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1919

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This article is about the year 1919. For other uses, see1919 (disambiguation).

From top to bottom, left to right: TheTreaty of Versailles endsWorld War I betweenGermany andAllied Powers, imposing reparations and redrawing borders; theGreco-Turkish War begins asGreece invades Anatolia, sparking theTurkish War of Independence; thePolish–Soviet War erupts over borderlands betweenPoland andSoviet Russia; theIrish War of Independence starts as theIrish Republican Army fightsBritish rule; theMay Fourth Movement rises inChina against imperialism and Japanese encroachment; and theHungarian Soviet Republic briefly becomes Europe’s first communist state before falling in theHungarian–Romanian War.

Calendar year

1919 by topic
Subject
Animation Archaeology Architecture Art Aviation Awards Film Literature Poetry Meteorology Music Jazz Rail transport Radio Science Sports Football Television
By country
Afghanistan Argentina Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Denmark Finland France Germany Hungary India Ireland Italy Japan Mexico New Zealand Norway Palestine (British administered) Philippines Portugal Russia South Africa Spain Sweden United Kingdom United States
Lists of leaders
Sovereign states Sovereign state leaders Territorial governors Religious leaders Law
Birth and death categories
Births Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments Disestablishments
Works category
Works Introductions
v t e

1919 in variouscalendars
Gregorian calendar	1919 MCMXIX
Ab urbe condita	2672
Armenian calendar	1368 ԹՎ ՌՅԿԸ
Assyrian calendar	6669
Baháʼí calendar	75–76
Balinese saka calendar	1840–1841
Bengali calendar	1325–1326
Berber calendar	2869
British Regnal year	9 Geo. 5 – 10 Geo. 5
Buddhist calendar	2463
Burmese calendar	1281
Byzantine calendar	7427–7428
Chinese calendar	戊午年 (Earth Horse) 4616 or 4409 — to — 己未年 (Earth Goat) 4617 or 4410
Coptic calendar	1635–1636
Discordian calendar	3085
Ethiopian calendar	1911–1912
Hebrew calendar	5679–5680
Hindu calendars
-Vikram Samvat	1975–1976
-Shaka Samvat	1840–1841
-Kali Yuga	5019–5020
Holocene calendar	11919
Igbo calendar	919–920
Iranian calendar	1297–1298
Islamic calendar	1337–1338
Japanese calendar	Taishō 8 (大正８年)
Javanese calendar	1849–1850
Juche calendar	8
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4252
Minguo calendar	ROC 8 民國8年
Nanakshahi calendar	451
Thai solar calendar	2461–2462
Tibetan calendar	ས་ཕོ་རྟ་ལོ་ (male Earth-Horse) 2045 or 1664 or 892 — to — ས་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་ (female Earth-Sheep) 2046 or 1665 or 893

Wikimedia Commons has media related to1919.

1919 (MCMXIX) was acommon year starting on Wednesday of theGregorian calendar and acommon year starting on Tuesday of theJulian calendar, the 1919th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini (AD) designations, the 919th year of the2nd millennium, the 19th year of the20th century, and the 10th and last year of the1910s decade. As of the start of 1919, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Calendar year

