Strong's Lexicon
para: beside, near, from, in the presence of, with, by
Original Word:παρά
Part of Speech:Preposition
Transliteration:para
Pronunciation:pä-rä'
Phonetic Spelling:(par-ah')
Definition:beside, near, from, in the presence of, with, by
Meaning:gen: from; dat: beside, in the presence of; acc: alongside of.
Word Origin:A primary preposition in Greek
Corresponding Greek / Hebrew Entries:The Hebrew prepositions that often correspond to "παρά" include עַל (al - upon, over, against) and אֵצֶל (etzel - beside, near).
Usage:The Greek preposition "παρά" (para) is versatile, often used to denote proximity or association. It can mean "beside" or "near" when indicating physical closeness, "from" when suggesting origin or source, and "in the presence of" or "with" when referring to companionship or association. It is frequently used to express relational or positional contexts, both literally and metaphorically.
Cultural and Historical Background:In ancient Greek culture, prepositions like "παρά" were crucial for expressing spatial and relational concepts. The use of "παρά" in the New Testament reflects the Hellenistic Greek language of the time, which was influenced by both classical Greek and the local dialects of the regions where the early Christian communities were established. Understanding "παρά" helps in grasping the nuances of relationships and positions described in the biblical texts.
HELPS Word-studies
3844pará (a preposition) – properly,close beside.3844/pará ("from closely alongside") introduces someone (something) as very "close beside."
3844 (pará) anemphatic "from," means "fromclose beside" ("alongside"). It stressesnearness (closeness) which is often not conveyed in translation.3844 (pará) is typically theologically significant, even when used as aprefix (i.e. incomposition).3844 (pará) usually adds the overtone, "fromclose beside" (implyingintimate participation) and can be followed by thegenitive,dative, oraccusative case – each one conveying a distinct nuance.
NAS Exhaustive Concordance
Word Origina prim. preposition
Definitionfrom beside, by the side of, by, beside
NASB Translationabove (2), along (1), among (4), anyone's* (1), aside* (1), before (4), beside (6), beyond (2), contrary (5), give (1), had (1), rather than (2), reason (2), riverside* (1), sent (1), side (1), sight (2), than (12), thirty-nine* (1), together (1), under* (1), unnatural* (1).
Thayer's Greek Lexicon
STRONGS NT 3844: παράπαρά (it neglects elision before proper names beginning with a vowel, and (at least in
Tdf.s text) before some other words; see Tdf Proleg., p. 95, cf.
Winers Grammar, § 5, 1 a.;
Buttmann, 10), a preposition indicating close proximity, with various modifications corresponding to the various cases with which it is joined; cf. Viger. editionm Herm., p. 643ff;
Matthiae, § 588;
Bernhardy (1829), p. 255ff; Kühner, § 440;
Krüger, § 68, 34-36. It is joined:
I. with the genitive; and as in Greek prose writings always with the genitive of a person, to denote that a thing proceeds from. the side or the vicinity of one, or from one's sphere of power, or from one's wealth or store, Latina, ab; Germanvon ... her, von neben; Frenchde chez; (Englishfrom beside, from); theSept. forמִלִּפְנֵי,מִיַד,מֵאֵצֶל (1 Samuel 17:30); cf.Winers Grammar, 364f (342f)
a. properly, with a suggestion of union of place or of residence, after verbs of coming, departing, setting out, etc. (cf. Frenchvenir, partir de chez quelqu'un):Mark 14:43;Luke 8:49 (here Lachmannἀπό);John 15:26;John 16:27;John 17:8; (παῥἧςἐκβεβλήκειἑπτάδαιμόνια,Mark 16:9LTr textWH);εἶναιπαράΘεοῦ, of Christ,to be sent from God,John 9:16, 33;to be sprung from God (by the nature of theλόγος), (where for the sake of the contextκἀκεῖνοςμεἀπέστειλεν (Tdf.ἀπέσταλκέν) is added);μονογενοῦςπαράπατρός namely,ὄντος,John 1:14;ἐστιτίπαράτίνος, is given by one,John 17:7 (cf.d. below).
b. joined to passive verbs,παρά makes one the author, the giver, etc. (Winers Grammar, 365 (343);Buttmann, § 134, 1); so afterἀποστέλλεσθαι,John 1:6 (the expression originates in the fact that one who is sent is conceived of as having been at the time with the sender, so that he could be selected or commissioned from among a number and then sent off);γίνεσθαι,Matthew 21:42;Mark 12:11 (παράκυρίου, from the Lord, by divine agency or by the power at God's command); akin to which isοὐκἀδυνατήσειπαράτοῦΘεοῦπᾶνῤῆμα,Luke 1:37L marginal readingTTrWH (seeἀδυνατέω, b.);λαλεῖσθαι,Luke 1:45 (notὑπό, because God had not spoken in person, but by an angel);κατηγορεῖσθαι,Acts 22:30Rec. (notὑπό (yet soLTTrWH) because Paul had not yet been formally accused by the Jews, but the tribune inferred from the tumult that the Jews accused him of some crime).
