Decade
The1550s decade ran from January 1, 1550, to December 31, 1559.
Political map of the world in 1556 January 23, 1556:Shaanxi earthquake , devastation kills 830,000 in China.
Events
1550 January 6 – Spanish CaptainHernando de Santana founds the city ofValledupar , in modern-dayColombia .[ 1] February 7 – After a10-week conclave inRome to elect a new Pope, Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte, Bishop of Palestrina, is selected on the 61st ballot afterReginald Pole of England falls two votes short of winning. Ciocchi del Monte takes the namePope Julius III and is crowned the next day, succeeding the latePope Paul III .[ 2] February 25 – (10th day of 2nd month of Tenbun 19) InOita ,Ōita Prefecture , an attack within theŌtomo clan of Japanese samurai takes place after clan leader Ōtomo Yoshikazu seeks to disinherit his oldest son and to make his third son, Ōtomo Shioichimaru, as his designated successor. Supporters of the oldest son,Ōtomo Yoshishige , invade Yoshikazu's home and kill Shioichimaru and four other family members.[ 3] March 12 March 24 – "Rough Wooing ": England and France sign the Treaty of Boulogne, by which England withdraws fromBoulogne in France and returns territorial gains in Scotland.[ 5] March 29 –Sherborne School in England is refounded by KingEdward VI .[ 6] [ 7]
1551 January 4 –Luca Spinola is elected to a two-year term as the newDoge of theRepublic of Genoa , succeedingGaspare Grimaldi Bracelli .[ 26] January 11 (5th waxing of Tabodwe 912 ME) – KingBayinnaung of Burma is successful in capturing his ancestral city ofToungoo from his rebellious half-brotherMinkhaung II , and sets about to make Toungoo the capital for the first time since 1539.[ 27] Kingdom of Prome .January –Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow , and TsarIvan IV of Russia preside over the reformingStoglavy Synod ("Hundred-Chapter") church council.[ 28] Stoglav February 14 –Alice Arden and her lover, Richard Mosbey, carry out the murder-for-hire of her husband,Thomas Arden of Faversham with the assistance of ahighwayman known as "Black Will", two of Arden’s domestic servants (Michael Saunderson and Elizabeth Stafford) and Mosbye's sister (Cicely Pounder). The body is carried outside, and Thomas is reported as missing, but a discovery is made that the murder was committed inside the house. The conspirators are later executed.[ 29] February 23 – At theKremlin inMoscow ,Tsar Ivan IV andthe Metropolitan Macarius , present the proposed code of laws, drafted by theStoglavy Synod , to the clergy, nobility and principal Russian citizens for their approval.[ 30] March 27 – French mechanical engineerAubin Olivier becomes the director of the new Royal Mint, theMoulin des Etuves on theÎle de la Cité in Paris after having learned the technique of producing uniformmilled coinage during a sabbatical in Germany.[ 31] April 4 –Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor , issues an edict to reduce tensions among the three major ethnic groups in the Kingdom of Hungary, with an administration to have equal representation of for ethnic Hungarians, Slovaks and Germans.[ 32] May 1 – TheCouncil of Trent reconvenes by order ofPope Julius III after having been adjourned on September 17,1549 .[ 33] May 12 – TheNational University of San Marcos is founded inLima in theViceroyalty of Peru , being the first officially established university in theAmericas .[ 34] May 27 –Italian War of 1551–1559 : A defensive alliance, placing theDuchy of Parma and Piacenza under the protection ofFrance , is signed between representatives of KingHenry II of France andOttavio Farnese, Duke of Parma , placing Parma under French protection.May 30 –Ilie II Rareș , Ruler of Moldavia since 1546, is forced by the Ottoman Empire to abdicate the throne.[ 35] June 11 – With the approval of the Ottoman SultanSuleiman the Magnificent , Prince Ilie's brotherȘtefan VI Rareș becomes the newPrince of Moldavia .[ 35] June 27 – TheEdict of Châteaubriant is promulgated in France by King Henri II, providing for an increasingly severe series of measures in the Roman Catholic Kingdom to be taken against Protestants, considered to beheretics .[ 36] July 7 – The fifth, and final outbreak ofsweating sickness inEngland reachesLondon , as documented byHenry Machyn in his diary, and continues until July 19. Machyn notes that "ther ded from the vii day of July unto the xix ded of the swett in London of all dyssesus viij/c, iij/xx and xij and no more in alle, and so the chanseller is sertefiyd." ("There died from the 7th day of July unto the 19th dead of the sweat in London of all diseases 8 hundred, 3 score and 12 [i.e., 872], and no more in all, and so the Chancellor is certified.")[ 37] John Caius ofShrewsbury writes the first full contemporary account of the symptoms of the disease.July 12 – Theregency over the Kingdom of Spain byArchduchess Maria and her husband,Archduke Maximilian of Austria , ends after almost three years when Maria's brotherCrown Prince Philip returns toMadrid .[ 38] King Charles I , the father of both Maria and Philip; Maria and Maximilian had served during the absence of both the King and the Crown Prince starting on October 1, 1548.July 18 –Invasion of Gozo :Ottoman Turks andBarbary pirates invade the Mediterranean island ofGozo (now part ofMalta ), and enslave almost all of its 6,000 inhabitants.[ 39] July 19 – TheTreaty of Weissenburg goes into effect asJohn Sigismund Zápolya ,King of Hungary since 1540, abdicates in favor ofArchduke Ferdinand of Austria .[ 40] Transylvania , ruled byIsabella Jagiellon , is ceded to theKingdom of Hungary as part of peace with Ferdinand.July 30 – With the surrender of the island of Gozo, the Ottoman place 6,000 survivors on ships and transporting them toTarhuna Wa Msalata (in modern-dayLibya ), where they are sold into slavery. The only natives left on the island are 300 persons who escaped the citadel and 41 elderly residents.[ 39] August 15 – TheSiege of Tripoli ends, with theKnights of Malta surrenderingTripoli to theOttoman Empire .August 30 (1st waxing ofThadingyut 913 ME )– King Bayinnaung of Burma conquers the rebelliousKingdom of Prome (with a capital atPyay ) and kills the rebel Thado Thu, a former servant who had proclaimed himself asKing Thado Dhamma Yaza after the 1550 assassination of KingTabinshwehti .[ 41] September 21 – TheRoyal and Pontifical University of Mexico is founded inMexico City (Mexico ), being the second officially established university in theAmericas .September 30 – (1st day of 9th month ofTenbun 21)Tainei-ji incident : A coup inYamaguchi , by the military establishment of theŌuchi clan , forces their lordŌuchi Yoshitaka to commit suicide, and the city is burned.[ 42] Qizilbash forces under the command ofTahmasp I raid and destroy the cave monastery ofVardzia inGeorgia . InHenan province, China, during theMing dynasty , a severe frost in the spring destroys the winter wheat crop. Torrential rains in mid summer cause massive flooding of farmland and villages (by some accounts submerged in a metre of water). In the fall, a largetornado demolishes houses and flattens much of the buckwheat in the fields. Famine victims either flee, starve, or resort tocannibalism . This follows a series of natural disasters in Henan in the years1528 ,1531 ,1539 , and1545 . InSlovakia , Guta (modern-dayKolárovo ) receives town status. Portugal founds a sugarcolony atBahia .Juan de Betanzos begins to write hisNarrative of theIncas .The new edition of theGenevan psalter ,Pseaumes octantetrois de David Louis Bourgeois as supervising composer, including the first publication of thehymn tune known as theOld 100th
1552 Bartolomeo Eustachi completes hisTabulae anatomicae .April 8 –Maurice, Elector of Saxony , liberatesAugsburg and sets about to captureCharles V, Holy Roman Emperor .[ 46] April 11 –Metz Cathedral is consecrated.[ 47] April 15 – TheAct of Uniformity is givenroyal assent and imposes use of theProtestant Book of Common Prayer onEngland .April 16 –Pedro de Valdivia founds the city ofLa Imperial, Chile .April 18 – KingHenry II of France enters the city ofMetz , ceded to France by Saxony by the January 15Treaty of Chambord .April 28 – The delegates to theCouncil of Trent adjourn for two years after learning that the Holy Roman Emperor is fleeing from Maurice of Saxony.[ 48] May 20 – Learning of the rapid approach of the Elector Maurice, the Emperor Charles V flees fromInnsbruck ahead of being captured.[ 49] June 6 (14th waxing of Waso 914ME ) –Minye Sithu is appointed as the BurmeseViceroy ofMartaban by his older brother,Bayinnaung , King of Burma.[ 50] June 16 –Yuri of Uglich , the only brother of the Russian TsarIvan the Terrible , is placed in charge of Russia's domestic affairs as Ivan departsMoscow to lead 150,000 troops in theRusso-Kazan War .June 22 –Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort , theSpanish Governor of Luxembourg , is taken prisoner by France and remains captive for almost five years.June 24 – ThePortuguese shipSão João is wrecked off of the coast of South Africa.[ 51] Mozambique .Miguel de Buría leads the first African rebellion in South America's history. This may be because Buría has more slaves than other regions inVenezuela , of which most join Miguel, and is still being contested between the Europeans and the natives, who also join his side. During this insurrection he takes over the Gold mines de San Felipe de Buría, established within the area with the consent of the Spanish Crown, to pull out the ore that was discovered in the Buria river, a task that heavily depends on slave work.In thePersian Gulf , theOttoman Empire Red Sea Fleet attacks thePortuguese stronghold ofHormuz , but fails to capture it.[ 54] InItaly ,Bartolomeo Eustachi completes hisTabulae anatomicae , presenting his discoveries on the structure of theinner ear andheart ,[ 55] Inquisition , it will not be published until1714 . KingEdward VI of England founds 35grammar schools by royal charter,[ 5] Shrewsbury ;Leeds Grammar School is also established.
