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SYNONYMS
OP
THEOLDTESTAMENT:
THEIR
BEARINGONCHRISTIANFAITHANDPRACTICE.
BYTHEREV.
EGBERTBAKERGIRDLESTONE,M.A.
AUTHOROP'THEANATOMYOPSCEPTICISM'ANDOP'DIESIVUE,
ORTHEJUDGMENTOPTHEGREATDAYVIEWEDIN
THELIGHTOFSCRIPTUREANDCONSCIENCE.'
Vocessuntfimt<2;resaiiteminfinitce.
LONDON:
LGNGMANS,GREEN,ANDCO.
187L
'WhosoisarmedwiththeText,thesameisarightPastor,audmybestadviceandcounselis,thatwedrawwateroutofthetrueFountain;thatis,diligentlytoreadintheBible.HeisalearnedDivinethatiswellgroundedintheText;foronetextandsentenceoutoftheBibleisoffarmoreesteemandvaluethanmanywritingsandglosses,whichneitherarestrong,sound,norarmourofproof.'
MaetinLtjther.
PREFACE.
Theworknowpresentedtothepublicwasbeguneightyearsago,amidstthepressureofacurate'shfeinalargeparish,andhasbeencompletedineveninj?hoursafterdaysspentinstillmorearduousemploy-ments. Nothingbutaconvictionoftheimportanceofthesubject,andabeliefthatnoonehadattemptedasystematicinvestigationofit,justifiedonewhohasneitherprofoundscholarship,norareadypen,inun-dertaking thetask.Hecannothelphopingthattheworkthusimperfectlysketchedoutmaybetakenupandcarriedonhereafterbymoreaccomplishedhands.
Liselectingsubjects,itwashardtoknowwheretostop;buttheleadingtopicsofreligiousthoughthavebeenthesameinallagesoftheChurch;andthewriter'saimhasbeentoinvestigatetheusageofthetermsinwhichthesesubjectswereoriginallybroughtbeforethehumanmindbytheGreatAuthorofourbeing.WhilstadmittingtheimportanceofstudyingthewritingsoftheEarlyFathers,andtheworksofEnglishandforeigndivinesofvariousschools,thewriterholdsthatthepious,diligent,andaccuratestudyoftheSacredTextistheappointedmeansofobtainingawiseandpracticalunderstandingoftheTruth,bothasitregardsthe
viPreface.
characterandworkofGodandthedutyandhopesofman.
Tobeunbiassedisimpossible;butthewriterhasneverwittinglyevadedanytextoranyconsiderationwhichseemedtomilitateagainstapreviouslyformedimpression.Hencetheresultofthepresentinvestiga-tions hasbeenthathisopinionsonsomepointshavebeenconsiderablymodified.Hehasendeavouredtoapproachtheworkasastudent,notasacontrover-sialist ;andthevariouschaptershavebeenworkedoutindependently,notaspartsofasystem,althoughasamatteroffacttheyhavethrownmuchlightoneachother.Somereaderswillobjectthattoomanycontrovertedpointsareintroduced;whilstotherswillcomplainthatthewriter'sviewsondoctrinalsub-jects arenotsufficientlypronounced.BelievingthatsoundtheologyoughttobebasedonaccurateBiblicalcriticism,thewritercouldnotdiscusssacredwordswithouttouchingupontheirdoctrinalimport.Ontheotherhand,havingputtogetherthematerialswhichcouldbestaidintheformationofajudgmentonthechiefdoctrinesoftheBible,itseemedbothunwiseandunnecessary,eveniftherehadbeentimeandspacefortheundertaking,toworkoutthedetailsofatheologicalsystem.
Asecondaryaimhasnotbeenoverlookedinpreparingthefollowingpages,namely,toillustratetheimportanceofthestudyofHebrew.Thedifficultiesattheoutsetareconsiderable,butwhentheyareonceovercome,everyhourspentontheHebrewBibleamplyrepaysthestudent.
TheEnglishtranslationsoftextsdonotalwaysfollow
Preface.vii
theA.V.\norhaselegancebeenaimedatintranslation,theobjectbeingthegreatestpossibleclearness.Some-times analternativerenderingoraparaphrasehasbeenincorporatedintothetext,inordertobringoutthesensemoreclearly.
ThespellingofHebrewwordsinEomancharactershasoftenbeenasourceofperplexity,ov/ingtothevarietyofformswhichtheyassume,andthedifferentsoundswhichHebrewletterstakeunderdifferentcircum-stances. Thewriterfearshehasnotbeenaltogethersuccessfulorconsistentinthismatter,buthehasgene-rally followedEwald'ssystem,especiallyinputtingthfortheHebrewt3,thesoundofwhichisneithertnorTH,butsomethingbetweenthetwo.
ThechiefbookswhichhavebeenusedinthecourseofthepreparationoftheworkaretheBibleinvariouslanguages,Wilson's'Enghsh-HebrewConcordance'(Mac-millan),amostvaluablework;Fiirst's'HebrewCon-cordance,' the'Englishman'sHebrewConcordance'(Longman),andtheGreekConcordancesofKircher,Trommius,andBruder.Buxtorf'sEabbinicalDictionaryhasalsobeenreferredto,inordertoascertainthe(comparatively)modernusageofHebrewterms;butEabbinicalstudies,whilstdeeplyinteresting,donotcontributenearlysomuchtotheunderstandingoftheScripturesasmightbesupposed.TheLXXisofinfi-nitely greaterimportanceforthepresentpurposethaneithertheTargumsortheTalmud.
1ThisabbreviationsignifiestheEnglishAuthorisedVersioninthefollowingpages;similarly,LXXsignifiestheearlyGreektranslationoftheO.T.,commonlycalledtheSeptuagint,
viiiPreface.
Thankstothekindnessofthosefriendswhohavecriticizedthesheets,verifiedthereferencesthroughout,andpreparedtheindexoftexts,itishopedthattheprintingistolerablyaccurate.
Inconclusion,theauthorearnestlydesiresthatreadersofthisbookmaygain—asliehasgainedinwritingit—adeepenedconvictionofthetruth,theunity,andtheauthorityoftheScriptures,andthatitmayinfluencemembersofvariouspartiesanddenomina-tions toenteruponacriticalandsystematicstudyoftheSacredEecordsintheiroriginallanguages.Theywillthusbedrawnnearertooneanother,andwillbestimulatedtolive'inunityofspirit,inthebondofpeace,andinrighteousnessoflife,'awaitingtheMaster'sreturntorewardallwhohavelabouredinHisspiritandonHisside;—'andthenshalleverymanhavepraiseofGod.'
ClAPHAMCoMMOir:October1871.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTERI.
ONTHESTUDYANDTHETRANSLATIONOFTHESCEIPTURES.
PAGE
ControversiesoriginatedbywantofaccuracyintheinterpretationofScripture.—World-widecirculationoftheBibledefended.—TheScripturesastandardofdoctrine.—-TheologicalprecisionoftlieHebrew0.T.—PeculiaritiesoftheHebrewlanguage,andwealthofitssynonyms.—-ValueoftheLXXasacon-necting-link betweentheHebrew0.T.andtheGreekN.T.—LanguagesspokenbytheJewsinourLord'stime.—Principlesoftranslation.—OurLord'smodeofquotingandinterpretingthe0.T.—Illustrations....1
CHAPTERII.
THENAMESOPGOD.
Atranslator'sdifficulties.—ThetitleElohim;isitapropername?—Itsappli-cation toidols.—Itspluralform.—ItsapplicationtoJudges.—Howtobetrans-lated.—St.Paul'sspeechatAthens.—TheformsEloab,Elah,El,andElim.—TitlesoftheMessiah.—ShaddaiortheAll-Bountiful.—AdonaiorTheLord.—'ElionorTheMost-High.—J'ebovaliandJah.—ElohistandJehovistdiscussion.—TheLordofHosts.—TheAngeloftheLord.—HowoughtthenameJebovabtoberepresented?—ItsapplicationtotheMessiali..32
CHAPTERIIL
THENAMESOFMAN.
Incongruitiesofhumannature.^—MeaningandusageofAdam.—The'SonofMan.'—Glorifiedhumannature.—Origin,meaning,andusageofIsh.—Theappleoftheeye.—UsageofEnosb.—Passagesinwhichitoccurs.—Itspro-bable etymology.—WhynotappliedtotheMessiah.—MeaningandusageofCever.—Instancesofitsoccurrence.—WordscognatewithGever.—Re-pbaimandXTepbilim7'^
CHAPTERIV.
THESOULANDTHESPIRIT.
PsychologicaldistinctionsintheO.T.—Nepbesb,thesoul.—TeachingwitliregardtothesoulintheN.T.—Buacb,orthespirit;itsprimaryandse-condary meanings.—ComparisonofRuacbandNepbesb.—TlicSpiritofGod.—SensesinwhichthewordSpiritisusedintheN.T.—ChristandtheHolySpirit.—TheworkoftheSpirit.—TheSevenSpiritsofGod..-9^
PAGE
Contents.
CHAPTERV.
HEAET,WILL,CONSCIENCE,-WISDOM,UNDEKSTANDING.
Difficultyofthesubject.—WordsrenderedHeartinthe0.T.—Usageandmeaningoflev.—Thehardeningoftheheart;HebrewwordsforHardening.—UsageofthewordHeartintheN.T.—il-vab,theWill.—UsageandmeaningofCbaphetsandRatson.—ThewillofGodintheN.T.—WordsusedfortheWillinDaniel.—UTadav,orvoluntaryaction.—Yaalorvolition.—OtherwordsrenderedWill.—TheConscience.—Cliacainorwisdom.—Bin,orunder-standing.—Similarwords107
CHAPTERVI.SIN,WICKEDNESS,TRESPASS,ANDGUILT.
Cbattaa,itsgeneralmeaning—ItspeculiarusageinthePielform.—Howre-presented intheLXX.—Avab,orWrong.—ilmal,orTravail.—'iival,orEvil.—'Avar,orTransgression.—Ra%orMischief.—Pasba',orRebellion.—Rasba',orWickedness.—Ma'al,orBreachofTrust.—Aven,orVanity.—Asbam,orGuilt.—Wordsforsin,&c.,intheN.T127
CHAPTERVIL
REPENTANCE,CONVERSION,ANDAMENDMENT.
OriginalmeaningofthewordITacbam.—ItsrenderingsintheLXX.—Com-plex ideasconnectedwithit.—Maimouides,Eosenmiiller,Beza,Erasmus,andLucasBrugensisonPanitentia.—TheRomanCatholicdoctrine.—RepentanceaccordingtotheN.T.—OtheraspectsofthewordXTacbamasillustratedbytheLXXandN.T.—HebrewandGreekwordsforconversion,amendment,a,Tidigoodness.............144
CHAPTERVIH.PERFECTIONANDPEACE.
Variouswordsrendered'Perfect'inthe0.T.—UsageofSbalamandTbaznam.—IdeaofPeaceintheN.T.—OnenessandPerfection.—Develop-ment andmaturity.—Christ'sperfection,Faultlessnessandcompleteness.157
CHAPTERIX.UPRIGHTNESS,FAITH,ANDHOPE.
MeaningandusageofYasbar.—ItsGreekrepresentativesintheN.T.—Tbamam,orintegrity,—Tsadak,orrighteousness.—IVXisbpatb,orjudg-ment.—Aman,truthorfaithfulness.—Hebrewwordsrenderedtrust.—Batbacb,toconfidein.—Wordsrenderedhope,—Distinctionbetweenfaithandtrust.—Christian/ai^A,trust,andho2)e......,167
CHAPTERX.GRACE,PITT,LOVE,ANDMERCY.
