ICGA Journal

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TheICGA Journal, formerly, until 1999, the ICCA Journal is the quarterly published magazine, received by allICGA members[1]. World-wide membership comprises individuals as well as niversity and industrial members.

Contents

Photos

FridoGinkgoR2WCCC2015.JPG

WCCC 2015 round 2,Fridolin vs.Ginkgo with some ICCA Journals,Christian Sommerfeld andIngo Bauer,
Richard Pijl on the right fighting theKomodo with hisBaron[2]

Editors

Editor-in-Chief

Editorial Manager

Honorary Editor

Editor for ICGA Affairs

Editorial Board

ICGA Links

Table of Contents, Abstracts and Selected Papers

byErnst A. Heinz andHeiner Marxen theICGA, further continued with selected contents byCPW editors.

Volume 43, 2021

ICGA Journal, Vol. 43, No. 1

ICGA Journal, Vol. 43, No. 2

ICGA Journal, Vol. 43, No. 3

ICGA Journal, Vol. 43, No. 4

Volume 42, 2020

ICGA Journal, Vol. 42, No. 1

ICGA Journal, Vol. 42, Nos. 2-3

ICGA Journal, Vol. 42, No. 4

Volume 41, 2019

ICGA Journal, Vol. 41, No. 1

ICGA Journal, Vol. 41, No. 2

ICGA Journal, Vol. 41, No. 3

ICGA Journal, Vol. 41, No. 4

Volume 40, 2018

ICGA Journal, Vol. 40, No. 1

ICGA Journal, Vol. 40, No. 2

ICGA Journal, Vol. 40, No. 3

ICGA Journal, Vol. 40, No. 4

Volume 39, 2017

ICGA Journal, Vol. 39, No. 1

ICGA Journal, Vol. 39, No. 2

ICGA Journal, Vol. 39, Nos. 3-4

2016 Break

Volume 38, 2015

ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 1

ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 2

ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 3

ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 4

Volume 37, 2014

ICGA Journal, Vol. 37, No. 1

ICGA Journal, Vol. 37, No. 2

ICGA Journal, Vol. 37, No. 3

ICGA Journal, Vol. 37, No. 4

Volume 36, 2013

ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 1

ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 2

ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 3

ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 4

Volume 35, 2012

ICGA Journal, Vol. 35, No. 1

ICGA Journal, Vol. 35, No. 2

ICGA Journal, Vol. 35, No. 3

ICGA Journal, Vol. 35, No. 4

Volume 34, 2011

ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 1

ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2

ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 3

ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 4

Volume 33, 2010

ICGA Journal, Vol. 33, No. 1

ICGA Journal, Vol. 33, No. 2

ICGA Journal, Vol. 33, No. 3

ICGA Journal, Vol. 33, No. 4

Volume 32, 2009

ICGA Journal, Vol. 32, No. 1

ICGA Journal, Vol. 32, No. 2

ICGA Journal, Vol. 32, No. 3

ICGA Journal, Vol. 32, No. 4

Volume 31, 2008

ICGA Journal, Vol. 31, No. 1

ICGA Journal, Vol. 31, No. 2

ICGA Journal, Vol. 31, No. 3

ICGA Journal, Vol. 31, No. 4

Volume 30, 2007

ICGA Journal, Vol. 30, No. 1

ICGA Journal, Vol. 30, No. 2

ICGA Journal, Vol. 30, No. 3

ICGA Journal, Vol. 30, No. 4

Volume 29, 2006

ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 1

ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2

ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 3

ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 4

Volume 28, 2005

ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2

ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 3

ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 4

Volume 27, 2004

ICGA Journal, Vol. 27, No. 1

ICGA Journal, Vol. 27, No. 2

ICGA Journal, Vol. 27, No. 3

ICGA Journal, Vol. 27, No. 4

Volume 26, 2003

ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 1

ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2

ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 3

ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4

Volume 25, 2002

ICGA Journal, Vol. 25, No. 1

ICGA Journal, Vol. 25, No. 2

ICGA Journal, Vol. 25, No. 3

ICGA Journal, Vol. 25, No. 4

Volume 24, 2001

ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1

ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2

ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 3

ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 4

Volume 23, 2000

ICGA Journal, Vol. 23, No. 1

ICGA Journal, Vol. 23, No. 2

ICGA Journal, Vol. 23, No. 3

ICGA Journal, Vol. 23, No. 4

Volume 22, 1999

ICCA Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1

ICCA Journal, Vol. 22, No. 2

ICCA Journal, Vol. 22, No. 3

ICCA Journal, Vol. 22, No. 4

Volume 21, 1998

ICCA Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1

ICCA Journal, Vol. 21, No. 2

ICCA Journal, Vol. 21, No. 3

ICCA Journal, Vol. 21, No. 4

Volume 20, 1997

ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 1

ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2

ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 3

ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 4

Volume 19, 1996

ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1

ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 2

[36]

ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3

ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 4

Volume 18, 1995

ICCA Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1

ICCA Journal, Vol. 18, No. 2

ICCA Journal, Vol. 18, No. 3

ICCA Journal, Vol. 18, No. 4

Volume 17, 1994

ICCA Journal, Vol. 17, No. 1

ICCA Journal, Vol. 17, No. 2

ICCA Journal, Vol. 17, No. 3

ICCA Journal, Vol. 17, No. 4

Volume 16, 1993

ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 1

ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2

ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3

ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 4

Volume 15, 1992

ICCA Journal, Vol. 15, No. 1

ICCA Journal, Vol. 15, No. 2

ICCA Journal, Vol. 15, No. 3

ICCA Journal, Vol. 15, No. 4

Volume 14, 1991

ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1

ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2

ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3

ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 4

Volume 13, 1990

ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1

ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 2

ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3

ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 4

Volume 12, 1989

ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 1

ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 2

ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3

ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4

Volume 11, 1988

ICCA Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1

ICCA Journal, Vol. 11, No. 2/3

ICCA Journal, Vol. 11, No. 4

Volume 10, 1987

ICCA Journal, Vol. 10, No. 1

ICCA Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2

ICCA Journal, Vol. 10, No. 3

ICCA Journal, Vol. 10, No. 4

Volume 9, 1986

ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 1

ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2

ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 3

ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4

Volume 8, 1985

ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1

ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 2

ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 3

ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4

Volume 7, 1984

ICCA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1

ICCA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2

ICCA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 3

ICCA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4

Volume 6, 1983

ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 6, No. 1

ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 6, No. 2

ICCA Journal, Vol. 6, No. 3

ICCA Journal, Vol. 6, No. 4

Volume 5, 1982

ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 5, No. 1

ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 5, No. 2

Volume 4, 1981

ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 4, No. 1

ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 4, No. 2

  • Ben Mittman,Ken Thompson,Second World Microcomputer Chess Championship, Travemünde and Hamburg, West Germany. »WMCCC 1981
  • Ben Mittman,Second World Microcomputer Chess Championship, Travemünde and Hamburg, West Germany - Opening Address.

ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 4, No. 3

Volume 3, 1980

ICCA Newsletter Vol. 3, No. 1

ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 3, No. 2

ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 3, No. 3

Volume 2, 1979

ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1

ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 2

  • Jacques Pitrat,A Program which Uses Plans for Finding Combinations in Chess.
  • David Slate,Tenth Annual ACM North American Computer Chess Championship. »ACM 1979
  • Kathe Spracklen,Second Annual European Microcomputer Chess Championship - Results and Authors. »PCW-MCC 1979
  • Jack Good,Rules for computer chess tournaments: an open letter to the tournament rules and organization committee of the International Computer Chess Association.

Volume 1, 1978

ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 1

ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 2

History of the Journal

1977

In 1977 theComputer Chess Newsletter, Issue 1[40] and 2[41] were published by EditorDouglas Penrod.

1978

After founding theICCA during theSecond World Computer Chess Championship 1977 in Toronto, the ICCA Newsletter was published three or four times yearly.

Quote byJaap van den Herik, Editorial ofICGA Journal Vol. 30, No. 1 - March 2007:In 1978Ben Mittman andBarend Swets started the ICCA Newsletter. It was specialized on chess. Owing to the series of Advances in Computer Chess Conferences, which in 1999 changed to Advances in Computer Games Conferences, the ICCA Journal broadened its scope, too, and published articles on other games. This can be seen as a generalization. As a direct consequence, the Journal was renamed into ICGA Journal.

