 . ^ Archiv Für Reformationsgeschichte . Retrieved22 September 2023 .^ Melloni, Alberto (23 October 2017).Martin Luther: Ein Christ zwischen Reformen und Moderne (1517–2017) ISBN 978-3-11-049874-5 . Retrieved22 September 2023 . ^ The One Hundred and Five Martyrs of Tyburn , Burns & Oates, Ltd., London, 1917^ Desmond Seward (1974).Prince of the Renaissance: The Life of François I ISBN 978-0-351-18234-1 ^ Phillips, Gervase (October 1999)."Strategy and Its Limitations: The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1480-1550" War in History .6 (4):396– 416.doi :10.1177/096834459900600402 .ISSN 0968-3445 .S2CID 159799137 . Retrieved22 September 2023 . ^ Christensen, Thorkild Lyby (1969)."Scoto-Danish Relations in the Sixteenth Century: The Historiography and Some Questions" .The Scottish Historical Review .48 (145):80– 97.ISSN 0036-9241 .JSTOR 25528790 . ^a b Potter, D. L. (1 January 2011). "Chapter Four. 'Fighting Over The Bear's Skin': The Invasion Of France (1544)".Henry VIII and Francis I 172– 173.ISBN 978-90-04-20432-4 . Retrieved22 September 2023 . ^a b Rozet, Albin; Lembey, J. F. (1910).L'invasion de la France et le siège de Saint-Dizier par Charles-Quint en 1544 d'après les dépeches italiennes de Francesco d'Este, de Hieronymo Feruffino, de Camillo Capilupo et de Bernardo Navager 326– 327. Retrieved23 September 2023 . ^ "Blar na Léine (BTL29)" .portal.historicenvironment.scot . Retrieved23 September 2023 .^ Anderson, George; Anderson, Peter (1834).Guide to the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, Including Orkney and Zetland: Descriptive of Their Scenery, Statistics, Antiquities, and Natural History : with Numerous Historical Notices . Retrieved23 September 2023 . ^a b Mémoires de la Société académique de l'arrondissement de Boulogne-sur-Mer . Retrieved23 September 2023 .^a b "Henry VIII: August 1544, 16-20" .www.british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved22 September 2023 .^a b Toppen, Max (1844).Die Gründung der Universität zu Königsberg und das Leben ihres ersten Rectors Georg Sabinus 108– 110. Retrieved23 September 2023 . ^ Charles Loch Mowat (1968).The New Cambridge Modern History: Reformation, 1520-1559 ISBN 978-0-521-34536-1 ^ Barría González, Juan (1994)."Juan Bautista Pastene: Primer almirande del mar chileno" (PDF) .Revista de Marina ^ Aguirre Cortes, Luis Enrique (2010). "Los Lafkenche y el "Descubrimiento" de Valdivia".De nuevas historias a nuevas ruralidades: El uso de las fuentes orales para el conocimiento de la localidad de Niebla - Valdivia (PDF) (BA). Austral University of Chile. pp. 52– 53. Retrieved23 September 2023 . ^ "Henry VIII: October 1544, 7-10" .www.british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved23 September 2023 .^ Casale, Giancarlo (2010-02-25).The Ottoman Age of Exploration Oxford University Press .ISBN 9780199798797 ^ Annals of King Injongsukheumhyo ,ko:Annals of the Joseon Dynasty (National History Compilation Committee)^ Roberts, J. (1994).History of the World ISBN 9780140154955 ^ Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the Year 1913 . Retrieved23 September 2023 .^ ENGELHARD, DIETRICH VON (2011)."LUCA GHINI (1490-1556) IL PADRE FONDATORE DELLA BOTANICA MODERNA NEL CONTESTO DEI RAPPORTI SCIENTIFICI EUROPEI DEL SEDICESIMO SECOLO" (PDF) .Ann. Mus. Civ. Rovereto .27 :227– 246. Retrieved23 September 2023 . ^ "Storia" .Orto e Museo Botanico (in Italian). Retrieved23 September 2023 .^ Donaldson, Henry Herbert (1915).The Rat: Reference Tables and Data for the Albino Rat (Mus Norvegicus Albinus) and the Norway Rat (Mus Norvegicus) . Retrieved23 September 2023 . ^ Shen, Virginia (2021).Voyages to Ilha Formosa: A Multicultural Perspective (PDF) . National Technology and Social Science Virtual Conference. p. 163. ^ Chow, P. (28 April 2008).The "One China" Dilemma ISBN 978-0-230-61193-1 . Retrieved23 September 2023 . ^ Hans Joachim Hillerbrand (1996).The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation ISBN 978-0-19-510363-2 ^ Dietsche warande en Belfort . Retrieved24 September 2023 .^ "Gillis van Coninxloo (II)" .rkd.nl . Retrieved24 September 2023 .^ The Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved24 September 2023 .^ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1985).Torquato Tasso ISBN 978-0-946162-19-2 ^ Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sir Sidney (1908).The Dictionary of National Biography . Retrieved24 September 2023 . ^ Haeutle, Christian (1870).Genealogie des Erlauchten Stammhauses Wittelsbach: von dessen Wiedereinsetzung in das Herzogthum Bayern (11. Sept. 1180) bis herab auf unsere Tage . Retrieved24 September 2023 . ^ Smith, Michael (1997)."William Gilbert (1544–1603): Physician and Founder of Electricity" Journal of Medical Biography .5 (3):137– 145.doi :10.1177/096777209700500303 .PMID 11619454 .S2CID 31303087 . Retrieved24 September 2023 . ^ "COMPTON, Henry I (1544-89)" .www.historyofparliamentonline.org . Retrieved24 September 2023 .