Events

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January

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Main article:January 1919

January 1
- TheCzechoslovak Legions occupy much of the self-proclaimed "free city" ofPressburg (later Bratislava), enforcing its incorporation into the new republic ofCzechoslovakia.^[1]
- HMYIolaire sinks off the coast of the Hebrides; 201 people, mostly servicemen returning home to Lewis and Harris, are killed.^[2]
January 2–22 –Russian Civil War: TheRed Army'sCaspian-Caucasian Front begins theNorthern Caucasus Operation against theWhite Army, but fails to make progress.
January 3 – TheFaisal–Weizmann Agreement is signed byEmir Faisal (representing the ArabKingdom of Hejaz) andZionist leaderChaim Weizmann, for Arab–Jewish cooperation in the development of a Jewish homeland inPalestine, and an Arab nation in a large part of theMiddle East.
January 5 – In Germany:
- Spartacist uprising in Berlin: The MarxistSpartacus League, with the newly formedCommunist Party of Germany and theIndependent Social Democratic Party, begin mass demonstrations, which will be suppressed by armed force within a week.^[3]
- TheGerman Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, DAP), predecessor of theNazi Party, is formed by the merger ofAnton Drexler's Committee of Independent Workmen with journalistKarl Harrer's Political Workers' Circle.
January 7 –Estonian War of Independence: WithSoviet Russian forces just 40 km outside of the capitalTallinn,Estonian forces start a general and successful counter-offensive against theRed Army.
January 8 – The funeral ofTheodore Roosevelt, 26thPresident of the United States, is held at Christ Church Oyster Bay, Long Island; Roosevelt had died in his sleep at the age of 60, two days earlier.^[4]
January 8–22 –Russian Civil War, Southern Front: TheRed Army attacks and defeats the WhiteDon Army underPyotr Krasnov in theVoronezh–Povorino Operation.
January 9
- Friedrich Ebert orders theFreikorps into action in Berlin.
- Estonian War of Independence:Battle of Tapa –Estonian forces liberateTapa, Estonia, from theRed Army.^[5]
- A group of socialist and liberal deputies table a motion to makeLuxembourg a republic. A crowd gathers at the barracks of the Corps of Volunteers, close to the Chamber. A crowd led byÉmile Servais, a left-wing politician, rushes the Chamber and soldiers refuse to disperse them. A Committee of Public Safety is formed, but the rebellion is quelled by theFrench Army under General de La Tour.^[6]
January 10–12 – The Freikorps attacks Spartacist supporters around Berlin.
January 11
- Romania annexesTransylvania.
- TheGeorgian genocide occurs inAlagir.^{[clarification needed]}
January 12–May 19 –Russian Civil War: On the Southern Front, theArmed Forces of South Russia under GeneralAnton Denikin fight against theRed Army for the possession of the strategic region of theDonbass.
January 13 – Workers' councils in Berlin end thegeneral strike; the Spartacist uprising is over.
January 14 –Estonian War of Independence:Estonian forces liberateTartu from theRed Army.
January 15
- Rosa Luxemburg andKarl Liebknecht are murdered following the Spartacist uprising.^[7]
- Great Molasses Flood: A wave ofmolasses released from an exploding storage tank sweeps throughBoston, Massachusetts, killing 21 people and injuring 150.^[8]
January 16
- TheEighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, authorizingProhibition, is ratified.
- PianistIgnacy Jan Paderewski becomes the secondPrime Minister of Poland.
January 18
- TheParis Peace Conference opens inFrance, with delegates from 27 nations attending for meetings at thePalace of Versailles.^[9]^[10]
- Estonian War of Independence:Estonian forces liberateNarva, expelling theRed Army from Northern Estonia.
- Bentley Motors Limited is founded in England.
January 19–28 –Russian Civil War: TheRed Army begins the counter offensive in thePerm area against theWhite forces.
January 19
- TheMonarchy of the North is established in Northern Portugal.^[11]
- 1919 German federal election, first under theWeimar Republic and the first in Germany withfemale suffrage.
January 21 –Dáil Éireann meets for the first time in theMansion House, Dublin. It comprisesSinn Féin members elected in the1918 general election who, in accordance with theirmanifesto, have not taken their seats in theParliament of the United Kingdom, but chosen to declare an independentIrish Republic. In the first shots of theAnglo-Irish War, twoRoyal Irish Constabulary (RIC) men arekilled in an ambush atSoloheadbeg,County Tipperary.
January 23 –Khotyn Uprising: pro-Ukrainian partisans capture the city ofKhotyn in Romania.^[12]
January 25 – TheLeague of Nations is founded inParis,France.^[13]
January 31 –Battle of George Square: TheBritish Army is called in to deal with riots, during negotiations over working hours inGlasgow, Scotland.^[14]

