Calendar year
March 23 : The pivotalBattle of Novara (1849) is fought in unifying Italy into a single nation.August 13 : Hungarian Revolution of 1848 ends with thesurrender at Világos of Hungarian rebels to the Russian Army.1849 by topic Humanities By country Other topics Lists of leaders Birth and death categories Establishments and disestablishments categories Works category
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1849 .
1849 (MDCCCXLIX ) was acommon year starting on Monday of theGregorian calendar and acommon year starting on Saturday of theJulian calendar , the 1849th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini 2nd millennium , the 49th year of the19th century , and the 10th and last year of the1840s decade. As of the start of 1849, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
January 1 – France begins issue of theCeres series , the nation's firstpostage stamps .January 5 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Austrian army, led byAlfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz , enters in the Hungarian capitals,Buda andPest . The Hungarian government and parliament flee toDebrecen .January 8 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 :Romanian armed groups massacre 600 unarmed Hungarian civilians, atNagyenyed .[ 1] January 13 January 21 January 23 –Elizabeth Blackwell is awarded her M.D. by the Medical Institute ofGeneva, New York , thus becoming the United States' first woman doctor.January 27 February 1 – The abolition of theCorn Laws by the United Kingdom's Importation Act1846 comes fully into effect.February 4 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 :Battle of Vízakna – The Austrian army, led by Anton Puchner, defeats the Hungarians, led by generalJosef Bem .February 5 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Hungarian revolutionary army, led byRichard Guyon , breaks through the pass ofBranyiszkó , defeating the Austrian defenders.February 8 – The short-livedRoman Republic is proclaimed.February 9 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 :Battle of Piski –Josef Bem 's Hungarian army defeats Anton Puchner.February 14 – In New York City,James Knox Polk becomes the first President of the United States to have his photograph taken.February 21 –Second Anglo-Sikh War :Battle of Gujrat – Forces of the BritishEast India Company defeat those of theSikh Empire inPunjab .February 27 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 :Battle of Kápolna – The Austrians defeat the Hungarians.February 28 – Regularsteamboat service from the west to the east coast of the United States begins, with the arrival of theSSCalifornia inSan Francisco Bay . TheCalifornia leavesNew York Harbor onOctober 6 ,1848 , roundsCape Horn at the tip of South America, and arrives atSan Francisco after the 4-month, 21-day journey.March 3 March 4 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Habsburg emperorFranz Joseph I of Austria promulgates atOlomouc theMarch Constitution of Austria , which abolishes theApril Laws promulgated by the Hungarian Batthyány-govern, and degrades Hungary to a simple Austrian province.March 5 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 :Second Battle of Szolnok – The Hungarians led byJános Damjanich andKároly Vécsey defeat the Austrians.March 11 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Hungarian army ofTransylvania , under generalJosef Bem , defeats the Russian-Austrian army atSecond Battle of Nagyszeben , capturing the city which is the headquarters of Austrian general Anton Puchner. Most of Transylvania is liberated from the Austrian rule. The Austrian and the Russian troops flee toWallachia .March 23 –First Italian War of Independence :Battle of Novara – TheKingdom of Sardinia suffers a huge defeat after a two day battle, and KingCharles Albert of Sardinia abdicates.March 28 March 29 March – TheFrankfurt Parliament completes its drafting of a liberal constitution, and electsFrederick William IV emperor of the new German national state.April 1 April 2 April 4 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 –Battle of Tápióbicske : Hungarian forces, under the generalsGyörgy Klapka andJános Damjanich , defeat the Austrian-Croatian army, led byFranz Schlik andJosip Jelačić .April 6 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 –Battle of Isaszeg : The main Hungarian forces, led byArthur Görgey , defeat the main imperial forces, led byAlfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz , forcing them to retreat westward.April 10 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 –Battle of Vác : The Hungarians, led byJános Damjanich , defeat the Austrians, led by Christian Götz, who dies after the battle due to his injuries.April 12 April 14 