^ Baltische Studien . Retrieved24 September 2023 .^ "Gordon, John" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/11061 . Retrieved23 September 2023 .(Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.) ^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of January 31, 1560" .cardinals.fiu.edu . Retrieved24 September 2023 .^ "H A ŞA N K Â Fİ PRUŠČAK" . Retrieved24 September 2023 .^ Back, Friedrich (1873).Die evangelische Kirche im Lande zwischen Rhein, Mosel, Nahe und Glan bis zum Beginn des 30jährigen Krieges: ¬Theil ¬II, ¬Die Reformation der Kirche sowie der Kirche Schicksale und Gestaltung bis zum Jahre 1620; Abth. 1 . Retrieved24 September 2023 . ^ Bauer, Max (1907).Die deutsche Frau in der Vergangenheit . Retrieved24 September 2023 . ^ White, Francis Overend (1898).Lives of the Elizabethan Bishops of the Anglican Church . Retrieved24 September 2023 . ^ Bushell, W. D. (19 January 2012).Hobson's Conduit: The New River at Cambridge Commonly Called Hobson's River ISBN 978-1-108-04244-4 . Retrieved24 September 2023 . ^ Parsons, Laurel; Ravenscroft, Brenda (4 September 2018).Analytical Essays on Music by Women Composers: Secular & Sacred Music to 1900 ISBN 978-0-19-023703-5 . Retrieved24 September 2023 . ^ Whetstone, George (1987).A critical edition of George Whetstone's 1582 An heptameron of civill discourses ISBN 978-0-8240-8415-8 . Retrieved24 September 2023 . ^ Brockhaus, Friedrich Arnold (1884).Allgemeine deutsche Real-Encyclopädie für die gebildeten Stände . Retrieved25 September 2023 . ^ Meijer, Bernhard; Westrin, Theodor; Berg, Ruben Gustafsson; Söderberg, Verner; Fahlstedt, Eugen (1910).Nordisk familjebok: konversationslexikon och realencyklopedi. Ny, rev. och rikt illustrerad uppl. ... . Retrieved25 September 2023 . ^ "Audley, Thomas" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/896 . Retrieved24 September 2023 .(Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.) ^ Calmet, Augustin (1745).Histoire de Lorraine . Retrieved25 September 2023 . ^ Raak, Cees van (2003).Vorstelijk begraven en gedenken: funeraire geschiedenis van het huis Oranje-Nassau ISBN 978-90-6868-334-9 . Retrieved25 September 2023 . ^ Grünberg, Paul (1917).Die Reformation und das Elsass: Festschrift z. 400-jährigen Jubelfeier der Reformation . Retrieved25 September 2023 . ^ Wulfert Greef (1993).The Writings of John Calvin: An Introductory Guide ISBN 978-0-85111-435-4 ^ Sprague, T. A.; Sprague, M.S. (1939)."The Herbal of Valerius Cordus" Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society .52 (341):1– 113.doi :10.1111/j.1095-8339.1939.tb01598.x . Retrieved25 September 2023 . ^ "Blount, Charles, fifth Baron Mountjoy" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/2682 . Retrieved25 September 2023 .(Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.) ^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of September 22, 1531" .cardinals.fiu.edu . Retrieved25 September 2023 .^ Mellink, Albert Fredrik (1954).De wederdopers in de noordelijke nederlanden 1531-1544 . Retrieved25 September 2023 . ^ Waugh, Scott L.; Diehl, Peter (18 July 2002).Christendom and Its Discontents: Exclusion, Persecution, and Rebellion, 1000-1500 ISBN 978-0-521-52509-1 . Retrieved25 September 2023 . ^ Renda, Umberto (1936).Teofilo Folengo (Merlin Cocai) (?1496-1544) . Retrieved25 September 2023 . ^ O'Donovan, John (1851).Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland . Retrieved25 September 2023 . ^ "Burke, Ulick (de Burgh, Uilleag) ('Uilleag na gCeann')" .www.dib.ie . Retrieved25 September 2023 .^ Li, Xifan (3 October 2022).A General History of Chinese Art: Ming Dynasty ISBN 978-3-11-079091-7 . Retrieved25 September 2023 . ^ McCutcheon, Elizabeth; Gentrup, William (5 August 2022).A Companion to Margaret More Roper Studies: Life Records, Essential Texts, and Critical Essays ISBN 978-0-8132-3544-8 . Retrieved25 September 2023 . ^ "Nilakantha - Biography" .Maths History . Retrieved25 September 2023 .^ Brosseder, Claudia (1 July 2014).The Power of Huacas: Change and Resistance in the Andean World of Colonial Peru ISBN 978-0-292-75696-0 . Retrieved25 September 2023 . ^ Renner, Bernd (2008)."Satirical Dialogism in the Paratext of Bonaventure Des Périers' Nouvelles Récréations et Joyeux Devis" .French Forum .33 (1/2):1– 14.ISSN 0098-9355 .JSTOR 40552491 . Retrieved25 September 2023 . 