David Kirkwood being detained by police during theBattle of George Square

February

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Main article:February 1919

February 1 –Estonian War of Independence:Estonian forces liberateValga andVõru, expelling theRed Army from the entire territory ofEstonia.
February 3 –Russian Civil War: Soviet troops occupyUkraine.
February 4–5 – Pressburg (Bratislava) becomes the capital ofSlovakia.^[15]
February 5
- United Artists (UA) is incorporated in the United States byD. W. Griffith,Charlie Chaplin,Mary Pickford andDouglas Fairbanks as a motion picture producer.
- Russian Civil War: Soviet troops occupy the city ofKyiv after theBattle of Kiev (January).
February 10 – TheInter-Allied Women's Conference convenes to compile a list of women's issues to present to the delegates of theParis Peace Conference.^[16]^[17]
February 11
- Friedrich Ebert is elected the firstPresident of Germany (Reichspräsident), by theWeimar National Assembly.
- TheSeattle General Strike ends, whenFederal troops are summoned by theState of Washington'sAttorney General.
February 12 – Ethnic Germans and Hungarian inhabitants ofPressburg start a protest against its incorporation intoCzechoslovakia, but theCzechoslovak Legions open fire on the unarmed demonstrators.^[18]
February 13 – Portugal'sMonarchy of the North ends as a result of a revolt in Porto by civilians and National Republican Guard members.^[11]
February 14 – ThePolish–Soviet War begins, with theBattle of Bereza Kartuska.
February 16–21 –Estonian War of Independence: Uniformed peasants inSaaremaa rebel against the government ofEstonia; the rebellion is crushed by government forces, leaving more than 200 dead.
February 25 –Oregon places a one cent per US gallon (0.26¢/liter) tax ongasoline, becoming the first U.S. state to levy agasoline tax.
February 26 –Grand Canyon National Park: An act of theUnited States Congress establishes most of theGrand Canyon as aUnited States National Park.
February 28
- Amānullāh Khān becomesKing of Afghanistan.
- An independence mission to the U.S., funded by the Philippine legislature, sets out from Manila to present its case toUnited States Secretary of War Newton D. Baker.^[19]

March

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Main article:March 1919

March 1 – TheMarch 1st Movement againstJapanese colonial rule in Korea is formed.^[20]
March 2 – TheFounding Congress of the Comintern opens in Moscow.^[21]
March 3–April –Russian Civil War: Beginning of theChapan War as peasants of the provinces ofSamara andSimbirsk rebel against Soviet rule.
March 4
- TheCommunist International (Comintern) is founded.
- Russian Civil War: TheWhite forces in Siberia under the command of AdmiralAlexander Kolchak attack the positions of theRed Army in theSpring Offensive. The Whites crush the 5th Red Army under Jan Blumberg, and captureOkhansk,Osa,Sarapul and finallyUfa over the next days.
March 4–5 –Kinmel Park Riots by troops of theCanadian Expeditionary Force awaiting repatriation atKinmel Camp,Bodelwyddan, inNorth Wales. Five men are killed, 28 injured, and 25 convicted ofmutiny.^[22]
March 5 –A. Mitchell Palmer becomesUnited States Attorney General, throughrecess appointment.
March 8
- TheRowlatt Act is passed by theImperial Legislative Council in London, indefinitely extending the emergency provisions of theDefence of India Act 1915.
- British authorities inEgypt arrest populist leaderSaad Zaghloul, exiling him toMalta,^[23] triggering theEgyptian Revolution of 1919.
March 11–June 8 –Russian Civil War: The Cossacks of the Upper Don rebel against Bolshevik rule in theVyoshenskaya Uprising and join theWhite forces.
March 15–17 – Members of theAmerican Expeditionary Forces convene in Paris for the firstAmerican Legion caucus.
March 17 – Birth of theCommonwealth of the Philippines.
March 21 – TheHungarian Soviet Republic is established byBéla Kun.
March 23 –Benito Mussolini founds hisItalian Fascist political movement inMilan.
March 23–24 –Charles I, the lastEmperor of Austria, leaves Austria for exile in Switzerland.
March 26 –Queen of the South F.C. is formed inDumfries, Scotland.^[24]
March 27 – The nameBratislava is officially adopted for the city of Pressburg.^[25]