1983

From the ACM-83WCCC 1983 booklet __The ICCA__:[42]Established at theSecond World Computer Chess Championship in Toronto 1977, the International Computer Chess Association currently has several hundred members.Ben Mittman serves as President and, until just recently, as Editor of the ICCA Newsletter which is published three or four times yearly. The ICCA Journal will appear in its place shortly with refereed papers.Jaap van den Herik has assumed the Editorship.Monroe Newborn andKen Thompson serve as Vice President and Secretary/Treasurer, respectively. Dues are $10 (U.S.) for one year membership.Interested individuals should write toKen Thompson,Bell Laboratories, Room 2C, 423 Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974, USA.

1984

From theACM-84 booklet __The ICCA:__[43]Established at theSecond World Computer Chess Championship in Toronto 1977, the International Computer Chess Association currently has several hundred members. Monty Newborn serves as President; Jaap van den Herik serves as Editor of the __ICCA Journal__ which is published four times yearly.Johann Enroth andWilliam Blanchard serve as Vice-President and Secretary/Treasurer, respectively. Dues are $10 (U.S.) for a one year membership. Interested individuals should write toWilliam Blanchard, 360/253 Blackthorn Lane, Warrenville, Illinois 60555 USA.

1989

From theWCCC 1989 bookletThe International Computer Chess Association:[44]:Established at theSecond World Computer Chess Championship in Toronto 1977, this international association has about five hundred members from all over the world. It is published four times a year. The international Computer Chess Association (ICCA) is an international organization that represents the computer chess world, not only to the computer science community (such asACM,IEEE, andIFIP), but also to the world chess federation (FIDE). The most visible benefit of membership is the quarterly ICCA Journal. Each issue contains roughly 60 pages outlining the latest in computer chess research, news, tournament results, book reviews, conferences, games, etc.: something for researchers, chess program hobbyists, and chess players.

Cost: $25 per year.Mail to:Dr. Jonathan Schaeffer Department of Computing ScienceUniversity of Alberta Edmonton, AB Canada TG6 2H1

1995

Same text as 1989, prices and persons changed.From theWCCC 1995 bookletInternational Computer Chess Association:[45]:Cost: $36 US per year, 24 UK pounds or 60 Dutch florins

Mail to (for UK and N.America)Don Beal, Dept of Computer ScienceQueen Mary & Westfield College, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK

(Rest of the world)Prof. dr Van den Herik,University of Limburg, Dept of Computer Science P.O.Box 616, 6200 Maastricht The Netherlands

2000

With the first issue of the new millennium, theICCA Journal was renamed into theICGA Journal[46]:For many years, the ICCA Journal occasionally included articles on games other than chess. This has includedBackgammon,Othello,Chinese Chess,Shogi,Go, and fundamental issues affecting theprogramming of all suchgames. To reflect this increasing interest in other games, the Journal changed its name to the ICGA Journal from Vol.23 No.1 (the first issue of 2000).

However, it took further two and a half years, when the organization renamed fromICCA toICGA as well, for a broader scope to reflect the more general way in which computer-game capability contributes to Artificial Intelligence and to the human experience of game-playing[47].

2004

From the current Journal site:[48]:The ICGA Journal appears four times a year. In order to receive the Journals for 2004 you should subscribe as an ICGA member. The (renewal) fee for individual subscribers is US $ 50,-, UK £ 25,- or € 40,-.

2008 From Maastricht to Tilburg

The new home of the ICGA Headquarters, quote from theICGA Journal Vol. 31, No. 2 - June 2008:As per September 1, 2008 the ICGA Headquarters are moving fromMaastricht, the Netherlands toTilburg, the Netherlands. After 21 years of services to theMaastricht University your Editor has accepted an offer by theTilburg University that he could not refuse. Together with his close colleagueProfessor Eric Postma he moves to Tilburg, where he is given the opportunity to lead a brand-new research centre called Tilburg Centre for Creative Computing (TiCC). The research centre will have five full professors, sufficient research money, and the full support of the Tilburg University authorities. The centre will focus on three domains: vision (led by Eric Postma), language (led by Antal van den Bosch), and (serious) gaming (led byJaap van den Herik, who also acts as Director of the Centre). Many colleague researchers/collaborators from Maastricht will join the new research group at TiCC. Most notably among them isJohanna Hellemons who will continue her work as Editorial Manager in Tilburg.

