The 2 Live Crew | |
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| Background information | |
| Origin | Miami, Florida, U.S. |
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| Works | Discography |
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2 Live Crew is an American hip-hop group fromMiami,Florida, formed in 1984. The group was originally composed of DJMr. Mixx(David Hobbs),Fresh Kid Ice (Christopher Wong Won), and Amazing Vee (Yuri Vielot). However, its most well-known lineup emerged later with the addition ofBrother Marquis (Mark Ross) and the replacement of Amazing Vee byLuther "Luke Skyywalker" Campbell, who also served as the group's manager and promoter. Known for their provocative lyrics and sexually explicit content, 2 Live Crew gained widespread attention in the late 1980s and early 1990s, becoming pioneers of the Miami bass genre and influential figures in the development of Southern hip hop. Their breakthrough album,The 2 Live Crew Is What We Are (1986), introduced their signature sound, blending booming basslines with humorous and risqué themes.[1]
The group achieved both commercial success and controversy with their 1989 album,As Nasty As They Wanna Be, which was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and featured the hit single "Me So Horny." The album's explicit content led to legal battles over obscenity, most notably when it was declared legally obscene by a federal judge in 1990—an unprecedented ruling for a music recording in the United States. This decision sparked a high-profile First Amendment case, eventually overturned by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit in 1992, cementing the group's legacy as defenders of free expression in music. Despite lineup changes and legal challenges, 2 Live Crew continued to release albums, includingBanned in the U.S.A. (1990), the first album to bear a Parental Advisory label, and remained active until their official disbandment in 2016 following the death of Fresh Kid Ice in 2017. The group's influence endures in hip hop culture, particularly for their role in pushing boundaries of artistic freedom and popularizing bass-heavy production.
The 2 Live Crew, although seen as a main fixture in theMiami hip-hop scene, actually got their start inRiverside, California and was created by DJMr. Mixx (David Hobbs) with fellow rappersFresh Kid Ice (Chris Wong Won), and Amazing Vee (Yuri Vielot).[citation needed]
The group released its first single, "Revelation", on its own label "Fresh Beat Records" in 1984. The A-side of "Revelation" contained a song where the only rapper featured was Amazing Vee. The B-side contained a song named "2 Live" where Fresh Kid Ice was the only rapper featured. "Revelation" was popular in Florida. Luke Skyywalker (Luther Campbell), who at the time was a local DJ and promoter, invited The 2 Live Crew to relocate to Miami. Also due to the subsequent success of 2 Live Crew, this made Fresh Kid Ice the first rapper to be noted inAsian American hip hop, and the firstAsian rapper to gain notoriety.[2]
For their second single, "What I Like" (1985), Fresh Kid Ice was the only rapper featured. Amazing Vee was only credited as writer, and left the group shortly after.[3]
The single "Throw The D", released in January 1986, was a permanent blueprint for futureMiami bass songs.[4] Wong Won said that the song came about when they noticed a new popular dance in Miami called "Throwing The Dick" when theHerman Kelly and Life's song "Dance to the Drummer's Beat" played. The dance consisted of men throwing their hips back and forth, while the girls would squat with their hands on their knees, bend over, and shake their butt. Wong Won suggested to Mr. Mixx that they should adapt the hook, and they scratched it into the song. Wong Won felt his voice was too high pitched for the hook, so Mr. Mixx who came up with the pattern did it using an emulator. Wong Won wrote the lyrics in 20 minutes on a plane ride. Finally, they booked a 16-track studio to record it.[5]
RapperBrother Marquis (Mark Ross) joined The 2 Live Crew. Luke Skyywalker (Luther Campbell) gave The 2 Live Crew a record deal and worked as the group's manager. He also joined the group as its hype-man and spokesperson in their subsequent controversies.[6]
The 2 Live Crew's debut album,The 2 Live Crew Is What We Are, was released in 1986. Alex Henderson ofAllMusic commented that the album "did take sexually explicit rap lyrics to a new level of nastiness", with tracks such as "We Want Some Pussy" and "Throw the 'D'".[7] With word-of-mouth attention, the album was certified gold by theRecording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Bob Rosenberg ofWill to Power remixed "Beat Box" (originally released as "Two Live") and was billed "King of Edits" by Luke Skyywalker. In 1987, a Florida store clerk was acquitted offelony charges for selling the album to a 14-year-old girl.[6]
In 1988, the group released their second album,Move Somethin' It was certified Gold and featured the singles "Move Somethin'" and "Do Wah Diddy Diddy". The album improved on the charts from the previous album, making in to No. 68 on theBillboard 200 and No. 20 on the Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart.