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Hungarian revolutionary parliament inDebrecen declares independence from theHabsburg Empire .April 19 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 –Battle of Nagysalló : The Hungarian revolutionary army, led byGyörgy Klapka andJános Damjanich , defeat the Austrian army, led by Lt. Gen.Ludwig von Wohlgemuth .April 21 April 22 – The firstKennedy arrives in America.April 25 –James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin , theGovernor General of Canada , signs theRebellion Losses Bill , outragingMontreal 'sEnglish population and triggering theMontreal Riots .April 26 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 –Battle of Komárom : Hungarian forces relieve the city and castle with the same name from a long Austrian siege. The Austrian imperial forces and theirCroatian ,Romanian andSerbian allies are chased out from Hungary, or near the borders of the country.April 27 –Giuseppe Garibaldi enters Rome, to defend it from the French troops of GeneralCharles Oudinot .May – TheSecond Carlist War ends in Spain.May 2 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : A new independent Hungarian government, led byBertalan Szemere , is formed. The head of state of Hungary becomesLajos Kossuth , as governor president.May 3 May 9 – TheMay Uprising in Dresden is suppressed by theKingdom of Saxony .May 10 – TheAstor Place Riot takes place inManhattan , over a dispute between two Shakespearean actors; over 20 people are killed when troops fire on the rioters.May 15 – Troops of theKingdom of the Two Sicilies takePalermo , and crush therepublican government ofSicily .May 17 – TheSt. Louis Fire starts when asteamboat catches fire and nearly burns down the entire city.May 21 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Hungarian army, led byArthur Görgey , captures theCastle of Buda , liberating the Hungarian capital city completely. The leader of the defending Austrian forces, GeneralHeinrich Hentzi , dies because of his injuries. The Hungarian government moves back fromDebrecen toBudapest .May 30 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 :Julius Jacob von Haynau replacesLudwig von Welden as leader of the Austrian forces in Hungary, because of the failure of the latter to stop the advance of the Hungarian forces.June 5 June 6 – The settlement ofFort Worth, Texas , is founded.June 17 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The main Russian forces, led byIvan Paskevich , cross the Hungarian border, and together with the Austrian troops, led byJulius Jacob von Haynau , start the final attack against theHungarian Revolution . Now the Hungarian revolutionary troops, numbering 173,000 soldiers, which even before the Russian attack were in inferiority regarding their numbers, and the quality of their weapons and war industry, face a force of 370,000 Austro-Russian forces,[ 5] June 18 – TheStuttgart Rump Parliament, made up of the remaining 154 mostly democratic and republican deputies of theFrankfurt National Assembly who moved there in early June, is dissolved by Württemberg military. Most of the liberal and conservative deputies of the National Assembly had already laid down their mandates in May under pressure of the Austrian and Prussian governments.June 20 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : Russian troops, under the command ofAlexander von Lüders , break inTransylvania , and, together with the Austrian forces, start to operate against the Hungarian troops, led byJózef Bem .June 21 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Russo-Austrian army, led byJulius Jacob von Haynau , defeats the Hungarians under the command ofArthur Görgey in theBattle of Pered .June 28 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Austrian army, led byJulius Jacob von Haynau , defeats the Hungarians, led byErnő Poeltenberg , in theBattle of Győr . The Hungarian army is forced to retreat towardsBudapest .July 2 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 –Second Battle of Komárom : The Hungarian army, led byArthur Görgey , repulses the combined attack of the Austrian and Russian troops led byJulius Jacob von Haynau . During the battle Görgey suffers a heavy head injury, which prevents him from taking advantage of this success.July 3 – French troops occupy Rome; theRoman Republic surrenders.July 6 –Battle of Fredericia : The Danish Army beats thePrussian army atFredericia ,Jutland , thereby putting an end to the Prussian-Danish War until1864 .July 11 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 –Third Battle of Komárom : The Hungarian army, led byArthur Görgey , is defeated by the Austrians, led byJulius Jacob von Haynau .July 13 –Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion : A slave uprising led by Nicholas Kelly took place at the Workhouse inCharleston, South Carolina ; the white community quickly suppressed the revolt, captured 37 freedom seekers, and tried and hanged 3 of the leaders.July 14 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 :July 15 – The firstairstrike in history: Austria launches pilotless balloons against the city ofVenice .