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350s

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Decade

The350s decade ran from January 1, 350, to December 31, 359.

Events

350

This section istranscluded fromAD 350.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

January 18 – Western Roman EmperorConstans I makes himself extremely unpopular; one of his generals,Magnentius, is proclaimed emperor at Augustodunum in the Diocese of Galliae, with the support of the army on theRhine frontier.
January – Constans I flees towardsSpain, where he is subsequently assassinated atCastrum Helenae. Magnentius rules the Western portion of the Roman Empire and is far more tolerant towardsChristians andPagans alike.
March 1 –Vetranio is asked byConstantina, sister ofConstantius II, to proclaim himselfCaesar. Constantius accepts the new emperor and sends him funds to raise an army.^[1]
June 3 –Nepotianus, Romanusurper, proclaims himself emperor and entersRome with a group ofgladiators.^[2]
June 30 – Nepotianus is defeated and killed byMarcellinus, a trustedgeneral sent by Magnentius. His head is put on a spear and carried around the city.
December 25 – Vetranio meets Constantius II atNaissus (Serbia) and joins forces with him. Vetranio is forced to abdicate his title, and Constantius allows him to live as a private citizen on a state pension.

Asia

KingPushyavarman establishes theVarman Dynasty inAssam.
About this time theHuns begin to invade theSassanid Empire.^[3]
The city ofAnbar (Iraq) is founded by kingShapur II.
TheRan Wei-Later Zhao war breaks out in NorthChina. Ethnic Han rulerRan Min had used the infighting between the brothers who reigned in quick succession as emperors of theJie state of theLater Zhao to assume power, establish theRan Wei dynasty, have an alleged 200,000 non-Han subjects (mostly Jie and Xiongnu) massacred and end the Later Zhao dynasty. This situation will soon be exploited by the neighbouring state ofFormer Yan which expands from the northeast towards the Yellow River.

By topic

Art

The church ofSanta Constanza in Rome is finished.

351

This section istranscluded fromAD 351.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

March 15 – EmperorConstantius II elevates his 25-year-old cousinConstantius Gallus toCaesar atSirmium (Pannonia). He arranges a marriage with his sisterConstantina, and puts him in charge of the Eastern portion of theRoman Empire.^[4]
Constantius II marches West with a large field army (around 60,000 men) to toppleMagnus Magnentius inPannonia.
May 7 – TheJewish revolt against Constantius Gallus breaks out. After his arrival atAntioch, theJews begin a rebellion inPalestine. The Romangarrison in the town ofDiocesarea is wiped out.
September 28 –Battle of Mursa Major: Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius along thevalley of theDrava. The battle is one of the bloodiest inRoman military history. During the fightingMarcellinus, a general of Magnentius is killed; Magnentius himself survives.
Winter – Magnentius flees toAquileia in northernItaly and fortifies the mountain passes in theAlps.

China

EmperorShi Zhi, last ruler of theLater Zhao dynasty, is killed byRan Min's forces, an action that sets the stage for Wei's victory in theRan Wei–Later Zhao war.
Fú Jiàn, an ethnicDi, declares himself "Heavenly Prince" (Tian Wang) during the collapse ofLater Zhao, and establishesFormer Qin.

By topic

Art and Science

InIndia, a new process makes possible the extraction ofsugar fromsugarcane.^{[citation needed]}

Religion

Macedonius is restored asPatriarch of Constantinople.

352

This section istranscluded fromAD 352.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

EmperorConstantius II invades northernItaly in pursuit of the usurperMagnus Magnentius, who withdraws with his army toGaul. He declares anamnesty for Magnentius' soldiers, many of whom desert to him.^[5]
By the end of the year Constantius entersMilan.^[6]
TheAlamanni and theFranks cross the Rhine and defeat the depleted Roman units left at the frontier. The Germans take control of around 40 towns and cities between theMoselle and theRhine.^{[citation needed]}
Constantius Gallus sends his general (magister equitum)Ursicinus to forcefully put down theJewish revolt inPalestine. The rebels destroy the citiesDiopolis andTiberias, whileDiocesarea is razed to the ground. Ursicinus gives the order to kill thousands ofJews, evenchildren. After the revolt, a permanentgarrison is stationed inGalilee.^{[citation needed]}