1553 April 28 –Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa , leader of theChaldean Catholic Church in modern-dayIraq , is recognized byPope Julius III as the Patriarch ofMosul .[ 59] May 12 –St Albans , inEngland , receives its firstroyal charter as a borough.[ 60] [ 61] May 25 – LadyJane Grey , a 16-year-old first cousin of King Edward VI of England, marriesLord Guildford Dudley , son of theDuke of Northumberland , who has engineered the marriage.June 3 – The first of the fiveBattles of Kawanakajima , the "Battle of the Fuse," commences in Japan betweenTakeda Shingen ofKai Province andUesugi Kenshin ofEchigo Province . The clash, fought 12 days after Shingen has takenKatsurao Castle , takes place at a shrine ofHachiman (near modern-dayYashiro ,Hyōgo prefecture ), is part of a major series of conflicts during the JapaneseSengoku period .[ 62] June 15 – On his deathbed, King Edward summons prominent English judges and signs his devise of the throne to Lady Jane Grey.June 21 – Under threats from the Duke of Northumberland, the devise by King Edward to make Jane Grey the heir to the throne is signed by over 100 prominent persons.June 26 – Two new schools,Christ's Hospital [ 63] [ 64] King Edward's School, Witley , are created byroyal charter in accordance with the will of KingEdward VI of England ;St Thomas' Hospital , London, in existence since the 12th century, is named in the same charter.[ 65] October 6 –Şehzade Mustafa , oldest son ofSuleiman the Magnificent , is executed inKonya by order of his father.[ 72] October 27 –Geneva's governing councilburns Michael Servetus at the stake as aheretic .[ 73] November 13 –Lady Jane Grey , who had claimed the title of Queen of England for nine days, is convicted ofhigh treason , along with her husband Lord Guilford Dudley, two of Dudley's brothers, andThomas Cranmer , the formerArchbishop of Canterbury , after trial conducted by a special commission atGuildhall in theCity of London .[ 68] Tower Hill or beheaded as the Queen pleases", with the decision (for a private decapitation) to be made by Queen Mary.[ 74] November 16 – A delegation from the English Parliament formally asks the new queen, Mary I, to choose an English husband rather than to marry Spain'sPrince Philip , and suggestsEdward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon .[ 75] Wyatt's rebellion .November 17 (13th waxing of Natdaw 915 ME) –Bayinnaung , King of Burma, commissions the building of theKanbawzathadi Palace in his capital,Pegu (modern-day Bago in Myanmar).[ 76] November 25 –Italian War of 1551–1559 :Cosimo I de' Medici ,Duke of the Florentine Republic , signs a secret treaty withCharles V, Holy Roman Emperor to conquer theRepublic of Siena to bring it back into the Empire.[ 77] November 25 –Second Margrave War : The city ofKulmbach , near Brandenburg in Bavaria in Germany, is sacked and burned to the ground after its margrave,Albert Alcibiades , makes an unsuccessful attempt to bring all of the Duchy of Franconia under his control.[ 78] December 25 –Battle of Tucapel :Mapuche rebels underLautaro defeat the Spanishconquistadors , and executePedro de Valdivia , the firstRoyal Governor of Chile .[ 79]
1554 January 5 – A great fire breaks out inEindhoven , Netherlands.January 12 (10th waxing of Tabodwe 915 ME) –Bayinnaung is crowned king of the BurmeseTaungoo Dynasty at his new capital atPegu , after a previous coronation on January 11, 1551, and takes the regnal name of Thiri Thudhamma Yaza.[ 82] January 21 –Edward Courtenay , one of the four plotters ofWyatt's rebellion in England, is arrested and reveals that an attempt will be made to overthrow the English government.[ 83] January 25 –São Paulo ,Brazil , is founded.[ 84] January 27 –Wyatt's rebellion begins in England atMaidstone asSir Thomas Wyatt reads a proclamation that Queen Mary of England’s marriage to King Philip of Spain will "bring upon this realm most miserable servitude, and establish popish religion". Within two days, Wyatt has raised 2,000 soldiers to join his plan to overthrow Queen Mary.[ 85] January 30 –Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk , one of the English conspirators in Wyatt's rebellion, leads troops fromLeicester toCoventry , but the group finds that the gates of the city are closed because the rebellion has been exposed.[ 86] February 9 –Thomas Wyatt surrenders to government forces inLondon .[ 87] February 12 – After claiming the throne ofEngland the previous year,Lady Jane Grey is beheaded for treason.March 18 – PrincessElizabeth is imprisoned in theTower of London on charges of working with the organizers ofWyatt's rebellion for the overthrow of Queen Mary of England.[ 88] July 25 – QueenMary I of England marries KingPrince Philip of Naples , the only son ofCharles V, Holy Roman Emperor and heir to the throne of Spain, atWinchester Cathedral just two days after their first meeting.[ 89] [ 90] August 2 –Battle of Marciano :Senese –French forces are defeated by theFlorentine –Imperial army.August 12 –Battle of Renty : French forces led byFrancis, Duke of Guise turn back an invasion ofPicardy , by Charles V.September 13 (Shawwal 15, 961 AH) – At theBattle of Tadla in Morocco,Mohammed ash-Sheikh , ruler of theSaadi dynasty enters the city of Fez and becomes the undisputed sultan.Ali Abu Hassun , last ruler of the Wattasid dynasty, flees.[ 91] October 8 – In Peru, an 11-month long rebellion byFrancisco Hernández Girón is ended at theBattle of Pucará with the rebels defeated by the Viceroy of Peru nearCuzco .[ 92] [ 93] October 21 – ThePlassenburg castle in Bavaria, residence of the rulingHouse of Hohenzollern in thePrincipality of Ansbach , is destroyed during theSecond Margrave War .[ 94] November 1 – English captainJohn Lok , commanding three ships (theTrinitie , theBartholomew and theJohn Evangelist ), departs from Dartmouth in England to voyage to theGuinea Coast at West Africa.[ 95] [ 96] [ 97] November 22 – Upon the death of his father, SultanIslam Shah Suri , 12-year-oldFiruz Shah Suri becomes the Sultan of theSur Empire atDelhi , but he is murdered within a few days.December 22 – The John Lok expedition reachesGuinea , anchoring at the Sesto River and remains for seven days to begin trading.[ 95] [ 98]
1555
April 9 – Marcello Cervini degli Spannocchi is unanimously chosen as the successor toPope Julius III , who died on March 23, and takes the name ofPope Marcellus II as the 222nd Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church. He will reign for 22 days.[ 102] April 17 – After 18 months of siege, theRepublic of Siena surrenders to theFlorentine –Imperial army.May 1 – Foundation ofSt John's College, Oxford , England, to teach Catholic theology.May 30 – Foundation ofTrinity College, Oxford , England, to teach Catholic theology.May 15 – Theconclave opens with 42 of the 56 Roman Catholic cardinals to choose a successor to Pope Marcellus II, who had died on May 1.[ 103] May 23 – Giovanni Pietro Carafa, Cardinal of Naples, is elected as the new Pope after Giacomo del Pozzo fails to obtain the necessary two-thirds approval.[ 104] Pope Paul IV .[ 105] May 25 –Jeanne d'Albret becomes theQueen of Navarre upon the death of her father,King Henry II .[ 106] June 1 – TheTreaty of Amasya between theOttoman Empire andSafavid Persia concludes theOttoman-Safavid War .June 22 –Adil Shah Suri becomes the Sultan of theSur Empire atDelhi inIndia afterSikandar Shah Suri is forced to flee from the Mughal Empire forces.July 12 –Pope Paul IV creates theRoman Ghetto , the first Jewish ghetto in Rome.August 24 – England'sThomas Thirlby , the first and only Roman Catholic Archbishop of Norwich and Queen Mary's envoy toPope Paul IV , returns to London from bearing a papal bull that confirms Queen Mary's jurisdiction over Ireland.[ 107] September 25 – ThePeace of Augsburg is signed betweenCharles V, Holy Roman Emperor , and theLutheran Schmalkaldic League , establishing the principleCuius regio, eius religio September – The1555 Kashmir earthquake causes widespread destruction and death in Kashmir, India.[ 108] Russia breaks a 60-year-old truce withSweden by attacking Finland.Humayun resumes rule of theMughal Empire .TheAdal Sultanate in theHorn of Africa collapses. English captainJohn Lok returns fromGuinea , with five Africans to train as interpreters for future trading voyages. Richard Eden publishesThe Decades of the Newe Worlde or West India , a translation into English of parts ofPietro Martire d'Anghiera 'sDe orbe novo decades Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés workNatural hystoria de las Indias and others, urging his countrymen to follow the lead of Spain in exploring theNew World ;[ 113] Establishment in England of the followinggrammar schools :Boston Grammar School ,Gresham's School atHolt, Norfolk (founded bySir John Gresham ) andRipon Grammar School (re-foundation). William Annyas becomes the Mayor ofYoughal , Ireland, the first Jew to hold such a position in Ireland.[ 114] John Dee is charged, but cleared, of treason in England.Orlande de Lassus ' first book ofmadrigals is published, inAntwerp .
1556 January 4 – In Japan,Saitō Yoshitatsu , the eldest son ofSaitō Dōsan , arranges the murders of his two younger brothers, Magoshiro and Kiheiji, and forces his father to flee from the Sagiyama Castle.January 16 –Charles V abdicates the thrones of theSpanish Empire (including his colonies in the New World) in favor of his son,Philip II , and retires to a monastery.[ 115] January 23 – TheShaanxi earthquake , the deadliest earthquake in history, occurs with itsepicenter inShaanxi province, China; 830,000 people may have been killed.[ 116] [ 117] January 24 – In India, at theSher Mandal inDelhi , the Mughal EmperorHumayun trips while descending the stairs from his library and strikes the side of his head against a stone step, sustaining a fatal injury. He never regains consciousness and dies seven days later.[ 118] February 5 –Truce of Vaucelles : Fighting temporarily ends betweenFrance andSpain .[ 119] February 14 –Akbar the Great ascends the throne of theMughal Empire inIndia at age 13; he will rule until his death in1605 , by which time most of the north and centre of theIndian subcontinent will be under his control.[ 120] March 21 – InOxford ,Thomas Cranmer , the formerArchbishop of Canterbury , is burned at the stake for treason for his role in theEnglish Reformation as chief bishop of the Anglican Church.[ 121] March 22 –Reginald Pole , aRoman Catholic Cardinal , is appointed by Queen Mary of England as the newArchbishop of Canterbury and head of the Catholic Archdiocese of Canterbury.[ 122] April 3 – InQazvin , theShah of Iran Tahmasp I , becomes enraged with the sexual orientation of his sonIsmail II , and sends Ismail toAfghanistan to serve as the Iranian governor ofHerat province.[ 123] April 24 –Pál Márkházy surrenders the Hungarian fortress atAjnácskő (now Hajnáčka inSlovakia ) to the Ottoman Empire. Márkházy, accused of treachery, is stripped of his estates and title by the King of Hungary, and forced to flee to the Principality of Transylvania.[ 124] May 28 (20th day of 4th month ofKōji 2 ) – InJapan , theBattle of Nagara-gawa takes place along theNagara River inMino Province near what is now theGifu Prefecture .Saitō Yoshitatsu , with 17,500 troops, overwhelms and kills his father,Saitō Dōsan , who had attempted to avenge the Saitō family honor with less than 3,000 people.[ 125] June 14 –Lorenzo Priuli becomes the newDoge of theVenetian Republic .[ 126] June 27 – Thirteen English Protestants (11 men and two women), the "Stratford Martyrs ", are burned at the stake atStratford-le-Bow nearLondon after being convicted of heresy.[ 127] [ 128] October 7 – TheBattle of Delhi is fought in India, atTughlaqabad ) nearDelhi between forces of theSur Empire (ruled byMuhammad Adil Shah ) and theMughal Empire (ruled byAkbar the Great ). GeneralHemchandra Vikramaditya (Hemu) of the Suris overwhelms the forces commanded by the Mughal Governor of Delhi,Tardi Beg Khan within one day.[ 131] November 5 –Second Battle of Panipat : Fifty miles north ofDelhi , aMughal army defeats the forces ofHemu and recaptures Delhi for the Mughal Empire, guaranteeingAkbar 's rule.[ 132] [ 133] November 10 – The English shipEdward Bonadventure , commanded byRichard Chancellor is wrecked on the coast ofScotland atPitsligo , killing most of its crew, including Chancellor. The few survivors include the first Russian ambassador to England, Osip Nepeya.[ 134] November 17 – In the Holy Roman Empire, theSteter Kriegsrat [ 135] December 7 – The Mughal EmperorAkbar personally travels withBairam Khan to lead an invasion force to defeat the Sultan of the Sur Empire,Sikandar Shah Suri .[ 136] December 27 –Péter Erdődy is appointed as theOttoman Viceroy of Croatia after the death on September 7 ofNikola IV Zrinski .December 31 – All military authorities in the Holy Roman Empire are ordered to submit to the decisions of the Imperial War Council.
