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Title:

Simulate Spatial Data Generation Processes

Version:

0.1.0

Description:

Provides functionality for simulating data generation processes across various spatial regression models, conceptually aligned with the 'dgp' module of the 'Python' library 'spreg'https://pysal.org/spreg/api.html#dgp.

License:

MIT + file LICENSE

Encoding:

UTF-8

Language:

RoxygenNote:

7.3.3

URL:

https://josiahparry.github.io/spdgp/,https://github.com/josiahparry/spdgp

BugReports:

https://github.com/josiahparry/spdgp/issues

Imports:

cli, MASS, Matrix, methods, rlang, sf, smoothmest, spatialreg,spdep, stats, vctrs

NeedsCompilation:

Packaged:

2025-10-23 13:53:26 UTC; dell

Author:

Josiah Parry

[aut], Wenbo Lv

[aut, cre], Edzer Pebesma

[ctb]

Maintainer:

Wenbo Lv <lyu.geosocial@gmail.com>

Repository:

CRAN

Date/Publication:

2025-10-28 12:20:02 UTC

Simulate an error term

Description

Simulate an error term

Usage

make_error(  n = 10,  mu = 0,  var = 1,  method = c("normal", "laplace", "cauchy", "lognormal"))

Arguments

n

the number of values to simulate.

mu

the sample average.

var

the sample variance. Thesqrt(var) is passed tornorm() andrlnorm() for normal and laplace distributions.sqrt(var / 2) is used forlaplace() .

method

must be one of"normal","laplace","cauchy", or"lognormal".

Details

"normal": fit withrnorm()
"laplace": fit withsmoothmest::rdoublex()
"cauchy": fit withrcauchy()
"lognormal": fit withrlnorm()

Value

A numeric vector

Create a square grid

Description

Creates a square grid withncol andnrow dimensions.

Usage

make_square_grid(nrow, ncol = nrow)

Arguments

nrow

the number of rows in the grid.

ncol

defaults tonrow. The number columns in the grid.

Value

Ansfc object bysf package.

Examples

make_square_grid(3, 2)

Create Spatial Lags of variables

Description

Given a dataframe of numeric values and a spatial weights matrix, calculate the spatial lag of each variable.

Usage

make_wx(x, listw, order = NULL)

Arguments

x

adata.frame of independent variables generated withmake_x().

listw

alistw object generated withsim_grid_listw().

order

unused.

Value

Adata.frame of the spatially lagged variables.

Examples

listw <- sim_grid_listw(10, 10)x_vars <- make_x(100, mu = c(0.5, 1.2), var = c(1, 0.5)) res <- make_wx(x_vars, listw)head(res)

Calculate the effect of spatially lagged X variables

Description

This function computes the contribution of spatially lagged X variables based onprovided coefficients. The function takes the spatially lagged variables (wx, seemake_wx())and multiplies them by their corresponding regression coefficients (gamma), returningthe predicted influence of the spatial lags. Only spatial lags are considered;the original X variables are not included in this calculation.

Usage

make_wxg(wx, gamma)

Arguments

wx

a matrix of spatially lagged x variables.

gamma

a vector of coefficients for the spatially lagged x variables. Its length must match the number of columns in wx.

Value

A numeric vector

Examples

grid <- make_square_grid(5)listw <- spdep::nb2listw(spdep::poly2nb(grid))x <- make_x(25, c(0,1), c(1,4))wx <- make_wx(x, listw)gamma <- c(1.75, 0.4)make_wxg(wx, gamma)

Simulate X variables

Description

Simulates independent variables.

Usage

make_x_bivariate(n = 5, mu = 1, cor = 0.25, var = c(1, 1))make_x_uniform(n = 5, var = 1)make_x_normal(n = 5, mu = 0, var = 1)make_x(  n = 5,  mu = 0,  var = 1,  cor = 0,  method = c("uniform", "normal", "bivnormal"))

Arguments

n

the number of values to simulate.

mu

the sample average.

cor

correlation between bivariate normal

var

the sample variance. Thesqrt(var) is passed tornorm() andrlnorm() for normal and laplace distributions.sqrt(var / 2) is used forlaplace() .

method

must be one of"uniform" (default),"normal", or"bivnormal" (bivariate normal).

Value

Adata.frame of the simulated independent variables.

Examples

make_x(10, mu = c(0.5, 1.2), var = c(1, 0.5))

Calculate predicted X values based on coefficients

Description

This function calculates predicted x values based on regression coefficients.The results of this function can be passed to other⁠sim_*()⁠ functions.