[ 6] July 17 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : Hungarians, led byArthur Görgey , and the Russians, led byIvan Paskevich , battle indecisively in theSecond Battle of Vác . The Russians are unsuccessful in destroying the Hungarian army, which retreats towards the east.July 23 July 28 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Hungarian government, led byBertalan Szemere promulgates the Nationality Law, which gives important rights to the nationalities of Hungary, like the right to use their mother tongue in school, church, army, court and administration. TheRomanians are declared a nation, and not a minority, inTransylvania . TheJews receive equality thanks to the Emancipation Decree.[ 7] July 31 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 –Battle of Segesvár : The Russian troops inTransylvania , led byAlexander von Lüders , crush the Hungarian forces, under the lead ofJózef Bem . Hungarian poet and revolutionarySándor Petőfi is killed in the battle by the Russians.July 31 –August 1 –Joven Daniel Araucanía , Chile, leading to allegations that localMapuche tribes murdered survivors and kidnappedElisa Bravo .[ 8] August 2 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Russian main forces, underIvan Paskevich , defeat the Hungarian army underJózsef Nagysándor , in theBattle of Debrecen .August 3 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Hungarian defenders ofKomárom , led byGyörgy Klapka , destroy the besieging Austrian forces in theFourth Battle of Komárom , liberatingGyőr andSzékesfehérvár . But this victory comes too late to change the course of military events in the eastern part of the country, where the Hungarian forces are about to crumble under the heavy Austro-Russian pressure.August 5 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 –Battle of Szőreg : Austrian forces, underJulius Jacob von Haynau , defeat the Hungarian main forces underHenryk Dembiński .August 9 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 –Battle of Temesvár : The main Russo-Austrian forces, led byJulius Jacob von Haynau , win a decisive victory against theHungarians , led byJózef Bem .August 11 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 :Lajos Kossuth and the Hungarian Government ofBertalan Szemere resign, and give all powers to the hands ofArthur Görgey . After this Kossuth, the ministries and many military officers leave Hungary and seek asylum in Turkey.August 13 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The main Hungarian army, under the lead ofArthur Görgey , capitulates to the Russian troops, led byTheodor von Rüdiger , atVilágos . The official end of theHungarian Revolution , although the fortress of Komárom continue to resist.August 28 –Venice (theRepublic of San Marco ) surrenders to Austrian troops after a 4-month siege.September 1 – The first segment of thePennsylvania Railroad , fromLewistown toHarrisburg , opens for service.September 17 – African-American abolitionistHarriet Tubman escapes from slavery.October 4 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 :Komárom , the last bastion of the Hungarian Revolution, surrenders to the Austrian forces.October 6 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 :The 13 Martyrs of Arad are executed after the Hungarian War of Independence, in repression by the Austrian authorities led byJulius Jacob von Haynau (these martyrs being the generals of the Hungarian revolutionary army, who did not flee from Hungary after the suppression of the Hungarian revolution by the Russo-Austrian forces). Also today,Lajos Batthyány , the first Hungarianprime minister , is executed by Austrian authorities inPest .November –Austin College receives a charter inHuntsville, Texas .November 13 TheConstitution of California is ratified in a general election. Swiss-bornMarie Manning and her husband Frederick are publicly hanged for the murder of her lover in London, before a crowd of 30,000-50,000. November 16 – A Russian court sentencesFyodor Dostoyevsky to death for anti-government activities linked to a radical intellectual group, thePetrashevsky Circle . Facing a firing squad onDecember 23 , the group members are reprieved at the last moment, and exiled to thekatorga prison camps inSiberia .December 3 German missionariesJohann Ludwig Krapf andJohannes Rebmann become the first Europeans to seeMount Kenya .