| dbo:abstract | - James Ashley (1958 – 15 January 1998) was a British man shot dead by police at his flat in St Leonards-on-Sea, East Sussex, on 15 January 1998, while unarmed and naked. Armed officers had been sent to raid the flat based on reports that Ashley kept a firearm and a quantity of cocaine there, and to arrest Ashley and another man in connection with a stabbing. No firearm or significant quantity of drugs was found, the other man was not present, and it later emerged that Ashley was not implicated in the stabbing. Ashley, likely woken by the noise of the raid, was out of bed when an officer entered his bedroom. On seeing the officer, Ashley raised one arm and the officer reacted by firing a single shot. Later that morning Sussex Police's chief constable, Paul Whitehouse, held a press conference in which he praised the conduct of the operation. Two inquiries were held by outside forces under the auspices of the Police Complaints Authority (PCA), both of which strongly criticised the raid. The first found that the use of armed officers breached national guidelines, that the raid team had been inadequately trained, and that the officers in charge of it had received no training for their roles and had misrepresented intelligence in order to gain authorisation for the operation. The second inquiry accused Whitehouse, Deputy Chief Constable Mark Jordan, and Sussex's two assistant chief constables of colluding to obstruct the first. It suggested that Whitehouse knowingly gave false statements in his press conference, and recommended criminal charges against three of the four. The officer who shot Ashley was charged with murder in 2001 but acquitted on the grounds of self-defence. The officers who led the operation were charged with misconduct in public office and were also acquitted. No criminal charges were brought against the chief officers, but Jordan and Whitehouse both faced disciplinary proceedings. Jordan was suspended and allowed to retire in 2001. Whitehouse resigned in the same year under pressure from the Home Secretary, David Blunkett. His successor publicly apologised to Ashley's family in 2003. Ashley's father and son sued the police for negligence and battery, in Ashley v Chief Constable of Sussex Police. The police offered to settle all damages under the action for negligence and the other claims were struck out at the High Court, which the family appealed. The case reached the House of Lords (then the United Kingdom's highest court), where the appeal was successful. The lords confirmed that the threshold for a plea of self-defence in a civil case was higher than in a criminal one and that it was for the litigants, not the judge, to decide which causes of action to pursue, even where no further damages were available. Ashley's death has been compared to other mistaken police shootings, including those of Stephen Waldorf, John Shorthouse, Harry Stanley, and Jean Charles de Menezes. It was one of the cases considered in a 2003 report by the PCA which recommended stronger control of armed operations and equipping armed officers with non-lethal alternatives such as tasers. (en)
- James Ashley foi um homem inglês de 39 anos morto pela polícia armada estando nu e desarmado, durante uma rusga ao seu apartamento em Sussex em 1998. Ashley e vários outros residentes do apartamento eram suspeitos de negócios de droga a grande escala. Tendo estado anteriormente preso durante 2 anos sob acusações de , Ashley tinha estado envolvido num esfaqueamento num pub alguns meses antes, quando um amigo seu atacou outra pessoa antes de Ashley o ter segurado. Uma busca nas redondezas mais tarde resultou numa pequena quantidade de cannabis. (pt)
