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- construct a UFS file system
newfs [-NSBTv] [mkfs-options]raw-device
newfs is a friendly front-end to themkfs(1M) program for making UFSfile systems on disk partitions.newfs calculates the appropriate parameters to use andcallsmkfs.
If run interactively (that is, standard input is a tty),newfs promptsfor confirmation before making the file system.
If the-N option is not specified and the inodes of thedevice are not randomized,newfs callsfsirand(1M).
You must be super-user or have appropriate write privileges to use thiscommand.
Keep the following limitations in mind when creating a multiterabyte UFS filesystem:
nbpi is set to 1 Mbyte unless you specifically set it higher. You cannot setnbpi lower than 1 Mbyte on a multiterabyte UFS file system.
fragsize is set equal tobsize.
The following options are supported:
Print out the file system parameters that would be used to create the file system without actually creating the file system.fsirand(1M) is not called here.
Sends to stdout a human-readable version of the superblock that would be used to create a filesystem with the specified configuration parameters.
Sends to stdout a binary (machine-readable) version of the superblock that would be used to create a filesystem with the specified configuration parameters.
Set the parameters of the file system to allow eventual growth to over a terabyte in total file system size. This option setsfragsize to be the same asbsize, and setsnbpi to 1 Mbyte, unless the-i option is used to make it even larger. If you use the-f or-i options to specify afragsize ornbpi that is incompatible with this option, the user-supplied value offragsize ornbpi is ignored.
Verbose.newfs prints out its actions, including the parameters passed tomkfs.
Options that override the default parameters are:
The number of alternate sectors per cylinder to reserve for bad block replacement for SCSI devices only. The default is0.
This option is not applicable for disks with EFI labels and is ignored.
The logical block size of the file system in bytes, either 4096 or 8192. The default is8192. The sun4u architecture does not support the4096 block size.
The number of cylinders per cylinder group, ranging from16 to256. The default is calculated by dividing the number of sectors in the file system by the number of sectors in a gigabyte. Then, the result is multiplied by32. The default value is always between16 and256.
mkfs can override this value. Seemkfs_ufs(1M) for details.
This option is not applicable for disks with EFI labels and is ignored.
The maximum number of logical blocks, belonging to one file, that are allocated contiguously. The default is calculated as follows:
maxcontig =disk drive maximum transfer size / disk block size
If the disk drive's maximum transfer size cannot be determined, the default value formaxcontig is calculated from kernel parameters as follows:
Ifmaxphys is less thanufs_maxmaxphys, which is typically 1 Mbyte, thenmaxcontig is set tomaxphys. Otherwise,maxcontig is set toufs_maxmaxphys.
You can setmaxcontig to any positive integer value.
The actual value will be the lesser of what has been specified and what the hardware supports.
You can subsequently change this parameter by usingtunefs(1M).
Rotational delay. This option is obsolete in the Solaris 10 release. The value is always set to0, regardless of the input value.
The smallest amount of disk space in bytes that can be allocated to a file.fragsize must be a power of 2 divisor ofbsize, where:
bsize /fragsize is 1, 2, 4, or 8.
This means that if the logical block size is4096, legal values forfragsize are512,1024,2048, and4096. When the logical block size is8192, legal values are1024,2048,4096, and8192. The default value is1024.
For file systems greater than 1 terabyte or for file systems created with the-T option,fragsize is forced to match block size (bsize).
The number of bytes per inode, which specifies the density of inodes in the file system. The number is divided into the total size of the file system to determine the number of inodes to create.
This value should reflect the expected average size of files in the file system. If fewer inodes are desired, a larger number should be used. To create more inodes, a smaller number should be given. The default fornbpi is as follows:
Disk size DensityLess than 1GB 2048Less than 2GB 4096Less than 3GB 61443GB to 1 Tbyte 8192Greater than 1 Tbyte or created with -T 1048576
The number of inodes can increase if the file system is expanded with thegrowfs command.
The minimum percentage of free space to maintain in the file system, between 0% and 99%, inclusively. This space is off-limits to users. Once the file system is filled to this threshold, only the super-user can continue writing to the file system.
The default is ((64 Mbytes/partition size) * 100), rounded down to the nearest integer and limited between 1% and 10%, inclusively.
This parameter can be subsequently changed using thetunefs(1M) command.
The number of different rotational positions in which to divide a cylinder group. The default is8.
This option is not applicable for disks with EFI labels and is ignored.
The file system can either be instructed to try to minimize thetime spent allocating blocks, or to try to minimize thespace fragmentation on the disk. The default istime.
This parameter can subsequently be changed with thetunefs(1M) command.
The rotational speed of the disk in revolutions per minute. The default is driver- or device-specific.
Note that you specifyrpm fornewfs andrps formkfs.
This option is not applicable for disks with EFI labels and is ignored.
The size of the file system in sectors. The default is to use the entire partition.
The number of tracks per cylinder on the disk. The default is taken from the disk label.
This option is not applicable for disks with EFI labels and is ignored.
The following operands are supported:
The name of a raw special device residing in the/dev directory (for example,/dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6) on which to create the file system.
Seelargefile(5) for the description of the behavior ofnewfs when encounteringfiles greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 231 bytes).
Example 1 Displaying the Parameters for the Raw Special Device
The following example verbosely displays the parameters for the raw special device,c0t0d0s6. It does not actually create a new file system:
example# newfs-Nv /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6mkfs-F ufs-o N /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6 1112940 54 15 8192 1024 16 10 602048 t 0 -1 8 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6: 1112940 sectors in1374 cylinders of 15 tracks, 54 sectors 569.8MB in 86 cylgroups (16 c/g, 6.64MB/g, 3072 i/g) super-block backups(for fsck-b #) at:32, 13056, 26080, 39104, 52128, 65152, 78176, 91200, 104224, . . .
Example 2 Creating a UFS File System That Will Eventually Be Grown to a Multiterabyte UFS File System
The following example creates a UFS file system that will eventually begrown to a multiterabyte UFS file system.
This command creates a 800-Gbyte file system on the volume,/dev/md/rdsk/d99.
# newfs -T /dev/md/rdsk/d99newfs: construct a new file system /dev/md/rdsk/d99: (y/n)? y /dev/md/rdsk/d99: 1677754368 sectors in 45512 cylinders of 144 tracks, 256 sectors 819216.0MB in 1821 cyl groups (25 c/g, 450.00MB/g, 448 i/g) . . .
Then, if you increase the volume size for this file system, youcan use thegrowfs command to expand the file system. The filesystem is grown to 1.2 terabytes in this example:
# growfs -v /dev/md/rdsk/d99/usr/lib/fs/ufs/mkfs -G /dev/md/rdsk/d99 2516631552 /dev/md/rdsk/d99: 2516631552 sectors in 68268 cylinders of 144 tracks, 256 sectors 1228824.0MB in 2731 cyl groups (25 c/g, 450.00MB/g, 448 i/g). . .
The following exit values are returned:
The operation was successful.
Usage error or internal error. A message is output toSTDERR explaining the error.
Other exit values may be returned bymkfs(1M), which is called bynewfs.
Seeattributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
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fsck(1M),fsck_ufs(1M),fsirand(1M),mkfs(1M),mkfs_ufs(1M),tunefs(1M),attributes(5),largefile(5),ufs(7FS)
The device specified does not exist, or a disk partition was not specified.
You must write access to the device to use this command.
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