April

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Main article:April 1919

April 5 –Pinsk massacre: 35 Jews are killed by thePolish Army without trial after being accused of Bolshevism.
April 6–7 – TheBavarian Soviet Republic is founded.
April 10 –Mexican Revolution leaderEmiliano Zapata is ambushed and shot dead inMorelos.
April 12 – Frenchserial killer Henri Désiré Landru is arrested.^[26]
April 13
- Amritsar Massacre: Under the command ofReginald Dyer, detachments of the9th Gorkha Rifles and the59th Scinde Rifles massacre 379 Sikh civilians atJallianwala Bagh inAmritsar, in thePunjab Province.
- Eugene V. Debs enters prison at the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia for speaking out againstconscription in the United States during World War I.
April 15 – TheSave the Children Fund is created in the UK to raise money for the relief of German and Austrian children.
April 20 – TheFrench Army blows up the bridge over theDniester atBender, Moldova, to protect the city from theBolsheviks.^[27]
April 22–June 20 –Russian Civil War:Counteroffensive of Eastern Front – The Reds go on the offensive on the Siberia Front: GeneralGaya Gai defeats the White forces near Orenburg after a 3-day battle. Over the next weeks, the Red Army pushes the Whites behind theUral Mountains.
April 23 – TheEstonian Constituent Assembly convenes its first session.
April 25
- TheBauhaus architectural and design movement is founded inWeimar, Germany.^[28]
- Anzac Day is observed for the first time in Australia.^[29]
- Pancho Villa takesParral, Chihuahua, in Mexico, and executes the mayor and his two sons.
April 30 – First wave of1919 United States anarchist bombings: several bombs sent byfollowers of theItalian anarchist Luigi Galleani are intercepted.

May

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Main article:May 1919

May 1 –May Day Riots break out inCleveland, Ohio, United States; 2 people are killed, 40 injured, and 116 arrested.
May 2 –Weimar Republic troops and theFreikorps occupyMunich and crush theBavarian Soviet Republic.
May 3 –Amānullāh Khān attacks the British government in India.
May 4
- TheMay Fourth Movement erupts in China as a result of the decision at the Paris Peace Conference to transfer former German concessions inJiaozhou Bay to Japan rather than return sovereign authority to China.
- TheLeague of Red Cross Societies is formed in Paris.^[30]
May 6 – TheThird Anglo-Afghan War begins.
May 8–27 –United States Navy Curtiss flying boat NC-4, commanded byAlbert Cushing Read, makes the firsttransatlantic flight, fromNaval Air Station Rockaway toLisbon viaTrepassey,Newfoundland (departsMay 16) and theAzores (arrivesMay 17). (OnMay 30–31 it flies on toPlymouth in England.)
May 9 – In Belgium, a new electoral law introducesuniversal manhood suffrage and gives the franchise to certain classes of women.
May 14 – TheUniversity College of Wales, Aberystwyth, establishes probably the world's first chair inInternational Politics, endowed byDavid Davies and his sisters in honour ofWoodrow Wilson, withAlfred Eckhard Zimmern as first professor.^[31]
May 15
- Greek landing at Smyrna: TheHellenic Army lands atSmyrna assisted by ships of the BritishRoyal Navy.
- A law providing for fullwomen's suffrage in theNetherlands is introduced.
- Winnipeg general strike: Workers inWinnipeg, Canada, begin a strike for better wages and working conditions; the strike lasts for six weeks.^[32]
May 19
- Mustafa Kemal Atatürk lands atSamsun on theAnatolian Black Sea coast, marking the start of theTurkish War of Independence. The anniversary of this event is also an official day of Turkish Youth.
- VolcanoKelud erupts inJava, killing about 5,000.
May 23 – TheUniversity of California opens its second campus in Los Angeles. Initially called Southern Branch of the University of California (SBUC), it is eventually renamed theUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
May 25 –Estonian War of Independence:Estonian forces capturePskov from theRed Army, and soon hand it over to theWhite forces.
May 27
- Fyodor Raskolnikov is exchanged for 14 British prisoners of war.
- Siege ofSpin Boldak (Third Anglo-Afghan War). This is the last time theBritish Army uses anescalade.^[33]
May 29
- Eddington experiment:Einstein's theory ofgeneral relativity is tested byArthur Eddington's observation of the "bending of light" during a totalsolar eclipse inPríncipe, and byAndrew Crommelin inSobral, Ceará, Brazil (confirmedNovember 19).^[34]
- TheRepublic of Prekmurje formally declares independence fromHungary.
May 30 – By agreement with the United Kingdom, later confirmed by theLeague of Nations, Belgium is given themandate over part ofGerman East Africa (Ruanda-Urundi).

June

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Main article:June 1919

"The Big Four" during theParis Peace Conference (from left to right,David Lloyd George,Vittorio Orlando,Georges Clemenceau,Woodrow Wilson).