1557 January 4 –Pietro Giovanni Chiavica Cibo becomes the newDoge of theRepublic of Genoa for a term of 2 years as the term of the DogeAgostino Pinelli Ardimenti comes to an end.[ 142] January 6 –Italian War of 1551–1559 :Gaspard II de Coligny , the French governor ofPicardy (in northern France), launches surprise attacks onDouai andLens in theSpanish Netherlands and captures both cities for France.[ 143] January 13 –Sigismund II Augustus ,King of Poland andGrand Duke of Lithuania , issues an edict against Protestants, at the urging of the ArchbishopMikołaj Dzierzgowski ,Primate of Poland .January 28 –Bayinnaung , King of Burma and head of theToungoo dynasty , conquers two theShan States ,Möng Mit andHsipaw in what is now northernMyanmar .[ 144] Shwezigon Pagoda Bell .[ 145] February 4 –Pope Paul IV creates the metropolitan archdiocese of Portuguese India (based in Goa) separating the Goan diocese from the ecclesiastical province ofLisbon .February 24 – Delegates from Sweden, Finland and Russia arrive atNovgorod to negotiatea treaty to end thewar between the two empires .[ 146] March 11 – The Burmese conquest of the Shan States continues as the capital of theMongkawng state,Mong Kawng , falls to theToungoo dynasty invaders, five days after the March 6 surrender of the town ofMong Yang . The event is later commemorated on the Shwezigon Pagoda Bell.March – TheTakeda clan besiege Katsurayama Castle in eastern Japan.[ 147] last stand of the castle garrison, and the complete destruction of Katsurayama, allowing the Takeda to further expand inShinano Province .April 2 – TheTreaty of Novgorod between Sweden and Russia is put into effect as delegates kiss the cross, as demanded by the Tsar Ivan IV.[ 146] April 12 – TheSpanish settlement ofCuenca, Ecuador , is founded.[ 148] April 25 – English aristocratThomas Stafford attempts a rebellion againstQueen Mary , landing atScarborough, North Yorkshire with two ships and 32 followers after crossing the English Channel fromDieppe inFrance . Upon landing, he captures Scarborough Castle and proclaims himself "Protector of the Realm".[ 149] April 28 –Henry Neville, 5th Earl of Westmorland , arrives in Scarborough and ends the Stafford rebellion, arresting Stafford and the small rebel force.[ 149] April 30 –Arauco War –Battle of Mataquito :Spanish forces of GovernorFrancisco de Villagra launch a dawn surprise attack against theMapuche (headed by theirtoqui Lautaro ), in present-dayChile .May 4 – TheStationers' Company , officially the Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers, is granted a royal charter and a monopoly on the English publishing industry.[ 150] Copyright Act 1710 on April 10, 1710.May 23 – TheShwezigon Pagoda Bell , weighing 7,560 pounds (3,430 kg), is dedicated. The Bell, commissioned by King Bayinnaung and located in the Myanmar city ofBagan , bears a detailed inscription of the 16th century Burmese conquest of the Shan States.May 28 – English rebel Thomas Stafford and 32 of his followers are beheaded at theTower of London after being convicted of treason.[ 149] May 29 – King Philip II of Spain signs a treaty in London with Iacopo VI being restored to rule of the Principality of Piombino a bargain with Cosimo I de' Medici.[ 151] [ 152] June 7 –Mary I of England joins her husbandPhilip II of Spain , in his war againstFrance .[ 153] June 10 – TheNew Testament of theGeneva Bible , aProtestant Bible translation into English (produced under the supervision ofWilliam Whittingham , and printed inRoman type ), is published inGeneva .[ 154] June 16 Sebastião I is crowned as the newKing of Portugal , five days after the death of his father,King João III .June 18 –Mass executions by burning at the stake resume in England for Protestants convicted ofheresy under the law of England's Catholic ruler,Queen Mary . On the first day, four women and three men are put to death atMaidstone atKent . The next day, atCanterbury ,another seven prisoners are burned . On June 22,ten more people (six men and four women) burn at the stake atLewes atSussex . In all, 24 people (12 men and 12 women) are killed in a five-day period[ 155] ByJune – The1557 influenza pandemic , probably originating in China, spreads to Europe.[ 156] July 3 – The smallStato dei Presidi , a 300 square kilometres (120 sq mi) section of Spanish territory on the Tuscan coast ofItaly , is created by a treaty betweenCosimo I de' Medici (Duke of the Florentine Republic and the futureGrand Duke of Tuscany ) andKing Felipe II of Spain . In return, Cosimo receives the rest of the formerRepublic of Siena .[ 157] July 24 – TheEdict of Compiègne is issued byKing Henri II of France , providing for the death penalty to be applied to Protestants for a variety of crimes, including a relapse after having renounced Protestantism; unauthorized travel toGeneva ; publication of Protestant books; possessing graven images; and unauthorized participation in Protestant religious gatherings, whether public or private.[ 158] July 25 – InIndia ,Sikandar Shah Suri , Sultan of theSur Empire in Punjab, surrenders the fortress atMau in theNurpur kingdom (now in Uttar Pradesh) after a six month siege by the Mughal Empire. Mughal GeneralBairam Khan allows Sikandar to live in exile inBihar , whileBakht Mal , Raja of Nurpur is imprisoned atLahore and later beheaded.[ 159] August 27 –Battle of St. Quentin : French forces under MarshalAnne de Montmorency are decisively defeated by the Spanish and English underEmmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy , after a 17-day battle. Montmorency himself is captured, but Philip II refuses to press his advantage, and withdraws to the Netherlands.[ 160] September 11 – TheColloquy of Worms convenes in Germany as a dialog on religious issues between clerics of the German Catholic Church and the Lutheran Church.[ 161] [ 162] September 12 – The Spanish occupation of the Papal States is confirmed asPope Paul IV signs a separate peace treaty, the Peace of Cave-Palestrina, with Spain'sDuke of Alba , who has massed troops outside of Rome in preparationfor an attack.[ 163] [ 164] Prince of Wallachia for the third time, succeedingPătrașcu the Good , who has died suddenly.[ 166]
Özdemir Pasha conquers theRed Sea port ofMassawa for theOttoman Empire .[ 168] [ 169] With the permission of theMing dynasty government ofChina , and for the benefit of both Western and Eastern merchants, thePortuguese settle inMacau (retroceded in1999 ).[ 170] 1513 , but this is the first official legal treaty port on traditional Chinese soil, that will form a long-term Western settlement. Spain becomesbankrupt , throwing the German banking houses into chaos.[ 171] Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge , is refounded byJohn Caius .[ 172] The following schools are founded inEngland : Welsh -born mathematicianRobert Recorde publishesThe Whetstone of Witte London , containing the first recorded use of theequals sign , and the first use inEnglish ofplus and minus signs .[ 177] German adventurerHans Staden publishes a widely translated account of his detention by theTupí people ofBrazil ,Warhaftige Historia und beschreibung eyner Landtschafft der Wilden Nacketen, Grimmigen Menschfresser-Leuthen in der Newenwelt America gelegen [ 178]
1558 January 7 –French troops, led byFrancis, Duke of Guise , takeCalais , the last continental possession of theKingdom of England , in theSiege of Calais .January 22 – TheLivonian War begins.February 2 – TheUniversity of Jena is founded inThuringia ,Germany .[ 179] February 4 – (16th day of 1st month ofEiroku 1)Takeda Shingen becomes theshugo (military governor) ofShinano Province after his successful military campaign there.February 5 –Arauco War :Pedro de Avendaño , with sixty men, capturesCaupolicán (theMapuche GranToqui ), who is leading their first revolt against theSpanish Empire (nearAntihuala ), encamped with a small band of followers.March 8 – The city ofPori (Swedish :Björneborg ) is founded byDuke John on the shores of theGulf of Bothnia .[ 180] April 17 – Thesiege of Thionville in the Duchy of Luxembourg, is started by the French Army, led byFrancis, Duke of Guise .April 24 –Mary, Queen of Scots ,marries Francis ,Dauphin of France , atNotre Dame de Paris .[ 181] May 3 – The Imperial Diet ofthe Holy Roman Empire gives recognition toFerdinand asHoly Roman Emperor , two months after his proclamation on March 14 as the successor to his brotherCharles V .June 13 – An armada of ships from theOttoman Empire , dispatched by SultanSuleyman the Magnificent at the request of KingHenry II of France , sails into the Bay of Naples at Italy and attacks the city ofSorrento .June 23 – France is successful in thesiege of Thionville in the Duchy of Luxembourg and recovers the fortress from the Spanish Empire after an operation that began on April 17 and lasted more than two months.July 9 – The Ottoman Empire, with 15,000 troops and 150 warships, besieges the Spanish garrison atCiutadella de Menorca at Spain's Balearic Islands. When the town falls on July 17, the 3,099 surviving inhabitants are sold into slavery.[ 182] July 13 –Battle of Gravelines : Near the border between theKingdom of France and theSpanish Netherlands ,Spanish forces led byLamoral, Count of Egmont , and assisted by theEnglish Navy , inflict a major defeat on the French forces of MarshalPaul de Thermes .July 18 – The city ofTartu , capital of theBishopric of Dorpat (in modern-dayEstonia ) surrenders toRussia .August 22 – In Spain,Bartolomé Carranza , theRoman Catholic Archbishop of Toledo , is arrested atTorrelaguna on orders of theGrand Inquisitor ,Fernando de Valdés y Salas . Carranza is brought a prisoner toValladolid to face accusations ofheresy .[ 183] [ 184] October 17 –Postal history of Poland : KingSigismund II Augustus appoints an Italian merchant living inKraków to organise a consolidated postal service inPoland , the origin ofPoczta Polska .November 6 – On her deathbed,Queen Mary of England designates her half-sister,Elizabeth , as her successor.[ 185] King Henry VIII .November 15 – The fiveCanterbury Martyrs , three men and two women, are burned at the stake, becoming the last of 312 Protestants put to death forheresy during the reign of England's last Roman Catholic ruler,Queen Mary .[ 186] November 17 – Queen Mary, a devout RomanCatholic dies of uterine cancer at the age of 42, and is succeeded by her younger half-sisterElizabeth , an adherent to the ProtestantChurch of England , beginning theElizabethan era in British history.December 5 – Less than three weeks of becoming Queen of England, Elizabeth summons the members of theEnglish Parliament with orders to assemble at Westminster on January 23. Under Elizabeth's agenda, the Parliament is charged with restoring the laws passed at the beginning of theEnglish Reformation , and repealing the reforms made during the reign of Queen Mary.
1559 April 3 –Peace of Cateau Cambrésis : After two days of negotiations, France makes peace with England and Spain, ending theItalian War of 1551–59 . France gives up most of its gains in Italy (includingSavoy ), retaining onlySaluzzo , but keeps the three Lorraine bishoprics ofMetz ,Toul , andVerdun , and the formerly English town ofCalais .May 2 –John Knox returns from exile to Scotland, to become the leader of the beginningScottish Reformation .May 8 –Queen Elizabeth of England givesroyal assent to theAct of Supremacy 1558 (requiring any person taking public or church office in England to swear allegiance to the English monarch as Supreme Governor of theChurch of England ) and to theAct of Uniformity 1558 (requiring all persons in England to attend Anglican services on penalty of a fine for noncompliance).May 13 – AtBasel , the body of Dutch Anabaptist leaderDavid Joris is exhumed and burned, following his posthumous conviction of heresy.June 11 –Scottish Reformation : A Protestant mob, incited by the preaching of John Knox, sacksSt Andrews Cathedral .June 22 – KingPhilip II of Spain and the 14-year-oldElisabeth of Valois are married in Spain, having married by proxy in January.[ 192] The fatal tournament between King Henry andLord Montgomery July 10 –Francis II becomes King of France following the death of his father, Henry II.[ 194] [ 195] House of Guise and the new king's motherCatherine de' Medici dispute control over the kingdom.July 25 – TheArticles of Leith are signed inEdinburgh between the ProtestantLords of the Congregation and the Roman Catholic representatives of the Scottish regent,Mary of Guise , the widow ofKing James V , who is ruling on behalf of her daughter, the 17-year-oldMary, Queen of Scots . The Lords, who have occupied Edinburgh since June, withdraw their troops in return for the Scottish crown's agreement to not interfere with the practice of Protestantism in Scotland.