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dscore

The D-score is a numerical score that measures generic development inchildren. Use the D-score to analyze and predict early development ofchildren similar to measures like height and weight.

Thedscore package contains tools to

• Map your item names to the GSED convention
• Calculate D-score from item level responses
• Transform the D-scores into DAZ, age-standardised Z-scores

The required input consists ofitem level responses onmilestones from widely used instruments for measuring childdevelopment.

Installation

You can install the development version fromGitHub with:

install.packages("remotes")remotes::install_github("d-score/dscore")

Overview

You may estimate the D-score and the Development-for-Age Z-score(DAZ) from child data on developmental milestones. Four steps areneeded:

1. Identify whether thedscore package covers yourmeasurement instrument;
2. Map your variable names to the GSED 9-position schema;
3. Calculate D-score and DAZ;
4. Summarise your results.

Thedscore package provides various function thatsupport these steps. SeeGettingstarted for more details.

Resources

Books and reports

1. D-score: Turning milestonesinto measurement
2. Inventoryof 147 instruments for measuring early child development: Fernald etal. (2017)

Keys

1. Project withdutch key, 0-2 years: van Buuren (2014)
2. Project withgcdg key: Weber et al. (2019)
3. Project withgsed keys: World Health Organization (WHO)(2023)

Methodology

1. Interval scale: Jacobusse, van Buuren, and Verkerk (2006)
2. Adaptive testing: Jacobusse and van Buuren (2007)

Shiny app

If you want to calculate the D-score on your own data, and you’re notanR user, you might wish to check out our interactiveShinydcalculatorapp.

Acknowledgement

The authors wish to recognize the principal investigators and theirstudy team members for their generous contribution of the data that madethis tool possible and the members of the Ki team who directly orindirectly contributed to the study: Amina Abubakar, Claudia R. LindgrenAlves, Orazio Attanasio, Maureen M. Black, Maria Caridad Araujo, SusanM. Chang-Lopez, Gary L. Darmstadt, Bernice M. Doove, Wafaie Fawzi, LiaC.H. Fernald, Günther Fink, Emanuela Galasso, Melissa Gladstone, SallyM. Grantham-McGregor, Cristina Gutierrez de Pineres, Pamela Jervis, JenaDerakhshani Hamadani, Charlotte Hanlon, Simone M. Karam, GillianLancaster, Betzy Lozoff, Gareth McCray, Jeffrey R Measelle, GirmayMedhin, Ana M. B. Menezes, Lauren Pisani, Helen Pitchik, MuneeraRasheed, Lisy Ratsifandrihamanana, Sarah Reynolds, Linda Richter, MartaRubio-Codina, Norbert Schady, Limbika Sengani, Chris Sudfeld, MarcusWaldman, Susan P. Walker, Ann M. Weber and Aisha K. Yousafzai.

This study was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.The contents are the sole responsibility of the authors and may notnecessarily represent the official views of the Bill & Melinda GatesFoundation or other agencies that may have supported the primary datastudies used in the present study.

License

This package uses aApache License2.0.

Literature