Wordsrenderedgraceinthe0.T.—Racbam,orpity.—Abav,orlove.-^Otherwordsrenderedlove.—Love,accordingtotheN.T.—Cbesed,ormercy.—Meaningofcbasid,usuallyrenderedsaint.—HowrepresentedintheN.T.177
Contents.xi
CHAPTERXI.EEDEMPTIONANDSALVATION.
....PAGE
TheDivineinterventiononbehalfofmansupportedbyanalogy.—Caal,tore-deem.—Itsspiritualapplication.—Padah,todeliver.—Eedemption,accord-ing totheN.T.—TheideaofPurchaseintheN.T.—Yasba',tosave.—ItsfulnessofmeaningintheProphets.—OtherwordsrenderedSaveinthe0.T.—AspectsofSalvationintheN.T...,.,....191
CHAPTERXH.
ATONEMENT,FORGIVENESS,ANDACCEPTANCE.
Thecallmadebyman'ssinupontheattributesofGod.—MeaningofthewordCapbar.—Capporeth,orthemercy-seat.—Ideassetforthbythewordatonement.—OtherrenderingsofCapbar.—ItsGreekrepresentatives.—ThevicariousnatureofClirist'ssuiferings.—Reconciliation.—Salacb,toforgive.—Forgiveness,accordingtotheN.T.—KTasa,tobear.—ItsrepresentativesintheN.T.—Hebrewwordsrenderedacceptance.—Itatsab;itsmeaningandusage.—Aecejptance,accordingtotheN,T........205
CHAPTERXIILCLEANSING,WASHING,SPRINKLING,ANDBAPTISM.
God'spurity.—Manimpurethroughsin.—Tbab€r,tocleanse—Thecaseoftheleper.—Othercasesofcleansing.—Moralapplicationoftheword.—Cleansing,accordingtotheN.T.—AVordsforWashinginthe0.T.—Cavas,towashgarments,andRacbats,towashthebody.—Moralapplicationofthewords.—
IWashing,accordingtotheN.T.—Barar,tomakeclean.—Wordssignifyinginternalpurity.—HebrewwordsforSprinJding.—Baptism.Usageofthe■wordintheLXXandN.T.—Conclusionsastotheadministrationoftherite.230
CHAPTERXIV.
JUSTIFICATION,INNOCENCE,ANDIMPUTATION.
IdeasconnectedwiththewordJustification.—UsageoftheverbTsadak.^EenderingsintheLXX.—PassagesinwhichthewordRighteousnessoccursinthe0.T.—Sacrificesofrighteousness.—AspectsofRighteousnessinthe0.T.—ItsmeaningsintheN.T.—Justification,accordingtotheN.T.—TTakab,tobeclean.—Cbasbav,toimputeorreckon.—Itstheologicalmeaning.—Its
,representativeintheN.T254
CHAPTERXV.SANCTIPICATION,HOLINESS,CONSECRATION,ANOINTING.
UsageandmeaningofKadasb.—WordsmarkingConsecration,Dcdiratmi,andOrdination.—Usageofayid^wandcognatewordsintheN.T.—Masbacb,toanoint.—Christ,theAnointedKing.—Anointing,asappliedtoChristians.—Theanointingofthesick"°
CHAPTERXVI.
OFFERINGS,SACRIFICES,ANDALTAR.
TheJewishofferingstypical.—Korban,oroffering.—Nagasb,todrawnear.—RepresentativewordsintheN.T.—'Olah,theasceuding-ofiLTing.—ItsmeaningillustratedfromtheN.T.—Mincbab,themeat-offenng.—Zevacb,
xiiContents.
PAGE
thesacrifice,orcommunionfeast.—Thealtar.—SacrificeandaltarintheN.T.—RemarksonHeb.13.10.—'Asab,toofferordo.-—RelationoftheLord'sSuppertotheSacrificeofthePassover.—Sbacbatb,toslay.—Pasacb,thePassover.—Sbelem,therestitution-oiFering.—Cbattab,thesin-oifering.—ThesameintheN.T.—Asbam,theguilt-oflfering.—Zsbab,thefire-offer-ing.—STesec,thedrink-offering.—Incense.—Thefree-willoffering.—Thewaveandtlieheave-offering2'97
CHAPTERXVII.WOBD,LAW,COMMANDMENT,CHARGE,COVENANT.
RevelationregardedastheWordoftheLord.—ModesofexpressingtheWordinthe0.T.andtheN.T.—HebrewnamesforLaw;forCommandments.—Termsusedinthe119thPsalm.—TheLawandCommandmentsintheN.T.—ThewordsforCovenantinthe0.andN.T.........324
CHAPTERXVIIL■WORSHIP,PRAT,PRAISE,PREACH,TEACH.
WordsusedforWorship.—Sbacbab,toprostrateoneself.—WorshiprenderedtoChrist.—OtherreferencestoWorshipintheN.T.—HebrewandGreekwordswhichexpressPrayer,Praise,andBlessing.—Basbar,toevangelise,andKara,toproclaim.—Ecclesiastes,orthePreacher.—PreachingintheN.T.—WordsusedtoexpressTeaching341
CHAPTERXIX.TEMPLE,TABERNACLE,CONGREGATION,CHURCH.
,HebrewandGreekwordsforTemple,Sanctuary,andTabernacle.—TheFeastofTabernacles.—XCabal,itsmeaningandusage.—'Adab,theCongregationorTestimony.—TheTabernacleoftheCongregation.—TheHolyConvocation.—EcclesiaandSynagogue.—Churchorganisation.—OthersensesofEcclesia.359
CHAPTERXX.PROPHET,PRIEST,ELDER,MINISTER.
HebrewnamesforaProphet.—Cbozeb,ortheSeer.—Coben,orthePriest.—Zacen,ortheElder.—The'Ancients.'—ChristianPresbyters.—Sberetb,ortheMinister.—Representatives.—'lived,ortheServantintheN.T...377
CHAPTERXXI.KING,JUDGE,CONDEMN,PUNISH,REVENGE.
HebrewwordsrepresentingRoyalty,Bide,andJudgment.—Thejudicialandtheadministrativeoffices.—MeaningofSbapbatb.—JudgmentandCondemnationintheN.T.—WordsusediovPunishmentandVengeance,inthe0.T.andN.T.393
CHAPTERXXII.
HEATHEN,NATION,PEOPLE,TRIBE,FAMILY.
Coim,orHeathen.—'Am,orPeople.—OtherwordsrenderedPeople.—Distinc-tion between(Qvosand\a6sintheN.T.—Theexpression'allnations.'—WordsforTribeandFamily.........40.5
Contents.xiii
CHAPTERXXIII.
LAND,EARTH,WORLD.
Adamah,orSoil.—PassagesinwhichithasbeenrenderedEarth.—DistinetionbetweenAdamabandErets—OtherwordsrenderedEarth.—EarthandLandintheN.T.—WordsforWorldinthe0.T.andN.T412
CHAPTERXXIV.
HEAVEN,HOSTOFHEAVEN,FIRMAMENT.
WordsforHeavenintheO.T.andN.T.—'TheQueenofHeaven.'—TheHostofHeaven.'—TheFirmament:ideasconveyedbytheHebrewandtheGreekwords418
CHAPTERXXV.DESTROY,PERISH.
WordsusedtoexpressDestruction.—MeaningandusageofAvad,Shachath,Sbamad,andCbaram.—RepresentativesintheN.T.—TheexterminationoftheCanaanites............425
CHAPTERXXVI.
THEGRAVE,HELL,DEATH.
PassagesinwhichSbeoloccurs—Meaningoftheword.—EeferencestoHadesintheN.T.—NotesonpassagesintheN.T.—HebrewwordswhichexpressDeath.—Repbaim.—'Thoushaltsurelydie.'—PecidiaruseofthewordDeathintheN.T.—Relationshipbetweensinanddeath.—TheSecondDeath..443
CHAPTERXXVII.
SATAN,TEMPTER,SERPENT.
Existenceandinfluenceofevilspirits.—MeaningsofthewordSair,Sbed,andSatan.—ThewordsSatan,Devil,andDemonintheN.T.—Hebrewwr)r(lswhichsignifyTemptation.—Conclusionastothemeaningofthewords.-—TheirGreekequivalents.—HebrewnamesfortheSerpentandtheDragon,..ioo
CHAPTERXXVTCn.
WITCH,DIVINER,FAMILIARSPIRIT,MAGICIAN.
AncientandModernSpiritualism.—Cashapb,ortheWitch.—Kesem,ortheDiviner.—Ob,ortheFamiliarSpirit.—TheWitchofEndor.—Id'oni,ortheWizard.—Cbartummim,ormagicians.—Gezar,ortheSoothsayer.—Otherwordsofsimilarimport...........471
CHAPTERXXIX.IDOL,TERAPHIM,GROVE,HIGHPLACE.
Man'stendencytomaterialism.—HebrewwordsforIdols.—'Abomination'intheN.T.—Usageandmeaningof'etsev.—HebrewandGreekwordssigiiifvingimaffcorsimilitude—Otherwordsreferringtoidolatry.—FulkeandMartin'scontroversyonthewordimage.—T/litsva.}!,orthePillar.—Tiu^Chamonim.—Asberab,ortheGrove.—Bamab,ortheHighPlace.—TheTcrajjhi/n.448
xivContents.
CHAPTERXXX.
ETERNAL,EVERLASTING,THEAGETOCOME.
PAGE
Theword'ad,anditsGreekrenderings.—ITetsacb,or'Utterly'—Tamid,or'Perpetually.'—Orec,Dor,Kedem,Vom,Etb,'Olam,N.T.representa-'tivesofthesewords.—TheAgetoCome........495
IndexofSubjects............507
„HebrewWords511
„GreekWords513
,,Texts615
SYNONYMS
OFTHE
OLDTESTAMENT.
CHAPTERI.
ON"THESTUDYANDTHETRANSLATIONOFTHESCRIPTURES.
§1.DoctrinalcontroversiesnotcausedbyProtestantism;§2.ButmainlyoriginatedbywantofaccuracyintheinterpretationofScripture.—§3.UseoftheBiblefortlieuneducated.—§4.Itsworld-widecircu-lation defended.—§5.TheScriptures,aswenowpossei-sthem,astandardofdoctrineamongstallChurches.—§6.TheologicalprecisionoftheHebrew0.T.—§7.Thepresentvolumeintendedtoillustratethispre-cision andtoexhibititsbearingontheN.T.—§8.PeculiaritiesoftheHebrewlanguage,andwealthofitssynonyms.—§9.ValueoftheLXXasaconnecting-linkbetweentheHebrew0.T.andtheGreekN.T.—§10.ThelanguagesspokenbytheJewsinourLord'stime.NoteonSt.Matthew'sGospel.—§11.Principlestobeborneinmindbytrans-lators oftheScripture.—§12.OurLord'smodeofquotingandinterpret-ing the0.T.—§13.Illustrationsoftheforegoingviewsasappliedto(a)2Thess.3.5,{b)2Thess.1.11,(c)Acts4.27.