Campbell decided to sell a separate clean version in addition to the explicit version of the album,Move Somethin' (1988), produced by Mr. Mixx. A record store clerk inAlexander City, Alabama, was cited for selling a copy to an undercover police officer in 1988.[8] It was the first time in the United States that a record store owner was held liable for obscenity over music, though the store was eventually acquitted.[8]
In 1989, the group released their third album,As Nasty as They Wanna Be, which also became the group's most successful album. A large part of its success was due to the single "Me So Horny", which was popular locally with heavy radio rotation on Miami's WPOW-Power 96 FM. TheAmerican Family Association (AFA) did not think the presence of a "Parental Advisory" sticker was enough to adequately warn listeners of what was inside the case.[citation needed]Jack Thompson, a lawyer affiliated with the AFA, met withFlorida GovernorBob Martinez and convinced him to look into the album to see if it met the legal classification ofobscenity.[9][10] In 1990, action was taken at the local level andNick Navarro,Broward County Sheriff, received a ruling from County Circuit Court judge Mel Grossman thatprobable cause for obscenity violations existed.[10][6] In response, Luther Campbell maintained that people should focus on issues relating to hunger and poverty rather than on the lyrical content of their music.[11]
Navarro warned record store owners that selling the album might be prosecutable. 2 Live Crew then filed a suit against Navarro. That June,U.S. district court JudgeJose Gonzalez ruled the album obscene and illegal to sell. Charles Freeman, a local retailer, was arrested two days later, after selling a copy to an undercover police officer. This was followed by the arrest of three members of 2 Live Crew after they performed theAs Nasty as They Wanna Be album at Club Futura inHollywood, Florida, hosted by radio personality Tony the Tiger (Ira Wolf) from Power 96 FM, one of the few radio stations in the U.S. that continued airplay while the trial ensued. After international exposure with support fromfreedom of speech advocates likeSCREW magazine'sAl Goldstein (who owned a house in Broward County) and many others, they were acquitted soon after, as professorHenry Louis Gates, Jr. testified at their trial in defense of their lyrics. Freeman's conviction was overturned on appeal as well.[10][6]
"A lot of people have gotten the impression that I'm this rude, sexual deviant or something," Campbell told journalistChuck Philips. "But contrary to what has been printed about me in the papers, I'm no moral threat to anybody. I'm just a hard-working guy marketing a new product."[12]
The Crew parodiedRoy Orbison's "Oh, Pretty Woman" on the albumAs Clean as They Wanna Be. The copyright owners of the original song brought a lawsuit in 1990 claimingcopyright infringement. In 1994, theUnited States Supreme Court unanimously adopted a rule from anearlier Ninth Circuit case involvingRick Dees,[13] and ruled that the 2 Live Crew'sparody wasfair use, and thus did not infringe.[8][14]
In 1992, theUnited States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit overturned the obscenity ruling from Judge Gonzalez, and theSupreme Court of the United States refused to hear Broward County's appeal. As in the Freeman case, Gates testified on behalf of 2 Live Crew, arguing that the material that the county alleged was profane actually had important roots inAfrican-American vernacular, games, and literary traditions and should be protected.[10][15]
As a result of the controversy, sales ofAs Nasty as They Wanna Be remained brisk,[16] selling over two million copies. It peaked at number 29 on theBillboard 200 and number 3 on theTop R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. A few other retailers were later arrested for selling it as well, including CanadianMarc Emery, who was convicted in Ontario in 1991, and later gained fame as a marijuana activist. Later, hard-rock bandVan Halen sued the group over an uncleared sample of their song "Ain't Talkin' 'Bout Love" in the 2 Live Crew song "The Fuck Shop".[17] The publicity then continued whenGeorge Lucas, owner of theStar Wars universe, successfully sued Campbell for appropriating the name "Skywalker" for his record label, Luke Skyywalker Records.[17] Campbell changed his stage name to Luke (and changed the record label's name to Luke Records)[17] and the group released an extremelypolitical follow-up album,Banned in the U.S.A.,[17] after obtaining permission to use an interpolation ofBruce Springsteen's "Born in the U.S.A.".
