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| ʼPhags-pa ꡏꡡꡃꡣꡡꡙꡐꡜꡞ ḥPʻags-pa | |
|---|---|
 Christian tombstone fromQuanzhou dated 1314, with inscription in the ʼPhags-pa scriptꡖꡟꡃ ꡚꡦ ꡗꡃ ꡚꡞ ꡏꡟ ꡈꡓ (-ung shė yang shi mu taw) 'tomb memorial of Yang Wengshe' | |
| Script type | |
| Creator | Drogön Chögyal Phagpa |
Period | 1269 –c. 1660 |
| Direction | Vertical left-to-right  |
| Languages | |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Child systems | Zanabazar's square |
Sister systems | Lepcha,Meitei,Khema,Marchen,Tamyig script |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Phag(331), Phags-pa |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Phags-pa |
| U+A840–U+A87F | |
| This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. | |
| Transliteration of Chinese |
|---|
| Mandarin |
| Wu |
| Yue |
| Min |
| Gan |
| Hakka |
| Xiang |
| Polylectal |
| See also |
| Brahmic scripts |
|---|
| TheBrahmi script and its descendants |
ThePhagspa (/ˈpɑːɡzˌpɑː/PAHGZ-PAH),[citation needed] ʼPhags-pa orḥPʻags-pa script[1] is analphabet designed by theTibetan monk and State Preceptor (laterImperial Preceptor)Drogön Chögyal Phagpa (1235–1280) forKublai Khan (r. 1264–1294), the founder of theYuan dynasty (1271–1368) in China, as a unified script for the written languages within the Yuan. The actual use of this script was limited to about a hundred years during theMongol-led Yuan dynasty, and it fell out of use with the advent of theMing dynasty.[2][3]
The script was used to write and transcribevarieties of Chinese, theTibetic languages,Mongolian, theUyghur language,Sanskrit, probablyPersian,[4][5][6] and other neighboring languages[citation needed] during the Yuan era. Forhistorical linguists, its use provides clues about changes in these languages.
Its descendant systems includeHorizontal square script, used to write Tibetan and Sanskrit. During thePax Mongolica the script even made numerous appearances inWestern medieval art.[7]
ʼPhags-pa script:ꡏꡡꡃ ꡣꡡꡙ ꡐꡜꡞmong xol ts.hi "Mongolian script";
Mongolian:дөрвөлжин үсэгdörvöljin üseg,ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ
ᠦᠰᠦᠭdörbelǰin üsüg "square script";дөрвөлжин бичигdörvöljin bichig,ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ
ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭdörbelǰin bičig "square writing";
Tibetan:ཧོར་ཡིག་གསར་པ་,Wylie:hor yig gsar pa "new Mongolian script";
Yuan dynastyChinese:蒙古新字;pinyin:měnggǔ xīnzì "new Mongolian script";國字;guózì' "national script";
ModernChinese:八思巴文;pinyin:bāsībā wén "ʼPhags-pa script";帕克斯巴;pàkèsībā;
In English, it is also written as ḥPʻags-pa, Phaspa, Paspa, Baschpah, and Pa-sse-pa.[8]
During theMongol Empire, the Mongol rulers wanted a universal script to write down the languages of the people they subjugated. TheUyghur-basedMongolian alphabet was not a perfect fit for theMiddle Mongol language, and it would have been impractical to extend it to a language with a very different phonology likeChinese.[citation needed] Therefore, during the Yuan dynasty (c. 1269), Kublai Khan asked the Tibetan monkʼPhags-pa to design a new alphabet for use by the whole empire. ʼPhags-pa extended his nativeTibetan alphabet[5] to encompass Mongol and Chinese, evidentlyCentral Plains Mandarin.[9] The resulting 38 letters have been known by several descriptive names, such as "square script", based on their shape, but today, are primarily known as the ʼPhags-pa alphabet.[citation needed]
Descending fromTibetan script, it is part of theBrahmic family of scripts, which includesDevanagari and scripts used throughoutSoutheast Asia andCentral Asia.[5] It is unique among Brahmic scripts in that it is written from top to bottom,[5] as how classical Chinese used to be written, and as theMongolian alphabet or laterManchu alphabet is still written.