§1.TheCONTROVERSIESwliicliexistintheChristianChurchareasourceoftroubleandperplexitytoeverythoughtfulmind.Itmightnaturallybesupposedthatthosewhopro-fess tofollowoneandthesameMaster,tovenerateoneandthesameBookasthefinalcom-tofappealinmatterspertainingtoreligion,wouldagreeonallquestionsoffaithandecclesiasticalorder;butthisisfarfrombeingthecase.EomanCatholictheologianshavesometimesassertedthatProtestantismistherealsourceofreligiousdissensions,
B
2StudyandTranslationoftheScriptures.[Ch,I,
inasmucliasitexposestheScripturetotheprivatejudgmentoftheindividual;andthejtellusthattherewouldbenodifferencesofopinionamongChristiansifallweretoabidebytheteachingofthePapalChurch.Therearemanyreasons,however,whichmayfairlyleadustodoubttheproprietyofsuchasolution.Inthefirstplace,controversydidnotspringupwiththeReformation.Therewerenearlyahundredshadesofopinion,moreorlesserroneous,whichhadtobecontendedagainstintheearliestagesoftheChurch;andtherewereashotdiscussionsontheologicalquestionsintheMiddleAgesastherearenow.Secondly,therearefargreaterdivergencesofthoughtinreligiousmattersamongtheadherentsofthePapacythantheworldgenerallysuspects.^Thirdly,itistobeobserved,thatthoughthemodernChurchofPomehaslaiddowninthedecreesoftheCouncilofTrentaschemeorbasisofdoctrineaccordingtowhichallScriptureistobeinterpreted,yetshehasneverventuredtopublishaninfalliblecommentarywhichshouldexplainallthehardpassagesofScripture.ThusevenunderRomanrulethedoorofcontroversyisprac-tically leftopen.TherewereexpositorsoftheScrij)tureintheChurchofChristlongbeforemenweredividedintoRomanCatholics,GreekChurch,andProtestants.Whichofthemshallwefollow?ShallitbeOrigenorChrysostom?JeromeorAugustine?TheanswerwhichtheChurchofRome,incommonwithallotherChurches,hastogiveis,thatnointerpretationsofScripturebyanindividual,howeverlearned,aretoberegardedasinfallible;allthatcanbedonebytheauthorisedleadersoftheChurchistoindicateacertainlineoffaith,ecclesiasticalorder,andpractice,accordingtowhichtheBibleoughttobeinterpreted,andbywhichallcommentatorsoughttobeguidedandtested.
'JeremyTaylor,inhisLihertyofProphcuying,givesanalmostintenninaljleJis;tofthedifferencesofopinionwhichhaveexistedintheChurchofRome.
§L]DoctrinalControversies.3
Inaccordancewitlithisview,oneofthemostlearnedofRomanCatholicdivines,CardinalCajetan,says,thatifanewsensebediscoveredforatext,thoughitisopposedtotheinterpretationofawdioletorrentofsacreddoctors,itmaybeaccepted,provideditbeinaccordancewiththerestofScripture,andwiththeteachingoftheChurch.^ToScripturealone,headds,dowereservethisauthority,thatwebelieveathingtohesobecauseitiswrittenso;anewsenseofScriptureisnottobeopposedmerelybecauseitisnew,andifitfallsinperspicuouslywiththetextandcon-text, letpraisebeascribedtoGodwhohasnottieddoAvntheexpositionoftheScripturestotheinterpretationsoftheancientdoctors,buttothesacredwritingsthemselves,subjectonlytothecensorshipoftheChurchCatholic.'^
•Cajetan,Pm/".inPent.Theoriginalpassageisasfollows:—'SiqiiandooceurreritnovussensusTextuieonsonus,neeaSacraScripturaneeabEeclesicedoctrinadissonus,qnamvisatorrenteDoctorumsacrornmalienus,asquossepr?e-beantcensores.Meminerintjussuumunieuique.SolisScriptiirseSacraeautoribnsi-eservataesthseeaiitoritas,utideocredamussicesse,quiaipsiitaseripserunt:aliosautem,inquitAugustinus,italego,utquantalibetsanctitatedoctrinaqueprse-polleant,nonideocredamsicesse,quiaipsiitaseripserunt.Niillusitaquedetes-taturnovumScriptursesensum,exhocquoddissonatapriseisDoctoribus;sedscruteturperspicaciusTextumaccontextumScrijjturse;etsiquadrareinvenerit,laudetDeum,quinonalligavitexpositionemScripturarumSacrarumpriscorumDoctorumseusibus,sedScripturseintegrsesubCatholicteEcclesifficensura.'CardinalPallavicini(Hist.Cone.Trid.\\.18)discussestheviewthusboldlyenunciatedbyhisbrotherCardinal—aviewbynomeansgenerallyapprovedof—andsaysthatitisnotcontrarytothedecreesoftheCouncilofTrent,astheysimplydeclarehereticalanydoctrineorexpositionwhichisopposedtotheuniversalteachingofFathers,Popes,andCouncils.
-ItwouldbebeyondtheaimofthepresentworktodiscusstherelationshipwhichexistsbetweentheChiu'chandtheBible.Certainlytheteaching,creeds,liturgies,andgeneralspiritoftheChurchoughttobeinaccordancewiththeScripture.Iftheyarenot,theycannotberight.NodoctrineofDevelopmentcanbeacceptedwhichwouldtendtothrowdiscreditontheteachingoftheNewTestament.ThispointisadmirablylaiddowninArticlesVI.,XX.,andXXI.oftheCh\i.rchofEngland.ThefactthattheChurchisawitnessandkeeperofHolyWritissometimessetforthasareasonwhyherteachingoughtnottobecriticisedbyreferencetoitspages.Butthisisafallacyunworthyofthosewhoadvanceit.Astheflawsinthecandlestickmaybedetectedbytheliglitofthecandlewhichitholds,somaythedogmas,formulariesandceremoniesoftheChurchbecheckedandreformedfromtimetotimebyawiseandreverentcomparisonwiththeteachingofScripture.
B2
4StudyandTranslationoftheScriptures.[Cn.I.
§2.ItwouldbeUtopiantoanticipateatimeinwhicliallChristianswillbeofonemindinmattersoffaithandprac-tice—atleastunderthepresentdispensation.Ithasbeenconstantlyremarkedthatourbeliefsareaffectedbyphysicaltem23eramentandeducation,bytheoccupationsofourlife,andbythenatureofourintercoursewithmenandbooks.WebringthesethingswithustothestudyoftheBible,andtheygiveacertaincolouringtotruthinthecourseofitsassimilationwithournature.Inthismatter,asinallothers,GodisonlyactinginaccordancewiththegenerallawswhichHehasimposeduponthereceptivefacultiesofman.
Whilst,however,itisoftheutmostimportancethatweshouldbearthisinmind,wearenonethelessboundtoaimatreducingourdifferencestoaminimum.TheLord'sprayerforunity(John17.)callsusimperativelytotakesuchacourse.TheApostlePaulalsopressesthispointspeciallyuponourattentionwhenhesays(Phil.2.2),'belike-minded,havingthesamelove,beingofoneaccord,ofonemind.'Howissuchanexhortationasthistobefulfilled?Firstbyrecognisingthepointsofunionwhichexistamongus,whicharemuchmorenumerousthanwesometimessuj)pose;andsecondly,bycarefullytracingourdifferencestotheirrealsources.Aswefollowoutthislatterlineofinquiry,weshallseewithincreasingclearnesshownumerousarethecauseswhichcontributetobringaboutthediversitiesofvieAvwhichwesomuchregret.Notonlyaretheregreatvarietiesoftemperament,givingadistinctivehuetoeachman'screed,butalsoheinheritsmanyviewsfromhis]3arents;heisaffectedbytheecclesiasticalbodytowhichhebelongs;heisbiassedbyhistastes,hisstudies,andhispursuits,—bytheimportanceheattachestoparticulartexts,andbytheweightheassignstohistoricalChristianitywhichhasgrownupthroughthelapseofagesintoanelaborateandalmost
§3.]UseoftheBiblefortheUneducated.5
stereotypedform,ascomparedwiththeprimitiveChristianitysketchedintheN.T.But,inadditiontotheseandsach-likepoints,itwillbefoundthatourreligiousdifferencesareinalargemeasureowingtothevaguenesswithwhichwereadandinterprettheBible.Sofarfromthissacredbookbeingacauseofcontentionamongus,itwillbefoundthatthemorethoroughlywestudyitinarightspiritandonjustprinciplesofinterpretation,somuchthemorecloselyshallwedrawneartooneanotherinfaithandlife.
Itistothelast-namedpoint—notthequantitybutthequalityofourreading—thatattention.,isspeciallydirectedinthepresentvolume.
§3.TheBibleistoberegardedintwoaspects.Ithasitsusefortheunlearnedanditsusefortheteacher.TheOldTestamenttellsthestoryofGod'sdealingswithmanfromtheCreationtothedaysofAbraham,fromAbrahamtoMoses,andfromMosestotheCaptivity,inlanguagewhichsetstheinainfactsofthecaseplainlybeforethemostunlettered.TheISTewTestamentlikewiseunfoldstheloveofGod,asithasbeenmanifestedinChristtowardthepoor,thefallen,andthewholeAvorld,intermswhichcomehometoeveryheart.Thelittlechildandtheuntaughtmanwillfindmanyhardwords,manypuzzlingarguments,manyallusionstoEasterncustomsandtopointsofcontemporaryhistoryofwhichtheyknownothing;buttheywillalsofindcertainsolidfactswhichtheycangrasp,andtheywillmeetwithlivingwordswdiichwillarresttheirattentionandcausethemtoregardGodinanewlight.AstheyreadontheywilllearnnotonlythatthereisindeedaGodwhomadethem,whosustainsthem,butalsothatHehasafatherlyregardfortheirwelfare.Thesimplestudentmaythusbecomeatheologianinthetrueoldsenseoftheword,thoughignorantofwdiatmodernwriterssometimescalltheology:hemayattainthatlovingandreverentialdispositiontowardshis
6StudyandTranslationoftheScriptures.[Ch.L
MakerandEedeemerwliicliisdescribedas*tliebeginningofwisdom,'thoughknowingnothingoftheEarlyFathersoroftheGermanSchoolofThought.
IthasbeenheldinallasfcsoftheChurchthatthehumbleanddevoutreadingoftheScripturesisoneofthemostprofitablesourcesofgrowthingodliness;andnothingbuttheexigenciesofcontroversycanhaveledtheauthoritiesoftheChurchofEometodiscouragethecirculationandstudyoftheBible,evenintheirownauthorisedversions,indicatingtherebytheiropinionthatitisadangerousbook,andonenottobetrustedinthehandsofthepeople.^
Jerome,theprinceoftranslators,anda'churchman'ofthehighestorder,speakswithnouncertainsoundonthispoint.SodoesAugustine;andsodoChrysostom,Ambrose,Basil,andtheleadingfathersoftheearlychurch.Theyknewthat*asthebodyismadeleanbyhungerandwantoffood,soisthesoulwhichneglectstofortifyitselfbytheWordofGodrenderedweakandincapableofeverygoodwork.'^
§4.Itma}^,however,besaidthatthereadingoftheScripturesshouldatanyratebeconfinedtothosewhoarepreviouslyinstructedinChristianity.ThispointhasoftenbeenpressedwithmuchforceagainstthosezealousPro-testants whoseektocirculatetheScripturesinIndiaand
*NotranslationoftheBiblecanbecirculated■withthesanctionofthePapacyunlessitbemadefromtheLatinVulgate,andbeaccompaniedwithnotestakenfromthe'Catholicdoctors;'anderenthennolaymanis(theoretically)permittedtoreaditunlesshehavealicencefromhispriest.ThepracticalconsequenceofthesestepshasbeenthattheBibleisalmostanunknownbookamongtheEomanCatholiclait}'.
-Augustine.ComparethewordsofAmbrose,'omncscedificatscripturadivina.'TheacrimonywithwhichthecirculationoftheScriptureshasbeenopposedbythePopesandtheirsubordinatessincethedaysoftheKeformationpresentsapainfulcontrastwiththeearnestexhortationsofsuchmenasJeromeandAugustine.ThecasesoftheMadiaiandMatamorosarestillineverybody'smemory,andsimilarinstancesofpersecutionforreadingtheBiblemightbecitedfromFrance,Belgium,Portugal,Mexico,andwherevertheEomanChurchhasbeenabletoassertitself.AmongstmoderndefencesofBiblereading,seeBeponsedcqiielq%t.esMcmhrcsdeI'EiiUscBeformccauMandonentdeMgr.FArchnrquedcIhuloiisc,5thed.1838.