[ 196] July 31 –Pope Paul IV authorizes the creation of theUniversity of Douai (which will later become theUniversity of Lille ).[ 197] August 15 – Led by DonTristán de Luna y Arellano , aSpanish missionary colony of 1,500 men, on 13 ships, arrives fromVera Cruz atPensacola Bay , founding the oldest European settlement in the mainland U.S. (St. Augustine is founded in1565 .)August 18 –Pope Paul IV , leader of the Roman Catholic Church since 1555, dies at the age of 83 after a reign of four years. The office of the Pope remains vacant until almost the end of the year before a successor is chosen.September 4 –Gorkha state is established byDravya Shah , beating local Khadka kings, which is the origin of the current country ofNepal .September 5 – Thepapal conclave to elect a new pope opens 18 days after the death ofPope Paul IV at theApostolic Palace inRome with 47 of the 55 Roman Catholic cardinals present.[ 198] September 19 – Just weeks after arrival atPensacola , the Spanish missionary colony is decimated by ahurricane that kills hundreds, sinks five ships, with agalleon , and grounds acaravel ; the 1,000 survivors divide to relocate/resupply the settlement, but suffer famine & attacks, and abandon the effort in1561 .September 21 –Francis II of France is crowned atReims . The crown is too heavy for him, and has to be held in place by his nobles.[ 199] September 25 – At the age of 12,Petru cel Tânăr (Peter the Younger) is named as the newPrince of Wallachia at the capital,Târgoviște (now in Romania) after the death of his father,Mircea the Shepherd . In response, members of Wallachian nobility (boyars ) opposed to Mircea's rule launch the first of three attempts to take the throne, fighting battles at Românești, Șerpătești and Boiani.October 24 – Backed by Ottoman Empire troops, the army of Wallachia defeats the boyars at the battle of Boiani. TheOttoman central government at Constantinople confirms Petru as the rightful ruler of the principality within the Empire.October 27 –Frederick III is terminated from his post asDuke of Legnica on orders ofFerdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor . The Emperor Ferdinand orders Frederick placed under house arrest, and restores Frederick's son,Henry XI as Duke of Legnica.November 5 – In Scotland,Crichton Castle , home of the powerfulEarl of Bothwell , is besieged and captured in an attack by theEarl of Arran .[ 200] November 6 – The Ottoman Empire ends its attempt to wrest control of the island ofBahrain from Portuguese control, after a siege of Manama Castle that began on July 2.[ 201] December 25 – After aconclave of almost four months , Giovanni Angelo Medici is elected as the 224th pope, and takes the namePope Pius IV .[ 198]
Births 1550
Pope Paul V Anne of Saint Bartholomew KingCharles IX of Sweden January 18 –Tsugaru Tamenobu , Japanese daimyō (d.1607 )February 17 –Philip of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein , Dutch army commander (d.1606 )[ 208] February 22 –Charles de Ligne, 2nd Prince of Arenberg (d.1616 )[ 209] March 6 –Michelangelo Naccherino , Italian sculptor (d.1622 )[ 210] March 8 –William Drury , English politician (d.1590 )[ 211] April 5 –Andrés Pacheco , Spanish churchman and theologian (d.1626 )[ 212] April 9 –Giulio Pace , Italian philosopher (d.1635 )[ 213] April 12 –Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford , Lord Great Chamberlain of England (d.1604 )[ 214] April 16 –Francis Anthony , English apothecary and physician (d.1623 )[ 215] April 18 –Alessandro Pieroni , Italian painter (d.1607 )[ 216] May 8 –John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (d.1604 )[ 217] May 25 –Camillus de Lellis , Italian saint and nurse (d.1614 )[ 218] June 16 –Marie Eleonore of Cleves , Duchess consort of Prussia (1573–1608) (d.1608 )[ 219] June 27 – KingCharles IX of France (d.1574 )[ 220] June 28 –Johannes van den Driesche , Flemish Protestant clergyman and scholar (d.1616 )[ 221] July 3 –Jacobus Gallus , Slovenian composer (d.1591 )August 6 –Enrico Caetani , Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1599 )[ 222] August 8 –Petrus Gudelinus , Belgian jurist (d.1619 )[ 223] September 10 –Alonso de Guzmán El Bueno, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia , commander of the Spanish Armada (d.1615 )September 17 –Pope Paul V (d.1621 )[ 224] September 29 –Joachim Frederick of Brieg , Duke of Wołów (1586–1602) (d.1602 )[ 225] September 30 –Michael Maestlin , German astronomer and mathematician (d.1631 )[ 226] October 1 –Anne of Saint Bartholomew , Spanish Discalced Carmelite nun (d.1626 )[ 227] October 4 – KingCharles IX of Sweden (d.1611 )[ 228] October 8 –Antonio Zapata y Cisneros , Spanish cardinal (d.1635 )[ 229] October 25 –Ralph Sherwin , English Roman Catholic priest (martyred1581 )October 28 –Stanislaus Kostka , Polish saint (d.1568 )[ 230] November 1 –Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg , Prince-Archbishop of Bremen, Prince-Bishop of Osnabruck and Paderborn (d.1585 )[ 231] November 6 –Karin Månsdotter , Swedish queen (d.1612 )[ 232] December 2 –Antonio Fernández de Córdoba y Cardona , Spanish diplomat (d.1606 )December 6 –Orazio Vecchi , Italian composer (d.1605 )[ 233] December 7 – Lithuanian nobleBarbara Radziwiłł , wife ofSigismund II Augustus , King of Poland and Duke of Lithuania since 1547, has an elaborate coronation inKraków as Queen consort and Grand Duchess, five months before her death at the age of 30.[ 234] December 21 December 22 –Cesare Cremonini , Italian philosopher (d.1631 )[ 237] December 28 –Vicente Espinel , Spanish writer (d.1624 )[ 238] December 28 –Abu al-Abbas Ahmad III , the Sultan ofIfriqiya (now Tunisia), signs a six-year treaty with Spain.[ 239] December 29 –García de Silva Figueroa , Spanish diplomat and traveller (d.1624 )[ 240] December 31 –Henry I, Duke of Guise (d.1588 )[ 241] date unknown probable 1551
Maria Anna of Bavaria January 5 –Jean Chapeauville , Belgian theologian and historian (d.1617 )January 14 –Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak , Grand vizier of the Mughal emperorAkbar (d.1602 )January 26 –Robert Dormer, 1st Baron Dormer , English politician (d.1616 )February 2 –Nicolaus Reimers , German astronomer (d.1600 )March 9 –Alessandro Alberti , Italian painter (d.1596 )March 21 –Maria Anna of Bavaria (d.1608 )March 30 –Salomon Schweigger , German theologian (d.1622 )April 9 –Peter Monau , German physician (d.1588 )April 30 –Jacopo da Empoli , Italian painter (d.1640 )May 2 –William Camden , English historian (d.1623 )[ 252] May 8 –Thomas Drury , English government informer and swindler (d.1603 )May 17 –Martin Delrio , Flemish theologian and occultist (d.1608 )September 19 – KingHenry III of France (d.1589 )[ 253] October 4 –Philip VI, Count of Waldeck (1567–1579) (d.1579 )October 8 –Giulio Caccini , Italian composer (d.1618 )October 26 –Charlotte de Sauve , French courtesan (d.1617 )November 11 –Giovanni I Cornaro , Doge of Venice (d.1629 )date unknown probable 1552
Walter Raleigh Rudolph II Vasili IV of Russia Matteo Ricci Simón de Rojas January 14 –Alberico Gentili , Italian jurist (d.1608 )January 22 –Walter Raleigh , English explorer (d.1618 )[ 254] February 1 –Edward Coke , English colonial entrepreneur and jurist (d.1634 )February 8 –Agrippa d'Aubigné , French poet and soldier (d.1630 )[ 255] February 19 –Melchior Klesl , Austrian statesman and cardinal (d.1630 )February 20 –Sengoku Hidehisa , Japanese daimyō (d.1614 )February 25 –Magdalene of Lippe , Countess of Lippe by birth, and by marriage Landgravine of Hesse-Darmstadt (d.1587 )February 28 –Joost Bürgi , Swiss clockmaker and mathematician (d.1632 )March 1 –Anna of Cleves , Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg by birth and by marriage Countess Palatine of Neuburg (d.1632 )March 18 –Polykarp Leyser the Elder , German theologian (d.1610 )March 20 –Christoph, Count of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch (d.1592 )April 20 –Frederick IV of Liegnitz , German noble (d.1596 )May 8 –Petrus Ryff , Swiss scientist (d.1629 )May 12 –Edmund Bowyer , English politician (d.1627 )June 2 –Raja Wodeyar I , King of Mysore (d.1617 )June 8 –Gabriello Chiabrera , Italian poet (d.1638 )June 17 –John George of Ohlau , Duke of Oława and Wołów (1586-1592) (d.1592 )June 29 –Elizabeth Spencer, Baroness Hunsdon , English baroness (d.1618 )July 18 –Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (d.1612 )[ 256] July 22 August 14 –Paolo Sarpi , Italian writer (d.1623 )August 21 –Muhammad Qadiri , Founder of the Naushahia branch of the Qadri order (d.1654 )August 24 –Lavinia Fontana , Italian painter (d.1614 )September 12 –Andreas Schott , Flemish academic, linguist, translator, editor and aJesuit priest (d.1629 )September 20 –Lorenz Scholz von Rosenau , German botanist (d.1599 )September 21 –Barbara Longhi , Italian painter (d.1638 )September 22 – TsarVasili IV of Russia (d.1612 )September 27 –Flaminio Scala , Italian playwright and stage actor (d.1624 )October 6 –Matteo Ricci , Italian Jesuit missionary to China (d.1610 )October 11 –Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia , Grand Prince of Moscow (d.1553 )October 18 October 23 –Odet de Turnèbe , French dramatist (d.1581 )October 28 –Simón de Rojas , Spanish saint (d.1624 )December 18 –Ahmad Ibn al-Qadi , Moroccan writer, judge and mathematician (d.1616 )November 20 –Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury , English politician and Earl (d.1616 )November 26 –Seonjo of Joseon , King of Joseon (d.1608 )December 27 –William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire , English politician and Earl (d.1626 )December 29 –Henri I de Bourbon, prince de Condé (d.1588 )December 31 –Simon Forman , English occultist and astrologer (d.1611 )Date unknown: Hans von Aachen , German mannerist painter (d.1615 )Thomas Aufield , English Catholic martyr (d.1585 )Jean Bertaut , French poet (d.1611 )[ 257] Philemon Holland , English translator (d.1637 )Prince Masahito , Japanese prince (d.1586 )Lady Saigō , Japanese concubine (d.1589 )Dom Justo Takayama , Japanese daimyo (d.1615 )Anthony Tyrrell , Roman Catholic renegade priest and spy (d. circa1610 )Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villers-St-Paul , French diplomat (d.1636 )Cvijeta Zuzorić , Croatian poet (d.1648 )probable 1553
Louise of Lorraine Margaret of Valois January 20 –Bernardino de Cárdenas y Portugal, Duque de Maqueda , Spanish noble (d.1601 )[ 258] January 22 –Mōri Terumoto , Japanese warrior (d.1625 )[ 259] [unreliable source? February 24 –Cherubino Alberti , Italian engraver and painter (d.1615 )[ 260] March –Eleonora di Garzia di Toledo , Italian noble (d.1576 )[ 261] March 26 –Vitsentzos Kornaros , Greek writer (d.1613 )[ 262] April 24 –John Maxwell, 8th Lord Maxwell , Scottish noble (d.1593 )[ 263] April 30 –Louise of Lorraine , French queen consort (d.1601 )[ 264] May 7 –Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia (d.1618 )[ 265] May 14 –Margaret of Valois , Queen of France (d.1615 )[ 266] June 5 –Bernardino Baldi , Italian mathematician and writer (d.1617 )[ 267] June 15 –Archduke Ernest of Austria , Austrian prince, the son of Maximilian II (d.1595 )[ 268] July 1 –Peter Street , English carpenter (d.1609 )[ 269] September 26 –Nicolò Contarini , Doge of Venice (d.1631 )[ 270] October 8 –Jacques Auguste de Thou , French historian (d.1617 )[ 271] October 18 –Luca Marenzio , Italian composer (d.1599 )[ 272] November 2 –Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg , Countess Palatine of Pfalz-Zweibrücken (d.1633 )[ 273] November 4 –Roger Wilbraham , Solicitor-General for Ireland (d.1616 )[ 274] November 23 –Prospero Alpini , Italian physician and botanist (d.1617 )[ 275] November 28 –George More , English politician (d.1632 )[ 276] December 13 – KingHenry IV of France (d.1610 )[ 277] date unknown Patriarch Filaret of Moscow and All Rus' (d.1633 )[ 278] Giovanni Florio , English writer and translator (d.1625 )[ 279] Richard Hakluyt , English travel writer (d.1616 )[ 280] Robert Hues , English mathematician and geographer (d.1632 )[ 281] Amago Katsuhisa , Japanese nobleman (d.1578 )[ 282] Pierre de Rostegny , French jurist (d.1631 )[ 283] William Russell, 1st Baron Russell of Thornhaugh , Spanish military leader (d.1613 )[ 284] Moses Székely , Hungarian noble (d.1603 )[ 285] Beatrice Michiel , Venetian spy (d.1613 )Mirza Muhammad Hakim , son ofMughal emperor Humayun and brother of emperorAkbar (d.1585 )[ 286] 1554