It did not receive wide acceptance and was not a popular script even among the elite Mongols themselves, although it was used as an official script of the Yuan dynasty until the early 1350s,[10] when theRed Turban Rebellion started. After this, it was mainly used as a phoneticgloss for Mongols learningChinese characters. In the 20th century, it was also used as one of the scripts on Tibetan currency, as a script for Tibetan seal inscriptions from the Middle Ages up to the 20th century, and for inscriptions on the entrance doors of Tibetan monasteries.[citation needed]
Although it is an alphabet, ʼPhags-pa is written like a syllabary or abugida, with letters forming a single syllable glued or 'ligated' together.[5]
Top: Approximate values in Middle Chinese. (Values in parentheses were not used for Chinese.)
Second: Standard letter forms.
Third:Seal script forms. (A few letters, marked by hyphens, are not distinct from the preceding letter.)
Unlike the ancestral Tibetan script, all ʼPhags-pa letters are written in temporal order (that is, /CV/ is written in the orderC–V for all vowels) and in-line (that is, the vowels are not diacritics). However, vowel letters retain distinct initial forms, and short /a/ is not written except initially, making ʼPhags-pa transitional between anabugida, asyllabary, and a full alphabet. The letters of a ʼPhags-pa syllable are linked together so that they form syllabic blocks.[5]
ʼPhags-pa was written in a variety of graphic forms. The standard form (top, at right) was blocky, but a "Tibetan" form (bottom) was even more so, consisting almost entirely of straight orthogonal lines and right angles. A "seal script" form (Chinese:蒙古篆字;pinyin:měnggǔ zhuànzì; "Mongolian Seal Script"), used for imperial seals and the like, was more elaborate, withsquared sinusoidal lines and spirals.[citation needed] This ʼPhags-pa script is different from the ʼPhags-pa script, or 八思巴字 in Chinese, that shares the same name but its earliest usage can be traced back to the late 16th century, the early reign ofWanli Emperor. According to ProfessorJunast 照那斯图 of theChinese Academy of Social Sciences, the later ʼPhags-pa script is actually a seal script ofTibetan.[11]
Korean records state thatHangul was based on an "Old Seal Script" (古篆字), which may be ʼPhags-pa and a reference to its Chinese nameChinese:蒙古篆字;pinyin:měnggǔ zhuànzì (seeorigin of Hangul).[citation needed] However, it is the simpler standard form of ʼPhags-pa that is the closer graphic match to Hangul.
The following 41 are the basic ʼPhags-pa letters.
Letters 1-30 and 35-38 are base consonants. The order of Letters 1-30 is the same as the traditional order of the thirty basic letters of the Tibetan script, to which they correspond. Letters 35-38 represent sounds that do not occur in Tibetan, and are either derived from an existing Tibetan base consonant (e.g. Letters 2 and 35 are both derived from the simple Tibetan letterཁkha, but are graphically distinct from each other) or from a combination of an existing Tibetan base consonant and the semi-vowel (subjoined)ྭwa (e.g. Letter 36 is derived from the complex Tibetan letterཁྭkhwa).
As is the case with Tibetan, these letters have an inherent[a] vowel sound attached to them in non-final positions when no other vowel sign is present (e.g. the letterꡀ with no attached vowel represents the syllableka, but with an appended vowelꡞi represents the syllableꡀꡞki).
Letters 31-34 and 39 are vowels. Letters 31-34 follow the traditional order of the corresponding Tibetan vowels. Letter 39 represents a vowel quality that does not occur in Tibetan, and may be derived from the Tibetan vowel signཻai.