Asia

War begins between theHuns and theAlans.^{[citation needed]}
Ran Wei is destroyed afterRan Min is killed byMurong Jun, theXianbei emperor of theFormer Yan.^[7]

By topic

Art and Science

The earliest sighting of asupernova occurs inChina.^[8]

Religion

May 17 –Pope Julius I dies after a 15-year reign in which he has made himself the chief opponent ofArianism. He is succeeded byPope Liberius as the 36thpope, who immediately writes to Constantius II requesting a council atAquileia to discuss the former Alexandrian patriarchAthanasius, who opposes the Arian belief to which the emperor subscribes.^{[citation needed]}

353

This section istranscluded fromAD 353.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

Battle of Mons Seleucus: EmperorConstantius II defeats the usurperMagnentius, who commits suicide inGaul in order to avoid capture. Constantius becomes sole emperor, and reunifies theRoman Empire.
Constantius II sends his officialPaulus Catena toBritain, to hunt down the opponents supporting Magnentius.Flavius Martinus,vicarius of Britain and supporter of Constantius, opposes the persecutions; he is then accused by Catena of being a traitor. In response, Martinus tries to kill Catena with a sword; he fails and then commits suicide.
Constantius II assembles aconciliabulum atArles, and condemnsAthanasius asPatriarch of Alexandria.

By topic

China

Wang Xizhi, Chinesecalligrapher, produces"Preface to the Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion" in running script style. It becomes a model for future calligraphers.

354

This section istranscluded fromAD 354.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

EmperorConstantius II recalls hisCaesar (and cousin)Constantius Gallus toConstantinople after hearing unfavorable reports about him. Gallus,Caesar of the East, has suppressed revolts inSyria Palaestina and centralAnatolia. Constantius strips him of his powers and later has him executed inPola (Croatia).
TheRoman Calendar of 354, anilluminated manuscript, is drawn up and becomes the earliest datedcodex.

Europe

As a result of thearmies of the West having been largely withdrawn by the usurperMagnus Magnentius, to fight Constantius II, hordes of barbarians (Franks andAlemanni) cross the upperRhine intoGaul and invade the lands of theHelvetians.
TheBulgars are first mentioned in extant Europeanchronicles.

China

Fu Sheng, emperor of theFormer Qin, reigns in northernChina.

By topic

Religion

Libanius becomes a teacher ofrhetoric inAntioch; his students includeJohn Chrysostom andTheodore of Mopsuestia.

355

This section istranscluded fromAD 355.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

January 1 –Arbitio andLollianus Mavortius begin their term asRoman consuls.^[9]^[10]
August 11 –Claudius Silvanus, accused of treason, proclaims himselfRoman Emperor.^[11] After 28 days,Ursicinus arrives fromRome and has Silvanus murdered.
November 6 – InMediolanum (Italy), EmperorConstantius II raises his cousinJulian the Apostate to the rank ofCaesar.^[12] He takes command of the western provinces and marries Constantius' sister,Helena.

Europe

TheLentienses, aGermanic tribe, are fined by the Roman commander Arbetio under Constantius II for several incursions against theRoman Empire.
TheFranks besiegeColonia Agrippinensium for ten months.

Asia

TheHuns ofCentral Asia begin their great drive westwards with an advance intoScythia (modern Ukraine). They overcome and absorb theAlans, a nomadic and warlikehorse breeding people from thesteppes northeast of theBlack Sea.^{[citation needed]}

By topic

Religion

Pope Liberius refuses to sign a condemnation ofAthanasius,Patriarch of Alexandria, imposed atMilan by Constantius II. Liberius is exiled toBeroea (Greece) and replaced byFelix II. He becomes anantipope andbishop of Rome.