June –Earl W. Bascom, rodeo cowboy and artist, along with his father John W. Bascom atLethbridge,Alberta, Canada, designs and makes rodeo's first reverse-opening side-delivery bucking chute, which becomes the world standard.
June 2 –1919 United States anarchist bombings: Eight mail bombs are sent to prominent figures.
June 4 –Women's rights: TheUnited States Congress approves theNineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which would guaranteesuffrage to women, and sends it to the states for ratification.
June 5 –Estonian andLatvian Wars of Independence: The advancing pro-GermanBaltische Landeswehr initiates war againstEstonia in NorthernLatvia.
June 6 – The Hungarian Red Army attacks theRepublic of Prekmurje.
June 7
- Sette Giugno on Malta: British troops fire on a mob protesting against the colonial government, killing four.
- Russian Civil War:Counteroffensive of Eastern Front: The Red army captures the city ofBirsk from theWhite forces.
June 9 –Russian Civil War:Counteroffensive of Eastern Front: The Red army recaptures the city ofUfa
June 14–15 – AVickers Vimy piloted by British aviatorJohn Alcock, with navigatorArthur Whitten Brown, makes the firstnonstop transatlantic flight, fromSt. John's, Newfoundland, toClifden,Connemara, Ireland.
June 15 –Pancho Villa attacksCiudad Juárez, Mexico. When the bullets begin to fly to the American side of the border, two units of the United States7th Cavalry Regiment cross the border, to push Villa's forces from American territory.
June 17 –Epsom Riot by Canadian troops: English Police Sergeant Thomas Green is killed.
June 18 – The second most popular^[35]football club in Costa Rica,Liga Deportiva Alajuelense, is founded.
June 20–25 –Russian Civil War, Southern Front: The WhiteVolunteer Army defeats the exhausted Red forces in theKharkiv Operation, capturing the industrial city ofKharkiv.
June 21
- Bloody Saturday of theWinnipeg general strike:Royal North-West Mounted Police fire a volley of bullets into a crowd of unemployed war veterans, killing two.
- Scuttling of the German fleet at Scapa Flow: AdmiralLudwig von Reuter scuttles the German fleet interned atScapa Flow, Scotland; nine German sailors are killed.
June 23 –Estonian andLatvian Wars of Independence –Battle of Cēsis: TheEstonian army defeats the pro-GermanBaltische Landeswehr in northernLatvia, forcing it to retreat towardsRiga; the event is celebrated subsequently asVictory Day in Estonia.
June 26 –British Foreign Office officialSt John Philby andT. E. Lawrence arrive inCairo for discussions about Arab unrest inEgypt, having been flown by Canadian pilotHarry Yates in aHandley Page bomber which set off from England onJune 21.
June 28
- TheTreaty of Versailles is signed, formally endingWorld War I, five years to the day since theassassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.^[10]John Maynard Keynes, who has been present at the conference and is unhappy with the terms of the treaty, brings out his own analysis later in the year, entitledThe Economic Consequences of the Peace.
- TheInternational Labour Organization (ILO) is established as an agency of theLeague of Nations.

July

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Main article:July 1919

July 1 –Russian Civil War:Perm Operation (1918–19) begins on the Siberian Front: The 2nd and 3rd armies of Soviet Russia recapture the city ofPerm.^[36]
July 2 – TheSyrian National Congress inDamascus: Arab nationalists announce independence.
July 2–6 – Britishairship R34 makes the first transatlantic flight by dirigible, and the first westbound flight, fromRAF East Fortune, Scotland, toMineola, New York.
July 3
- Estonian andLatvian Wars of Independence: The pro-GermanBaltische Landeswehr signs a peace treaty withEstonia andLatvia. The pro-GermanPrime Minister of Latvia Andrievs Niedra resigns, and Latvian forces take over Riga onJuly 8.
- Russian Civil War, Southern Front: GeneralAnton Denikin of the WhiteVolunteer Army proclaims Directive No. 08878 (the Moscow Directive), defining the operational and strategic target of the White Guard armies, to seize Moscow at this time controlled by the Bolsheviks, beginning theAdvance on Moscow.
July 5–20 –Russian Civil War, Eastern or Siberian Front, Ekaterinburg Operation: The Red Army captures the city ofEkaterinburg in theUral Mountains from the White rule of AdmiralAlexander Kolchak.
July 7 – TheUnited States Army sends a convoy across the continental U.S., starting in Washington, D.C., to assess the possibility of crossing North America by road. This crossing takes many months to complete, because the building of theU.S. Highway System has not commenced.
July 11 – Theeight-hour day and free Sunday become law for workers in the Netherlands.
July 19 – The Foreign Ministry of theAzerbaijan Democratic Republic is established, by decree of the chancellory for foreign affairs.^[37]
July 21 –Wingfoot Air Express crash: ThedirigibleWingfoot Air Express catches fire over downtown Chicago. Two passengers, one aircrewman and ten people on the ground are killed; however, two peopleparachute to the ground safely.^[38]
July 27 – TheChicago Race Riot of 1919 begins when a white man throws stones at a group of four black teens on a raft.
July 28 – TheInternational Astronomical Union is founded in Paris, France.
July 31 –British police strikes in London andLiverpool for recognition of the National Union of Police and Prison Officers; over 2,000 strikers are dismissed.