Philip William, Prince of Orange January 1 –Louis III, Duke of Württemberg (d.1593 )January 9 –Pope Gregory XV (d.1623 )[ 287] January 20 – KingSebastian of Portugal (d.1578 )[ 288] February 8 –Marina de Escobar , Spanish nun (d.1633 )February 27 –Giovanni Battista Paggi , Italian painter (d.1627 )March –Richard Hooker , Anglican theologian (d.1600 ) March 1 –William Stafford , English courtier and conspirator (d.1612 )March 18 –Josias I, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg , Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1578-1588) (d.1588 )March 22 –Catherine de Parthenay , French noblewoman and mathematician (d.1631 )March 26 –Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne , French military leader (d.1611 )March 28 –Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia (d.1581 )March 30 –Paul Laurentius , German divine (d.1624 )April –Stephen Gosson , English satirist (d.1624 ) April 15 –Simon VI, Count of Lippe , Count of Lippe-Detmold (1563-1613) (d.1613 )May 20 –Paolo Bellasio , Italian composer (d.1594 )June 3 –Pietro de' Medici , Italian noble (d.1604 )June 5 –Benedetto Giustiniani , Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1621 )June 21 –Joachim of Zollern , Titular Count of Hohenzollern (d.1587 )July 5 –Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France (d.1592 )October 1 –Leonardus Lessius , Jesuit theologian (d.1623 )October 3 –Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke , English poet (d.1628 )October 10 –Arnold III, Count of Bentheim-Steinfurt-Tecklenburg-Limburg and Lord of Rheda (d.1606 )October 20 –Bálint Balassi , Hungarian writer and noble (d.1594 )October 28 –Enevold Kruse , Danish noble (d.1621 )October 30 –Prospero Farinacci , Italian jurist (d.1618 )November 30 –Sir Philip Sidney , English courtier and poet (d.1586 )[ 289] December 17 –Ernest of Bavaria , Roman Catholic bishop (d.1612 )December 19 –Philip William, Prince of Orange (d.1618 )date unknown 1555
KingNaresuan January 26 –Charles II, Lord of Monaco (d.1589 )February 25 –Alonso Lobo , Spanish musician (d.1617 )March 18 –François, Duke of Anjou , youngest son ofHenry II of France andCatherine de' Medici (d.1584 )[ 290] March 21 –John Leveson , English politician (d.1615 )March 31 –Elizabeth Stuart, Countess of Lennox , English countess (d.1582 )April 21 –Ludovico Carracci , Italian painter (d.1619 )April 28 –Karl Friedrich of Jülich-Cleves-Berg , heir apparent of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (d.1575 )May 5 –Queen Uiin , Korean royal consort (d.1600 )May 9 –Jerónima de la Asunción , founder of the first Catholic monastery in Manila, the Monastery of Santa Clara (d.1630 )May 29 –George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes , English earl, general and administrator (d.1629 )June 11 –Lodovico Zacconi , Italian composer and music theorist (d.1627 )June 13 –Giovanni Antonio Magini , Italian mathematician, cartographer and astronomer (d.1617 )June 16 –Duke Otto Henry of Brunswick-Harburg , Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Harburg (d.1591 )July –Henry Garnet , English Jesuit (d.1606 ) July 6 –Louis II, Cardinal of Guise , French Catholic cardinal (d.1588 )July 17 –Richard Carew , English scholar (d.1620 )August 1 –Edward Kelley , English spirit medium (d.1597 )September 3 –Jan Zbigniew Ossoliński , Polish nobleman (d.1628 )September 21 –John Thynne , English landowner and politician (d.1604 )September 23 –Louise de Coligny , princess consort of Orange (d.1620 )September 28 –Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne, duc de Bouillon , Marshal of France (d.1623 )October 6 –Ferenc Nádasdy , Hungarian noble (d.1604 )October 12 –Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby , English baron (d.1601 )November 8 –Nyaungyan Min , king of Burma (d.1605 )December 4 –Heinrich Meibom , German historian and poet (d.1625 )December 27 –Johann Arndt , German Lutheran theologian (d.1621 )date unknown Lancelot Andrewes , English clergyman and scholar (d.1626 )Adam Sędziwój Czarnkowski , Polish nobleman (d.1628 )Samuel Eidels , Polish Jewish rabbi and Talmudist (d.1631 )Joshua Falk , Polish Jewish rabbi and commentator (d.1614 )Elijah Loans , German Jewish rabbi and kabbalist (d.1636 )François de Malherbe , French poet (d.1628 )Okudaira Sadamasa , Japanese nobleman (d.1615 )Konishi Yukinaga , Japanese Christian daimyō (d.1600 )Moderata Fonte , Italian poet, writer and philosopher (d.1592 )Maria van Schooten , Dutch war heroine (d.1573 )Naresuan , King of Ayutthaya (d.1605 )1556
Countess Maria of Nassau January 8 –Uesugi Kagekatsu , Japanese samurai and warlord (d.1623 )January 24 –Christian Barnekow , Danish noble, explorer and diplomat (d.1612 )[ 291] February 4 –Dorothea of Hanau-Münzenberg , German noblewoman (d.1638 )February 7 –Countess Maria of Nassau (d.1616 )[ 292] February 16 –Tōdō Takatora , Japanese daimyō (d.1630 )[ 293] February 21 –Sethus Calvisius , German calendar reformer (d.1615 )[ 294] March 7 –Guillaume du Vair , French statesman and philosopher (d.1621 )[ 295] March 13 –Dirck van Os , Dutch merchant (d.1615 )April 8 –David Hoeschel , German librarian (d.1617 )[ 296] April 9 –Andreas von Auersperg , Carniolan noble and military commander in the battle of Sisak (d.1593 )April 27 –François Béroalde de Verville , French writer (d.1626 )[ 297] May 31 –Jerzy Radziwiłł , Polish Catholic cardinal (d.1600 )[ 298] June 6 –Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche , English politician and diplomat (d.1625 )[ 299] June 13 –Pomponio Nenna , Italian composer (d.1608 )[ 300] June 24 July 9 –Elizabeth Finch, 1st Countess of Winchilsea , English countess (d.1634 )[ 301] July 22 –Otto Henry, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (d.1604 )[ 302] July 26 –James Melville , Scottish divine and reformer (d.1614 )[ 303] August 10 –Philipp Nicolai , German Lutheran pastor (d.1608 )[ 304] August 16 –Bartolomeo Cesi , Italian painter (d.1629 )[ 305] September 21 –William Harris , English knight (d.1616 )October 18 October 24 –Giovanni Battista Caccini , Italian artist (d.1613 )[ 308] October 26 –Ahmad Baba al Massufi , Malian academic (d.1627 )[ 309] November 25 –Jacques Davy Duperron , French cardinal (d.1618 )[ 310] November 28 –Francesco Contarini , Doge of Venice (d.1624 )[ 311] December 5 –Anne Cecil, Countess of Oxford , English countess (d.1588 )[ 312] December 17 –Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana , Indian composer (d.1627 )[ 313] December 27 –Jeanne de Lestonnac , French saint (d.1640 )date unknown 1557
Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor January 1 –Stephen Bocskay , Prince of Transylvania (d.1606 )[ 317] February 11 –Johannes Wtenbogaert , Leader of the Remonstrants (d.1644 )[ 318] February 15 February 24 –Mathias, Holy Roman Emperor (d.1619 )[ 321] March 1 –Anne Howard, Countess of Arundel , English countess and poet (d.1630 )[ 322] March 22 –Casimir VI, Duke of Pomerania and Lutheran Administrator of Cammin Prince-Bishopric (d.1605 )[ 323] March 25 –Maddalena Aceiaiuoli , Tuscan noblewoman and poet (d.1610 )[ 324] April 4 –Lew Sapieha , Polish-Lithuanian noble (d.1633 )[ 325] April 11 –Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein (d.1597 )[ 326] May 5 –Emanuel Philibert de Lalaing , Belgian noble and army commander (d.1590 )[ 327] May 31 – TsarFeodor I of Russia (d.1598 )[ 328] June 28 –Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel , English nobleman (d.1595 )[ 329] August 2 – AtColchester in England, 10 convicted Protestant heretics are burned at the stake.[ 155] August 16 –Agostino Carracci , Italian painter and graphical artist (d.1602 )[ 330] August 19 –Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg (d.1608 )[ 331] August 26 –Sibylle of Jülich-Cleves-Berg , Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg by birth and by marriage Margravine of Burgau (d.1628 )[ 332] September 4 –Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow , Danish-Norwegian royal consort (d.1631 )[ 333] September 11 –Joseph Calasanz , Spanish priest and founder of Piarists (d.1648 )[ 334] September 16 –Jacques Mauduit , French composer (d.1627 )[ 335] October 5 –Antoine Favre , Savoisian lawyer, first President of the Sovereign Senate of Savoy (d.1624 )[ 336] date unknown probable –Giovanni Gabrieli , Italian composer and organist (d.1612 )[ 342] 1558
André du Laurens Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria January orFebruary –Hendrik Goltzius , Dutch painter (d.1617 )January 16 –Jakobea of Baden , Margravine of Baden by birth, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg by marriage (d.1597 )January 29 –Paul Hentzner , German lawyer (d.1623 )March 7 –Johann VII, Duke of Mecklenburg , Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1576–1592) (d.1592 )April 30 –Mikołaj Oleśnicki the younger , Polish noble (d.1629 )June 15 –Margrave Andrew of Burgau , German nobleman, Cardinal, Bishop of Constance and Brixen (d.1600 )July 9 –David Origanus , German astronomer (d.1628 )July 11 –Robert Greene , English dramatist (d.1592 )August 2 –Herman van den Bergh , Dutch soldier in theEighty Years' War (d.1611 )August 8 –George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland , English noble (d.1605 )August 19 –François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti (d.1614 )September 9 –Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur , French soldier (d.1602 )September 24 –Ralph Eure, 3rd Baron Eure , English politician (d.1617 )October 12 –Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria (d.1618 )October 24 –Szymon Szymonowic , Polish writer (d.1629 )October 30 –Jacques-Nompar de Caumont, duc de La Force , Marshal of France (d.1652 )November 27 –Mingyi Swa , Crown Prince of Burma (d.1593 )December 3 –Gregorio Pagani , Italian painter (d.1605 )December 8 –François de La Rochefoucauld , French Catholic cardinal (d.1645 )December 9 –André du Laurens , French physician (d.1609 )date unknown probable –Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons , French merchant (d.1628 )1559
EmperorNurhaci born on February 19 Lawrence of Brindisi born on July 22Jacques Sirmond born on October 12January 1 –Virginia Eriksdotter , Swedish noble (d.1633 )January 8 –William Helyar , English chaplain (d.1645 )January 25 –Aleixo de Menezes , Roman Catholic archbishop (d.1617 )February 7 –Catherine de Bourbon , Princess of Navarre and Duchess consort of Lorraine (d.1604 )February 18 –Isaac Casaubon , French-born classical scholar (d.1614 )February 19 –Philip II, Margrave of Baden-Baden (d.1588 )February 21 –Nurhaci ,Chinese emperor (d.1626 )March 12 –Christoph Brouwer , Dutch historian (d.1617 )March 16 –Amar Singh I , eldest son and successor ofMaharana Pratap of Mewar (d.1620 )March 26 –Wolf Dietrich Raitenau ,Prince-Bishop of Salzburg (d.1617 )May 4 –Alice Spencer, Countess of Derby, Baroness Ellesmere and Viscountess Brackley (d.1637 )May 12 July 2 –Margareta Brahe , Swedish political activist (d.1638 )July 22 –Lawrence of Brindisi , Italian saint (d.1619 )July 27 –Countess Palatine Barbara of Zweibrücken-Neuburg and Countess consort of Oettingen-Oettingen (d.1618 )August 18 –Frederik van den Bergh , Dutch soldier in theEighty Years' War (d.1618 )August 24 orSeptember 1556 –Sophia Brahe , Danish astronomer, horticulturalist (d.1643 )September 21 –Cigoli , Italian painter (d.1613 )September 15 –Edmond Richer , French theologian (d.1631 )October 12 orOctober 22 –Jacques Sirmond , French Jesuit scholar (d.1651 )November 11 –Tokuhime , Japanese noble (d.1636 )November 12 –Yaza Datu Kalaya , Crown Princess of Burma (d.1603 )November 13 –Al-Mansur al-Qasim , Imam of Yemen (d.1620 )November 15 –Albert VII, Archduke of Austria , Governor of the Low Countries (d.1621 )December 14 –Lupercio Leonardo de Argensola , Spanish writer (d.1613 )date unknown
Deaths 1550
SaintJohn of God January 12 –Andrea Alciato , Italian jurist and writer (b.1492 )[ 344] January 22 –Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah , second ruler of GolcondaJanuary 28 –Magnus III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin , Lutheran administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin (b.1509 )[ 345] February 22 –Francesco III Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (b.1533 )[ 346] March 7 –William IV, Duke of Bavaria (b.1493 )[ 347] March 8 –John of God , Spanish friar and saint (b.1495 )[ 348] April 12 –Claude, Duke of Guise , French soldier (b.1496 )[ 349] April 13 –Innocenzo Cybo , Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1491 )[ 350] April 30 – KingTabinshwehti of Burma (b.1516 )May 18 –Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine , French churchman (b.1498 )[ 351] May 20 –Ashikaga Yoshiharu , Japanese shōgun (b.1511 )[ 352] [unreliable source? June 13 –Veronica Gambara , Italian poet (b.1485 )[ 353] July 19 (probable date) –Jacopo Bonfadio , Italian historian, executed (b. c.1508 )[ 354] July 22 –Jorge de Lencastre, Duke of Coimbra (b.1481 )[ 355] July 30 –Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton , English politician (b.1505 )[ 356] August 18 –Antonio Ferramolino , Italian architect and military engineer[ 357] October 20 –Ferdinand, Duke of Calabria (b.1488 )[ 358] October 23 –Tiedemann Giese , Polish Catholic bishop (b.1480 )[ 359] October 24 –Louis of Valois , French prince (b.1549 )[ 360] October 26 –Samuel Maciejowski , Polish Catholic bishop (b.1499 )[ 361] November 6 –Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg (b.1487 )[ 362] November 7 –Jón Arason , last Catholic bishop ofIceland (b.1484 )[ 363] December 6 –Pieter Coecke van Aelst , Flemish painter (b.1502 )[ 364] December 8 –Gian Giorgio Trissino , Italian humanist, poet, dramatist and diplomat (b.1478 )[ 365] December 29 –Bhuvanaikabahu VII , King of Kotte (b.1468 )[ 366] date unknown –Aq Kubek of Astrakhan , ruler of Astrakhan Khanate1551
