| dbo:abstract | - فقدان السمع المهني (OHL) هو فقدان السمع الذي يحدث نتيجة للمخاطر المهنية مثل الضوضاء المفرطة والمواد الكيميائية السامة للأذن. تعد الضوضاء من المخاطر الشائعة في مكان العمل، ومعترف بها كعامل خطر لفقدان السمع الناجم عن الضوضاء وطنين الأذن، ولكنها ليست عامل الخطر الوحيد الذي يمكن أن يؤدي إلى فقدان السمع المرتبط بالعمل. أيضًا، يمكن أن ينتج فقدان السمع الناجم عن الضوضاء عن المتعرضات التي لا تقتصر على البيئة المهنية. يعد فقدان السمع المهني مصدر قلق مهني سائد في بيئات العمل المختلفة في جميع أنحاء العالم. حيث ان في الولايات المتحدة تعمل منظمات مثل إدارة السلامة والصحة المهنية (OSHA) والمعهد الوطني للسلامة والصحة المهنية (NIOSH) وإدارة السلامة والصحة في المناجم (MSHA) مع أصحاب العمل والعاملين لتقليل السمع المهني أو القضاء عليه. من خلال التسلسل الهرمي لضوابط المخاطر. يعد OHL أحد أكثر الأمراض المرتبطة بالعمل شيوعًا في الولايات المتحدة. تشمل مخاطر السمع المهنية الضوضاء الصناعية، والتعرض للمواد الكيميائية السامة للأذن. قد يتسبب التعرض المشترك لكل من الضوضاء الصناعية والمواد الكيميائية السامة للأذن في حدوث ضرر أكبر مما قد يسببه أي منهما بمعزل عن الآخر. كما ان لم يتم اختبار العديد من المواد الكيميائية التي تسبب بالتسمم الأذني، لذلك قد توجد تهديدات غير معروفة. وجدت دراسة أجراها المعهد الوطني للسلامة والصحة المهنية (NIOSH) عام 2016 أن قطاع التعدين لديه أعلى نسبة انتشار لضعف السمع بنسبة 17٪، يليه قطاع البناء (16٪) وقطاع التصنيع (14٪). سجل قطاع السلامة العامة أدنى معدل لضعف السمع، بنسبة 7٪. بشكل عام، تُظهر سجلات قياس السمع أن حوالي 33٪ من البالغين في سن العمل ولديهم تاريخ من التعرض للضوضاء المهنية لديهم دليل على تلف السمع الناجم عن الضوضاء، و16٪ من العمال المعرضين للضوضاء يعانون من ضعف سمعي ملموس. يمكن أن تعمل جميع معدات الحماية الشخصية والضوابط الإدارية والضوابط الهندسية على تقليل التعرض للضوضاء والمواد الكيميائية، إما عن طريق توفير الحماية للعامل مثل سدادات الأذن، أوعن طريق تقليل الضوضاء أو المواد الكيميائية في المصدر أو الحد من وقت أو مستوى التعرض. (ar)
- Occupational hearing loss (OHL) is hearing loss that occurs as a result of occupational hazards, such as excessive noise and ototoxic chemicals. Noise is a common workplace hazard, and recognized as the risk factor for noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitus but it is not the only risk factor that can result in a work-related hearing loss. Also, noise-induced hearing loss can result from exposures that are not restricted to the occupational setting. OHL is a prevalent occupational concern in various work environments worldwide. In the United States, organizations such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) work with employers and workers to reduce or eliminate occupational hearing hazards through a hierarchy of hazard controls. OHL is one of the most common work-related illness in the United States. Occupational hearing hazards include industrial noise, and exposure to various ototoxic chemicals. Combined exposure to both industrial noise and ototoxic chemicals may cause more damage than either one would in isolation. Many chemicals have not been tested for ototoxicity, so unknown threats may exist. A 2016 study by NIOSH found that the mining sector had the highest prevalence of hearing impairment at 17%, followed by the construction sector (16%) and the manufacturing sector (14%). The public safety sector had the lowest rate of hearing impairment, at 7%. Overall, audiometric records show that about 33% of working-age adults with a history of occupational noise exposure have evidence of noise-induced hearing damage, and 16% of noise-exposed workers have material hearing impairment. In the service sector the prevalence of hearing loss was 17% compared to 16% for all industries combined. Several sub-sectors however exceeded the overall prevalence (10-33% higher) and/or had adjusted risks significantly higher than the reference industry. Workers in Administration of Urban Planning and Community and Rural Development had the highest prevalence (50%), and workers in Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators had more than double the risk, the highest of any sub-sector. Some sub-sectors traditionally viewed as "low-risk" such as Real Estate and Rental and Leasing, and financial sub-sectors (Credit Unions, Call centers), and also had high prevalences and risks. Personal protective equipment, administrative controls, and engineering controls can all work to reduce exposure to noise and chemicals, either by providing the worker with protection such as earplugs, or by reducing the noise or chemicals at the source or limiting the time or level of exposure. (en)
- Perda auditiva ocupacional (PAO) é a perda auditiva que ocorre como resultado de acidentes de trabalho. A PAO atinge uma ou ambas as orelhas, ocorre em virtude de riscos existentes no ambiente de trabalho e é considerada um grande problema, mas que pode ser prevenido. Organizações como a Administração de Segurança e Saúde Ocupacional (Occupational Safety and Health Administration - OSHA) e o Instituto Nacional para Segurança e Saúde Ocupacional (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - NIOSH) trabalham com empregadores e trabalhadores para reduzir ou eliminar completamente os perigos para a audição. A perda auditiva ocupacional é uma das doenças relacionadas ao trabalho mais comuns nos Estados Unidos. Riscos para a audição de trabalhadores incluem o ruído industrial e a exposição a produtos químicos ototóxicos. Estas exposições também podem interagir causando mais danos com a associação do que qualquer uma delas causaria por si só. Muitos produtos químicos não foram testados para a ototoxicidade, deste modo, ameaças desconhecidas podem existir. Um estudo feito pelo NIOSH em 2016 descobriu que o setor da mineração teve a maior prevalência de deficiência auditiva (17%), seguido pelo setor de construção (16%) e o setor de manufatura (14%). O setor de segurança pública teve a porcentagem mais baixa de deficiência auditiva (7%). A perda auditiva induzida por ruído (PAIR) é a modalidade de perda auditiva ocupacional decorrente da exposição ao fator de risco ruído e é considerada a mais prevalente. A PAIR geralmente afeta a sensibilidade auditiva de uma pessoa nas frequências mais altas, especialmente em 4000 Hz. A PAIR é caracterizada por uma perda sensorioneural, especialmente nas altas frequências, com configuração audiométrica entalhe, pior na frequência de 4000 Hz, embora o entalhe também ocorra frequentemente em 3000 ou 6000 Hz". Os sintomas da PAIR são geralmente apresentados igualmente em ambas as orelhas. Ela é caracterizada por ser de progressão gradual conforme o tempo de exposição ao ruído e por ser irreversível. Assim, a única forma de evitá-la é por medidas preventivas. Equipamentos de proteção individual, controles administrativos e controles de engenharia podem ajudar a reduzir a exposição ao ruído e a produtos químicos. Empresas devem fornecer ao trabalhador equipamentos de proteção, como protetores auriculares, ou redução do ruído na fonte, ou limitar o tempo ou o nível de exposição ao ruído. (pt)
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