Unlike Tibetan, in which vowels signs may not occur in isolation but must always be attached to a base consonant to form a valid syllable, in the ʼPhags-pa script initial vowels other thanꡝa may occur without a base consonant when they are not the first element in a diphthong (e.g.ue) or a digraph (e.g.eeu andeeo). Thus in Chinese ʼPhags-pa texts the syllablesu吾wú,on刓wán ando訛é occur, and in Mongolian ʼPhags-pa texts the wordsong qo chas "boats",u su nu (gen.) "water",e du -ee "now" andi hee -een "protection" occur. These are all examples of where'o,'u,'e,'i etc. would be expected if the Tibetan model had been followed exactly. An exception to this rule is the Mongolian word'er di nis "jewels", where a single vowel sign is attached to a null base consonant. Note that the letterꡦee is never found in an initial position in any language written in the ʼPhags-pa script (for example, in Tao Zongyi's description of the Old Uighur script, he glosses all instances of Uighur𐽰e with the ʼPhags-pa letterꡦee, except for when it is found in the initial position, when he glosses it with the ʼPhags-pa letterꡠe instead).
However, initial semi-vowels, diphthongs and digraphs must be attached to the null base consonant 'A (Letter 30). So in Chinese ʼPhags-pa texts the syllables'wen元yuán,'ue危wēi and'eeu魚yú occur; and in Mongolian ʼPhags-pa texts the words'eeu lu "not" and'eeog bee.e "gave" occur. As there is no sign for the vowela, which is implicit in an initial base consonant with no attached vowel sign, then words that start with ana vowel must also use the null base consonant letterꡝ'a (e.g. Mongolian'a mi than "living beings"). In Chinese, and rarely Mongolian, another null base consonantꡖ-a may be found before initial vowels (see "Letter 23" below).
| No. | ʼPhags-pa letter | Tibetan derivation | Mongolian examples | Chinese examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ꡀ k | ཀ | Only used for words of foreign origin, such askal bu dun (gen. pl.) from Sanskritkalpa "aeon" [cf. Mongolianᠭᠠᠯᠠᠪgalab], with the single exception of the common Mongolian wordye kee "large, great" [cf. Mongolianᠶᠡᠬᠡyeke] | kiw裘qiú,kue夔kuí |
| 2 | ꡁ kh | ཁ | kheen "who" [cf. Mongolianᠬᠡᠨken] | khang康kāng,kheeu屈qū |
| 3 | ꡂ g | ག | bi chig "written document, book" [cf. Mongolianᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭbičig] | ging荊jīng,gu古gǔ |
| 4 | ꡃ ŋ | ང | deng ri "heaven" [cf. Mongolianᠲᠡᠩᠷᠢtengri] | ngiw牛niú,ngem嚴yán,ding丁dīng |
| 5 | ꡄ c | ཅ | cay柴chái,ci池chí | |
| 6 | ꡅ ch | ཆ | cha q-an "white" [cf. Mongolianᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨčaɣan] | chang昌chāng,cheeu褚chǔ |
| 7 | ꡆ j | ཇ | jil "year" [cf. Mongolianᠵᠢᠯǰil] | jim針zhēn |
| 8 | ꡇ ɲ | ཉ | nyiw鈕niǔ | |