§4.]TheirWoidd-wideCirculationdefended.7
elsewhere,evenamotigthosewhohavenotbeenconvertedandbaptized.Butthisobjectionisnotvalid,eithertheoreticallyorpractically.TheoreticallytheBibleisabookforman-kind becauseitcontainsthehistoryofGod'sdealingswiththewholehumanrace,andthereisnothinginitspageswhichcallstheChurchtorestrictitscirculation.PracticallyalsoitisfoundthattheScripturesinthemothertonguehavepenetratedfurtherthanthelivingvoiceofthemis-sionary, andinhundreds,nayprobablythousands,ofin-stances theyhavebeenthemeansofleadingmentotheknowledgeofGod.TheReportsoftheBritishandForeignBibleSocietyandtherecordsofthevariousmissionarysocietiesabundantlytestifytothispoint.Amoreinde-pendent writer,however,maybecited;andhiswordsdeservetobewellw^eighed.
'Itisnoteasy(saysSirBartleFrere,formerlyGovernorofBombay)toestimatetheexacteffectproducedbythegeneralcheapcirculationoftheChristiancanonicalbooksandotherliterature,apartfromthe])reachingandvivavoceexplanationsofthemissionaries;butanyonewhoisatthepainstoinquirewillspeedilybesatisfiedthattheeffectissoconsiderableasalmosttojustifytheexpressionsofthosewhotalkasifnationscouldbeevangelisedsimplybythecirculationoftheprintedScriptures.
'Missionariesandothersarefrequentlystartledbydiscoveringpersons,andevencommunities,whohavehardlyeverseen,andperhapsneverheard,anordainedmissionary,andwhohaveneverthelessmadecon-siderable progressinChristianknowledge,obtainedthroughthemediumofanalmosthaphazardcirculationoftractsandportionsofScripture.
'Inoneinstance,whichIknowwascarefullyinvestigated,alltheinhabitantsofaremotevillageintheDeccanhadabjuredidolatryandcaste,removedfromtheirtemplestheidolswhichhadbeenworshippedtheretimeoutofmind,andagreedtoprofessaformofChristianitywhichtheyhaddeducedforthemselvesfromacarefulperusalofasingleGospelorafewtracts.Thesebookshadnotbeengivenbyanymis-sionary, buthadbeencasuallyleftwithsomeclothesandothercast-offpropertybyamerchant,whosenameevenhadbeenforgotten,andwho,asfiirascouldbeascertained,hadneverspokenofChristianityto
8StudyandTranslationoftheScriptures.[Ch.I.
hisservant,toAvhomhegaveatpartingthesethings,withothersofwhichhehadthennofurtherneed.
'Thataninquisitiveandintelligentthoughverysimplepeople,whohavefewbooksoftheirown,andwhoserecognisedindigenousteachersrarelyattemptanyveryearnestinstructionintheirownreligion,shouldreadilyreadanythingthatcameintheirwayregardingthereligionoftheirrulers,isnotmorethanmightbenaturallyexpected.ButwemustgotocountriesintheconditionofIndiaandChinaatthismomenttoseeatworktheprocessofelaboratingfromafewtractssoread,asystemoftheologypoAverfulenoughtosetasideanancientandwell-establishedcreed.TheprocessisnoneAVone;butitisonlyrarely,orataspecialcrisisintheintellectuallifeofanation,thatsuchaphenomenonistobeobserved.''
Withsuchastatementasthisbeforeus,—andsimilartestimoniesmightreadilybeproduced,—wemaysafelyaffirmthatthereadingoftheScriptures,eveninanimperfecttranslation,iscalculated,underGod'sblessing,notonlytoedifyandinstructtheChristian,butalsotoawakennewandholyconvictionsintheheartsofthosewithwhomtheministersandmissionariesoftheChurchhavenevercomeintopersonalcontact.
§5.ButtheBibleisalsothetext-bookforthetheologicalteacher,andthefinalcourtofappealonallreligiousques-tions. EventheChurchofEome,thoughputtingherecclesiasticaltraditionsonalevelwiththeScrijDture,gene-rally seekstoobtainthesanctionofGod'swordforherteaching,andneverprofessedlyholdsanydoctrinewhich,accordingtoherinterpretation,isf>ositivelyopposedtotheBible.Tothisbook,then,allchurchesanddenominationsturnforsupport;andwhateverourviewofinspirationmaybe,wepracticallytakeitswordsasthebasisofourteachingandasthestandardofourorthodoxy.
Itwouldbequitebesidethepresentpurposetodiscusstheoriesofinspiration,toattemptasolutionofthevarious
'EssayonMissionsinavolumeentitledTheChurchandtheAge,Murray,1870.
§0.]TheScripturesaStandardofDoctrine.9
questionswliiclirelatetotlieCanon,ortoweiglitlieauthorityofdifferenttexts,MSS.,andreadings.Sufficeittosaythat,withregardtotheOUTTestament,itisgenerallyallowedthatthetextasnowreceived,withthepunctuationandaccentuation'whichrex^resentthetraditionalwayofreadingitinearlytimes,maybetakenassubstantiallythesameasthatwhichexistedwhenourLordgavetheweightofhisauthorityto'theScriptures.'SeveralhundredHebrewMSS.havebeenbroughttolightinmoderntimes,andbytheiraidtheReceivedtextmightbeconsiderablyamended;andtheresultwouldprobablybeafargreaterapproximationtothereadingscontainedintheNewTestament,theLXX,theSamaritanPentateuch,thePeshitoSyriac,andtheLatinVulgate.^Theemendations,however,whichwouldthusbeintroduced,thoughverynumerous,andoftenofthedeepestinterest,wouldnotaffectthebodyofthebook.Withregard
''Bypimctuationisheresignified,nottliemarlvingofpausesintliesense,Initthedeterminationofthevowelsounds.SupposingthatinsomeoldEnglishinscriptionwemetwiththeabbreviatedwordked,wemighthavetodeterminewhetheritstoodforbread,bird,bard,beardorboard.Thiswecoiddusuallydobymeansofthecontext;buttheremightbedoubtfulcases,andifsuchexistedAveshouldbegladtoknowhowthewordhadbeenunderstoodbyothersinpasttimes.Thustraditionwouldcomeintoaidourreasoningpowers,though,afterall,traditionitselfmightsometimesbeatfault.ThisjustillustratesthecaseoftheHebrewpoints.TheywereaddedtoMSS.somewhereaboutthefifthcenturyafterChrist,inordertoperpetuatethetraditionalmodeinwhichtheHebrewwordsoftheBibleusedtobepronounced.Generallyspeaking,theyareundoubtedlyright;buttheyarenotinfallible,andsometimestheyarecapableofcorrectionbymeansofMSS.andearlyversions.Thecaseofthewordbedforstaff,inGen.47.31,istliemostfamiliarsampleoftheexistenceoftwotraditionalmodesofgivingvowelsoundsforawordwhoseconsonantsarethesame.
Theaccentsmarkthetones,theemphasis,andthepausesinHebrew,andthustheytooattimesaffectthesenseandeventhedivisionoftheverses.
-Kennicott'stwoDissertations,hisIntroductiontotheHebrewBiblewhichheedited,andtheposthumousvolumeofhiscriticisms,aboundinproofsofthisassertion.HemayhavebeenledtospeaktoostronglyagainstwhatheconceivestobethewilfulcorruptionofthetextbytheMasoreticJews,buthehasconferredabenefitbyhislaboursuponbothJewandChristian,which,alas!neithertheonenortheotherhasyetlearnedtoappreciate.DoderleinandMeisner'sCriticalHebrewBiblecontainsthemostconvenientcollectionofreadingsfromKennicott'sandDcEossi'sMSS.
loStudyandTranslaiionofikeScriptures.[Ch,I.
totlieISTewTestamentwealsohavesuhstantiallyintheEeceivedTextthewritingswhichwerereceivedasauthoritativeintheearlychurch.Hereagainthereexistplentifulmaterialsforamendingthetext,throughthediscoveryofmanyancientMSS.,andthroughthecollationofancientversionsofthequotatinnstobefoundinthewritingsoftheearlyFathers;butafterallhadbeendonethatcouldbedonethebookwouldremainverymuchthesameasitisnow.
Wemay,therefore,taketheHebrewandGreektextoftheBibleasitexistsinthehandsofeveryscholarasasuffi-ciently fairrepresentativeoftheScriptures;andwhilstweblessHimthroughwhoseProvidenceithasbeensowonderfullypreservedtous,weareboundtorememberthecauseforwhichthiscarehasbeenexercised—namely,thatwemayreturnagainandagaintothesacredtext,andcorrectourfickleandfalliblethoughtsandteachingsbymeansofitsunchangingutterances.
§6.ThemorecloselywestudytheHebrewBible,themoreweshallbestruckwiththeuniformprecisionwithwhichdoctrinaltermsareusedthroughoutitspages.How-ever ivemaychoosetoaccountforthisfact,itspracticalbearingismanifest.IftheHebrewScripturesusetheo-logical terraswithmarkedexactitude,translationsmadefromthemareplainlymissingsomethingofDivinetruthunlesstheydothesame.Norcanitbedeniedthatthemoreaccuratelytheoriginalwordsarerendered,andthemorefullytheirusageisascertainedbyus,somuchthenearershallwebetounity.^Thetruth,whilstitmakesusfree,willalsomakeusone.
§7.Withaviewtotheillustrationandconfirmationof
*Therulethateachwordoftheoriginalshallalwayshavethesamerendei-ingisnottobepressedtoofar,butinargumentativeanddoctrinalpassagesitisveryimportant.Itwouldbeeasytonameahundredpassages,eveninourAuthorisedVei'sion,whichhaveseriouslysufferedthroughtheneglectofthisprinciple.
§7.]Objectofthepresentzvjrk.11
tliispoint,fourquestionsareconsideredinthefollowingdiscussions:—
Fird.Whatistheoriginalmeaning,andwhatthegeneralusageofHebrewwordswhichhavebeenselectedbytheinspiredwriterstoconveytheleading-theological,moral,andceremonialideasoftheOldTestament?
Becondlij.HowfarhavethedistinctionsbetweenthesewordsbeenretainedinourownAuthorisedVersion"?
Thirdly.WhatGreekwordsaregenerallyadoptedintheSeptuaginttorepresenttheHebrewtermsabovespecified'P
FourtJdy.HowfaroughttheoriginalmeaningandusageoftheHebrewwordstoaffectortodeterminetherenderingoftheirGreekrepresentativeswhenthesereappearintheNewTestament?
Theimportanceoftheseinquirieswillatoncebeper-ceived. Theopinionformerlyheldbysomescholars,thatallHebrewwordsareequivocal,isnowgenerallyregardedasanexaggeration;and,althoughtherearedifferencesofopinionastothemeaningofsomewords,thedictionariesofsuchmenasGeseniiisandFiirst,beingtheembodimentofJewishtraditionconfirmedandcheckedbyinvestigationsintocognatelanguages,giveusafairgeneralideaofthemeaningoftheroots.This,however,isnotenough.TheBiblebeingregardedasastatutebookamongChristians,theexactshadeofmeaningtobegiventoeachHebrewwordought,ifpos-sible, tobeascertained;andthiscanonlybeeffectedbyaninductionofinstancesleadingtoadefiniteconceptionofthesacredusageineachcase.'Whenthishasbeendiscovered,
'TheFounderofInductiveSciencehasnotneglectedtoremindusthatitsprin-ciples areapplicabletothestudyoftheBible.Heurgesaninquiryinto'thetruolimitsanduseofreasoninspiritualthings,'whichwould'openmen'seyestoseethatmanycontroversiesdomerelypertaintothatwhichiscithernotrevealedor
12StudyandTranslationoftheScriptures.[Cn.I.
thestudentisnaturallyledtoinquirehowfarthesensethusarrivedathasbeenrepresentedaiidretainedintheAutho-rised Version.ThesamequestionisalsotoberaisedwithreferencetotheSeptnagint,notasamatterofmereanti-quarian curiosity,noronlybecausethisvenerabletranslationoughttohavegreatweightfromitsageandcharacter,butmoreespeciallybecauseofitsimportanceinrelationtotheGreekoftheNewTestament.