Usage

make_xb(x, beta)

Arguments

x

adata.frame of independent variables generated withmake_x().

beta

a vector of the beta coefficients for each of the variables. There must bencol(x) + 1 values. The first element of the vector is the intercept.

Value

A numeric vector

Examples

x <- make_x(25, c(0,1), c(1,4))betas <- c(1, 1.5, -2)make_xb(x, betas)

Simulate the Spatial Durbin Model

Description

Simulate the Spatial Durbin Model

Usage

sim_durbin(u, xb, wxg, listw, rho = 0.5)

Arguments

u

an error vector

xb

predicted x values as calculated bymake_xb()

wxg

predicted spatial lag effect as calculated bymake_wxg()

listw

alistw object generated withsim_grid_listw().

rho

the spatial autoregressive coefficient for the spatially lagged dependent variable.

Value

A numeric vector

References

spreg.dgp.dgp_spdurbin

Examples

ncol <- 20n <- ncol^2listw <- sim_grid_listw(ncol, ncol)  # Create spatial weights for a gridu <- make_error(n)  # Simulate random errorsx <- make_x(  n,  mu = c(0.25, 5),  var = c(1, 0.75),  method = "normal")  # Generate x variables# create xb with intercept = 1, beta1 = 2, beta2 = -3xb <- make_xb(x, c(1, 2, -3))wx <- make_wx(x, listw)wxg <- make_wxg(wx, c(-2, 1.5))y <- sim_durbin(u, xb, wxg, listw, rho = 0.5)# combine data df <- cbind(y = y, x)# fit SDMspatialreg::lagsarlm(y ~ ., df, listw, Durbin = TRUE)

Simulate Spatial Error Process

Description

This function generates a pure spatial error process, which is useful whenyou only want to simulate the error structure without including any deterministicpart (i.e., no xb term). This can be used to analyze or simulate the behaviorof spatially dependent errors in isolation.

Usage

sim_error(u, listw, lambda = 0.5, model = c("sar", "ma"))

Arguments

u

an error vector

listw

alistw object generated withsim_grid_listw().

lambda

a value value between -1 and 1. The spatial autoregressive coefficient for the error term.

model

default"sar". Which model should be simulated. Provide"ma" for the moving average.

Value

A numeric vector

References

Seespreg.dgp.dgp_errproc

Examples

listw <- sim_grid_listw(5) u <- make_error(25)sim_error(u, listw)

Simulate General Nested Model

Description

Simulate General Nested Model

Usage

sim_gns(u, xb, wxg, listw, rho = 0.5, lambda = 0.2, model = c("sar", "ma"))

Arguments

u

an error vector

xb

predicted x values as calculated bymake_xb()

wxg

predicted spatial lag effect as calculated bymake_wxg()

listw

alistw object generated withsim_grid_listw().

rho

the spatial autoregressive coefficient for the spatially lagged dependent variable.

lambda

a value value between -1 and 1. The spatial autoregressive coefficient for the error term.

model

default"sar". Which model should be simulated. Provide"ma" for the moving average.

Value

A numeric vector

References

spreg.dgp.dgp_gns

Generate spatial weights matrix for a grid

Description

Create a spatial weights matrix based on a square grid structure.

Usage

sim_grid_listw(nrow, ncol = nrow, style = "W", type = c("queen", "rook"))

Arguments

nrow

the number of rows in the grid.

ncol

defaults tonrow. The number columns in the grid.

style

the spatial weights style. Defaults to row standardized. Seespdep::nb2listw() for more.

type

default"queen". Can also be"rook".

Value

Alistw object byspdep package.

Examples

sim_grid_listw(10, 5)

Simiulate Matrix Exponential Spatial Lag Model

Description

Simiulate Matrix Exponential Spatial Lag Model

Usage

sim_mess(u, xb, listw, rho = 0.5)

Arguments

u

an error vector

xb

predicted x values as calculated bymake_xb()

listw

alistw object generated withsim_grid_listw().

rho

the spatial autoregressive coefficient for the spatially lagged dependent variable.

Value

A numeric vector

References

dgp_mess

Simulate OLS

Description

Simulate a y variable for an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression.

Usage

sim_ols(u, xb)

Arguments

u

an error vector

xb

predicted x values as calculated bymake_xb()

Value

A numeric vector

References

spreg.dgp.dgp_ols

Examples

u <- make_error(50, method = "normal")x <- make_x(50)xb <- make_xb(x, c(1,2))y <- sim_ols(u, xb)lm(y ~ x[[1]])

Simulate Spatial Lag Model (SAR)

Description

Simulate y for a SAR model.