The news was a shock for Maastricht, Limburg, and the Netherlands. Every respected daily newspaper reported on the transition by Van den Herik and Postma. Here, the most crispy statement came from the Chairman of the VSNU (Verenigde Samenwerkende Nederlandse Universiteiten; the Union of the Collaborative Dutch Universities), Dr. Sijbold Noorda, who straightforwardly expressed his understanding by stating: “Mobility shows spirit”.

Admittedly, a move from Maastricht to Tilburg implies a farewell to some well-known names. Many of them will not escape the scope of our community, but one name does: Tons van den Bosch. Long-time members of the ICGA (previously ICCA) will remember her from the many activities she performed in the years 1990 up to 1997 (see ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2, p. 70). In 2005, she returned at our institute MICC-IKAT and took up some of her responsibilities for the ICGA. It was if she had never left.

In 2007, Tons van den Bosch and Johanna Hellemons were both instrumental to the success of our ICGA PresidentDavid Levy. During his public defence for the Doctor’s title they were his paranimfs. Soon after this defence Tons became seriously ill. Currently she is in a phase of strengthening her forces, but she is not expected to resume work soon. The ICGA is grateful to her for all the services delivered and for her enthusiasm to help transforming the members of the ICGA into a society of friends who love research in games and game environments, and who love to meet each other once a year at theComputer Olympiad, theComputer and Games Conference, and at theWorld Computer Chess Championship.

This year, the meeting of friends will be in Beijing, China. It will be soon (September/October 2008) as is announced in the March issue. The subscription figures at this point in time show that the three ICGA events in Beijing are expected to be the most successful ones of all. Over one hundred people are participating. The world of games will have a golden time in Beijing and the ICGA hopes to reap the fruits from these successful events.

Meanwhile the Editorial team has the pleasure to offer you the June issue of the Journal. Three games received a great deal of attention: Go, Jeopardy Stochastic Games, and Chess. Obviously, nowadays there is noGo publication possible withoutMonte Carlo. The authors adequately go along with this statement. The second article deals with an interesting generalisation of Can’t Stop, namely Jeopardy Stochastic Games. It can be seen as a completely new area of games research. Analogously, the article on chess is actually on ‘chess and measuring its beauty’. It is not on new chess programming techniques. Finally, it is worthwhile to mention that the proceedings of the CG 2008 are currently with Springer-Verlag. They will be delivered in time – we hope – in China for our Conference, where we will see 24 contributors gathering; they will inform us on their latest findings. Therefore, I hope to see many of you soon in China.

2014 From Tilburg to Leiden

Quote fromJaap van den Herik (2013).From Tilburg to Leiden.ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 4The ICGA Journal is moving for the fourth time in its existence. This time we move from Tilburg to Leiden.

The reason for the current movement is that your Editor has now taken up a position in the Faculty of Science atLeiden University with the task of helping to establish the Leiden Centre of Data Science. He is pleased to mention that his move is taking place together withJoke Hellemons andAske Plaat. It means that from January 1, 2014 the ICGA Headquarters are located at LIACS Leiden, the Netherlands. As you all may know Leiden has a rich history and many Noble Prize winners in physics. It is the oldest University city in the Netherlands and also well known for its Faculty of Law. Obviously, we look forward to welcoming our ICGA colleagues in this ancient and beautiful city. Although the ICGA headquarters are moving, the principles and themes of the Journal transcend geography and evolve apace.

The visiting address is: Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Snellius Building, Room 164, Niels Bohrweg 1, 2333 CA Leiden, the Netherlands.

2016 Break

Due to the vacancy of the Editor-in-Chief after Jaap van den Herik's retirement end of 2015[49], the ICGA Journal took a break in 2016. Publication is intended to continue with Volume 39 in 2017 byIOS press. Editor-in-Chief will beI-Chen Wu - with the proposal of rotation every two years.

ICGA Journal Awards

In 1992, a novelAward was instituted by theICCA, theICCA Journal Award. The Award is to be adjudicated annually to a first-time author for the best article in theICCA/ICGA Journal in the year under consideration.