August

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Main article:August 1919

Friedrich Ebert becomes president in Weimar, Germany

August 1 –Béla Kun'sHungarian Soviet Republic collapses.
August 3 – The Romanian army entersTimișoara.
August 4 – The Romanian army occupiesBudapest.
August 8 – TheAnglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, signed inRawalpindi, ends theThird Anglo-Afghan War, with the United Kingdom recognising the right of theEmirate of Afghanistan to manage its own foreign affairs and Afghanistan recognising theDurand Line as the border withBritish India.
August 11 – In Germany, theWeimar Constitution is proclaimed to be in effect (ratified).
August 14–September 12 –Russian Civil War:Southern Front counteroffensive – TheRed Army commanded byVladimir Yegoryev attacks theWhite Volunteer Army of GeneralAnton Denikin but is defeated.
August 16–26 –First Silesian Uprising: Poles inUpper Silesia rise against the Germans.
August 18 –Russian Civil War:North Russia intervention – TheBolshevik fleet atKronstadt, protectingPetrograd on theBaltic Sea, is substantially damaged by British Royal NavyCoastal Motor Boats (torpedo boats) andmilitary aircraft in a combined operation.
August 21 –Friedrich Ebert becomes the firstPresident of Germany (Reichspräsident) under the Weimar Constitution.
August 27 – South African Prime MinisterLouis Botha dies in office of 'Spanish flu'.
August 29 –Russian Civil War: TheRed Army capturesPskov from White forces.
August 31
- Russian Civil War, Southern Front: the city ofKyiv is captured by theWhite Army.
- TheCommunist Party of America is established.

September

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Main article:September 1919

September 1–October 2 –Russian Civil War, Siberian Front: AdmiralAlexander Kolchak launches his final offensive in the Tobolsk operation, defeating theRed Army.
September 3 –Jan Smuts becomes the secondprime minister ofSouth Africa.
September 6 – The U.S. Army expedition across North America, which startedJuly 7, ends inSan Francisco.
September 10–15 – TheFlorida Keys hurricane kills 600 in theGulf of Mexico,Florida andTexas.
September 10 – TheTreaty of Saint-Germain is signed, ending World War I withAustria-Hungary and declaring that the latter's empire is to be dissolved. TheRepublic of German-Austria becomes theFirst Austrian Republic but retains less than 40% of the prewar imperial territory.
September 12 –Gabriele D'Annunzio, with his entourage, marches intoFiume and convinces Italian troops to join him.
September 17 –German South West Africa is placed under South African administration.^[39]
September 18–November 14 –Russian Civil War, Western Front:Battle of Petrograd: The White generalNikolai Yudenich approaches the city ofSaint Petersburg with 18,500 soldiers, but is defeated by the defense organized byLeon Trotsky.
September 21 – TheSteel strike of 1919 begins across the United States.
September 27 –Russian Civil War: The last British Army troops leaveArkhangelsk and leave the fighting to the Russians.
September 30 –Elaine massacre: An estimated 100 to 800African Americans are killed^[40] inElaine, Arkansas, by white mobs and vigilante militias assisted by federal troops^[41] in "the deadliest racial confrontation inArkansas history and possibly the bloodiestracial conflict in the history of the United States".^[42]

October

[edit]