Banned in the U.S.A. was the group's fourth album. It was originally credited asLuke's solo album.[17] The certified Gold album included the hits "Do the Bart" and the title track. It was also the first release to bear theRIAA-standardParental Advisory warning sticker.[17] Theeponymous title single is a reference to the decision in a court case that its album,As Nasty as They Wanna Be, wasobscene (the decision was overturned on appeal).
Displeased over the decision of Florida GovernorBob Martinez who, upon being asked to examine the album, decided it was obscene and recommended local law enforcement take action against it and over the subsequent action ofBroward County, Florida,SheriffNick Navarro, who arrested local record-store owners on obscenity charges for selling the group's albums and the subsequent arrest of members of the group on obscenity charges, the group included the song "Fuck Martinez", which also includes multiple repetitions of the phrase, "fuck Navarro". The group found two other men with the same names, and had them sign releases, as they thought that this action would make it impossible for Martinez or Navarro to sue them.[10]
Live in Concert (1990) was their fifth album.[17] This was 2 Live Crew's first and onlylive album, and was also the only 2 Live Crew release under the Effect subsidiary label ofLuke Records,[17] a move that was deemed necessary for the company to be able to release additional 2 Live Crew material outside of their distribution deal withAtlantic Records, which was signed in 1990 – the same year they releasedBanned in the U.S.A.
Sports Weekend: As Nasty as They Wanna Be, Pt. 2 was their sixth album.[17] Released in 1991, it is the sequel ofAs Nasty as They Wanna Be.[17] A clean version was released later that same year titled,Sports Weekend: As Clean as They Wanna Be Part II.[17] This was the last studio album by all original members of the 2 Live Crew. It contains the successful single "Pop That Pussy". The album was certified a gold record.
From that point on, all the releases by 2 Live Crew would always vary, having one or two members of the original lineup missing, with the exception ofFresh Kid Ice.
In 1994,Back at Your Ass for the Nine-4 was released.[17] This album the group was billed as "The New 2 Live Crew"[17] as Brother Marquis and Mr. Mixx had left the group, the lineup for this album wasFresh Kid Ice,Luke and new member, Verb. It is the last album with the 2 Live Crew banner to feature Campbell. The album became a moderate hit, peaking at No. 52 on theBillboard 200 and No. 9 on theTop R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.[18] Two charting singles were produced, "Hell, Yeah" and "You Go Girl" who were both made into music videos.
1995 saw a reunion of Fresh Kid Ice, Brother Marquis and Mr. Mixx re-formed again to record "Hoochie Mama" for the soundtrack of movieFriday. The soundtrack reached No. 1 on theBillboard 200, where it held the position for two weeks, and theTop R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart for six weeks.
Fresh Kid Ice, Mr. Mixx, and Brother Marquis left Luke andLuke Records to go to Lil' Joe Records and releasedShake a Lil' Somethin' (1996) without Luther Campbell.Shake a Lil' Somethin' is their seventh album. It was released on August 6, 1996, for Lil' Joe Records and was produced by Mr. Mixx. The album made it to No. 145 on theBillboard 200 and No. 33 on theTop R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and two singles "Shake a Lil' Somethin'", which peaked at No. 11 on theHot Rap Singles chart and "Do the Damn Thing", which reached No. 24 on the same chart. It peaked at number 59 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop and albums chart. At the time of this album, Fresh Kid Ice had left the New 2 Live Crew (which consisted of himself,Luke and Verb andLuke Records) to re-join original members Mr. Mixx and Brother Marquis. However, the reunion was short lived as Mr. Mixx left the group after this album.