Year Award Winner Article Published in
1993Peter JansenPeter Jansen (1993).KQKR: Speculatively Thwarting a Human Opponent.Vol. 16, No. 1
1994Chrilly DonningerChrilly Donninger (1993).Null Move and Deep Search: Selective-Search Heuristics for Obtuse Chess Programs.Vol. 16, No. 3
1995Bradley KuszmaulBradley Kuszmaul (1995).The StarTech Massively Parallel Chess Program.Vol. 18, No. 1pdf
1996Michael BuroMichael Buro (1995).ProbCut: An Effective Selective Extension of the Alpha-Beta Algorithm.Vol. 18, No. 2pdf
1997Mark BrockingtonMark Brockington (1996).A Taxonomy of Parallel Game-Tree Search Algorithms.Vol. 19, No. 3
1998Andreas JunghannsAndreas Junghanns (1998).Are there Practical Alternatives to Alpha-Beta?Vol. 21, No. 1
1999Ernst A. HeinzErnst Heinz (1998).Efficient Interior-Node Recognition.Vol. 21, No. 3
2000Darse BillingsDarse Billings (2000).Thoughts on RoShamBo.Vol. 23, No. 1
2001Thomas ThomsenThomas Thomsen (2000).Lambda-Search in Game Trees with Application to Go.Vol. 23, No. 4
2002Ren WuRen Wu,Don Beal (2001).Fast, Memory-efficient Retrograde Algorithms.Vol. 24, No. 3
2003David FotlandDavid Fotland (2002).Static Eye in "The Many Faces of Go".Vol. 25, No. 4
2004Haw-ren FangHaw-ren Fang,Tsan-sheng Hsu,Shun-Chin Hsu (2004).
Checking Indefinitely in Chinese-Chess Endgames.		Vol. 27, No. 1
2005Kohei NoshitaKohei Noshita (2005).Union-Connections and Straightforward Winning Strategies in Hex. +Companion pdfVol. 28, No. 1pdf
2006Fridel FainshteinFridel Fainshtein,Yaakov HaCohen-Kerner (2006).A Chess Composer of Two-Move Mate Problems.Vol. 29, No. 1pdf
2007Gian Piero FaviniPaolo Ciancarini,Gian Piero Favini (2007).A Program to Play Kriegspiel.Vol. 30, No. 1
2008Rémi CoulomRémi Coulom (2007).Computing “Elo Ratings” of Move Patterns in the Game of Go.Vol. 30, No. 4pdf
2009Nathan SturtevantNathan Sturtevant (2008).An Analysis of UCT in Multi-Player Games.Vol. 31, No. 1pdf
2010Yoshikuni SatoYoshikuni Sato,Daisuke Takahashi,Reijer Grimbergen (2010).
A Shogi Program based on Monte-Carlo Tree Search.		Vol. 33, No. 2pdf
2011Petr BaudišPetr Baudiš (2011).Balancing MCTS by Dynamically Adjusting the Komi Value.Vol. 34, No. 3
2012Diogo R. FerreiraDiogo R. Ferreira (2012).Determining the Strength of Chess Players Based on Actual Play.Vol. 35, No. 1
2013Kunihito HokiKunihito Hoki,Tomoyuki Kaneko,Akihiro Kishimoto,Takeshi Ito (2013).
Parallel Dovetailing and its Application to Depth-First Proof-Number Search.		Vol. 36, No. 1