| 9 | ꡈ t | ཏ | Mostly used in words of foreign origin, such as'er ti nis (also'er di nis) "jewels" [cf. Mongolianᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢᠰerdenis] andta layi "sea, ocean" [cf. Mongolianᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢdalai] | ten田tián,tung童tóng |
| 10 | ꡉ th | ཐ | thu thum "each, all" [cf. Mongolianᠲᠤᠲᠤᠮtutum] | thang湯tāng,thung通tōng |
| 11 | ꡊ d | ད | u ri da nu (gen.) "former, previous" [cf. Mongolianᠤᠷᠢᠳᠠurida] | dung東dōng,du都dū |
| 12 | ꡋ n | ན | ma nu "our" [cf. Mongolianᠮᠠᠨᠤmanu] | nee聶niè,nung農nóng,gon管guǎn |
| 13 | ꡌ p | པ | Only used in words of foreign origin, such aspur xan "Buddha" [cf. Mongolianᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨburqan] | pang龐páng,pay白bái |
| 14 | ꡍ ph | ཕ | phon潘pān,phu浦pǔ | |
| 15 | ꡎ b | བ | ba sa "then, still, also" [cf. Mongolianᠪᠠᠰᠠbasa] | ban班bān,been邊biān |
| 16 | ꡏ m | མ | 'a mi than "living beings" [cf. Mongolianᠠᠮᠢᠲᠠᠨamitan] | min閔mǐn,mew苗miáo,gim金jīn |
| 17 | ꡐ ts | ཙ | tsaw曹cáo,tsin秦qín | |
| 18 | ꡑ tsh | ཚ | Only used in words of foreign origin, such assha tshin "religion" | tshay蔡cài,tshiw秋qiū |
| 19 | ꡒ dz | ཛ | dzam昝zǎn,dzew焦jiāo | |
| 20 | ꡓ w | ཝ | Only used in words of foreign origin, such aswa chi ra ba ni "Vajrapāṇi" | wan萬wàn,wu武wǔ,xiw侯hóu,gaw高gāo |
| 21 | ꡔ ʒ | ཞ | zheeu茹rú,zhew饒ráo | |
| 22 | ꡕ z | ཟ | Only found in the single wordza ra "month" [cf. Mongolianᠰᠠᠷᠠsara] | zin陳chén,zeeu徐xú,zi席xí |
| 23 | ꡖ | འ | This letter is found rarely initially, e.g.-ir gee nee (dat./loc.) "people" [cf. Mongolianᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨirgen], but frequently medially between vowels where it serves to separate a syllable that starts with a vowel from a preceding syllable that ends in a vowel, e.g.er khee -ud "Christians" andq-an "emperor, khan" [cf. Mongolianᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠨqaɣan] (whereq-an is a contraction for the hypotheticalqa -an) | -an安ān,-ing應yīng,-eeu郁yù |
| 24 | ꡗ j | ཡ | na yan "eighty" [cf. Mongolianᠨᠠᠶᠠᠨnayan] | yi伊yī,yang羊yáng,day戴dài,hyay解xiè |
| 25 | ꡘ r | ར | chee rig "army" [cf. Mongolianᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭčerig] | |
| 26 | ꡙ l | ལ | al ba "tax, tribute" [cf. Mongolianᠠᠯᠪᠠalba] | leeu呂lǚ,lim林lín |
| 27 | ꡚ ʃ | ཤ | shi nee "new" [cf. Mongolianᠱᠢᠨᠡšine] | shi石shí,shwang雙shuāng |
| 28 | ꡛ s | ས | hee chus "end, goal" [cf. Mongolianᠡᠴᠦᠰečüs] | su蘇sū,syang相xiàng |
| 29 | ꡜ h | ཧ | Initially in words that now have null initials, such ashar ban "ten" [cf. Mongolianᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨarban], and medially only in the single word-i hee -een (or-i h-een) "protector, guardian" | hwa花huā,sh.hi史shǐ,l.hing冷lěng,j.hang莊zhuāng |
| 30 | ꡝ ʔ | ཨ | 'eeu lu "not" [cf. Mongolianᠦᠯᠦülü] | 'wang王wáng,'eeu虞yú |