c. after verbs of seeking, asking, taking, receiving, buying (cf.Winers Grammar, 370 (347) n.;Buttmann, § 147, 5; yet seeLightfoot onGalatians 1:12); as,αἴτω,αἰτοῦμαι,Matthew 20:20 (whereLTr textWH textἀπ'αὐτοῦ);John 4:9;Acts 3:2;Acts 9:2;James 1:5;1 John 5:15 (whereLTTrWHἀπ'αὐτοῦ);ζητῶ,Mark 8:11;Luke 11:16;Luke 12:48;λαμβάνω,Mark 12:2;John 5:34, 41, 44;John 10:18;Acts 2:33;Acts 3:5;Acts 17:9;Acts 20:24;Acts 26:10;James 1:7;2 Peter 1:17;1 John 3:22 (LTTrWHἀπ'αὐτοῦ);2 John 1:4;Revelation 2:28 (27);παραλαμβάνω,Galatians 1:12;1 Thessalonians 2:13;1 Thessalonians 4:1;ἀπολαμβάνω,Luke 6:34RG LTr marginal reading;κομίζομαι,Ephesians 6:8;γίνεταιμοιτί,Matthew 18:19;δέχομαι,Acts 22:5;Philippians 4:18;ἔχω,Acts 9:14;ὠνέομαι,Acts 7:16;ἀγοράζομαι,Revelation 3:18; also afterἄρτονφαγεῖν (namely,δοθεντα),2 Thessalonians 3:8;εὑρεῖνἔλεος,2 Timothy 1:18;ἔσταιχάρις,2 John 1:3. after verbs of hearing, ascertaining, learning, making inquiry; as,ἀκούωτί,John 1:40();;Acts 10:22;Acts 28:22;2 Timothy 1:13;2 Timothy 2:2;πυνθάνομαι,Matthew 2:4;John 4:52;ἀκριβω,Matthew 2:16;ἀπιγινώσκω,Acts 24:8;μανθάνω,2 Timothy 3:14.d. in phrases in which things are saidεἶναι orἐξέρχεσθαιfrom one:Luke 2:1;Luke 6:19;John 17:7 (see a. above).
e.ὁ,ἡ,τόπαράτίνος (seeὁ, II. 8; cf.Buttmann, § 125, 9;Winer's Grammar, § 18, 3);α. absolutely:οἱπαῥαὐτοῦ, those of one's family, i. e.his kinsmen, relations,Mark 3:21 (Susanna 33;one's descendants (yet hereVulg.qui cure eo erant), 1 Macc. 13:52; (Josephus, Antiquities 1, 10, 5)); cf. Fritzsche at the passage, p. 101; (Field, Otium Norv. pars 3:at the passage);τάπαράτίνος, what one has beside him, and so at his service, i. e.one's means, resources,Mark 5:26;τάπαράτινων, namely,ὄντα, i. e.δοθεντα,Luke 10:7;Philippians 4:18; (cf.Winers Grammar, 366 (343);Josephus, Antiquities 8, 6, 6;b. j. 2, 8, 4; etc.).β. where it refers to a preceding noun:ἡἐξουσίαἡπαράτίνος, namely, received,Acts 26:12 (RG);ἐπικουρίαςτῆςπαρά (LTTrWHἀπό)τοῦΘεοῦ,Acts 26:22 (ἡπαράτίνοςεὔνοια,Xenophon, mem. 2, 2, 12);ἡπαῥἐμοῦδιαθήκη, of which I am the author,Romans 11:27 (cf.Winer's Grammar, 193 (182)).
II. with the dative,παρά indicates that something is or is done either in the immediate vicinity of someone, or (metaphorically) in his mind,near by, beside, in the power of, in the presence of, with, theSept. forאֵצֶל (1 Kings 20:1 ();Proverbs 8:30),בְּיַד (Genesis 44:16;Numbers 31:49),בְּעֵינֵי (see b. below); cf.Winers Grammar, § 48, d., p. 394f (369); (Buttmann, 339 (291f)).a.near, by:εἱστήκεισανπαράτῷσταυρῷ,John 19:25 (this is the only passage in the N. T. whereπαρά is joined with a dative of the thing, in all others with a dative of the person). after a verb of motion, to indicate the rest which follows the motion (cf.Buttmann, 339 (292)),ἔστησεναὐτόπαῥἑαυτῷ,Luke 9:47.
