On 11 November 1914,^[a] Ottoman CaliphMehmed V proclaimedholy war against theEntente powers and appealed for support from Muslims in Entente-controlled countries. The declaration, which called forMuslims to support the Ottomans in Entente-controlled areas and forjihad against "all enemies of the Ottoman Empire, except theCentral Powers",^[2] was initially presented on 11 November and published inTakvim-i Vekayi the following day.^[1] The proclamation included fivefatwa or legal opinions endorsed by 29 religious authorities. Several days later, on 14 November, it was read out to large crowd outside theFatih Mosque by Ali Haydar Efendi, thefetva emini ('custodian of thefatwa', the Ottoman official in charge of dictatingtafsir on behalf of theShaykh al-Islām).^[3][2]

The declaration was seen as mostly ineffective in the war, with theEmirate of Afghanistan avoiding confrontation with the Entente despite pressure from theGerman and Ottoman Empires anda British-backed revolt taking place against the Ottomans in theHejaz.^[4]

• Farish A. Noor points to the1915 Singapore Mutiny, arguing that the call did have a considerable impact on Muslims around the world.^[5]
• The proclamation was also the factor in Australia in 1915 in the so-calledBattle of Broken Hill, where two MuslimAfghan cameleers opened fire on a train ofpicnickers, killing four and wounding seven.^[6]
• Most of the revolts of theNorth-West frontier theatre of WWI were influenced by the Ottoman declaration of Jihad.
• Most of the revolts of theNorth African theatre of WWI were influenced by the Ottoman declaration of Jihad.
  • TheSenussi Campaign started due to Ottoman pressure for the Senussi to follow them in their declaration of Jihad.
  • Darfur was influenced to side with the Central Powers due to Ottomans Jihad.^[4]
  • TheDervish movement had been in contact with the Ottomans and might have put their followers under Ottoman protection after the proclamation.^[7]
  • The leaders of theKaocen revolt referred to the jihad but it might have played a lesser role.^[8]
  • EmperorLij Iyasu ofAbyssinia, who had been supporting the Dervish, wasdeposed after trying to approach the Muslim population.^[4]
  • France planned to appoint aMoroccan anti-caliph; the plan was abandoned in 1916.
• Jabbal Shammar sided with the Ottomans following its declaration of Jihad.
• Thesecond Muslim revolt by the Union of Krujë against the Muslim pro-SerbianSenate of Central Albania was influenced by the Ottoman declaration of jihad.

• Aksakal, Mustafa (2011). "'Holy War Made in Germany'? Ottoman Origins of the 1914 Jihad".War in History.18 (2):184–199.doi:10.1177/0968344510393596.S2CID 159652479.
• Aksakal, Mustafa (2016). "The Ottoman Proclamation of Jihad". In Zürcher, Erik Jan (ed.).Jihad and Islam in World War I: studies on the Ottoman Jihad at the centenary of Snouck Hurgronje's "Holy war made in Germany". Debates on Islam and Society. Leiden University Press. Retrieved2024-07-29.
• Gaunt, David (2006).Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I. Gorgias Press. pp. 62–64.ISBN 978-1-59333-301-0.
• Slight, John (2019-01-30). "Reactions to the Ottoman jihad fatwa in the British Empire, 1914–18".The Great War in the Middle East. Routledge.ISBN 978-1-315-18904-8.
• Zürcher, Erik Jan, ed. (2016).Jihad and Islam in World War I. Leiden University Press.doi:10.26530/OAPEN_605452.ISBN 978-94-006-0234-2.
• Lüdke, Tilman (17 December 2018)."Jihad, Holy War (Ottoman Empire)".International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1). Retrieved19 June 2021.

• November 1914
• 1914 in the Ottoman Empire
• Ottoman Empire in World War I
• Jihad
• Declarations of war during World War I

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