356

This section istranscluded fromAD 356.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

February 19 – EmperorConstantius II issues a decree closing allpagan temples in theRoman Empire, and ordering the banishment once again of the anti-Arian patriarch ofAlexandria,Athanasius. He tries to have him arrested during avigil service, but Athanasius flees to theNitrian desert inUpper Egypt.
The veneration of non-Christian images is banned in the Roman Empire.
Siege of Autun:Julian receives a report thatAugustodunum (Autun) is under attack by theAlemanni. Thecity walls are in poor state and in danger of falling.^[13]
Battle of Reims: Julian is defeated by the Alemanni atReims (Gaul).
Battle of Brumath:Roman forces pursue Germanicwarbands through the Gallic countryside. Julian wins an open battle nearBrumath (Alsace).^[14]
Rhaetia (Switzerland) is invaded by the Alemanni.
Winter –Siege of Senonae: Julian over-winters atSenonae (Bourgogne). German federated troops (foederati) desert and hostile warbands besiege the town.

Asia

Naemul becomes king of theSilla dynasty (Three Kingdoms of Korea).^[15]

By topic

Religion

Anthony the Great

Anthony the Great (pictured) dies at hishermitage near theRed Sea in mid-January at age 105 (approximate), having preached againstArianism, and having tried to codify guidelines formonastic life. His followers subsequently establish theMonastery of Saint Anthony, beginning the tradition ofCoptic monasticism.
Construction begins on the firstbasilica ofSaint Peter inRome.

357

This section istranscluded fromAD 357.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

April 28 – EmperorConstantius II entersRome for the first time to celebrate his victory overMagnentius. He address theSenate and the Roman people.
Summer –Battle of Strasbourg:Julian,Caesar (deputy emperor) and supreme commander of theRoman army inGaul, wins an important victory against theAlemanni atStrasbourg (Argentoratum), driving the barbarians back behind theRhine.^[16]
TheImperial Library of Constantinople is founded.
Ammianus Marcellinus describes thePantheon as being "rounded like the boundary of the horizon and vaulted with a beautiful loftiness".
Winter – Constantius II receivesambassadors from thePersian Empire. They demand that Rome restore the lands surrendered by KingNarseh.

Asia

The reign ofFú Jiān, the emperor ofFormer Qin, commences inChina.
TheAlans rout theHun army inWestern Asia.

Ireland

Saran,King of Ulster, is overthrown.

By topic

Religion

Late in the yearPope Liberius travels toSirmium (Pannonia) and agrees to sign documents that effectively undo theNicene Creed (which implicitly disavowsArianism) and to sever his relationship with the former Alexandrian patriarchAthanasius, who is replaced aspatriarch of Alexandria by his Arian opponentGeorge of Cappadocia.
At about this date, the relics of StAndrew the Apostle are taken fromPatras toConstantinople by order of the EmperorConstantius II, and deposited in theChurch of the Holy Apostles.^[17]
At about this date,Basil of Caesarea visits Egypt.

358

This section istranscluded fromAD 358.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

EmperorConstantius II builds new forts to secure upperMesopotamia. Persia's kingShapur II sends anemissary toConstantinople with gifts and a letter wrapped in whitesilk. He requests that Constantius return the lands of his ancestors from theEuphrates to the frontier ofMacedonia. Constantius tactfully refuses to cede any territories.
TheSalian Franks capitulate toJulian the Apostate inGaul. He allows them to form a Romanfoederati inToxandria. Frankish settlers are established in areas in the north and the east to help with the defense of theRhine frontier.
An invasion ofPannonia by theQuadi and theSarmates is repulsed by Constantius II.
August 24 — Anearthquake destroysNicomedia, and damages 150 cities inMacedonia,Asia andPontus.^[18]

By topic

Religion

Constantius II recallsPope Liberius toRome, where he receives a joyous welcome from theChristians.Antipope Felix II prudently retires to his estate nearPorto (Portugal).
Eudoxius becomesPatriarch of Antioch.
The last universally binding decision, of theGreat Sanhedrin, establishes a fixedHebrew calendar.

359

This section istranscluded fromAD 359.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

KingShapur II the Great of thePersian Empire invades southernArmenia. The Romans implement ascorched earth policy and place strong guards at theEuphrates crossings.
Siege of Amida: Shapur II besieges the Roman fortress ofAmida (modernDiyarbakir). After seventy-three days the city is conquered and the population is massacred by the Persians.Ammianus Marcellinus is a fortunate survivor and flees toSingara (Iraq).
The first knownPrefect of the city ofConstantinople,Honoratus, takes office.^[19]
Famine inUpper Rhineland: A fleet of 800 river boats, built for theRhine, cross to the British east coast, and carry back enoughcorn to raise thefamine.^[20]
Winter – Shapur II halts his campaign, due to heavy casualties during the Persian invasion.