§8.InmakingatranslationoftheBible,itisimpossibleatfirsttoiindwordswhichadequatelyrepresentsomeoftheideaswhichitcontains;andtheremustalwaysbeariskofconsiderablemisunderstandingforatime.ItisonlygraduallythatthepeculiarBibleusageofawordbecomesengraftedintoanationallanguage.ThisobservationmaybeillustratedbothfromEnglishandfromotherlan-guages ;andithasbeennoticedthatthemoreformedalanguageisatthetimethetranslationismadeintoit,thegreateristhedifficultyofdivertingwordsfromtheirgeneralusetothesacredpurposesoftheBible.^TheHebrewlan-guage, thoughpoorinsomewords,isrichinothers,andprobablynobetterlanguagecouldhavebeenselectedforthepurposeofpreparingthewayfortheredeemingworkofChrist.ItsvariationsofvoicegiveshadesofmeaningwhichcannotbefoundintheIndo-Europeanlanguages.Itsde-finite article,thewayinwhichgendersaremarkedintheverbaswellasinthenoun,itsmodeofmarkingemphasisandcomparison,thegravityandsolemnityofitsstructure,thesimplicityofitstenses,themassivedignityofitsstyle,
positive,andthatmanyothersdogrowuponweakandobscureinferencesorderivations;'hecallsmentoinvestigatetheScripturesthemselvesinsteadofrestinginScholasticDivinity,because'themore3'ourecedefromtheScripturesbyinferencesandconsequences,themoreweakanddiluteareyourpositions;'andheextols•positivedivinity,collecteduponparticulartextsofScriptures.'—Bacon'sAdvancementofLearning,lastchapter.
'SeeRlieniusontheprinciplesoftranslatingtheBible.
§8.]PeculiaritiesoftheHcbrczvLanguage.i^
.thepicturesquenessofitsidiom—theseandotherpointsmakeitpeculiarlyfittingasavehicleforexpoundino-thewaysofGodwithman.
TheoriginalmeaningsofHebrewreligiouswordsmaysometimesbeascertainedbyanobservationoftheirusao-einreferencetonon-theologicalsubjects,andmayinothercasesbeillustratedbyreferencestotheSyriac,Arabic,andEthiopiclanguages.Ithasoftenbeenobservedthattheyareofpeculiarinterest.Indeed,itisquitealessoninmoralphilo-sophy totakeaHebrewdictionary,andtracethegradualgrowthofmeaninginwordsastheirsignificationadvancesfromthingswhichareseenandtemporaltothosewhicharenotseenandeternal.PersonswhohavemadethispointastudycanwellsympathisewiththesayingofLuther,thathewouldnotpartwithhisknowledgeofHebrewforuntoldgold.'
ItisnotpossiblethatanEnglishtranslationshouldbrino-outalltheshadesofthoughtwhicharetobefoundintheHebrewBible.Thustheplayuponwords,^whichissofrequentintheoriginal,asinthenamingofJacob'ssonsorintheblessingpronounceduponthembytheirfather,can
''Hacquantulaciinquecngnitioneinfinitismilliliusaureorumcarerenoliiu'{Vrol.\\\Ps.45).Mr.Craik,inhislittleworkontheHebrewlanguage(Bagster),givesafewaptillustrationsoftheoriginalmeaningsofitswords.'Ithasbeenwellobserved,'hesays,'thattheoriginalnotionsinherentintheHeljrewwordsservetopictureforthwithremarkabledistinctnessthementalqualitieswhichtheydesignate.Thus,forinstance,theusualtermfor"meek"isderivedfromarootwhichsignifiestoafflict.Theusualtermfor"wicked"comesfromarootthatexpressesthenotionofrestlessness.A"sinner"isonewhomissesthemark.To"delight"inanythingisliterallytobenddowntowardsit.The'•law"isthatwhichindicatesthemindofGod."Eighteousness"isthat■\\-hichisperfectlystraight."Truth"isthatwhichisfirm."Vanity"thatwhichisempty."Anger"isderivedfromarootmeaningtobreathe,quickbreathingbeingasignofirritatedfeeling.To"trust"istotakeshelterunder,ortoleanupon,ortocastoneselfupon.To"judge"isradicallytosmoothormakeequal.'
'"■Alargenumberofinstancesoi'paronomasiawillbefoundattheendofCanonWilson'sHebrewConcordance(Macmillan).
14StudyandTranslationoftheScriptures.[Ch.I.
rarelybereproducedinanotherlanguage.Suchdistinctionsasexistbetweentherestwliicbmeanscessation{sah-hath)andtbatwhichsignifiesrepose[noah),orbetweenthefearwhichsignifiesterrorandthatwhichmarksrespect,areoftenthroughsheernecessityleftunnoticedbytranslators.Again,whowouldhavesupposedthatthreeHebrewwordsarerenderedwindowintheaccountoftheDeluge,threerenderedsackinthestoryofJoseph'sbrethreninEgypt,threerenderedleavenintheaccountofthePassover,threerenderedshipinthefirstchapterofJonah,andfiveren-dered lionintwoconsecutiveversesofJob(4.10,11)?TherearemanyothercuriositiesinHebrewwhichcannotbereproduced,suchasthestrangefactthatthesamewordissometimesusednotonlyindifferentsenses,butevenwithflatlycontradictorymeanings.Forexample,onewordsignifiesbothtoblessandtocurse;thesameisthecasewithwordssignifyingtoredeemandtopollute;tojoinandtoseparate;toafflictandtohonour;toknowandtobestrange;tolendandtoborrow;tosinandtopurge;todesireandtoabhor;tohurtandtoheal.Again,howmuchsignificanceliesinthecircumstancethatacommonwordforbuyingandsellingalsomeanscorn,thatanameformoneyalsomeansalamb,thatthegeneralwordforcattleisadoptedtosignifyposses-sion, andthatthecommonnameforamerchantwasCanaanite.
AsanillustrationoftherichnessandvarietyoftheHebrewlanguage,itmaybementionedthatsevendifferentAvordsarerenderedblackintheAuthorisedVersion;thereareeightwordsforanaxe,foranarcher,forahook;ninearerenderedwine;twelvewordsstandforbeauty,andthesamenumberforbody;thirteenforlight,forbough,andforhand;fourteenarerendereddark;sixteenareren-dered anger,andchief;eighteenarerenderedfear;
§9.]ValueoftheLXX.15
twentyarerenderedbind,andcry.Thewordsafraidoraffrightedstandfortwenty-oneHebrewwords;branchfortwenty-two;deliverfortwenty-five;coverfortwenty-six;gatherforthirty-five;cutforforty-two;comeforforty-seven;destroyforfifty-five;breakforsixty;castforsixty-one;bringforsixty-six;goforsixty-eight;andtakeforseventy-four.
SuchfactsasthesemaywellleadtheBiblicalstudenttoinquirewhethertheremaynotbeimportantdistinctionsbetweenHebrewwordswhichareusedtoexpresstheological,moral,ceremonial,orecclesiasticalideas.
§9.PassingfromHebrewtoGreek,wemaytakeasourstarting-pointtheremarkofascholar,latelydeceased,^thattheChristianrevelationmustberegardedasHebrewthoughtinGreekclothing.NosinglelanguageiscapableofsettingforthadequatelytheunsearchablerichesofChrist;butGodhasmercifullyrevealedhistruthintwolanguages,andhassocombinedthesetwo,thatwegetintheNewTestamentnotmereordinaryGreek,suchasmightbefoundinPlatoorDemosthenes,butGreekofapeculiarkind,eachwordofwhichconveyedtotheJewishmindanideawhichtheHe-brew OldTestamenthadoriginated.
ThisweoweingreatmeasuretothefactthattheSeptuagintwasinconstantuseamongtheJewsinourLord'slifetime,andwasevidentlyafamiliarbooktothosewhowrotetheNewTestament.
VerydifferentestimateshavebeenformedrespectingthevalueoftheLXXbyvariouswriters.IntheearlydaysofChristianitybothJewsandChristianswereinclinedtore-gard itasaworkofinspiration;andmostoftheearlyversionsoftheOldTestamentweremadefromit.ButwhentheJewsfoundthatitwassofreelyquotedandsomuchusedby
1ProfessorDuncan.Cappellusexpressedthesamesentimentinalmostthesamewords.
16StudyandTranslationoftheScriptures.[Ch.I.
Christians,theytookrefugeintheassertionthatitwasnotafaithfultranslation;andonthisaccounttheGreekversionsofTheodotion,Aquila,andSjmmachusweremade.Itwastoolate,however,todisparageaversionwhichhadbeenpreparedbeforethedaysofcontroversybetweenJewandChristianhadbegun;andthechargesmadeagainstitwerereallythemeansofconfirmingitsvalue,forJeromewasledtomakehisversionfromtheHebrew,partlyatleastthatChristiansmightseethatbothHebrewandGreekpracticallytaughtthesametruth.
ModerncriticshavesometimesruntoextremesindealingwiththeLXX.IsaacVossheldthatitwasinspired;Cappellus,Munster,andBuxtorfattachedbutlittlevaluetoit;Morinusrespectedithighly,butwasinclinedtocorrectitbytheLatinVulgate.PerhapsthefairestestimateofitsvalueistobefoundintheworkofHodyonearlyversions,andinthecriticismsofKennicott.
ThisearlyGreektranslationis,indeed,ofthegreatestvaluetotheBiblicalstudent,partlybecauseitcontainscertainreadingsofimportancewhicharenottobefoundintheexistingHebrewBibles;partlyalso,becauseitsrender-ings, thoughoftenfreeandparaphrastic,andsometimesevenilliterateandunintelligible,frequentlyrepresentthetraditionalsenseattachedtothesacredtextamongtheAlexandrianJews.But,afterall,themainvalueoftheLXXliesinthis,thatitrepresentsinagreatmeasuretheGreekreligiouslanguageofmanyoftheJewsofourLord'stime,andbyitspagestheGreekoftheNewTestamentmaybeillustratedateveryturn.ThosewhohaveaccesstoGrinfield'sHellenisticGreekTestamentoranysimilarbook,areawarethatthereishardlyaverseintheNewTestamentthephraseologyofwhichmaynotbeillustrated,andtosomeextentexplained,byreferencetotheLXX.Thisfact,whichisallowedbyallstudents,has,nevertheless.
§9.]VahieoftheLXX.ij
hardlyreceivedthatfullattentionfromtranslatorswhichitdeserves.TheideathattheLXXisoftenanindifferentauthorityfromaliteraryandcriticalpointofview,hascausedthemtoneglectitsstudy/whereasitoughttoberegardedasasortofdictionaryinwhicheveryNewTesta-ment wordandphraseoughttobelookedout,^inorderthatitsusageinJudseo-Greekmightbeascertained.Pliiloisgood,Josephusisgood,buttheLXXisbestofall;bothbecauseofitssubject-matter,andbecauseoftheinflu-ence whichitexercisedovertheJewishlanguage.
IthasoftenbeenremarkedhowmuchtheEnglishlanguagenowowestotheAuthorisedVersionoftheBible.ManyEnglishwordsandphrasesusedintractsandsermons,andotherreligiouswritings,canonlybeunderstoodbyreferencetotheBible.Thewordsthemselvesmaysome-times befoundintheworksofauthorswholivedbeforeourversionwasprepared,andalsointhewritingsofmanywhoseacquaintancewithreligioustopicsisverylimited;butitistotheBiblethatweturnforanexplanationofsuchwordsasedify,justify,atonement,faith,andgrace.Theseandmanyotherwordshavebeentakenoutoftheirordinarysecularusage,andhavebeenadoptedforChristianpurposes.Littlebylittlethenewsensehaseclipsedandobscuredtheold,sothatinsomecasesthelatterhasvanishedaltogether.Asgenerationssucceedoneanother,ifreligiousinstructionandconversationcontinues,andifourBibleisnotmateriallyaltered,biblicallanguagemaybecomestillmorenaturalisedamongstus.