See also

External Links

References

  1. ↑The quarterly published ICGA Journal
  2. ↑Photo byGerd Isenberg
  3. ↑Lamplighter group From Wikipedia
  4. ↑Armageddon chess from Wikipedia
  5. ↑Transcript ofKasparov’s TED talk, May 2017
  6. ↑Epaminondas (game) from Wikipedia
  7. ↑Computer Diplomacy Challenge | ICGA
  8. ↑Dovetailing (computer science) from Wikipedia
  9. ↑Chomp from Wikipedia
  10. ↑Abdallah Saffidine (2013).Solving Games and All That. Ph.D. thesis,Université Paris-Dauphine
  11. ↑Nonogram from Wikipedia
  12. ↑TAAI 2011
  13. ↑Nonogram from Wikipedia
  14. ↑Global brain from Wikipedia
  15. ↑Ms Pac-Man vs Ghosts Competition
  16. ↑GECCO 2012
  17. ↑Attack of the clones | ChessVibes byDavid Levy, 19 February, 2011
  18. ↑Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie win Japan 'Nobel' Prize,ChessBase News, January 26, 2011
  19. ↑Sander Bakkes (2010).Rapid Adaptation of Video Game AI. Ph.D. thesis,Tilburg University,pdf
  20. ↑Diaballik from Wikipedia
  21. ↑Gian Piero Favini (2010).The Dark Side of the Board: Advances in Chess Kriegspiel. Ph.D. thesis,Department of Computer Science,University of Bologna, Technical Report UBLCS-2010-06 aspdf
  22. ↑Cameron Browne (2008).Automatic Generation and Evaluation of Recombination Games, Doctoral Dissertation,Queensland University of Technology,pdf
  23. ↑Matej Guid (2010).Search and Knowledge for Human and Machine Problem Solving, Ph.D. thesis,University of Ljubljana,pdf
  24. ↑Chess News - Embracing Risk in Tournaments byDarse Billings,ChessBase News, December 14, 2006
  25. ↑slightly revised version of theCG 2004 paperBrian Sheppard (2004).Efficient Control of Selective Simulations.
  26. ↑Seven Year Itch (disambiguation) from Wikipedia
  27. ↑K-Best Visualisations byIngo Althöfer
  28. ↑Gifu Challenge 2003 byMichael Reiss
  29. ↑Renju from Wikipedia
  30. ↑John Romein (2001).Multigame - An Environment for Distributed Game-Tree Search. Ph.D. thesis
  31. ↑Claude Shannon article written by Ben Mittman
  32. ↑Ernst A. Heinz (1999).Scalable Search in Computer Chess.
  33. ↑Kasparov versus the World from Wikipedia
  34. ↑Misinformation about RAJAH in the ICCA post byValavan Manohararajah inrgcc, April 5, 1997
  35. ↑Re: ICCA Journal Sinks To A New Low byAmir Ban,CCC, January 25, 1998
  36. ↑ICCAJ v.19 n.2 now in North America bySteven Edwards,rgcc, July 03, 1996
  37. ↑Albert Zobrist (1970).A New Hashing Method with Application for Game Playing. Technical Report #88, Computer Science Department, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. Reprinted (1990) inICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 2,pdf
  38. ↑Lionel Moser (1984).An Experiment in Distributed Game Tree Searching, M.Sc. thesis,University of Waterloo
  39. ↑Jan Hein Donner from Wikipedia
  40. ↑Computer Chess Newsletter, Issue 1 1977 byDouglas Penrod, Courtesy ofPeter Jenningspdf fromThe Computer History Museum
  41. ↑Computer Chess Newsletter, Issue 2 1977 byDouglas Penrod, Courtesy ofPeter Jennings,pdf fromThe Computer History Museum
  42. ↑The Fourth World Computer Chess Championship New York, New York October 22-25, 1983 A Special Event at ACM-83.The ICCA pp 19.pdf fromThe Computer History Museum (via the wrong labeled siteThe 22nd ACM International Computer Chess Championship)
  43. ↑The 15th ACM International Computer Chess Championship San Francisco, California October 7-9, 1984 A Special Event at ACM-84.The ICCA pp 25.pdf fromThe Computer History Museum (via the siteThe 15th ACM International Computer Chess Championship)
  44. ↑King Moves, Welcome to the1989 AGT World Computer Chess Championship Edmonton, Canada, May 28, 1989.The International Computer Chess Association pp 26.pdf fromThe Computer History Museum Courtesy ofPeter Jennings (via the siteThe 6th World Computer Chess Championship)
  45. ↑8th World Computer Chess Championship 25-30 May 1995 Hong Kong.International Computer Chess Association pp 25.pdf fromThe Computer History Museum Courtesy ofMonroe Newborn (via the site8th World Computer Chess Championship)
  46. ↑ICCA Journal (Now ICGA Journal)
  47. ↑ICCA BECOMES ICGA byDavid Levy, President of the ICGA,ICGA Journal Vol. 25, No. 3 - September 2002
  48. ↑ICGA Journal, Published Quarterly for ICGA Members current Journal site
  49. ↑Editor-in-Chief Wanted | ICGA byDavid Levy, October 6, 2016

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