By topic

Art

TheSarcophagus of Junius Bassus, in theOld St. Peter's Basilica,Vatican, is made (approximate date).

Religion

July – EmperorConstantius II convenes theCouncil of Rimini, to resolve the crisis overArianism in the Church. Some 400bishops of the Western portion of theRoman Empire attend, while the Eastern bishops simultaneously hold a meeting atSeleucia. GivenSaint Jerome's comment that, "The whole world groaned in astonishment to find itself Arian", it appears to have failed.Pope Liberius rejects the new creed atRimini.

Significant people

Births

Transcluding articles:350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358, and359

350

Honoratus,archbishop of Arles (approximate date);
Hypatia of Alexandria, femaleNeoplatonist philosopher (approximate date);
Murong Wei, emperor of theXianbei stateFormer Yan (d.385);
Plutarch of Athens, Greekphilosopher (approximate date);
Theodore of Mopsuestia,bishop andtheologian (approximate date);
Zhang Xuanjing, ruler of the Chinese stateFormer Liang (d.363).
Earliest common ancestor of Y haplotype R-S6881 born in north-west Germania (approximate date)

351

Princess Dowager Helan, mother ofWei Daowudi (d.396)
Li Gao, Chinese general of the stateWestern Liang (d.417)

352

Arsenius the Great,anchorite andDesert Father (approximate date)

353

Saint Vigilius,Bishop of Trent (d.405)

354

November 13 –Augustine of Hippo, North African bishop (d.430)
Apa Bane, Christianhermit and saint (approximate date)
Paulinus of Nola, French bishop and writer (d.431)
Pelagius, English monk and theologian (d.418)^[21]

355

Fan Tai, Chinese general of theJin Dynasty (d.428)
Murong Bao, Chinese emperor ofLater Yan (d.398)

356

31 March –Aelia Flaccilla, Roman empress and wife ofTheodosius I (d.386)
John II, Byzantine bishop, theologian and writer (d.417)

358

Aignan of Orleans, Christian bishop (d.453)

359

Godigisel, king of theVandals (d.406)
Gratian, Roman emperor (d.383)
Murong Chong, Chinese emperor (d.386)
Stilicho, Roman general (d.408)

Deaths

Transcluding articles:350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358, and359

350

Nepotianus died on June 30, 350

SaintPaul I of Constantinople

February 11 –Constans I,Roman Emperor;
June 21 –Martin of Tongres,Roman Catholic bishop and saint;
June 30 –Nepotianus,Roman usurper;
August 5 –Cassian of Autun Roman Catholic bishop and saint;
November 26 –Paul I of Constantinople, ByzantineOrthodox bishop and saint.

Shi Jian, emperor of theJie stateLater Zhao.

351

September 28 –Flavius Romulus, Roman consul
Marcellinus, Roman general (magister officiorum)
Shi Zhi, Chinese prince and emperor ofLater Zhao

352

April 12 –Julius I, bishop ofRome
June 1 –Ran Min, Chinese emperor "Heavenly King" (Tian Wang)
Yao Yizhong, Chinese general and warlord (b.280)

353

August 11 –Magnentius, Romanusurper (b.303)^[22]
August 18 –Magnus Decentius, brother andCaesar of Magnentius
Flavius Martinus,vicarius ofRoman Britain
Zhang Chonghua, ruler ofFormer Liang (b.327)

354

Constantina, daughter ofConstantine the Great (b. c.320)
Constantius Gallus, Roman consul and statesman (b.326)
Fu Xiong (orYuancai), Chinese general and politician
Pei, Chinese princess and wife ofZhang Chonghua
Ran Zhi, Chinese nobleman and prince ofRan Wei
Xie Ai, Chinese general ofFormer Liang (b.301)

355

September 7 –Claudius Silvanus, Romanusurper
Aedesius, RomanNeoplatonist philosopher and mystic^[23]
Fu Jian, Chinese emperor of theFormer Qin (b.317)^[24]
Liang, Chinese empress of the Former Qin Dynasty
Zhang Yaoling, Chinese ruler ofFormer Liang (b.344)
Zhang Zuo (orTaibo), Chinese ruler of Former Liang