■Certainly,iftheHebreworiginalwerelostandourtranslationweremadefromtheLXX,eachwordbeingrenderedaccordingtoclassicalusage,whilstthesubstanceoftheOldTestamentwouldremainthesame,weshouldhaveaverydifferent(andaverymistaken)ideaofmanyofitsdetails.
2Trommius'ConcordancetotheLXXisbecomingaveryscarcebook,andoughttobereprinted.TheDelegatesoftheOxfordorCambridgePresswoulddowelltoundertakethiswork,whichisbeyondtheenterpriseofaprivateindividual.
18StudyandTranslationoftheScriptures.[Ch.I.
WhatistrueintliecaseoftheEnglishlanguagehasalsobeenperceivedinmanyotherlanguages;—wherever,infact,theBibleismuchstudied.Itoftenhappensthatmissionariesgathertheirknowledgeofanewlanguage,notfromnativeliterature,forperhapsthereisnone,butfromatranslationoftheScriptures.Thisformsthebasisoftheirvocabulary,andthestandardoftheiridiom.Mr.Medhurst,inoneofhisworksonChina,noticesthatthiswasthecaseinMalacca,where'thestyleofpreachingandwritingbecameinconsequenceverystiffandunidiomatic,andsoanewandbarbarousdialectsprangupamongtheprofessorsofChristianity,whichwasinmanyinstancesbarelyintel-ligible totheMahometanpopulationwhospeaktheregularMalayantongue.'
Totakeoneotherillustrationofthemodeinwhichareli-gious languageisformed,thereadermayberemindedofthevocabularyattheendofDeanNowell'sCatechism.ItcontainsalistofLatinwordsandmodesofexpressionpeculiartoChristians,anddifferingfromtheordinaryclas-sical usage.^Wefindamongthemthewordsforangel,apostle,flesh,believe,create,crucify,demon,devil,elect,gospel.Gentile,idol,justify,sanctify,mediator,minister,mortify,repentance,resurrection,sacrament,scripture,temptation,tra-dition, andTrinity.
ApplyingtheseremarkstothecaseoftheSeptuagint,anditsinfluenceonJudseo-Greek,wemaycitetheopinionofFatherSimon,whopointsout^thattheversionsmadebythe
'Vocabiilanostratia,etloquendiformseChristianorumproprise,inquibusacommunimoreverborumLatinorumdiscessumest.
^CritiqueV.T.2.3.Similarremarksaremadebythisacute■writerintheveryinterestingprefacetohisFrenchtranslationoftheNewTestament.Thiswork,includingthePreface,wastranslatedintoEnglishbyWilliamWebster,CurateofSt.Dunstan's-in-the-West,andprintedbyCharlesEivington,inSt.Paul'sChurchyard,in1730.Simon'srenderingoftheGreekwouldbegenerallyregardedastoofree,thoughnotsoparaphrasticastheversionmadebyDeSacy.Whilstaimingat'expressingthepurewordofGodwithallpossibleexactness,'he
9.]ValueoftheLXX.
19
Jewsliavebeenservilerenderings,andthatstyleliasneverbeenconsideredinthem.'Thewordsemployedintheseversionsarenotusedintheordinarystyle;rathertheJewsintheirdesiretogiveaverbalrenderingtothewordsoftheHebrewtext,haveformedacertainstrangelanguage,whichonemightcallthe,languageofthesynagogue.TheGreekoftheSeptuagintversion,andeventhatoftheNeivTestamc7it,isofthisnature....ItisthiswhichhasledcertainlearnedcriticstocallitHellenistic,soastodistinguishitfromordinaryGreek.'
ThelateDr.Campbell,ofAberdeen,mayalsobequotedasholdingthesameopinion.HewritesasfollowswithregardtotheJewishuseoftheLXX:—
'InoneviewtheirBiblewasmoretothemthanoi;rsistous.Itisreligionalone,Imaysay,thatinfluencesourregard;whereastheirsacredbookscontainednotonlytheirreligiousprinciplesandholycere-monies, butthewholebodyoftheirmunicipallaws.Theycontainedanaccountoftheirpoliticalconstitution,andtheircivilhistory,thatpartespeciallywhichismostinteresting,thelivesoftheirpatriarchs,andthegradualadvancementofthatfamilyfromwhichtheygloriedtobedescended;thehistoryoftheirestablishmentasanation;theexploits,victories,andconquestsoftheirancestors;thelivesandachievementsoftheirkingsandheroes,prophetsandreformers.Naymore,theScripturesmightjustbeconsideredasacollectionoftheAvritings,bothprosaicandpoetical,ofa,llthemosteminentauthorstheircountryhasproduced.''Thosewordsinparticular,'saysthesamewriter,'whichhavebeeninmostfamiliarusewiththeold(LXX)interpretershavewiththeirnaturalisationamongtheIsraelitesacquiredintheJewishusageaninfusionofthenationalsj^irit.ThoughthewordsthereforeareG-reek,JewisheruditionisofmoreservicethanGrecianforbringingi;stothetrueacceptationoftheminthesacredwritings.WouldyouknowthefullimportofthewordsaymnfioqandciKuioavrr)intheNewTestament?Itwillbeinvaintorummagetheclassics.TurntothepagesoftheOldTestament.ItwillavaillittletorecurtotheGreekrootsayioeand^ikt].ExaminetheextentgiventothesignificationoftheHebrewrootskadash,andtsadak,wdiichhave
wastheveryoppositeofaservihtranslator.HisremarksontheGreekparticlesandprepositions,viewedinrelationtotlieHebrew,,areveryinstructive.
c2
20SitidyandTranslationoftheScriptzires.[Ch.I.
givenoccasiontotheintroductionoftheseGreektermsintothetrans-lation oftheSeventy.'*
TheprinciplethusclearlylaiddownbyDr.Campbellisoneofextremeimportance.TherecannotbeadoubtthatheisrightinmaintainingthattheGreekoftheNewTestamentisJiidceo-Greelc,ortouseDr.Duncan'sexpression'HebrewthoughtinGreekclothing,'beingformedbytheLXXregardedasanembodimentofthatrevelationwhichwasmadeinHebrew.NotonlyisthetruthoftheOldTestamenttakenforgrantedoneverypageoftheNew,buttheverylanguageofthelatterhasavitalconnectionwiththatoftheformer,theLXXbeinganatural,orweshouldrathersaya'providential,bridgespanningthegulfwhichseparatedMosesfromChrist.Thus,totakeasingleshortbook,intheEpistleofSt.JameswemeetwithcertainGreekwordsrendereddispersion,temptation,trial,doubting,first-fruits,respectofpersons,LordofSahaoth,inthelastdays,stahlishyourhearts,jiistfy,double-minded,long-suffering,oftendermercy,faith,spirit,wisdom,thejudge.AJewtrainedintheGreektranslationoftheOldTestamentwouldnaturallyandalmostunconsciouslygivetothesewordsapeculiarrich-ness andfulnessofmeaningfromtheirusageintheLawandtheProphetswhentheyappearastherenderingofcertainHebrewwordsandphrases.Again,suchexpressionsas*sonofperdition,''childrenofwrath,''iftheyshallenterintomyrest,''bythehandofamediator,''goinpeace'{sisslprjvrjv),*livingwaters,'werefamiliarwordstomostofthemfromtheiryouthup.^
§10.Itmaybeobjected,however,thattheuseoftheLXX
'CamplieirsPrdinmiaryDissertations.
2Mr.Websterrightlystates,iuliisGrammarofNewTestamentGreek,thattheinfluenceofHebrewontheGreekTestamentislexicalratherthangrammatical,buthesomewhatunderratesthebearingoftheHebrewvoices,tenses,particles,andprepositionsonNewTestamentGreek.Dr.Delitzschinthelearnedintroduc-tion tohistranslationoftheEpistletotheRomansintoHebrew(Leipsig,1870)hassomeinterestingremarksonthissubject.
§10.]TheLanouagcsspokenbytheJews.21
wasconfinedtoasmallportionoftheJews,tliatmostofthemspokeAramaic,andthatwemustnotthereforepresstheresemblancesbetweentheGreekTestamentandtheLXXtoofar.ThepopulartheorycertainlyisthatourLordandhisdisciplesspokeinAramaicorSyro-Chaldee,^anideawhichisusuallybasedonthefactthatthreeorfourwordsofthisdialectarefoundamidsttheGreekoftheN.T.WhenDiodatipropoundedhisviewthatourLordwasinthehabitofspeakinginGreek,itmetwithgeneralcontempt.DeEossi,nomeancritic,controvertedthisnovelview(asitwasconsidered)inatreatiseofsomelearning,thoughofshortcompass.^Dr.Robertsinhis'DiscussionsontheGospels,'hastakenupthesubjectagain,andhasupheldtheviewsofDiodatiwithmuchskill.Histreatisehasneverbeenthoroughlyanswered;yethisargumentsdonotaltogethercarryconviction.Itisstrangethatthelearnedarecontenttorestinuncertaintyaboutapointofsuchdeepinterest.Thereisprobablymoretobesaidoneaclisidethanhasyetbeensaid;buttheconvictionwhichastudentofthecon-troversy islikelytocometoatpresentisthatalargenumberoftheJewswerebilingual:theytalkedbothSyro-ChaldeeandJudseo-Greek;andourLordandhisapostlesdidthesame.Whilst,therefore,someoftheaddressesanddiscoursescontainedintheGreekTestamentmustbeconsideredastrans-lations, othersmaybefairlytakenasgivingustheipsissimaverbaofHimwhospakeasneveryetmanST)ake.Onethingiscertain,thatiftheGreekGospelsdonotgiveourLord'soriginaldiscourses,itisinvaintolooktoanyothersourceforthem.Iftheyarenotoriginals,wehavenooriginals.ThePeschitoSyriacversionoftheNewTestamentbearsevident
'AcompoundofBabylonianandSyrian,ofwhichthereweretwoorthreedialects,e.g.theGalilean,whichwasruderthanthatspokeniuJerusalem.SeeWalton'sProlegomenaonthissubject;alsoDeRossi'swork,referredtofurtheron.
^Dissertasio7iiclellalinguai:)roj)riadiCrista,Milan,18i2.
22StudyandTranslationoftheScriptnres.[Cn.I.
tracesofLavingbeenmadefromtheGreek;sodoestheearlyLatin5sodoalltheotherearlyversions;noristhereanyotherpracticalconclusiontobearrivedatthanthis,thattheGreekGospelsaretobetakenastheinspiredtranscriptsofthewordsanddeedsoftheSaviour,writteninatonguewhichwasintelligibletomostJews,toallGreeks,tomanyEomans,andtothegreatbulkofpeoplewhomtheGospelcouldreachinthecourseofthefirstcentury.
AdifficultywhichnaturallypresentsitselfhereisthattheLXXembracesanumberofbooksandfragmentsforwhichwefindnooriginalsintheHebrewBible;if,therefore,itspagesmainlyrepresentedtheScripturesofthe0.T.totheJewsinourLord'stime,itmightbesujjposedthatHegaveauthoritytotheAjpocryijha.Butwasitso?WhenHesaid'SearchtheScriptures,'didHemean,SearchJudith,Tobit,BelandtheDragon,andtheMaccabees?No.BytheScrip-tures HemeanttheLawandtheProphets,whichwerereadinthesynagogueeverySabbathday,andHereferredtotheGreekinterpretationoftheseScripturesonlysofarastheyAvereclearexpositionsoftheLawandtheProphets.