- 1998年1月15日，英国東薩塞克斯郡男子詹姆斯·阿什利在自家公寓被警察枪杀，当时他身无寸缕且手无寸铁。警方接到线报称阿什利公寓内藏有枪支和相当数量的可卡因，还有另一名涉嫌利器伤人的男子。阿什利被杀后，警方未能在他公寓搜出枪支和大量毒品，传说中的伤人男子也不在。估计警察突袭时的响动吵醒阿什利，正起床的他看到警察冲进卧室后抬起手臂，警察马上开枪。局长保罗·怀特豪斯当天上午举行新闻发布会称赞警方行动。 英国警察投诉管理局主持两次外部调查，结果都严厉批评警察突袭行动。第一次调查认为，此次动用武装警察突袭有违国家指导方针，突击队训练不足，行动负责警官也没有接受过指导此类行动的培训，而且存在为获授权歪曲情报的行径。第二次调查进一步指控怀特豪斯、副局长马克·乔丹，以及两名助理局长相互勾结企图阻挠第一次调查。调查报告认为，怀特豪斯蓄意在记者招待会发布虚假信息；报告建议起诉四名局长中的三人。枪杀阿什利的警员2001年受谋杀罪起诉，但以自卫辩护成功，法庭裁定罪名不成立。负责突袭行动的警察受公職人員行為失當罪起诉，法庭同样认定罪名不成立。几名局长虽未受刑事起诉，但乔丹和怀特豪斯都面临纪律处分。乔丹停职并获许在2001年退休，怀特豪斯同年在内政大臣戴维·布兰克特的压力下辞职。2003年，东萨塞克斯郡警察局新任局长公开向阿什利的家人道歉。 阿什利的父亲和儿子在阿什利诉萨塞克斯郡警察局局长案中向高等法院起诉警方過失和人身侵犯，警方表示愿意赔偿过失罪造成的一切损失及其他索赔要求，法院驳回案件后阿什利的家人上诉。最终英国上议院（当时英国的最高法院）裁定原告胜诉，上议院议员认定，民事案件中的自卫辩护门槛高于刑事案件，即便没有造成进一步损失，也应由诉讼当事人而非法官来决定以何理由起诉。 媒体将阿什利之死与其他警方失误枪击致死案对比，如、约翰·肖特豪斯、和琼·查尔斯·德梅内塞斯。2003年，警察投诉管理局发布报告建议加大武警行动授权控制力度，并为武警配置泰瑟之类通常不致命的武器，报告中援引的例证就包括阿什利之死。 (zh)
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| dbp:alt | - Headshot of James Ashley (en)
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| dbp:caption | - Family photograph of James Ashley (en)
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| dbp:deathPlace | - St Leonards-on-Sea, East Sussex, England (en)
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| dbp:name | - James Ashley (en)
- Ashley v Chief Constable of Sussex Police (en)
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| rdfs:comment | - James Ashley foi um homem inglês de 39 anos morto pela polícia armada estando nu e desarmado, durante uma rusga ao seu apartamento em Sussex em 1998. Ashley e vários outros residentes do apartamento eram suspeitos de negócios de droga a grande escala. Tendo estado anteriormente preso durante 2 anos sob acusações de , Ashley tinha estado envolvido num esfaqueamento num pub alguns meses antes, quando um amigo seu atacou outra pessoa antes de Ashley o ter segurado. Uma busca nas redondezas mais tarde resultou numa pequena quantidade de cannabis. (pt)
- James Ashley (1958 – 15 January 1998) was a British man shot dead by police at his flat in St Leonards-on-Sea, East Sussex, on 15 January 1998, while unarmed and naked. Armed officers had been sent to raid the flat based on reports that Ashley kept a firearm and a quantity of cocaine there, and to arrest Ashley and another man in connection with a stabbing. No firearm or significant quantity of drugs was found, the other man was not present, and it later emerged that Ashley was not implicated in the stabbing. Ashley, likely woken by the noise of the raid, was out of bed when an officer entered his bedroom. On seeing the officer, Ashley raised one arm and the officer reacted by firing a single shot. Later that morning Sussex Police's chief constable, Paul Whitehouse, held a press conference (en)
- 1998年1月15日，英国東薩塞克斯郡男子詹姆斯·阿什利在自家公寓被警察枪杀，当时他身无寸缕且手无寸铁。警方接到线报称阿什利公寓内藏有枪支和相当数量的可卡因，还有另一名涉嫌利器伤人的男子。阿什利被杀后，警方未能在他公寓搜出枪支和大量毒品，传说中的伤人男子也不在。估计警察突袭时的响动吵醒阿什利，正起床的他看到警察冲进卧室后抬起手臂，警察马上开枪。局长保罗·怀特豪斯当天上午举行新闻发布会称赞警方行动。 英国警察投诉管理局主持两次外部调查，结果都严厉批评警察突袭行动。第一次调查认为，此次动用武装警察突袭有违国家指导方针，突击队训练不足，行动负责警官也没有接受过指导此类行动的培训，而且存在为获授权歪曲情报的行径。第二次调查进一步指控怀特豪斯、副局长马克·乔丹，以及两名助理局长相互勾结企图阻挠第一次调查。调查报告认为，怀特豪斯蓄意在记者招待会发布虚假信息；报告建议起诉四名局长中的三人。枪杀阿什利的警员2001年受谋杀罪起诉，但以自卫辩护成功，法庭裁定罪名不成立。负责突袭行动的警察受公職人員行為失當罪起诉，法庭同样认定罪名不成立。几名局长虽未受刑事起诉，但乔丹和怀特豪斯都面临纪律处分。乔丹停职并获许在2001年退休，怀特豪斯同年在内政大臣戴维·布兰克特的压力下辞职。2003年，东萨塞克斯郡警察局新任局长公开向阿什利的家人道歉。 (zh)
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| rdfs:label | - Shooting of James Ashley (en)
- Morte de James Ashley (pt)
- 詹姆斯·阿什利之死 (zh)
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