356

Amasius of Teano, bishopTeano (also known asSt. Paris)
Anthony the Great, Egyptian monk andDesert Father
Cai Mo (orDaoming), Chinese official and politician (b.281)
Qiang (orMingde), Chinese empress and wife ofFú Jiàn
Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak, Babylonian scholar andrabbi
Sanctinus of Meaux, French bishop and missionary (b.270)
Vetranio, Roman statesman,usurper and co-emperor
Yin Hao (orYuanyuan), Chinese general and politician

357

Fu Sheng, Chinese emperor of theDi stateFormer Qin (b.335)
Xie Shang (orRenzu), Chinese general and musician (b.308)
Yao Xiang (orJingguo), Chinese general and warlord (b.331)

358

Duan, Chinese princess and wife ofMurong Chui
Paulinus of Trier, Christianbishop andsaint

359

Barbatio, Roman general (magister militum)
Hosius of Corduba, Christian bishop (b.256)
Junius Bassus Theotecnius, Roman politician
Xun Xian (orLingze), Chinese general (b.322)
Zhang Guan, Chinese general andregent

References

^Chronicon Paschale, s.a. 350. Translated by Michael and Mary Whitby,Chronicon Pachale: 284-628 AD (Liverpool:University Press, 1989), p. 28
^Crawford, Peter (11 November 2016).Constantius II: Usurpers, Eunuchs and the Antichrist. Pen and Sword.ISBN 978-1-4738-8393-2. Retrieved1 February 2024.
^Roberts, J: "History of the World.". Penguin, 1994.
^Jones, A.H.M.;J.R. Martindale &J. Morris (1971).The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire Volume 1: A.D. 260–395. Cambridge University Press. p. 224.ISBN 0-521-07233-6.
^Potter, David S. (2007).The Roman Empire at bay: AD 180 - 395. Routledge history of the ancient world (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. 474.ISBN 978-0-415-10057-1.
^"Constantius II - Livius".www.livius.org. Retrieved2024-12-19.
^Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009).Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 12.ISBN 978-08-1086-053-7.
^Bruno, Leonard C.; Olendorf, Donna (1997).Science & Technology Firsts. Detroit: Gale Research. p. 26.ISBN 978-0-78760-256-7.
^E.J. Bickerman,Chronology of the Ancient World (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1968), p. 64
^Timothy David Barnes (1981).Constantine and Eusebius. Harvard University Press. p. 399.ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1.
^Ammianus Marcellinus,History, 15.2.3.
^G.W. Bowersock,Julian the Apostate (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1978), pp. 15, 34ISBN 0-674-48882-2
^G.W. Bowersock,Julian the Apostate (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1978), pp. 37fISBN 0-674-48882-2
^Bowersock,Julian, pp. 38f
^"List of Rulers of Korea".www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved21 April 2019.
^G.W. Bowersock,Julian the Apostate (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1978), p. 40ISBN 0-674-48882-2
^According toJerome.
^Noel Emmanuel Lenski (2002).Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D. University of California Press. pp. 386–.ISBN 978-0-520-23332-4.
^Chronicon Paschale, s.a. 359. Translated by Michael and Mary Whitby,Chronicon Pachale: 284-628 AD (Liverpool:University Press, 1989), p. 34
^Wheeler, William Henry (1896).A History of the Fens of South Lincolnshire (2nd ed.). Boston, London: J.M. Newcombe and Simpkin, Marshall & Co. p. 5.doi:10.1680/ahotfosl2e.50358.
^"Pelagius | Biography, Beliefs, & Facts".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved30 March 2020.
^Vagi, David (2016).Coinage and History of the Roman Empire. Routledge. p. 476.ISBN 978-1-135-97125-0.
^Henry Fynes Clinton (1845).Fasti Romani: Tables. University Press. pp. 363.
^Jennifer Holmgren (1982).Annals of Tai: Early T'O-Pa History According to the First Chapter of the Wei-Shu. Faculty of Asian Studies. p. 91.ISBN 978-0-909879-16-7.

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