b.with, i. e.in one's house; in one's town; in one's society:ξενίζεσθαι (which see),Acts 10:6;Acts 21:16;μένειν, of guests or lodgers,John 1:39 ();;Acts 9:43;Acts 18:3, 20 (RG);f;ἐπιμένειν,Acts 28:14LTTrWH;καταλύειν,Luke 19:7 (Demosthenes, de corona § 82 (cf.Buttmann, 339 (292)));ἀριστᾶν,Luke 11:37;ἀπολείπειντί,2 Timothy 4:13;παράτῷΘεῷ, dwelling with God,John 8:38; equivalent to in heaven,John 17:5;μισθόνἔχειν, to have a reward laid up with God in heaven,Matthew 6:1;εὑρεῖνχάριν (there where God is, i. e. God's favor (cf.Winer's Grammar, 365 (343))),Luke 1:30; a person is also said to haveχάριςπαρά one with whom he is acceptable,Luke 2:52;τοῦτοχάριςπαράΘεῷ, this is acceptable with God, pleasing to him,1 Peter 2:20 (forבְּעֵינֵי,Exodus 33:12, 16;Numbers 11:15);παράΘεῷ, in fellowship with God (of those who have embraced the Christian religion and turned to God from whom they had before been estranged),1 Corinthians 7:24;παράκυρίῳ (in heaven), before the Lord as judge,2 Peter 2:11 (GL omit andTrWH brackets the phrase);παῥὑμῖν, in your city, in your church,Colossians 4:16; with a dative plural equivalent toamong,Matthew 22:25;Matthew 28:15;Revelation 2:13;παῥἑαυτῷ,at his home,1 Corinthians 16:2.c.παῥ (LTrWH textἐν)ἑαυτῷ,with oneself i. e.in one's own mind,διαλογίζεσθαι,Matthew 21:25.
d. a thing is said to be or not to beπαράτίνι,with one,α. which belongs to his nature and character, or is in accordance with his practice or the reverse; as,μήἀδικίαπαράτῷΘεῷ;Romans 9:14; add,Romans 2:11;2 Corinthians 1:17;Ephesians 6:9;James 1:17.β. which is or is not within one's power:Matthew 19:26;Mark 10:27;Luke 18:27, cf.Luke 1:37RGL text e.παράτίνι,with one i. e.in his judgment, he being judge (so inHerodotus and the Attic writings; cf.Passow, under the word, II. 2, vol. ii., p. 667; (Liddell and Scott, under B. II. 3)):παράτῷΘεῷ,Romans 2:13;1 Corinthians 3:19;Galatians 3:11;2 Thessalonians 1:6;James 1:27;1 Peter 2:4;2 Peter 3:8 (παράκυρίῳ);φρόνιμονεἶναιπαῥἑαυτῷ (A. V.in one's own conceit),Romans 11:25 (whereTr textWH textἐν);Romans 12:16.
III. with an accusative; theSept. forאֵצֶל,יַדעַל,בְּעֵבֶר (Joshua 7:7;Joshua 22:7); cf.Winers Grammar, § 49 g., p. 403f (377f); (Buttmann, 339 (292));
1. properly, of place,at, by, near, by the side of, beside, along; so with verbs of motion:περιπατεῖνπαράτήνθάλασσαν (Plato, Gorgias, p. 511 e.),Matthew 4:18;Mark 1:16 (hereLTTrWHπαράγω);πίπτειν,Matthew 13:4;Mark 4:4;Luke 8:5, 41;Luke 17:16;Acts 5:10 (whereLTTrWHπρός);σπαρῆναι,Matthew 13:19;ῥίπτειν,Matthew 15:30;τιθέναι,Acts 4:35, 37 (hereTdf.πρός);;ἀποτιθεναι,Acts 7:58;ἔρχεσθαι,ἐξέρχεσθαι,Matthew 15:29;Mark 2:13 (hereTdf.εἰς);Acts 16:13;οἱπαράτήνὁδόν, namely,πεσόντες,Mark 4:15, cf.Mark 4:4;Luke 8:12, cf. 5. with verbs of rest:καθῆσθαι,Matthew 13:1;Matthew 20:30;Luke 8:35; withεἶναι,Mark 5:21;Acts 10:6. with verbs denoting the business in which one is engaged, asπαιδεύειν in passive,Acts 22:3 (soGLTTrWH punctuate);διδάσκειν,Mark 4:1. without a verb, in specifications of place,Acts 10:32;Hebrews 11:12.2.beside, beyond, i. e. metaphorically,