Usage

sim_sar(u, xb, listw, rho = 0.5)

Arguments

u

an error vector

xb

predicted x values as calculated bymake_xb()

listw

alistw object generated withsim_grid_listw().

rho

the spatial autoregressive coefficient for the spatially lagged dependent variable.

Value

A numeric vector

References

spreg.dgp.dgp_lag

Examples

ncol <- 20n <- ncol^2listw <- sim_grid_listw(ncol, ncol)  # Create spatial weights for a gridu <- make_error(n)  # Simulate random errorsx <- make_x(  n,  mu = c(0.25, 5),  var = c(1, 0.75),  method = "normal")  # Generate x variables# create xb with intercept = 1, beta1 = 2, beta2 = -3xb <- make_xb(x, c(1, 2, -3))y <- sim_sar(u, xb, listw)# combine data df <- cbind(y = y, x)# fit SAR model# Note lambda, x_1, and x_2 estimates.spatialreg::stsls(y ~ ., df, listw)

Simulate the Spatial Autoregressive Model with Autoregressive Errors

Description

Generatey values for the "combo" / SARAR / SAC model.

Usage

sim_sarar(u, xb, listw, rho = 0.5, lambda = 0.2, model = c("sar", "ma"))

Arguments

u

an error vector

xb

predicted x values as calculated bymake_xb()

listw

alistw object generated withsim_grid_listw().

rho

the spatial autoregressive coefficient for the spatially lagged dependent variable.

lambda

a value value between -1 and 1. The spatial autoregressive coefficient for the error term.

model

default"sar". Which model should be simulated. Provide"ma" for the moving average.

Value

A numeric vector

References

spreg.dgp.dgp_lagerr

Simulate Spatial Error Model (SEM)

Description

Simulate the y values for an SEM model.

Usage

sim_sem(u, xb, listw, lambda = 0.5, model = c("sar", "ma"))

Arguments

u

an error vector

xb

predicted x values as calculated bymake_xb()

listw

alistw object generated withsim_grid_listw().

lambda

a value value between -1 and 1. The spatial autoregressive coefficient for the error term.

model

default"sar". Which model should be simulated. Provide"ma" for the moving average.

Value

A numeric vector

References

spreg.dgp.dgp_sperror

Examples

ncol <- 10n <- ncol^2listw <- sim_grid_listw(ncol, ncol)  # Create spatial weights for a gridu <- make_error(n)  # Simulate random errorsx <- make_x(  n,  mu = c(0.25, 5),  var = c(1, 0.75),  method = "normal")  # Generate x variables# create xb with intercept = 1, beta1 = 2, beta2 = -3xb <- make_xb(x, c(1, 2, -3))y <- sim_sem(u, xb, listw)# combine data df <- cbind(y = y, x)# fit SEM model# Note lambda, x_1, and x_2 estimates.spatialreg::errorsarlm(y ~ ., df, listw)

Simulate Spatially Lagged X (SLX) model

Description

This function simulates the y values of an SLX model, where the dependentvariable is influenced by both the original and spatially lagged x variables.

Usage

sim_slx(u, xb, wxg)

Arguments

u

an error vector

xb

predicted x values as calculated bymake_xb()

wxg

predicted spatial lag effect as calculated bymake_wxg()

Value

A numeric vector

References

spreg.dgp.dgp_slx

Examples

ncol <- 20n <- ncol^2listw <- sim_grid_listw(ncol, ncol)  # Create spatial weights for a gridu <- make_error(n, method = "normal")  # Simulate random errorsx <- make_x(n, method = "uniform")  # Generate x variablesxb <- make_xb(x, c(1, 2))  # Calculate xb using the original x and coefficientswx <- make_wx(x, listw)  # Generate spatially lagged x variableswxg <- make_wxg(wx, 0.5)  # Calculate the effect of the spatial lagsy <- sim_slx(u, xb, wxg)  # Simulate the SLX model outcomedf <- data.frame(y, x)spatialreg::lmSLX(y ~ ., data = df, listw = listw)  # Estimate the SLX model

Simulate Spatially Lagged X Error Model

Description

Simulate Spatially Lagged X Error Model

Usage

sim_slx_error(u, xb, wxg, listw, lambda = 0.5, model = c("sar", "ma"))

Arguments

u

an error vector

xb

predicted x values as calculated bymake_xb()

wxg

predicted spatial lag effect as calculated bymake_wxg()

listw

alistw object generated withsim_grid_listw().

lambda

a value value between -1 and 1. The spatial autoregressive coefficient for the error term.

model

default"sar". Which model should be simulated. Provide"ma" for the moving average.

Value

A numeric vector

References

spreg.dgp.dgp_slxerror