| 31 | ꡞ i | ི | -i hee -een (or-i h-een) "protection" | li李lǐ,n.hing能néng,heei奚xī |
| 32 | ꡟ u | ུ | u su nu (gen.) "water" [cf. Mongolianᠤᠰᠤᠨusun] | u吳wú,mue梅méi |
| 33 | ꡠ e | ེ | e du -ee "now" [cf. Mongolianᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡedüge] | ze謝xiè,jem詹zhān,gue國guó |
| 34 | ꡡ o | ོ | ong qo chas "boats" [cf. Mongolianᠣᠩᠭᠣᠴᠠᠰongɣočas] | no那nā,mon滿mǎn |
| 35 | ꡢ q | ཁ | qa muq "all" [cf. Mongolianᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭqamuɣ] | |
| 36 | ꡣ x | ཁྭ | Only used in words of foreign origin, such aspur xan "Buddha" [cf. Mongolianᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨburqan] | xu胡hú,xong黃huáng |
| 37 | ꡤ f | ཧྭ | fang方fāng,fi費fèi | |
| 38 | ꡥ | ག | ||
| 39 | ꡦ iː | ཻ | el deeb "various" [cf. Mongolianᠡᠯᠳᠡᠪeldeb] (Poppe reads this word aseel deeb, as the only example of an initialꡦee) | chee車chē,seeu胥xū,geeing經jīng |
| 40 | ꡧ w | ྭ | xway懷huái,jwaw卓zhuō,gwang廣guǎng | |
| 41 | ꡨ j | ྱ | hya夏xià,gya家jiā,dzyang蔣jiǎng |
| No. | ʼPhags-pa letter | Tibetan derivation | Sanskrit or Tibetan Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| 42 | ꡩ tt | ཊ | sha tt-a pa ... i ta (Sanskritṣaṭ pāramitā) [Ill.3 Line 6] |
| 43 | ꡪ tth | ཋ | pra tish tthi te (Sanskritpratiṣṭhite) [Ill.3 Line 8](TTHA plus unreversed I) dhish tthi te (Sanskritdhiṣṭhite) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 16](TTHA plus reversed I)nish tthe (Sanskritniṣṭhe) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 10](TTHA plus reversed E) |
| 44 | ꡫ dd | ཌ | dann dde (Sanskritdaṇḍaya) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 14] '-a kad ddha ya (Sanskritākaḍḍhaya) [Ill.4 Line 7](DDA plus reversed HA) |
| 45 | ꡬ nn | ཎ | sb-a ra nna (Sanskritspharaṇa) [Ill.3 Line 3] ush nni ... (Sanskrituṣṇīṣa) [Ill.3 Line 6](NNA plus reversed I)kshu nnu (Sanskritkṣuṇu) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 2](NNA plus reversed U) ha ra nne (Sanskritharaṇe) [Ill.4 Line 5](NNA plus reversed E)pu nn.ya (Sanskritpuṇya) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 13](NNA plus reversed subjoined Y) |
| 46 | ꡱ r | ྲ | bh-ru^ (Sanskritbhrūṁ) [Ill.3 Line 2] mu dre (Sanskritmudre) [Ill.3 Line 9]ba dzra (Sanskritvajra) [Ill.3 Line 9] bkra shis (Tibetanbkra-shis "prosperity, good fortune") [Ill.5] |
| 47 | ꡲ r | ར | sangs rgyas (Tibetansangs-rgyas "Buddha") [Ill.6] |
| 48 | ꡳ ^ | ྃ | o^ bh-ru^ bh-ru^ (Sanskritoṁ bhrūṁ bhrūṁ) [Ill.3 Line 2] sa^ ha ... (Sanskritsaṁhatana) [Ill.3 Line 9] |
Following are the initials of the ʼPhags-pa script as presented inMenggu Ziyun. They are ordered according to the Chinese philological tradition of the 36 initials.[citation needed]
| No. | Name | Phonetic value | ʼPhags-pa letter | ʼPhags-pa Initial | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 見jiàn | *[k] | ꡂ | g- | |