[ 9] TheAbgeordnetenhaus , lower house of the parliament of theKingdom of Bavaria , passes a bill granting German Jews the same legal rights as German Christians.[ 10] [ 11] December 22 – After 17 days of deadlock and 63 votes, DemocratHowell Cobb of Georgia is electedSpeaker of the United States House of Representatives , by a plurality of 102 votes to 99 for the former Speaker, the Whig Party'sRobert C. Winthrop of Massachusetts. Neither the Democrats nor the Whigs have a majority of the 230 seats in the House, and after neither candidate can obtain the required 116 votes, the Representatives agree that the plurality will decide the leadership.[ 12] Edmund Barton Aleksander Świętochowski August Strindberg Oscar Hertwig Lord Randolph Churchill Alfred von Tirpitz Bernhard von Bülow Empress Shōken January 8 –Stepan Makarov , Russian admiral (d.1904 )January 9 –John Hartley , English tennis player, double winner of Wimbledon (d.1935 )January 11 –Ignacio Pinazo Camarlench , Spanish impressionist painter (d.1916 )January 14 –James Moore , English winner of the first ever cycle race (d.1935 )January 18 January 22 –August Strindberg , Swedish author, playwright, and painter (d.1912 )February 13 –Lord Randolph Churchill , British statesman (d.1895 )February 18 –Alexander Kielland , Norwegian author (d.1906 )February 19 –Giovanni Passannante , Italian anarchist (d.1910 )March 6 –Georg Luger , Austrian firearm designer (d.1923 )March 7 –Luther Burbank , American biologist, botanist (d.1926 )March 19 –Alfred von Tirpitz , German admiral (d.1930 )March 24 –Franz S. Exner , Austrian physicist (d.1926 )April 6 April 20 –Nikolai Nebogatov , Russian admiral (d.1922 )April 21 –Oscar Hertwig , German zoologist (d.1922 )April 24 April 25 –Felix Klein , German mathematician (d.1925 )April 28 –Augusto Aubry , Italian admiral, politician (d.1912 )May 1 –Kamimura Hikonojō , Japanese admiral (d.1916 )May 3 May 9 –Empress Shōken , consort ofEmperor Meiji of Japan (d.1914 )May 19 –John Hubbard , American admiral (d.1932 )May 22 May 23 –Károly Khuen-Héderváry , 2-time prime minister of Hungary (d.1918 )May 27 –Alzina Stevens , American labor leader, social reformer, and editor (d.1900 )June 9 –Michael Ancher , Danish painter (d.1927 )June 29 –Pedro Montt , 14th president of Chile (d.1910 )Emma Lazarus Maurice Barrymore Sarah Orne Jewett Ivan Pavlov James Whitcomb Riley Georg Frobenius Frances Hodgson Burnett July 4 July 22 –Emma Lazarus , American author and activist (d.1887 )July 29 August 16 –Johan Kjeldahl , Danish chemist, creator of theKjeldahl method (d.1900 )August 17 –Seaton Schroeder , American admiral (d.1922 )[ 14] August 23 –William Ernest Henley , English poet, writer, critic (d.1903 )August 28 –Benjamin Godard , French composer (d.1895 )September 2 –Emma Curtis Hopkins , American spiritual writer (d.1925 )September 3 –Sarah Orne Jewett , American writer (d.1909 )September 11 –Sir Edmund Poë , British admiral (d.1921 )September 12 –Alexander von Krobatin , Austro-Hungarian field marshal and politician (d.1933 )September 14 –Ivan Pavlov , Russian physiologist, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.1936 )September 18 –Martha Place , American murderer, first woman executed in theelectric chair (d.1899 )September 21 –Maurice Barrymore , British-American stage actor, playwright (d.1905 )September 23 –Hugo von Seeliger , German astronomer (d.1924 )October 7 –James Whitcomb Riley , American poet and author (d.1916 )October 10 –Mary Baker McQuesten , Canadian letter writer and missionary (d.1934 )October 26 –Ferdinand Georg Frobenius , German mathematician (d.1917 )October 28 –Oskar Enkvist , Russian admiral (d.1912 )October 31 –Marie Louise Andrews , American author and editor (d.1891 )November 24 –Frances Hodgson Burnett , English-American playwright, author (d.1924 )November 29 –Sir Ambrose Fleming , English electrical engineer, inventor (d.1945 )December 5 –Eduard Seler , Prussian scholar, Mesoamericanist (d.1922 )December 6 –August von Mackensen , German field marshal (d.1945 )December 7 –Saionji Kinmochi , Japanese prince and prime minister (d.1940 )December 12 –William Kissam Vanderbilt , American railway magnate (d.1920 )December 18 –Laura M. Johns , American suffragist, journalist (d.1935 )December 19 –Henry Clay Frick , American industrialist, art collector (d.1919 )December 20 December 25 –Nogi Maresuke , Japanese general (d.1912 )Muhammad Abduh , Islamic reformer (d.1905 )Elisabeth Cavazza , American author, journalist, and music critic (d.1926 )Harriet Abbott Lincoln Coolidge , American philanthropist, author and reformer (d.1902 )Ellen Eglin , American inventorPavlos Karolidis , Greek historian (d.1930 )Aleksandr Loran , Russian inventor (d.1911 )Euphemia Wilson Pitblado , American activist, social reformer, and writer (d.1928 )Maria Edgeworth January 