The package provides methods for predicting flight range of birdsbased on their physiological characteristics. This is an Rimplementation of Flight program provided by Pennycuick.
Install the development version fromGitHub with:
# install.packages("devtools")devtools::install_github("BMasinde/flight")library(flying)#> Welcome to package flying## basic example code## birds comes with the packagedata("birds")simulation<-migrate(data = birds,method ="cmm",settings =list(airDensity =0.905))simulation$range#> Anser anser Hydrobates pelagicus Pachyptila desolata#> 3099.512 2711.612 3728.924#> Regulus regulus Calidris canutus Aegypius monachus#> 1134.909 3845.427 3523.496#> Limosa lapponica Anas crecca Hirundo rustica#> 11488.486 3406.054 2987.473#> Cygnus cygnus Sylvia borin Luscinia luscinia#> 3097.141 2281.368 1892.490#> Corvus monedula Anas penelope Fregata magnificens#> 2051.622 5206.999 9954.016#> Larus ridibundus Diomedea exulans Phalacrocorax carbo#> 5359.893 5519.687 2613.821#> Gyps rueppellii Torgos tracheliotus Ardeotis kori#> 6443.840 5800.438 3918.554#> Sturnus vulgaris Fringilla coelebs Carduelis spinus#> 3603.239 2420.191 2262.704#> Turdus philomelos Calidris tenuirostris Buteo swainsoni M#> 2712.934 5689.756 5102.483#> Buteo swainsoni F#> 6459.878The function also returns the mechanical and chemical power duringthe simulation
This function estimates the range based on Pennycuick (1975)Mechanics of Flight where Breguet set of equations are used.
## when estimating range of a single birdbirds_range<-flysim(data = birds,settings =list(airDensity =0.905))birds_range$range#> Anser anser Hydrobates pelagicus Pachyptila desolata#> 3193.8 3252.9 4192.0#> Regulus regulus Calidris canutus Aegypius monachus#> 1521.6 4240.6 3951.6#> Limosa lapponica Anas crecca Hirundo rustica#> 11209.3 3797.8 3898.0#> Cygnus cygnus Sylvia borin Luscinia luscinia#> 3296.0 2801.7 2301.9#> Corvus monedula Anas penelope Fregata magnificens#> 2452.7 5428.0 10527.4#> Larus ridibundus Diomedea exulans Phalacrocorax carbo#> 6113.1 5436.8 2918.8#> Gyps rueppellii Torgos tracheliotus Ardeotis kori#> 6808.3 6334.7 4211.5#> Sturnus vulgaris Fringilla coelebs Carduelis spinus#> 4197.4 3036.6 2926.6#> Turdus philomelos Calidris tenuirostris Buteo swainsoni M#> 3243.8 6053.5 5671.6#> Buteo swainsoni F#> 6994.8birds definitions pulled from Flight program in-builtdatasets and fat mass randomly generated where initially zero. Inaddition, by default muscle mass was derived as 0.17 fraction of theall-up mass. Users’s data should have columns named appropriately. Thepackage looks for columns namedid, name or species.name,bodymass or allupmass,wingspan, ws,wingarea,ordo, order (which is a factored column withlevels 1 or 2 passerines and non-passerines respectively)fatmass,fat.mass, fat_mass and lastlymuscle_mass.
birds#> Scientific.name Empty.mass Wing.span Fat.mass Order Wing.area#> 1 Anser anser 3.77000 1.600 0.84641 2 0.33100#> 2 Hydrobates pelagicus 0.02580 0.355 0.00591 2 0.01610#> 3 Pachyptila desolata 0.15500 0.637 0.03886 2 0.04710#> 4 Regulus regulus 0.00542 0.156 0.00112 1 0.00525#> 5 Calidris canutus 0.12700 0.538 0.03500 2 0.03320#> 6 Aegypius monachus 9.90000 3.040 2.02565 2 1.40000#> 7 Limosa lapponica 0.36700 0.748 0.20112 2 0.05680#> 8 Anas crecca 0.23500 0.582 0.06562 2 0.04580#> 9 Hirundo rustica 0.01900 0.318 0.00570 1 0.01320#> 10 Cygnus cygnus 12.50000 2.560 2.50000 2 0.75600#> 11 Sylvia borin 0.02200 0.240 0.00660 1 0.01100#> 12 Luscinia luscinia 0.02700 0.263 0.00675 1 0.01300#> 13 Corvus monedula 0.18100 0.600 0.03620 1 0.06180#> 14 Anas penelope 0.77000 0.822 0.28607 2 0.08290#> 15 Fregata magnificens 1.67000 2.140 0.55799 2 0.37200#> 16 Larus ridibundus 0.28500 0.967 0.07881 2 0.09920#> 17 Diomedea exulans 9.57000 3.060 2.12836 2 0.64400#> 18 Phalacrocorax carbo 2.56000 1.350 0.50768 2 0.22400#> 19 Gyps rueppellii 7.30000 2.500 2.52588 2 0.89200#> 20 Torgos tracheliotus 6.60000 2.640 2.01454 2 1.03000#> 21 Ardeotis kori 11.90000 2.470 3.45889 2 1.06000#> 22 Sturnus vulgaris 0.08190 0.384 0.02973 1 0.02530#> 23 Fringilla coelebs 0.02300 0.264 0.00690 1 0.01310#> 24 Carduelis spinus 0.01120 0.212 0.00336 1 0.00785#> 25 Turdus philomelos 0.07160 0.361 0.02148 1 0.02250#> 26 Calidris tenuirostris 0.23300 0.587 0.08970 2 0.03960#> 27 Buteo swainsoni M 0.77500 1.250 0.22248 2 0.21000#> 28 Buteo swainsoni F 1.06000 1.330 0.37117 2 0.24000#> Muscle.mass#> 1 0.6409000#> 2 0.0043860#> 3 0.0263500#> 4 0.0009214#> 5 0.0215900#> 6 1.6829999#> 7 0.0623900#> 8 0.0399500#> 9 0.0032300#> 10 2.1250000#> 11 0.0037400#> 12 0.0045900#> 13 0.0307700#> 14 0.1309000#> 15 0.2839000#> 16 0.0484500#> 17 1.6268999#> 18 0.4352000#> 19 1.2410000#> 20 1.1220000#> 21 2.0229999#> 22 0.0139230#> 23 0.0039100#> 24 0.0019040#> 25 0.0121720#> 26 0.0396100#> 27 0.1317500#> 28 0.1802000