Main article:October 1919

October 2 – President of the United StatesWoodrow Wilson suffers a serious stroke, rendering him an invalid for the remainder of his life.^[43]
October 7 – The Dutch airlineKLM is founded (as of 2025, it is the world'soldest airline still flying under its original name).^[44]
October 9 – InMajor League Baseball, theCincinnati Reds win theWorld Series, five games to three, over theChicago White Sox, whose players are later found to havelost intentionally.
October 10 –Estonia adopts a radicalland reform, nationalizing 97% of agrarian lands, mostly still belonging to theBaltic German nobility.
October 13 – TheConvention relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation is signed, inParis, France.
October 16 – InGermany,Adolf Hitler gives his first speech for theGerman Workers' Party (DAP).
October 26 –1919 Luxembourg general election, the first in the duchy withfemale suffrage, following constitutional amendments of May 15.
October 28 –Prohibition in the United States: TheUnited States Congress passes theVolstead Act, over PresidentWoodrow Wilson's veto. Prohibition goes into effect on January 17,1920, under the provisions of theEighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
October 29–November 29 – First Annual Meeting of theInternational Labour Conference.^[45]

November

[edit]

Main article:November 1919

November 1 – TheCoal Strike of 1919 begins in the United States, by theUnited Mine Workers underJohn L. Lewis; a final agreement is reached onDecember 10.
November 7
- The first of thePalmer Raids is conducted on the second anniversary of theRussian Revolution: over 10,000 suspected communists and anarchists are arrested in 23 different U.S. cities by the end of January 1920.
- Inspired by Cape Town's dailyNoon Gun Three Minute Pause, KingGeorge V institutes theTwo Minute Silence, following a suggestion bySir Percy Fitzpatrick, to be observed annually atthe Eleventh Hour of the Eleventh Day of the Eleventh Month.^[46]
November 9 –Felix the Cat debuts inFeline Follies.
November 10–12 – The first national convention of theAmerican Legion is held inMinneapolis.
November 10 –Abrams v. United States: TheSupreme Court of the United States upholds the conviction of Abrams for inciting resistance to the war effort againstSoviet Russia.
November 11
- Russian Civil War: TheNorthwestern Army of GeneralNikolai Yudenich retreats toEstonia and is disarmed.
- TheCentralia Massacre inCentralia, Washington (United States), originating at anArmistice Day parade, results in the deaths of four members of theAmerican Legion and the lynching of a local leader of theIndustrial Workers of the World (IWW).
- FirstRemembrance Day observed in theBritish Empire with atwo-minute silence at 11:00 hours.^[46]
November 14 –Russian Civil War, Siberian Front: AdmiralAlexander Kolchak's White forces begin theGreat Siberian Ice March from the cities ofOmsk andTomsk toIrkutsk, escaping from the victoriousRed Army.
November 16 – AfterEntente pressure, Romanian forces withdraw fromBudapest and allowAdmiral Horthy to march in.
November 19 – TheTreaty of Versailles fails a critical ratification vote in theUnited States Senate. It will never be ratified by the U.S.
November 27 – TheTreaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine is signed between theAllies andBulgaria.
November 30 – Health officials declare the global"Spanish" flu pandemic has ceased.

December

[edit]

Main article:December 1919

December 1
- American-bornNancy Astor, Viscountess Astor, becomes the first woman to take her seat in theHouse of Commons of the United Kingdom, having become the second to be elected on November 28.^[47]
- XWA (modern-dayCINW), inMontreal, becomes the first publicradio station in North America to go on the air.
December 3 – After nearly 20 years of planning and construction, including two collapses causing 89 deaths, theQuebec Bridge opens to traffic.
December 4 – TheFrench Opera House inNew Orleans,Louisiana is destroyed by fire.
December 5 – TheTurkish Ministry of War releasesGreeks,Armenians andJews frommilitary service.
December 17 – Uruguay becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
December 18–31 –Russian Civil War, Southern Front: The Red armycaptures theDonbas region from theVolunteer Army.
December 21 – The United States deports 249 people, includingEmma Goldman, to Russia on theUSATBuford.
December 23 –Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 becomes law in the United Kingdom, removing legal disabilities on women entering the secular professions.^[48]
December 25 –Cliftonhill Stadium inCoatbridge, Scotland, opens as the home ofAlbion Rovers F.C. They lose the opening match 2–0 toSt Mirren.
December 26 – American baseball playerBabe Ruth is traded by theBoston Red Sox to theNew York Yankees for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at this time, a deal made public at the beginning of January 1920.

Date unknown

[edit]

Severe inflation in Germany sees thePapiermark rise to 47marks against the United States dollar by December, compared to 12 marks in April.^[49]