a. equivalent tocontrary to:παράτήνδιδαχήν,Romans 16:17;παῥἐλπίδα, literally,beyond hope, i. e. where the laws and course of nature left no room for hope, hence, equivalent towithout (A. V. against) hope,Romans 4:18 (in secular authors, of things which happen against hope, beyond one's expectation, cf.Passow, under the word, III. 3, vol. ii, p. 669{b};Dionysius Halicarnassus, Antiquities 6, 25);παράτόννόμοι, contrary to the law,Acts 18:13 (παράτούςνόμους, opposed toκατάτούςνόμους,Xenophon, mem. 1, 1, 18);παῥὁ, contrary to that which, i. e. at variance with that which,Galatians 1:8f;παράφύσιν,Romans 1:26;Romans 11:24 (Thucydides 6, 17;Plato, rep. 5, p. 466 d.); afterἄλλος,other than, different from,1 Corinthians 3:11 (see examples from secular authors inPassow, under the word, III. 3 at the end vol. ii., p. 670{a});παράτόνκτίσαντα, omitting or passing by the Creator,Romans 1:25, where others explain itbefore (above) the Creator, rather than the Creator, agreeably indeed to the use of the preposition in Greek writings (cf. Ast, Lex.Plato, iii., p. 28 (cf.Riddell, Platonic Idioms, § 165β.; Liddell and Scott, under the word, C. I. 5 d.)), but not to the thought of the passage.except, save, equivalent toif you subtract from a given sum, less:τεσσαράκονταπαράμίαν, one (stripe) excepted,2 Corinthians 11:24 (τεσσαράκονταἐτῶνπαράτριάκονταἡμέρας,Josephus, Antiquities 4, 8, 1;παράπέντεναῦς, five ships being deducted,Thucydides 8, 29; (παῥὀλίγαςψήφους,Josephus, contra Apion 2, 37, 3); see other examples from Greek authors inBernhardy (1829), p. 258; (Winers Grammar, as above; especiallySophocles Lexicon, under 3)).
b.above, beyond:παράκαιρόνἡλικίας,Hebrews 11:11;παῥὁδεῖ; (Plutarch, mor., p. 83 f. (de profect. in virt. § 13)),Romans 12:3; equivalent tomore than:ἁμαρτωλοίπαράπάντας,Luke 13:2;ἔχρισενσε ...ἔλαιον ...παράτούςμετόχους more copiously than (A. V.above) thy fellows,Hebrews 1:9 (fromPsalm 44:8 ();ὑψοῦντιναπαράτινα, Sir. 15:5);κρίνεινἡμέρανπαῥἡμέραν, to prefer one day to another (seeκρίνω, 2),Romans 14:5. Hence, it is joined to comparatives:πλέονπαράτό,Luke 3:13;διαφορώτερονπαῥαὐτούςὄνομα,Hebrews 1:4; add,; see examples from Greek authors inWiner's Grammar, § 35, 2 b. (and as above).Ἐλαττουντιναπαρά, to make one inferior to another,Hebrews 2:7, 9.3.on account of (cf. Latinpropter equivalent toob):παράτοῦτο, for this reason, therefore,1 Corinthians 12:15f; cf.Winer's Grammar, § 49 g. c.
IV. In Compositionπαρά denotes
1. situation or motion either from the side of, or to the side of;near, beside, by, to:παραθαλάσσιος,παράλιος,παροικέω,παρακολουθέω,παραλαμβάνω,παραλέγομαι,παραπλέω,παράγω; of what is done secretly or by stealth, asπαρεισέρχομαι,παρεισάγω,παρεισδύω; cf. (the several words and) Fritzsche, Commentary on Romans, vol. i., p. 346. by the side of i. e.ready, present, at hand (παράτίνι):πάρειμι,παρουσία,παρέχω, etc.
2. violation, neglect, aberration (cf. ourbeyond oraside equivalent toamiss):παραβαίνω,παραβάτης,παρανομέω,παρακούω,παρίημι,πάρεσις,παραλογίζομαι,παράδοξος,παραφρονία, etc.
3. like the Germanan (inanreizen, antreiben, etc.):παραζηλόω,παραπικραίνω,παροξύνω,παροργίζω. (Cf. Vig. edition, Herm., p. 650f)
Strong's Exhaustive Concordance
beside, among, at, before, byA primary preposition; properly, near; i.e. (with genitive case) from beside (literally or figuratively), (with dative case) at (or in) the vicinity of (objectively or subjectively), (with accusative case) to the proximity with (local (especially beyond or opposed to) or causal (on account of) -- above, against, among, at, before, by, contrary to, X friend, from, + give (such things as they), + that (she) had, X his, in, more than, nigh unto, (out) of, past, save, side...by, in the sight of, than, (there-)fore, with. In compounds it retains the same variety of application.
Forms and Transliterations
παρ παρ' παρα παρά παρὰ πρὸς par par' para pará parà pros pròsLinks
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