Martin Bucer Barbara Radziwiłł February 4 –John V, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst , Prince of Anahlt-Dessau (1516–1544) and Anhalt-Zerbst (1544–1551) (b.1504 )February 28 –Martin Bucer , German Protestant reformer (b.1491 )[ 367] April 6 –Joachim Vadian , Swiss humanist (b.1484 )April 8 –Oda Nobuhide , Japanese warlord (b.1510 )May 8 –Barbara Radziwiłł , queen ofSigismund II of Poland (b.1523 )May 17 –Shin Saimdang , Korean artist, calligrapher and writer (b.1504 )May 18 –Domenico di Pace Beccafumi , Italian painter (b.1486 )June 24 –Charles II de Croÿ , Belgian duke (b.1522 )July –Adriaen Isenbrandt , Flemish painter (b.1490 ) July 13 –John Wallop , English soldier and diplomat (b.1490 )July 14 –Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk (b.1535 )August 8 –Fray Tomás de Berlanga , Bishop of Panama (b.1487 )August 12 –Paul Speratus , German Lutheran (b.1484 )August 26 –Margaret Leijonhufvud , queen ofGustav I of Sweden (b.1516 )September 30 –Ōuchi Yoshitaka , Japanese warlord (b.1507 )November 20 –Hindal Mirza , Mughal Empire emperor (b.1519 )date unknown 1552
Henry of the Palatinate Henry V, Duke of Mecklenburg SaintFrancis Xavier January 3 –Henry of the Palatinate , bishop of Utrecht (b.1487 )January 10 –Johann Cochlaeus , German humanist and controversialist (b.1479 )January 22 –Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset , English politician (b.1509 )February 6 –Henry V, Duke of Mecklenburg (b.1479 )February 20 –Anne Parr, Countess of Pembroke , English countess (b.1515 )February 26 –Heinrich Faber , German composer (b.1500 )March 29 –Guru Angad , Indian religious leader (b.1504 )April 19 –Olaus Petri , Swedish clergyman (b.1493 )April 18 –John Leland , English historian (b.1502 )[ 369] April 21 –Petrus Apianus , German astronomer (b.1495 )May 26 –Sebastian Münster , German cartographer and cosmographer (b.1488 )June 10 –Alexander Barclay , British poet (b.1476 )July 9 –György Szondy , Hungarian soldierAugust 15 –Hermann of Wied , German Catholic archbishop (b.1477 )September 23 –Barbara of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach , Landgravine of Leuchtenberg (b.1495 )October 14 –Oswald Myconius , Swiss Protestant reformer (b.1488 )October 17 –Andreas Osiander , German Protestant theologian (b.1498 )November 10 –Günther XL, Count of Schwarzburg (b.1499 )December 3 –Francis Xavier , SpanishJesuit missionary and saint (b.1506 )[ 370] December 20 –Katharina von Bora , wife ofMartin Luther (b.1499 )1553
Edward VI of England Michael Servetus January 13 –George II, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels , Count of Glatz (b.1512 )February 4 –Caspar Othmayr , German Protestant priest, theologian and composer (b.1515 )[ 371] February 6 –Ernest, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (b.1482 )[ 372] February 8 –John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg , (b.1521 )February 17 –Chamaraja Wodeyar III , King of Mysore (b.1492 )February 19 –Erasmus Reinhold , German astronomer and mathematician (b.1511 )[ 373] February 25 –Hirate Masahide , Japanese diplomat and tutor ofOda Nobunaga (suicide) (b.1492 )[ 374] April –Minkhaung of Prome , last king ofProme in Burma (Myanmar) April 9 –François Rabelais , French writer[ 375] May 5 –Erasmus Alberus , German humanist (b.1500 )[ 376] May 28 –Johannes Aal , Swiss theologian (b.1500 )[ 377] June 26 –Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia , Grand Prince of Moscow (b.1552 )[ 378] July 6 – KingEdward VI of England (b.1537 )[ 379] July 9 –Maurice, Elector of Saxony (b.1521 )[ 66] July 16 –Bernardino Maffei , Catholic cardinal (b.1514 )[ 380] August 6 –Girolamo Fracastoro , Italian physician (b.1478 )[ 381] August 17 –Charles III, Duke of Savoy (b.1486 )[ 382] August 22 –John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland (b.1502 ; executed)[ 383] September 6 –Juan de Homedes y Coscon , 47th Grandmaster of theKnights Hospitaller (b. c.1477 )[ 384] October 6 –Şehzade Mustafa , Suleiman the Magnificent's first-born son by Mahidevran Hatun (b.1515 )[ 385] October 7 –Cristóbal de Morales , Spanish composer (b.1500 )[ 386] October 16 –Lucas Cranach the Elder , German painter (b.1472 )[ 387] October 17 –George III, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau , German prince (b.1507 )[ 388] October 27 –Michael Servetus , Spanish Protestant theologian (burned at the stake) (b.1511 )[ 73] October 28 –Giovanni Salviati , Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1490 )[ 389] October 30 –Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck , German statesman and reformer (b.1489 )[ 390] November 15 –Lucrezia de' Medici , Italian noblewoman (b.1470 )November 23 –Sebastiano Antonio Pighini , Italian cardinal (b.1500 )[ 391] November 27 –Şehzade Cihangir , Ottoman prince (b.1531 )[ 392] December 3 –Ludwig of Hanau-Lichtenberg , German nobleman (b.1487 )[ 393] December 25 –Pedro de Valdivia , Spanish conquistador (b.1497 )[ 394] date unknown 1554
João Manuel, Prince of Portugal January 2 –João Manuel, Prince of Portugal , Portuguese prince (b.1537 )[ 397] January 11 –Min Bin , king of Arakan (b.1493 )January 16 January 23 Lady Jane Grey February 12 Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk February 21 February 23 –Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk , English politician (executed) (b. c.1515 )March 3 –John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (b.1503 )April 11 –Thomas Wyatt the Younger , English rebel (executed) (b.1521 )April 23 –Gaspara Stampa , Italian poet (b.1523 )May 2 –William Waldegrave , English Member of Parliament (b.1507 )June 19 June 28 –Leone Strozzi , French Navy admiral (b.1515 )August 25 –Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk , English politician (b.1473 )Francisco Vázquez de Coronado September 22 –Francisco Vázquez de Coronado , Spanish conquistador (b. c.1510 )December 22 –Alessandro Bonvicino , Italian painter (b.1498 )December –John Taylor , Bishop of Lincoln (b.1503 )approx. date –Susannah Hornebolt , English artist (b. 1503)date unknown 1555
Pope Julius III Pope Marcellus II KingHenry II of Navarre SaintThomas of Villanova January 14 –Jacques Dubois , French anatomist (b.1478 )February 4 –John Rogers , English clergyman (burned at the stake) (b. c.1505 )February 8 –Laurence Saunders , English clergyman (burned at the stake) (b.1519 )February 9 February 17 –Giuliano Bugiardini , Italian painter (b.1475 )March 14 –John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford (b.1485 )March 23 –Pope Julius III (b.1487 )[ 400] March 27 –Al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din , Imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen (b.1473 )April 12 – QueenJoanna of Castile , long under confinement (b.1479 )April 18 –Polydore Vergil , English historian (b.1470 )[ 401] May 1 –Pope Marcellus II (b.1501 )May 21 –George III, Landgrave of Leuchtenberg (b.1502 )May 25 June 10 –Elizabeth of Denmark, Electress of Brandenburg (1502–1535) (b.1485 )September 8 –Thomas of Villanova , SpanishRoman Catholic bishop and saint (b.1488 )October 5 –Edward Wotton , English zoologist (b.1492 )October 9 –Justus Jonas , German Protestant reformer (b.1493 )October 16 October 26 –Olympia Fulvia Morata , Italian classical scholar (b.1526 )November 4 –Agnes of Hesse , German nobleman, by marriage, Princess of Saxony (b.1527 )November 12 November 21 –Georgius Agricola , German scientist (b.1490 )December –Stanisław Kostka , Polish noble (b.1487 )December 9 –Elisabeth of Culemborg , German noble (b.1475 )1556
Thomas Cranmer SaintIgnatius of Loyola January 8 –Anne Shelton , English courtier, elder sister of Thomas Boleyn (b.1475 )[ 402] January 27 –Humayun , 2ndMughal Emperor (b.1508 )[ 403] February 12 –Giovanni Poggio , Italian cardinal and diplomat (b.1493 )[ 404] February 26 –Frederick II, Elector Palatine (1544–1556) (b.1482 )[ 405] March 21 –Thomas Cranmer ,Archbishop of Canterbury (burned at the stake) (b.1489 )[ 406] April 18 April 26 –Valentin Friedland , German scholar and educationist of the Reformation (b.1490 )[ 409] May 4 –Luca Ghini , Italian physician and botanist (b.1490 )[ 410] May 28 –Saitō Dōsan , Japanese warlord (b.1494 )June 10 –Martin Agricola , German composer (b.1486 )[ 411] June 24 –Joan of Valois , French princess (b. 1556)[ 412] July 31 –Ignatius of Loyola , Spanish founder of the Jesuit order and saint (b.1491 )[ 413] August 1 –Girolamo da Carpi , Italian painter (b.1501 )[ 414] August 11 –John Bell , Bishop of Worcester[ 415] August 17 –Victoria of Valois , French princess (b. 1556)September –Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell , Scottish traitor (b.1512 )[ 416] October 7 –Frederick of Denmark , Prince-bishop (b.1532 )[ 417] October 21 –Pietro Aretino , Italian author (b.1492 )[ 418] November 10 –Richard Chancellor , English Arctic explorer (drowned at sea) (b. c.1521 )[ 419] November 14 –Giovanni della Casa , Italian poet (b.1503 )[ 420] date unknown probable 1557
John III of Portugal Jacques Cartier Emperor Go-Nara of Japan January 2 –Pontormo , Italian painter (b.1494 )[ 424] [ 425] January 4 –Philip, Duke of Mecklenburg , (b.1514 )[ 426] January 8 –Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach ("Albert the Warlike"), Prince of Bayreuth (b.1522 )[ 427] March 13 –Louis de Bourbon de Vendôme , French cardinal (b.1493 )[ 428] April 9 –Mikael Agricola , Finnish scholar (b. c.1510 )[ 429] April 24 –Georg Rörer , German theologian (b.1492 )[ 430] April 29 –Lautaro , Mapuche warrior (b.1534 )[ 431] May 18 –John II, Count Palatine of Simmern , Count Palatine of Simmern (1509-1557) (b.1492 )[ 432] June 10 –Leandro Bassano , Italian painter (d.1622 )[ 433] June 11 – KingJohn III of Portugal (b.1502 )[ 434] July 10 –Giovanni Battista Ramusio , Italian geographer (b.1485 )[ 435] July 16 –Anne of Cleves , fourth queen ofHenry VIII of England (b.1515 )[ 436] August 1 –Olaus Magnus , Swedish ecclesiastic and writer (b.1490 )[ 437] August 18 –Claude de la Sengle , 48th Grandmaster of theKnights Hospitaller (b.1494 )[ 438] September 1 –Jacques Cartier , French explorer (b.1491 )[ 439] September 13 –John Cheke , English classical scholar and statesman (b.1514 )[ 440] September 15 –Juan Álvarez de Toledo , Spanish Catholic cardinal (b.1488 )[ 441] September 27 –Emperor Go-Nara of Japan (b.1495 )October 5 orOctober 6 –Kamran Mirza , Mughal prince (b.1509 )[ 442] October 20 –Jean Salmon Macrin , French poet (b.1490 )[ 443] October 25 –William Cavendish , English courtier (b.1505 )[ 444] November 19 December 6 –Elisabeth of Hesse, Hereditary Princess of Saxony (b.1502 )[ 447] December 13 –Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia , Italian mathematician (b.1499 )[ 448] [ 449] December 27 –Queen Dangyeong , Korean royal consort (b.1487 )date unknown probable 1558
EmperorCharles V January 28 –Jacob Micyllus , German humanist (b.1503 )February 25 –Eleanor of Austria , Queen of Portugal and France (b.1498 )February 27 March 6 –Luca Gaurico , Italian astrologer (b.1475 )March 24 –Anna van Egmont , Countess of Egmond and Buren (b. c.1533 )March 25 –Marcos de Niza , French Franciscan explorer (b. c.1495 )April 2 –Wolfgang of the Palatinate , Count Palatine of Neumarkt (b.1494 )April 15 –Hurrem Sultan , Ruthenian-born wife ofSuleiman the Magnificent (b. c.1500 )April 20 –Johannes Bugenhagen , German reformer (b.1485 )April 26 –Jean Fernel , French physician (b.1497 )[ 455] May 17 –Francisco de Sá de Miranda , Portuguese poet (b.1485 )May 19 –Juan Téllez-Girón, 4th Count of Ureña , Spanish count (b.1494 )May 25 –Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen (1525–1540) (b.1510 )[ 456] May 31 –Philip Hoby , English politician (b.1505 )June 28 –Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy of Chiche , English courtier (b.1506 )July 17 –George I of Württemberg-Mömpelgard (b.1498 )August 11 –Justus Menius , German Lutheran pastor (b.1499 )[ 457] September 21 –Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor (b.1500 )[ 458] October –Mellin de Saint-Gelais , French poet (b. c.1491 )October 18 –Maria of Austria , queen ofLouis II of Hungary and Bohemia (b.1505 )October 21 –J. C. Scaliger , Italian scholar (b.1484 )[ 459] November 1 November 15 –Gilbert Kennedy, 3rd Earl of Cassilis , Scottish politician and judge (b.1515 )November 17 December 7 –Johann Forster , German theologian (b.1496 )December 16 –Thomas Cheney , Lord Warden of theCinque Ports (b. c.1485 )December 19 –Cornelius Grapheus , Flemish writer (b.1482 )December 28 –Hermann Finck , German composer (b.1527 )date unknown 1559