| 2 | 溪qī | *[kʰ] | ꡁ | kh- | |
| 3 | 群qún | *[ɡ] | ꡀ | k- | |
| 4 | 疑yí | *[ŋ] | ꡃ | ng- | |
| 5 | 端duān | *[t] | ꡊ | d- | |
| 6 | 透tòu | *[tʰ] | ꡉ | th- | |
| 7 | 定dìng | *[d] | ꡈ | t- | |
| 8 | 泥ní | *[n] | ꡋ | n- | |
| 9 | 知zhī | *[ʈ] | ꡆ | j- | |
| 10 | 徹chè | *[ʈʰ] | ꡅ | ch- | |
| 11 | 澄chéng | *[ɖ] | ꡄ | c- | |
| 12 | 娘niáng | *[ɳ] | ꡇ | ny- | |
| 13 | 幫bāng | *[p] | ꡎ | b- | |
| 14 | 滂pāng | *[pʰ] | ꡍ | ph- | |
| 15 | 並bìng | *[b] | ꡌ | p- | |
| 16 | 明míng | *[m] | ꡏ | m- | |
| 17 | 非fēi | *[p̪] | ꡤ | f- | Normal form of the letterfa |
| 18 | 敷fū | *[p̪ʰ] | ꡰ | f¹- | Variant form of the letterfa |
| 19 | 奉fèng | *[b̪] | ꡤ | f- | Normal form of the letterfa |
| 20 | 微wēi | *[ɱ] | ꡓ | w- | Represents[v] |
| 21 | 精jīng | *[ts] | ꡒ | dz- | |
| 22 | 清qīng | *[tsʰ] | ꡑ | tsh- | |
| 23 | 從cóng | *[dz] | ꡐ | ts- | |
| 24 | 心xīn | *[s] | ꡛ | s- | |
| 25 | 邪xié | *[z] | ꡕ | z- | |
| 26 | 照zhào | *[tɕ] | ꡆ | j- | |
| 27 | 穿chuān | *[tɕʰ] | ꡅ | ch- | |
| 28 | 床chuáng | *[dʑ] | ꡄ | c- | |
| 29 | 審shěn | *[ɕ] | ꡮ | sh¹- | Variant form of the lettersha |
| 30 | 禪chán | *[ʑ] | ꡚ | sh- | Normal form of the lettersha |
| 31 | 曉xiǎo | *[x] | ꡜ | h- | Normal form of the letterha |
| 32 | 匣xiá | *[ɣ] | ꡣ | x- | |
| ꡯ | h¹- | Variant form of the letterha | |||
| 33 | 影yǐng | *[ʔ] | ꡖ | ʼ- | glottal stop |
| ꡗ | y- | Normal form of the letterya | |||
| 34 | 喻yù | *[j] | ꡝ | - | null initial |
| ꡭ | y¹- | Variant form of the letterya | |||
| 35 | 來lái | *[l] | ꡙ | l- | |
| 36 | 日rì | *[ɲ] | ꡔ | zh- |
TheShilin Guangji used Phagspa to annotate Chinese text, serving as a precursor to modernpinyin. The following are the Phagspa transcriptions of a section of theHundred Family Surnames in the Shilin Guangji. For example, the name Jin (金), meaning gold, is written asꡂꡞꡏgim.[12]
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ʼPhags-pa Spelling | ꡄꡠꡓcew | ꡒꡠꡋdzen | ꡛꡟꡋsun | ꡙꡞli | ꡆꡞꡓjiw | ꡟu | ꡄꡞꡃcing | ꡝꡧꡃ'wang | ꡤꡟꡃfung | ꡄꡞꡋcin |
| Chinese Character | 趙zhào | 錢qián | 孫sūn | 李lǐ | 周zhōu | 吳wú | 鄭zhèng | 王wáng | 馮féng | 陳chén |
ʼPhags-pa script was added to theUnicode Standard in July 2006 with the release of version 5.0.
The Unicode block for ʼPhags-pa is U+A840–U+A877:[citation needed]
| Phags-pa[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+A84x | ꡀ | ꡁ | ꡂ | ꡃ | ꡄ | ꡅ | ꡆ | ꡇ | ꡈ | ꡉ | ꡊ | ꡋ | ꡌ | ꡍ | ꡎ | ꡏ |
| U+A85x | ꡐ | ꡑ | ꡒ | ꡓ | ꡔ | ꡕ | ꡖ | ꡗ | ꡘ | ꡙ | ꡚ | ꡛ | ꡜ | ꡝ | ꡞ | ꡟ |
| U+A86x | ꡠ | ꡡ | ꡢ | ꡣ | ꡤ | ꡥ | ꡦ | ꡧ | ꡨ | ꡩ | ꡪ | ꡫ | ꡬ | ꡭ | ꡮ | ꡯ |
| U+A87x | ꡰ | ꡱ | ꡲ | ꡳ | ꡴ | ꡵ | ꡶ | ꡷ | ||||||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
U+A856ꡖPHAGS-PA LETTER SMALL A is transliterated usingU+A78F ꞏLATIN LETTER SINOLOGICAL DOT from theLatin Extended-D Unicode block.[13]
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