TheLXXhadcertainlyreceivedaquasi-authorisationbyageandcustominourLord'stime,andperhapsithadbeenmoreformallyauthorised.FatherSimonconsidersthatitmayhaveobtaineditsnamefromthefactthatitwassanc-tioned bytheSanhedrim,whichconsistedofseventymembers.HeremarksthattheSynagoguewasusednotonlyforaplaceofreligiousservice,butasaschool.ItwasinthissensecalledBethmidrash,thehouseofexposition;andwhereastheTalmudprohibitedthereadingofthelawinanylanguagebutHebrewduringdivineservice,theLXXandalsotheChaldeeTargumswerethemainbasisofteachinginschoolhours.ThustheHebrewsacredbooksconstitutedthecanon,whilsttheLXX,sofarasitsrenderingofthosesacredbooksisconcerned,becamewhatwemaycalltheAuthorised
§11.]PrinciplestobeborneinmindbyTranslators.23
Versionindailyuseintheschool,andtoacertainextentinthefamily;anditsmodesofexpressionAvouldgraduallyformthereligiouslanguageofthebulkofthepeople.^
§11.Thosereaderswhohavecarefullyfollowedthestate-ments nowadvancedwillunderstandthatthestudiesofOldTestamentsynonymscontainedinthefollowingpagesarenotintendedtoinitiateanynovelmodeofinterpreting-Scrip-ture, butsimplytoapplythoseprincipleswhichallstudents,theoreticallyatleast,holdtobesound.
Thetranslatormustdealwithwordsbeforehecanrendersentences.Hefinds1860HebrewrootsintheOldTesta-ment forwhichhehastodiscoverequivalents.Eachofthesemayhaveseveralshadesofmeaning;andthevarioussensesgiventotheoriginalwordmaynotexactlytallyAvith
•NoteonSt.Matthew'sGospel.—Apossiblesolutionofalong-standinn-diffi-culty maybeherepresentedfortheconsiderationofthelearned.ThereisanoldtraditionthatSt.MatthewwrotehisGospelinHebrew;buttheopinionofsomemodernscholarswhohavesubjectedthemattertotheseverestcriticismisthatitwaswritteninGreek.ThisviewisupheldwithmuchforcebyDr.EobertsinhisJDiscussionsontheGospels.But,afterall,maynotsomecopiesofSt.Matthew'sGospelhavebeenspeciallypreparedinHebrewcharactersforthoseJewswhotalkedGreek,butdidnotreadit?InthepresentdaywefindGreek,Spanish,German,Polish,Persian,andArabicworks(especiallyBibles)printedintheHebrewcharacter.SoearlyasthetimeofOrigen,theHebrewScriptureswerewritteninGreekletters.Why,then,shouldnottheGreekScriptureshavebeenwritteninHebrewcharactersforthebenefitofaportionoftheJewishpeoplewhowouldotherwisehavebeendebarredfromaccesstothem?Transliterationisverycommonnow.ArabicScripturesareprintedinSyriaccharacters,TurkishinArmenian,TurkishinGreek,KurdishinArmenian,IndianlanguagesinArabic,MalayandevenChineseiuKoman.TheversionwhichtheCaraiteJewsespeciallyesteemisaGreekPentateuch,printedatConstantinopleinHebrewcharacters.Accordingtotheopinionofmostscholars,thewholeHebrewScriptureshavebeentransliteratedfromSamaritancharacters,whilsttheSamaritansstillretainatextofthePentateuchintheirowncharacter.Therewould,therefore,benothingnovelorextraordinaryintheplanwhichishereconjecturedtohavebeenadoptedbySt.Mattheworsomeofhisfollowers,namely,tomakecopiesoftheGospelinHebrewcharacters.AnypersonnotversedinthestudyofHebrewwouldnaturallysuppose,onseeingsuchacopy,thatitwaswrittenintheHebrewlanguage.ItistruethatsuchscholarsasOrigenandJeromewouldnotbesoimposedupon;butthereisnoproofthateitheroftheselearnedmenhadeverheldthebookintheirhand.Thesolutionnowproposedisonlyventuredonasa^^ossible,thoughverynatural,cluetotheproblem.
24StudyandTranslationoftheScriptures.[Cn.L
those-wliicliarerepresentedbythewordadoptedasatranslation.Itisagreathelptohimtofindthattheren-dering ofagreatproportionofthemhasgraduallybecomefixedbyasortoftradition.If,however,freshlightcanbeobtainedeitherfromthecontext,orfromtheLXX,orfromthegeneralnsageofaHebrewword,andstillmoreiftheN.T.canbemoreclearlyrenderedthroughcomparisonwiththeLXX,traditionmustbesacrificedtotruth.
Thetranslator'sbusinessistogivetheideawhichtheJew^wouldhaveinreadingtheOldandNewTestaments,inasidiomaticaformaspossible,butwithouttrenchingonthedutiesoftheexpositor.Awordoughttobetranslatedaccordingtoitsgeneralusageunlessthereissomej^lainreasontothecontrary.Whenawordiscapableofbeingrenderedeitherinageneralorinaspecificortechnicalsense,thereismuchneedofcautionandjudgment;here,however,theshadesofmeaningrepresentedintheHebrewYoiceoftencometothehelpofthetranslator,theTielbeingpeculiarlyatechnicalorceremonialVoice.Wherecriticsortheologiansdifferastothesenseconveyedbytheoriginal,thetranslatormustcontenthimselfbyadheringtothemostliteralorthemostnaturalrenderingofthetext.MartinLutherdepartedfromthisprinciplewhenhetranslatedBiKaioavv7]6sov'therighteousnesswhichisvalidbeforeGod,'-because,whetherthisideamightormightnotbeconveyedbythegeneralteachingofSt.Paul,thebarewordsdonotteachit.Thisisthrustingatheologicalviewintothetranslation,whichoughttobescrupulouslyavoided,asfaraspossible.TherevisersoftheEnglishBiblewouldbejustlycensurediftheyweretotranslatetoOtosctti.to
'ItmaybeoljjectedthatsomeportionsatleastoftheNewTestamentwereintendedforGentilereaders;this7}iai/havebeenthecase,buttheywerewrittenbyJews,andconsequentlymoreorlessintheJudaiO-Greekdiction.
-DieGerechtigkdt,dievorGottgili.
§11.]PrinciplestobeborneinmindbyTranslators.25
cQniajxov,'tliisi^epresentsmybody;'or,svXqio-tm,'byvirtueofunionwithChrist;'or,i^uSaroskolTrvsv/xaTos,'bywater,thatistosay,bythespirit;'andyetsuchrenderingsasthesehaveexistedinstandardversions.
Itissometimesdifficulttodecidehowfaratranslatorshouldberigidlypreciseintranslatingallwordsuniformly.Ontheonehand,aversionmightbemadeover-systematic,aswasthecasewiththatofAriusMontanusaccordingtothejudgmentofgoodauthorities;and,ontheother,itmayneglectthemostordinaryamountofuniformity,thusgivingsomesupporttothetheoryofCardinalCajetan,whoheldthatallHebrewwordswereequivocal.TheEnglishAuthorisedVersioniscertainlynotsouniformasitoughttobe,thoughfarbetterthanmanyotherversions,whichseemtohaveaffectedvarietysimplyforvariety'ssake.Whereverawordhasaparticulartheological,ecclesiastical,ortechnicalsense,oneandthesamerenderingoughttoberetainedthroughout.Thiscoursealsoousfhttobefollowedwheneveranargumentdependsforsomeofitsforceandcompletenessontheuseofthesamewordinitsdifferentparts.Numerousinstancesaregiveninthefollowingpagesoftheadvanta.geswhichwillarisefromthemorestrictmaintenanceofthisrule,andoftheinconveniencewhichhasarisenfromitsneglect.Ontheotherhand,itmustbeallowedthatthereoughttobeacertain'elasticity'inaversion;andwhenalanguageisrichinsynonymstheymaywellberesortedto,providedtheaboverulesareactedupon.
Thereisaremarkableconsistenceintheusageofim-portant wordsintheHebrewBible.Justasallprophecyseemstobeframedinaccordancewithacertainscheme,thegermofwhichistobefoundintheSongofMoses(Deut.32),soallthemoral,theological,andceremonialtermsoftheBiblehavetheirsensefixedinthePentateuch,whichisthe
26StudyandTranslation<oftheScr'iptures.[Cs.I.
birthplaceof'Jewislimodesofthought.'ThesamethingistruetoacertainextentwithregardtotheLXX;andwhereverthepredominantusageofawordinthistrans-lation isplainlyestablished,thesensethusobtainedoughttobecarriedforward,sothattheideaindicatedbytheHebrewexpressionforwhichthesaidGreekwordisarenderingmaybeincorporated,sofaraspossible,intothetranslationoftheNewTestament.BythismeanstheLXXwillsecurethecontinuityofteachingwhichoughttoexistbetweentheOldandNewTestaments,andthespiritoftheHebrewlanguagewillbebreathedintotheGreek.
Itisneedlesstoaddanythinghereastotheordinaryruleswhichoughttoguideatranslator,suchastheinter-pretation ofatextbyitscontext;thesolutionofahardversebycomparisonwithaparallelpassagewhichiseasier;thesearepointswhichtheAuthorisedVersionillustratesateveryturn.ThecarewithwhichtheApostlestranslate,aswellasthemodeinwhichtheyinterprettheScripturesoftheOldTestamentiswellworthexamination;thoughthereissomedifficulty,owingtothefactthatinmanyofthepassagesinquestiontheMasoretictextisevidentlyverydifferentfromtheMSS.fromwhichtheApostlestranslated,asitisalsofromtheoldestMSS.whichhavebeencollatedbyKennicottandDeRossi.
§12.ItiscurioustoobservethegreatvarietyofdeductionsthathavebeenmadefromexaminingthemodeinwhichtheOldTest,iscitedintheNew.FatherSimoninhis'Critique'ontheOldTestament(lib.i.chap.17)tellsusthatourLordfollowedthemethodofinterpretingtheScrip-tures whichwasadoptedbythePharisees,whilsthecon-demned theirabuseofthosetraditionswhichhadnosolidfoundation.'St.Paul,'hecontinues,'whilsthewasoneofthesectofthePharisees,hadinterpretedScriptureinthelightoftradition;andtheChurchai^parentlyfromthe
§13.]IllustrationsoftheforegoingViezus.27
beginningpreferredthismodeofelucidatingtheBibletothatadoptedbymoderngrammarianswhosticktothewords.ThusneitherourLordnorhisapostlesappeartohavetakenpainstocitej)assagesofScripturewordforword;theyhavehadmoreregardforthesensethanfortheletterofthetext.''TheircitationsweremadeafterthemethodofthePharisees,whotooknoexactaccountofthewordsofthetextwhentheycitedit,beingpersuadedthatreligiondependedmoreonthepreconceivedopinions{prejtiges)obtainedbytraditionthanonthesimplewordsofScripturewhichwerecapableofdiverseexplanations.'
Thisboldstatement,whichiftruewouldbeverycon-venient fortheChurchtowhichFatherSimonbelonged,requiresconsiderablemodification.Therew^eretwoschoolsamongtheJewsofourLord'sdaywhotamperedwiththeletterofScripture.TherewerethePharisees,whosoover-laid Scripturewithlegalnicetiesofman'sinvention,thattheWordofGodwaspracticallymadevoidbytheirtradi-tions. AndthereweretheCabbalists,whoappliedamysticalinterpretationtotheverylettersofwhichthewordsofScrip-ture werecomposed,andth\islosttheplainsensewhichlayonthesurhice.InoppositiontothesetwoschoolsourLordandhisfollowersadoptedtheplanofinterpretingtheScripturewithitscontext,andwithadueregardbothtotheclaimsofgrammarandtheharmonyoftheDivinej^lanofrevelation.