KingChristian III of Denmark and Norway died on New Year's Day, January 1, 1559 KingChristian II of Denmark, Norway and Sweden died on January 25, 1559 KingHenry II of France died on July 10, 1559 Pope Paul IV died on August 18, 1559January –Christina Gyllenstierna , leading opponent of KingChristian II of Denmark and Norway (b.1494 )January 1 – KingChristian III of Denmark and Norway (b.1503 )[ 461] January 25 – KingChristian II of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (b.1481 )February 12 – Prince-electorOtto Henry of the Palatinate (b.1502 )March 8 –Thomas Tresham , English Catholic politicianMarch 13 –Johann Gropper , German Catholic cardinal (b.1503 )March 16 –Anthony St. Leger , Lord Deputy of Ireland (b.1496 )March 23 – EmperorGelawdewos of Ethiopia (in battle) (b.1522 )March 30 –Adam Ries , German mathematician (b.1492 )June 3 –Elisabeth of Nassau-Siegen , German noblewoman (b.1488 )July 10 – KingHenry II of France (jousting accident) (b.1519 )[ 194] August 18 –Pope Paul IV (b.1476 )[ 462] September 7 –Robert Estienne , French printer (b.1503 )September 15 –Isabella Jagiellon , queen consort of Hungary (d.1519 )October 2 –Jacquet of Mantua , French composer (b.1483 )October 3 –Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara , Italian noble (b.1508 )October 4 –Philip III, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (b.1504 )October 6 –William I, Count of Nassau-Siegen (b.1487 )November 5 –Kanō Motonobu , Japanese painter (b.1476 )November 10 –Jacob Milich , German astronomer and mathematician (b.1501 )November 18 –Cuthbert Tunstall , English church leader (b.1474 )November 20 –Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk , English noblewoman and claimant to the throne of England (b.1517 )November 26 –Adolph of Nassau-Saarbrücken , Count of Nassau (b.1526 )December 17 –Irene di Spilimbergo , Italian Renaissance poet and painter (b.1538 )December 31 –Owen Oglethorpe , deposed English bishopdate unknown ^ Socarrás, José Francisco (2000).Apuntes sobre la historia de Valledupar ISBN 978-958-14-0324-0 . Retrieved2 October 2023 . ^ Hall, Marcia B. (18 April 2005).Rome ISBN 978-0-521-62445-9 . Retrieved2 October 2023 . ^ Ryo Akagami,Otomo Nikai Kusuru ( Nihon Keizai Shimbun Publishing, February 21, 2018) ISBN 978-4532171469 ^ Escudero, Francisco R. (1998).Origen y evolución del turismo en Acapulco ISBN 978-968-7524-02-3 . Retrieved2 October 2023 . ^a b Williams, Hywel (2005).Cassell's Chronology of World History 218–223 .ISBN 0-304-35730-8 ^ Doubleday, Herbert Arthur (1908).The Victoria History of the County of Warwick: Warwickshire ISBN 978-0-19-722734-3 . Retrieved2 October 2023 . {{cite book }}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help ) ^ Wildman, W. B. (1902).A short history of Sherborne from 705 A.D . Retrieved2 October 2023 . ^ Covey, R. Alan (January 2006)."Chronology, Succession, and Sovereignty: The Politics of Inka Historiography and Its Modern Interpretation" Comparative Studies in Society and History .48 (1):169– 199.doi :10.1017/S0010417506000077 .ISSN 1475-2999 .S2CID 145472763 . Retrieved2 October 2023 . ^ León Guerrero, María Montserrat; Aparicio Gervas, Jesús María (2018)."La controversia de Valladolid (1550-1551). El concepto de igualdad del "otro" .Boletín americanista (76):135– 154.ISSN 0520-4100 . Retrieved2 October 2023 . ^ Royal Historical Commission of Burma (2003) [1832].Hmannan Yazawin Ministry of Information, Myanmar . pp. 257– 258.^ Francis A. Yates,John Florio, The Life of an Italian in Shakespeare's England (Cambridge University Press 1934) ^ Primus, John Henry (1960),The Vestments Controversy , J. H. Kok ^ Pere Joan Porcar,Pere Joan Porcar: coses evengudes en la ciutat y regne de València: Dietari (1585-1629) ^ Kent, Neil (2004).Helsinki: A Cultural and Literary History ISBN 978-1-902669-75-5 . Retrieved2 October 2023 . ^a b c Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1895).Armada Española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón (in Spanish). Vol. I. Madrid, Spain: Sucesores de Rivadeneyra. pp. 282– 284. ^ O'Malley, John W.; Bailey, Gauvin Alexander; Harris, Steven J.; Kennedy, T. Frank (12 May 2016).The Jesuits II: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, 1540-1773 ISBN 978-1-4875-1207-1 . Retrieved2 October 2023 . ^ De Frías Balsa JV. Alcarreños graduados en la Pontificia y Real Universidad de Santa Catalina, en El Burgo de Osma (1612-1615). Wad-Al-Hayara. 1992; (19):355-72. ^ Oleson, Tryggvi J. (1953)."Bishop Jón Arason 1484-1550" Speculum .28 (2):245– 278.doi :10.2307/2849686 .ISSN 0038-7134 .JSTOR 2849686 .S2CID 163514382 . Retrieved5 October 2023 . ^ Haw, Stephen G. (22 November 2006).Beijing – A Concise History ISBN 978-1-134-15033-5 . Retrieved2 October 2023 . ^ De Qyeyroz, Fernao (1930).Temporal and Spiritual Conquest of Ceylon . A. C. Richards. p. 293. ^ "Alster-Beste Kanal (Alster-Trave-Kanal.)" .Lost Canals of Schleswig-Holstein . 2007-05-29. Retrieved2020-02-21 .^ Emmons Jr., KINTZING (1972). "Preface".THE GRAMMAR OF LOUIS MEIGRET: ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY OF FRENCH LINGUISTICS . Retrieved2 October 2023 . ^ Joze Krasovec (1 October 1999).The Interpretation of the Bible: The International Symposium in Slovenia ISBN 978-0-567-34563-9 ^ Wilson, Ian (2002).Nostradamus : the man behind the prophecies ISBN 978-0-312-31790-4 . Retrieved3 October 2023 . ^ Bethell, Leslie (7 May 1987).Colonial Spanish America ISBN 978-0-521-34924-6 . Retrieved3 October 2023 . ^ Buonadonna, Sergio.Rosso doge: I dogi della Repubblica di Genova dal 1339 al 1797 (in Italian). Da Ferrari. ^ Kala, U (1724).Maha Yazawin ^ Steven Runciman ,The Great Church in Captivity (Cambridge University Press, 1985) p.329.^ "Alice Arden of Feverham, Executed with her lover Mosbie and Others in the Year 1551 for the Murder of her Husband" , Newgate Calendar on Ex-Classics Web Site^ John S. C. Abbott,The Empire of Russia from the Remotest Period to the Present Time (Mason Brothers, 1859, reprinted 2020)("On the 23rd of February, 1551, a larger convention of the clergy...") ^ Porteous, John (1969).Coins in History . New York: Putnam. pp. 178– 180. ^ Martin Štefánik – Ján Lukačka et al. 2010, Lexikón stredovekých miest na Slovensku, Historický ústav SAV, Bratislava, 2010, p. 532-534,ISBN 978-80-89396-11-5 http://forumhistoriae.sk/-/lexikon-stredovekych-miest-na-slovensku Archived March 26, 2017, at theWayback Machine ^ Trenkle, Franz Sales (March 3, 2003)."Council of Trent" . RetrievedMay 24, 2018 . ^ National Geographic."1551: Oldest University in Americas Established" . Archived fromthe original on May 20, 2020. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2018 . ^a b Fischer, Emil (1908)."Über den Ursprung der rumänischen Bojarenfamilien" .Zeitschrift für Ethnologie .40 (3):343– 361.JSTOR 23030256 . ^ Raymond A. Mentzer, Jr., "The Legal Response to Heresy in Languedoc, 1500-1560"Sixteenth Century Journal 4 .1 (April 1973:19-30) p. 22. ^ Henry Machin (1848),The Diary of Henry Machyn 1550–1563 7– 8 ^ Kamen, Henry (1998).Philip of Spain . Yale University Press. p. 49.ISBN 978-0-300-07800-8 ^a b Badger, George Percy (1838).Description of Malta and Gozo Malta : M. Weiss. p. 292 . ^ Volkmer, Gerald (2002).Das Fürstentum Siebenbürgen 1541-1691: Außenpolitik und völkerrechtliche Stellung (The Principality of Transylvania 1541-1691. Foreign policy and international legal status) Heidelberg : Arbeitskreis für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde. Archived fromthe original on 2008-02-04. 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Abbott,Austria : Its Rise and Present Power (P. F. Collier and Son, 1902) p.132 ^ Kala, U (1724).Maha Yazawin ^ Further Selections from the Tragic History of the Sea, 1559-1565: Narratives of the Shipwrecks of the Portuguese East Indiamen (Taylor & Francis, 2017)^ Hardwick, Charles (1851).A History of the Articles of Religion . Cambridge: John Deighton. pp. 74– 79. ^ War and Peace in the Religious Conflicts of the Long Sixteenth Century (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2022) pp.47-48^ Fierro, Maribel , ed. (2010). "Chronology".The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 2: The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. xxxiii.ISBN 978-0-521-83957-0 Failed Ottoman attempt to conquer Hormuz. ^ Grun, Bernard (1991).the Timetables of History 245 .ISBN 0-671-74919-6 ^ Victor Duruy,A Short History of France (J. M. Dent & sons, Ltd. 1918) p.501 ^ Robert Knecht,The Valois Kings of France 1328-1589 (Bloomsbury Academic, 2007) p.149 ("By the time Charles V lifted the siege, on 2 January 1553, his army had dwindled to a third of its original size.") ^ Encyclopedia of Tudor England , ed. by John A. Wagner, et al. (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p.12^ David Wilmshurst,The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913 (Peeters Publishers, 2000) pp.21–22 ^ Townson, E. W. (1907).St. Albans & Its Pageant: Being the Official Souvenir of the Pageant Held July, 1907 . Retrieved5 October 2023 . ^ Mason, Frederick B. (1884).Gibbs' illustrated handbook to St. Albans . Retrieved5 October 2023 . ^ Turnbull, Stephen (1998).The Samurai Sourcebook . Cassell & Co. p. 212.ISBN 1-85409-523-4 ^ "History of the School" .Christ's Hospital . Retrieved26 March 2017 .^ https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/royal-charters/chartered-bodies/ Archived June 21, 2019, at theWayback Machine retrieved 24 Mar 2017^ "St Thomas's Hospital – A Concise History" .gkt gazette . Guy's, King's & St. Thomas's Hospitals Medical & Dental Schools. 1 February 2002. Archived fromthe original on 25 October 2006.^a b Thomas M. Lindsay (8 October 1999).A History of the Reformation, 2 Volumes ISBN 978-1-57910-283-8 ^ Derrik Mercer (February 1993).Chronicle of the Royal Family 160– 166.ISBN 978-1-872031-20-0 ^a b Nicola Tallis (6 December 2016).Crown of Blood: The Deadly Inheritance of Lady Jane Grey ISBN 978-1-68177-287-5 ^ Tittler, Robert (1983).The reign of Mary I 8– 12.ISBN 978-0-582-35333-6 . Retrieved5 October 2023 . ^ Eric Ives (2009):Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery Wiley-Blackwell.ISBN 978-1-4051-9413-6 ^ Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle (1880).History of the Mongols: From the 9th to the 19th Century ISBN 978-0-343-14643-6 . Retrieved5 October 2023 . {{cite book }}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help ) ^ A General History of the Middle East , Chapter 13: Ottoman Era, Suleiman the Magnificent^a b Jedin, Hubert; Dolan, John Patrick (1980).History of the Church: Reformation and Counter Reformation ISBN 978-0-86012-085-8 . Retrieved5 October 2023 . ^ Ives, Eric (2009).Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery . Malden MA; Oxford UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 251– 252, 334.ISBN 978-1-4051-9413-6 Bellamy, John (1979).The Tudor Law of Treason . Toronto: Routlegde, Kegan & Paul. p. 54.ISBN 0-7100-8729-2 ^ Weikel, Ann (1980). Tittler, Robert; Loach, Jennifer (eds.).The Mid-Tudor Polity c.1540-1560 ISBN 9780333245286 . Retrieved2 October 2021 . ^ Royal Historical Commission of Burma (2003) [1832].Hmannan Yazawin Ministry of Information, Myanmar . p. 281.^ Messenger, Charles, ed. (2013).Reader's Guide to Military History 635– 636.ISBN 978-1-135-95970-8 ^ Geschichte der Stadt Kulmbach Archived 2009-01-29 at theWayback Machine auf der städtischen Homepage^ Mapocho . Retrieved6 October 2023 .^ Deane, H.F.W.; Evans, W.A. (1913).The Public Schools Year Book . Retrieved6 October 2023 . ^ Bardzińska-Bonenberg, Teresa (20 January 2016)."Games of history and politics – Architecture of great Chinese cities: Shanghai" .Czasopismo Techniczne (in Polish).8 (14):5– 11.ISSN 2353-737X . Retrieved6 October 2023 . ^ Royal Historical Commission of Burma (2003) [1832].Hmannan Yazawin Ministry of Information, Myanmar . pp. 280– 281.^ Thorp, Malcolm R. (1978). "Religion and the Wyatt Rebellion of 1554".Church History: Studies in Christianity and Culture .47 (4): 375.doi :10.2307/3164313 .JSTOR 3164313 . ^ University of Gauhati (1952).Journal of the University of Gauhati ^ Fletcher, Anthony (1970).Tudor Rebellions ISBN 9780582313897 . Retrieved18 November 2021 . ^ Froude, James Anthony (1910).The Reign of Mary Tudor 100– 101. Retrieved8 December 2021 . ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).The Chronology of British History . London: Century Ltd. pp. 150– 153.ISBN 0-7126-5616-2 ^ Prescott, H. F. M. (1953).Mary Tudor: The Spanish Tudor 325– 326.ISBN 9781842126257 . Retrieved18 February 2022 . {{cite book }}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help ) ^ David Loades ,The Reign of Mary Tudor: Politics, Government and Religion in England, 1553–58 (Longman, 1991) pp. 224–225ISBN 0-582-05759-0 ^ Samson, Alexander (2005). "Changing Places: The Marriage and Royal Entry of Philip, Prince of Austria, and Mary Tudor, July-August 1554".The Sixteenth Century Journal 36 (3):761– 784.doi :10.2307/20477489 .JSTOR 20477489 . ^ Jamil Marhi and Abu Al-Nasr,History of Morocco in the Islamic Era (Cambridge University Press, 1987) p.155 ^ Severo Martinez Pelaez,La patria del criollo: ensayo de interpretación de la realidad colonial guatemalteca (Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2013) ^ John Michael Francis (2006).Iberia and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia ABC-Clio . p. 235.ISBN 1851094210 ^ Geschichte der Stadt Kulmbach Archived 2009-01-29 at theWayback Machine auf der städtischen Homepage^a b Richard Hakluyt,The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation Made by Sea Or Overland to the Remote and Farthest Distant Quarters of the Earth at Any Time Within the Compass of These 1600 Years (1597, reprinted by J. M. Dent and Sons, Ltd., 1927) pp.47-50 ("The first day of November at nine of the clocke at night, departing from the coast of England, se set off...") ^ Grun, Bernard (1991).The Timetables of History 245 .ISBN 0-671-74919-6 ^ Kerr, Robert (1824).A general history and collection of voyages and travels . Retrieved2011-11-27 .^ p.50 ("The two and twentieth of December we came to the river of Sesto & remained there until the nine and twentieth day of said moneth.") ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).The Chronology of British History . London: Century Ltd. pp. 150– 153.ISBN 0-7126-5616-2 ^ Williams, Hywel (2005).Cassell's Chronology of World History . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.ISBN 0-304-35730-8 ^ Goldsmid, E. (ed.) (1886).The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation, collected byRichard Hakluyt , Preacher , Vol. III: North-Eastern Europe and Adjacent Countries, Part II: The Muscovy Company and the North-Eastern Passage. Edinburgh: E. & G. Goldsmid.pp. 101-112 . ^ Maureen E. Buja (1996).Antonio Barré and Music Printing in Mid-sixteenth Century Rome ^ Chacón, col. 810-811; Panvinio, s. 427-428; por. Setton, s. 617. ^ Pastor, Ludwig von.History of the Popes . T. 14. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1924 ^ Paul Johnson (1997).The Papacy ISBN 978-0-7607-0755-5 ^a b Ronald Love (14 March 2001).Blood and Religion: The Conscience of Henri IV ISBN 978-0-7735-6884-6 ^ public domain : Cooper, Thompson (1898). "Thirlby, Thomas ". InLee, Sidney (ed.).Dictionary of National Biography Smith, Elder & Co . p. 137.^ "Significant Earthquake Information India: Kashmir: Srinagar" .ngdc.noaa.gov . NCEI. Retrieved7 August 2021 .^ Stephen R. Turnbull,The Samurai: A Military History , (New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1977) pp. 131–134 ^ Parkman, Francis (1983).France and England in North America Vol 1 . New York, New York: Library of America. pp. 33– 41. ^ "Marian Government Policies" . Retrieved5 July 2007 .^ Lee, Frederick George (6 December 1888)."Reginald Pole, Cardinal Archbishop of Canterbury : an historical sketch, with an introductory prologue and practical epilogue" . London : J. C. Nimmo – via Internet Archive. ^ Hadfield, Andrew (2004)."Eden, Richard (c.1520–1576)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/8454 . Retrieved2011-12-12 . (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.) ^ Ireland. Dept. of Foreign Affairs (1987).Ireland today . Retrieved9 June 2012 . ^ Allied Powers (1919- ). Reparation Commission (1921).Belgian Claims to the Triptych of Saint Ildephonse and the Treasure of the Order of the Golden Fleece {{cite book }}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link )^ Feng, X.; Ma, J.; Zhou, Y.; England, P.; Parsons, B.; Rizza, M. A.; Walker, R. T. (December 2020)."Geomorphology and Paleoseismology of the Weinan Fault, Shaanxi, Central China, and the Source of the 1556 Huaxian Earthquake" .Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth .125 (12) e2019JB017848:1– 23.Bibcode :2020JGRB..12517848F .doi :10.1029/2019JB017848 .ISSN 2169-9313 .S2CID 228829854 . Retrieved10 October 2023 . ^ 颤抖的地球: 地震科学 ISBN 978-7-302-10694-4 . Retrieved10 October 2023 .^ Nath, Ram (1982).History of Mughal architecture ISBN 039102650X OCLC 59153735 .[page needed ^ The Italian Wars 1494-1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe ISBN 978-1-317-89939-6 . Retrieved10 October 2023 .^ Parameswaran, Dr S. Pari (13 January 2023).ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL HISTORY: AN EAGLE'S VIEW FOR CIVIL SERVICES AND OTHER EXAMS ISBN 978-93-5528-240-8 . Retrieved10 October 2023 . ^ Acs, Pal."Thomas Cranmer's Martyrdom as Parable" (PDF) .mtak.hu . Retrieved10 October 2023 . ^ Duffy, Eamon (2009).Fires of Faith: Catholic England under Mary Tudor ISBN 978-0-300-15216-6 JSTOR j.ctt1npq81 . ^ Newman, Andrew J. (2008).Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire ISBN 9780857716613 ^ Papp, Sándor (2004)."From a Transylvanian principality to an Ottoman sanjak: The life of Pál Márkházi, a Hungarian renegade" (PDF) .Chronica .4 : 59.ISSN 1588-2039 . ^ Turnbull, Stephen (1998).The Samurai Sourcebook . Cassell & Co. p. 215.ISBN 1-85409-523-4 ^ MacKay, George Eric (1878).The Doges of Venice Chronologically Arranged with Historical Notes by George Eric Mackay . Retrieved11 October 2023 . ^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 344. "Thirteen Martyrs Burned at Stratford-Le-Bow". Exclassics.com. Retrieved 24 May 2013^ List of martyrs according to Foxe ^ Information on the Peresopnytsia Gospel fromUNESCO ^ Woodward, Geoffrey (2013). "8".Philip II . London, New York: Routledge.ISBN 978-1317897736 ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1960).Military History of India ISBN 9780861251551 {{cite book }}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help ) ^ Bhardwaj, Kanwal Kishore (2000).Hemu: Napoleon of Medieval India 35– 38.ISBN 978-81-7099-663-7 . Retrieved10 October 2023 . ^ Mubārak, Abū al-Faz̤l ibn (1902).The Akbar Nama of Abu-l-Fazl 60– 62.ISBN 978-81-7536-295-6 . Retrieved10 October 2023 . {{cite book }}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help ) ^ McDermott, James (2004). "Chancellor, Richard (d. 1556)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/5099 . (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.) ^ Holmes, Richard, ed. (2001).The Oxford companion to military history . p. 411. ^ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007).The Mughul Empire , Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan,ISBN 81-7276-407-1 {{isbn }}: ignored ISBN errors (link ) ^ Diccionario Enciclopedico Hispano-Americano . Retrieved11 October 2023 .^ The Aaland Islands Question: Report Submitted to the Council . Retrieved11 October 2023 .^ Denzer, Jörg (2005).Die Konquista der Augsburger Welser-Gesellschaft in Südamerika (1528-1556): historische Rekonstruktion, Historiografie und lokale Erinnerungskultur in Kolumbien und Venezuela ISBN 978-3-406-53484-3 . Retrieved11 October 2023 . ^ Castaño, Emilio José Álvarez (21 December 2020)."Le retour de Martin Guerre: de la impostura a la metahistoria" .FILMHISTORIA Online (in Spanish).30 (2):99– 108.ISSN 2014-668X . Retrieved11 October 2023 . ^ Saradesāya, Manohararāya (2000).A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992 15– 16.ISBN 978-81-7201-664-7 . Retrieved11 October 2023 . ^ Levati, Luigi Maria.Dogi biennali di Genova dal 1528 al 1699 (in Italian). Tip. Marchese & Campora. ^ Haan, Bertrand (2010).Une paix pour l'éternité: La négociation du traité du Cateau-Cambrésis . Madrid: Casa de Velázquez. pp. 37– 60. ^ U Thaw Kaung."Accounts of King Bayinnaung's Life and Hanthawady Hsinbyu-myashin Ayedawbon, a Record of his Campaigns" .Chulalongkorn University . Retrieved2009-02-25 . ^ U Thaw Kaung,Aspects of Myanmar History and Culture (Gangaw Myaing, 2010) pp.106-110 ^a b Heininen, Simo; Heikkilä, Markku (2002).Kirchengeschichte Finnlands (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 70.ISBN 3-525-55444-3 ^ Turnbull, Stephen R. (2005).Kawanakajima 1553-64: Samurai Power Struggle 47– 48.ISBN 978-0-275-98868-5 . Retrieved15 October 2023 . ^ Revista católica de la Diócesis de Cuenca (Ecuador) . Retrieved15 October 2023 .^a b c Thomas Stafford , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, accessed 17 January 2010^ Knight, Charles , ed. (1844),"Stationers' Company" ,London , vol. 6, London: C. Knight & Co.^ Carrara, Mauro (1996).Signori e Principi di Piombino (in Italian). Bandecchi & Vivaldi. pp. 22– 23. ^ Tratado de Londres (1557) ^ Garrisson, Janine (14 June 1995).A History of Sixteenth Century France, 1483-1598: Renaissance, Reformation and Rebellion ISBN 978-1-349-24020-3 . Retrieved15 October 2023 . ^ The Dictionary of National Biography . Retrieved15 October 2023 .^a b "Foxe’s Marian Martyrs" , by Thomas S. Freeman, JohnFoxe.org^ Morens, David M.; Taubenberger, Jeffery K. (June 2011)."Pandemic influenza: certain uncertainties" .Reviews in Medical Virology .21 (5):262– 284.doi :10.1002/rmv.689 .PMC 3246071 PMID 21706672 . ^ Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2012).The Italian Wars, 1494–1559 . Pearson Education. p. 280. ^ Robert Jean Knecht ,The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France: 1483-1610 (Blackwell, 2001) p.241^ R. C. Majumdar, ed.,The Mughul Empire (Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 2007) pp.106-107 ^ Fontane, Theodor (1872).Aus den Tagen der Occupation: eine Osterreise durch Nordfrankreich und Elsass-Lothringen 1871 31– 32. Retrieved16 October 2023 . ^a b "Wormer Religionsgespräch" .apothekenmuseum (in German). Retrieved16 October 2023 .^ Müller, Gerhard ; Krause, Gerhard (1996).Theologische Realenzyklopädie De Gruyter . p. 452.ISBN 978-3-11-015155-8 . Retrieved16 October 2023 .^ Pattenden, Miles (2013).Pius IV and the Fall of The Carafa: Nepotism and Papal Authority in Counter-Reformation Rome . OUP Oxford. pp. 21– 22.ISBN 978-0191649615 ^ Haan, Bertrand (2010).Une paix pour l'éternité: La négociation du traité du Cateau-Cambrésis . Madrid: Casa de Velázquez. pp. 37– 60. ^ Weiner, Jerome Bruce (1976).Fitna, Corsairs, and Diplomacy: Morocco and the Maritime States of Western Europe, 1603-1672 . Retrieved16 October 2023 . ^ Tiberiu Ciobanu (2006).Voievozi și domnitori români ISBN 978-973-592-162-0 ^ Kenneth M. Setton,The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571) ^ Ogot, Bethwell A. (1992).Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century ISBN 978-0-435-94811-5 . Retrieved16 October 2023 . ^ Miran, Jonathan (6 July 2009).Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa ISBN 978-0-253-22079-0 . Retrieved16 October 2023 . ^ Tagliacozzo, Eric; Siu, Helen F.; Perdue, Peter C. (5 January 2015).Asia Inside Out ISBN 978-0-674-59850-8 . Retrieved16 October 2023 . ^ Archer, Christon; et al. (2002).World History of Warfare 251 .ISBN 978-0-8032-4423-8 ^ "History – Gonville & Caius" . Gonville & Caius College. October 15, 2012. Retrieved13 September 2014 .^ Beavan, Charles (1851).Reports of Cases in Chancery . Retrieved16 October 2023 . ^ "Brentwood History" .www.brentwoodschool.co.uk . Retrieved16 October 2023 .^ Cockburn, J. S.; King, H. P. F.; McDonnell, K. G. T. (1969).A History of the County of Middlesex: without special title . Retrieved16 October 2023 . ^ The Book of the Repton Tercentenary. 1857 . Retrieved17 October 2023 .^ H. S. Bennett (1989).English Books and Readers 1475 to 1557: Being a Study in the History of the Book Trade from Caxton to the Incorporation of the Stationers' Company ISBN 978-0-521-37988-5 ^ Sá, Lúcia (2004).Rain Forest Literatures: Amazonian Texts and Latin American Culture ISBN 978-1-4529-0677-5 . Retrieved17 October 2023 . ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911)."Jena" Encyclopedia Britannica Wikisource . ^ J. W. Ruuth (1958). "Kaupungin perustamiskirje".Porin kaupungin historia II (in Finnish). City of Pori. p. 269. ^ Lucinda H. S. Dean, 'In the Absence of an Adult Monarch',Medieval and Early Modern Representations of Authority in Scotland and the British Isles (Routledge, 2016), p. 155. ^ Phil Lee,The Rough Guide to Mallorca & Menorca ^ public domain : Gordon, Alexander (1911). "Carranza, Bartolomé ". InChisholm, Hugh (ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica 399– 400.^ J. P. Kirsch, "Bartolomé Carranza," Catholic Encyclopedia (1917 ed.) ^ Neale, J. E. 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