14 –Pierre Roch Jurien de La Gravière , French admiral (b.1772 )January 18 –Panoutsos Notaras , Greek politician (b.1752 )January 30 –Jonathan Alder , American settler (b.1773 )February 8 –France Prešeren , Slovenian poet (b.1800 )February 28 –Regina von Siebold , German physician,obstetrician (b.1771 )March 14 – KingWillem II of the Netherlands (b.1792 )March 15 –Giuseppe Caspar Mezzofanti , Italian Catholic cardinal, linguist (b.1774 )March 18 –Antonin Moine , French sculptor (b.1796 )March 20 –James Justinian Morier , British diplomat, author (b.1780 )March 24 –Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner , German chemist (b.1780 )April 5 –Mary Short queen consort of Awadh (b. 1802)April 8 –Christine Marie von Cappelen , Norwegian botanist (b.1766 )April 11 –Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros , Argentine statesman, priest (b.1777 )May 10 –Hokusai , Japanese Ukiyo-e Artist (b.1760 )May 11 May 22 –Maria Edgeworth ,Irish novelist (b.1767 )May 25 –Benjamin D'Urban , British general, colonial administrator (b.1777 )May 28 –Anne Brontë , English author (b.1820 )[ 15] May 31 –Leonard du Bus de Gisignies ,Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b.1780 )June 10 –Thomas Robert Bugeaud ,Marshal of France , duke of Isly (b.1784 )June 15 –James Knox Polk , 53, 11th president of the United States (b.1795 )Edgar Allan Poe Frédéric Chopin July 12 –Dolley Madison , 81,First Lady of the United States (b.1768 )July 28 – KingCharles Albert of Sardinia (b.1798 )July 31 –Sándor Petőfi , Hungarian poet (b.1823 )August 1 –José de Urrea , Mexican General (b.1797 )August 2 –Muhammad Ali of Egypt (b.1769 )August 23 –Edward Hicks American folk artist (b.1780 )September 4 –Friedrich Laun , German novelist (b.1770 )September 6 –Andreas Joseph Hofmann , German philosopher and revolutionary (b.1752 )September 7 –Mariano Paredes , Mexican President and GeneralSeptember 23 –Mary Elizabeth Lee , American writer (b.1813 )September 25 –Johann Strauss, Senior , Austrian composer (b.1804 )[ 16] October 6 –Lajos Batthyány , Hungarian statesman (executed) (b.1807 )October 7 –Edgar Allan Poe , American writer (b.1809 )October 17 –Frédéric Chopin , Polish-French musician, composer (b.1810 )October 22 –William Miller , American Baptist preacher, leader of the Second Advent Movement (b.1782 )December 2 –Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen , queen ofWilliam IV of the United Kingdom (b.1792 )December 20 –Kyai Maja , Javanese ulama and commander of Java War (b.1792 )[ 17] ^ Hungarian History:January 8, 1849 And the Genocide of the Hungarians of Nagyenyed ^ "Plank Roads Chartered in North Carolina" .North Carolina Business History . 2006. Archived fromthe original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved2013-05-10 .^ "Railroads — prior to the Civil War" .North Carolina Business History . 2006. Archived fromthe original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved2013-05-10 .^ "History" .www.kongehuset.dk . Retrieved2025-07-17 .^ Egy évszázados per. A Görgey-kérdés tegnap és ma:The Görgey-Question Yesterday and Today Archived May 21, 2015, at theWayback Machine ^ Holman, Brett (2009-08-22)."The first air bomb: Venice, 15 July 1849" . Airminded. Retrieved2024-07-15 . ^ Történelmi Szemle:Szász Zoltán A nemzetiségek és az 1848-as magyar forradalom ^ Muñoz Sougarret, Jorge (2010). "El naufragio del bergantín Joven Daniel, 1849. El indígena en el imaginario histórico de Chile".Tiempo Histórico (in Spanish) (1):133– 148. ^ J. W. Gregory,The Great Rift Valley: Being the Narrative of a Journey to Mount Kenya and Lake Baringo with Some Account of the Geology, Natural History, Anthropology and Future Prospects of British East Africa (Frank Cass and Company, 1896) (reprinted 1968) p182 ^ James F. Harris,The People Speak!: Anti-Semitism and Emancipation in Nineteenth-century Bavaria (University of Michigan Press, 1994) p159 ^ Helmut Walser Smith,The Continuities of German History: Nation, Religion, and Race across the Long Nineteenth Century (Cambridge University Press, 2008) p133 ^ Holman Hamilton,Prologue to Conflict: The Crisis and Compromise of 1850 (University Press of Kentucky, 2015) p42 ^ Lubbock, Basil (1933).The Opium Clippers . Boston, MA: Charles E. Lauriat Co. p. 310. ^ "Collection: Seaton Schroeder papers | U.S. Naval War College Archives" .usnwcarchives.org . Retrieved2023-10-17 .^ "Anne Brontë | British author" .Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved17 April 2019 .^ Randel, Don Michael (30 October 2002).The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians ISBN 978-0-674-25572-2 ^ Raditya, Iswara N."Pecah Kongsi Pangeran Diponegoro dan Kyai Mojo" .tirto.id . Tirto. Retrieved28 March 2025 .
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