The Real One is their eighth and last studio album. It was released on April 7, 1998, for Lil' Joe Records and with the absence of Mr. Mixx, was produced by various producers. The album peaked at No. 59 on theTop R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Shortly after the release of this album, Brother Marquis left as well.
In the early 2000s, bothBrother Marquis andFresh Kid Ice pursued solo projects.[19][20]
Circa 2006–2007 Fresh Kid Ice and Brother Marquis discussed their differences and decided to relaunch 2 Live Crew. They offered other past members to be involved but were declined. Both of them started to tour and release singles.[21]
In 2010,Brother Marquis andFresh Kid Ice briefly reunited withLuke, andMr. Mixx as they were honorees winners at the 2010 VH1 Hip-Hop Honors: The Dirty South Edition.
Later that year, the both of them released the singles "I'm 2 Live" featuringMannie Fresh, "Cougar", "Boom" featuringE-40. They announced the release of a new 2 Live Crew album calledJust Wanna be Heard with guestToo Short,E-40, andInsane Clown Posse. It was set to be released in August 2010, but remains unreleased to this day.[22][23][24]
In June 2014, the 2 Live Crew released a new single, "Take It Off", the video clip featured cameos by Mannie Fresh,Flavor Flav,Trina,Flo Rida, andTrick Daddy. The single is available oniTunes[25][26] Later that year they made a cameo in the Flo Rida music video "G.D.F.R.".[27]
Also in 2014, they announced an album calledTurn Me On, which also remains unreleased.[28] By Thanksgiving of that year, 2 Live Crew reunited with Campbell for a series of shows until 2015.[29][30]
In 2016, Fresh Kid Ice left the group, and Mr. Mixx rejoined.[31]
On July 13, 2017, at age 53, Fresh Kid Ice died in a Miami hospital fromcirrhosis.[32][33]
Currently, there is an ongoing dispute between Lil Joe Records against former 2 Live Crew member Luther Campbell, Brother Marquis and the estate of Fresh Kid Ice. The central issue revolves around whether bankruptcy proceedings from the 1990s affect the group members' rights to reclaim copyrights to their old recordings. Lil Joe Records claims the bankruptcy proceedings extinguished these rights, while 2 Live Crew argues that copyright law overrules the bankruptcy order, protecting creators. Additionally, the debate includes whether the recordings were created under work-for-hire agreements, with Lil Joe Records asserting they were. This case may establish a precedent regarding the impact of past bankruptcy proceedings on artists' termination rights, with both parties seeking a favorable summary judgment from the court.[34]
On June 3, 2024, Brother Marquis was found dead, at the age of 58.[35]
Miami Bass, Booty Bass, Booty Music, or whatever you want to call it, changed the scenes of hip hop, dance music, and pop forever...The story of music's dirtiest genre reaches back to the '80s with roots set firmly in Afrika Bambaataa's elektro-funk...foundational artists Amos Larkins and Maggotron, both of whom have been credited as kicking the regional sound into motion. According to Stylus Magazine, Larkins and the Miami Bass conception can be traced back to the movie Knights of the City...Inspired by the humid and vice-ridden melting pot of cultures, ...MC A.D.E.'s "Bass Rock Express" gets the title for first hit of the genre, but it was 2 Live Crew who became the poster boys of movement. Record store owners who sold the album were arrested and charged with crimes of obscenity, and 2 Live Crew members were arrested just for playing shows...US Appeals Court system ruled rap was protected by First Amendment rights...2 Live Crew made it safe for hip-hop as we know it to exist. The influence of the genre is far-reaching...Miami Bass remains not only one of the most ridiculous and enjoyable genres of music in recent memory but also one of the most important.
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