§13.Afewinstancesmaybegiven,inconclusion,toillus-trate thebearing:whichthelans^uagfeandidiomoftheLXXoughttohaveuponthetranslationoftheNewTestament.
(a)In2Thess.3.5,weread,'TheLorddirectyourheartsintotheloveofGodandintothepatientwaitingforChrist.'Thelatterwordsaremoreliterallyrenderedinthemargin'thepatienceofChrist.'Thisexj^ressionwouldnotconveymuchsensetothereader,unlesshetookittosignify
28StudyandTranslationoftheScriptures.[Ch.I.
'tliepatiencewhichChristexhibitedwhenHesuffered,'or'thepatiencewhich.Christbestowsuponhispeople.'Wereourtranslatorsrightindepartingfromtheliteralrendering,andingivingaclearanddefinitemeaningtotheapostle'swords,andonewhichisinstrictconformitywiththecon-text? Yes;theyhavedoubtlesshitthesense;andtheirviewofthepassageisconfirmedbytheGreekrenderingofPs.39.7,whichliterallyrunsthus,'Andnowwhatismypatience?isitnottheLord?'Thisanswerstoourren-dering fromtheHebrew,'Andnow,Lord,whatwaitIfor?Myhopeisinthee.'ItmaywellbesupposedthatifthispassagefromtheLXXwasnotintheApostle'smindashewrote,yetthephraseologyofit,which,wassofamiliartohim,gaveformtobiswishthattheThessaloniansshouldbedirectedintothepatientwaitingforChrist.
(b)LiaGreekTestamentwhichisinthehandofeverystudent,itissaidinanoteon2Thes.1.11(onthewords'fulfilallthegoodpleasureofhisgoodness')that'■ar^a-6(o<TvvrjwillnotreferwithanyproprietytoGod,ofwhomthewordisneverused.'^Now,inthefirstplace,ifthisisarguingatall,itisarguinginacircle,becauseitcannotbeprovedthatthewordisneverusedofGod,unlessthereisgoodreasontosupposethatineachinstance,ofwhichoneisbeforeus,itcertainlyisnotsoused.Ithappenstobeusedinthreeotherpassagesofman,thereforeitcannotbeusedinafourthpassageofGod!Surelythisisahastyandimperfectpieceofcriticism.ButthedefenderoftheA.V.inthisinstancemightfairlyaskthattheusageoftheLXXshouldbeconsideredbeforethequestionbethussummarilydecided.Accordingly,onturningtothatbook,wefindthatthewordurjaQwavvr]isusedofGodinatleastfourj^assages,
'VideAlfordinloco.ThiscriticismwaswrittensomemonthsbeforethedeathofthehiteDeanofCanterbnry,whoselaboursonthetext,translation,andexposi-tion oftheNewTestamentcannotbetoohighlyestimated.
§13.]IllustrationsoftheforegoingViezus.29
namely,2Sam.7.21;Neh.9.25,35,and13.31.Acon-sideration ofthisfactwouldatleasttendtomodifysuchacriticismasthatreferredto,andwouldshowthatourtrans-lators hadsomegoodprecedentswhentheyunderstoodthata^aBooavvrjreferredtoGod.
(c)ReadersoftheEnglishBiblemusthaveexperiencedsomesurpriseatmeetingtwiceoverwiththesingularex-2)i'ession,'thyholychildJesus'inAc.4.27and30(seealso,Ac.3.13,26).TheGreekword'nalsmaycertainlyberenderedchild,thoughthediminutiveTratSioj^ismoreusuallyadoptedintheN.T.forthispurpose.ButwhyshouldtheChristiansmakesuchspecialmentionof'theholychild?'TheusageoftheN.T.mayfirstbeconsulted.Thewordoccursatmosttwenty-fivetimes.Insevenoreightofthesepassagesitisrightlyrendered'servant,'whilstinothersitisalsorightlyrendered'child.'ThewordisfirstappliedtoourLordinMatth.12.18,wheretheprophecyofIsaiah(42.1)isreferredto.OurtranslatorsherewiselyallowedthemselvestobeguidedbytheHebreww^ord,ofwhichTratsistherendering,andtotranslate'BeholdmyservantwhomIhavechosen.'TheMessiah,theimpersonationofthetrueIsrael,isdescribedinthe42ndand43rdchaptersofIsaiahastheservantofJehovah,chosenforaspecialwork,anointedwiththeSpirit,setasacovenantfortheJews,andasalightfortheGentiles.InaccordancewiththispassagetheVirginMarysingsofGod,'Hehathholpenhisservant[irah)Israel'(Lu.1.54),andZachariaspraisesGodforraisingvi^ahornofsalvation(i.e.amightySaviour)inthehouseorfamilyofhisservant(Trais)David.Itmay,therefore,beexpectedthattheChristiansreferredtoinAc.4.27,30,didnotmeantospeakofChristasGod'schild,butashisservant.ThisviewisborneoutbythefactthattheyhadintheverysameprayerinwhichthewordsoccurusedthesameexpressionwithreferencetoDavid'ssaying,'Lord,
30StudyandTranslationoftheScriptures.[Ch.I.
thouartGod...whobythemouthofthyservant{irah)Davidhastsaid,whydidtheheathenrage.'ForthesereasonsitwouldbewelltotranslatevratsservantinthefourpassagesintheActsinwhichitisusedoftheLord.Theywouldthenrunasfollows:—
Acts3.13,'TheGodofAbraham...hathglorifiedhisservant
Jesus.'„3.2G,'UntoyonfirstGod,havingraiseduphisservantJesus,
senthimtoblessyou.'„4.27,'OfatruthagainstthyholyservantJesus,whomthou
hastanointed...thepeopleofIsraelweregathered
together.'„4.30,'Thatsignsandwondersmaybedonebythenameofthy
holyservantJesus.'
AnexaminationofotherpassagesinwhichDavidiscalledGod'sservantwillgreatlytendtoconfirmtherenderinggivenabove.InJer.33.15,GodpromisestocausetherighteousBranchtogrowupuntoDavid,andannouncesthreetimesinthemostemphaticandsolemnmannerthattheSeedofDavidhisservantshallneverfailtooccupythethroneofIsrael.InEz.34.23,24,Godreiteratesthispromise,'IwillsetuponeShepherdoverthem,andheshallfeedthem,evenmyServantDavid,heshallfeedthem,andheshallbetheirshepherd;andItheLordwillbetheirGod,andmyServantDavidaprinceamongthem;ItheLordhavespokenit.'Oncemoreafterthesublimevisioninchap.37,theLord,referringtothesamepromise,saysofIsraelandJudah,'IwillmakeofthemonenationinthelanduponthemountainsofIsrael,andonekingshallbekingtothemall,neithershalltheydefilethemselvesanymorewiththeiridols...andDavidmyServantshallbekingoverthem,andtheyallshallhaveoneShepherd...andmyServantDavidshallbetheirPrinceforever.'
TheresurrectionofJesusfromthedeadprovedthatHewasthepersonreferredtointhesewonderfulprophecies;and
§1;3.]IIhLstj'ationsoftheforegoingViews.31
whilstitconstitutedHimSoninaspecialsense(seePs.2.7;E-om.1.4),italsowasatestimonytotliefactthatHewasthetrueDavid,thetrueServant,,themanafterGod'sownheartwhoshouldfulfilallHiswill,andwhoshouldoccupythethroneofDavidforever.
Thesesamplesperhapsaresufficienttoshowtheremark-able wayinwhichtheLXXformsaconnectinglinkbetweentheOldTestamentandtheISTew.Manymorewillbebroughttolightinthecourseofthefollowingpages,inwhichtheleadingHebrewtermsrelatingtothenatureofGodandman,theworkofredemption,theministrationsunderthelawofMoses,togetherwithotherimportanttopics,aredis-cussed. IfalldifficultpassagesintheNewTestamentweredealtwithinaccordancewiththeprinciplesthusillustrated,itdoesnotseemtoomuchtosaythatmanyobscuritieswouldberemoved,andtheperplexitiesinwhichtheplainEnglishreaderoftenfindshimselfinvolvedwouldbeconsiderablyalleviated.
32TheNamesofGod.[Cn.]l.
CHAPTERII.
THENAMESOFGOD.
§1.Atranslator'sdifficultiesoftenbeginwiththenamesofGod.—I2.ThetitleEloldni;isitagenericorapropername?—§3.Itsappli-cation toidols;howfarsanctionedinScripture?—§4.Inferencetobededucedfromitspluralform.—§5.ItsapplicationtoJudges.—§6.Toangels.—§7.Ovig\\tihen&vaetohetranslated,transferred,ovrepresented?—§8.Reasonsforgenerallypreferringthelast-namedcoiu-se.—§9.He-lationshipbetweenZeusandTheosillustratedbySt.Paul'sspeechatAthens.—§10.OughtthesamewordtobeusedtorepresentfalsegodsasisadoptedforthetrueGod?—§11.TheformsEloah,Elah,El,andElim.—%12.ThetitlesoftheMessiahinIs.9.6.—§13.ThetitleSkaddaiortheAll-Bountiful.—§14.AdonaiorTheLord.—§15.'EltonorTheMost-High.—§16.ThenameJehovahorJah.—§17.MeaningofthenameJehovahassetforthinEx.3.14.—§18.TheElohistandJehovistdiscussion.—§19.TheLordofSabaothorofHosts.—§20.TheAngeloftheLord.—§21.OughtthenameJehovahtobetransferred,orotherwiserepresented?—§22.ApplicationofthisnametotheMessiah,asimpliedintheN.T.
§1.ATRANSLATORoftheBiblefindshisworkbesetwithdifficultiesateverystep.Hehasnotonljtoseekhowhemayconveysublimeandheavenlyideasinhumanidioms,butalsotofeelaboutforbarewords,andthisnotmerelyinsuchmattersasweights,measures,animals,andtrees,butinothersoffargreaterimportance.Heconstantlyhastopauseandconsiderwhetherhehadbetteruseanativewordwhichbutindififerentlyrepresentstheoriginal,orwhetheritbepreferabletotransferawordfromtheHebrew,Greek,orsomeotherlanguage.Intheonecase,heisindangerofcreatingamisunderstandinginthemindofhisreaders;intheother,heiscertaintoconveynosenseatalluntilbyoralteaching,orotherwise,thenewly-graftedword
§1.]ATranslatorsDifficulties.33
hasbecomefamiliar.Hewantstospeakofthesinsoftheflesh,andcanonlyfindawordwhichsignifiesmeat;hehastospeakofangels,andhastochoosebetweenmes-sengers andgenii;hewantstowriteofthekingdomofheaven,andfinds,tohisastonishment(asinthecaseoftheTinneorChippewyanlanguage)thatsuchathingasaking-dom isunknown;hehastospeakconcerningthesoulandthespirittothosewhoareapparentlywithoutaconceptionofanythingbeyondthebody,aswasthecasewiththeBe-chuanatribes.'ThusaversionoftheScripturemustneedsbefullofanomaliesandobscuritiesatfirst,andthoughthesubstantialfactscontainedthereinmaybeplainlysetdown,aclearunderstandingofitsdetailswillonlybearrivedataftermuchstudyonthepartofnativereaders.
Thedifficultyofthetranslator,however,usuallybeginswiththenameofGod.TousEnglishpeoplethisissomuchathingofthepastthatwecannotunderstandit;butasamatteroffactithascausedperplexity,ifnotdissension,inthecaseofmanynewtranslations.Thus,totakeasingleinstance,inChinathemissionariesofthevariousChristianbodiesarenottothisdayagreedastotherightwordtobeadopted,andconsequentlytheywillnotallconsenttousethesameversionoftheBible.SomeapproveofthenameTien-Chu,atitlewhichsignifies'theLordofheaven,'whichhasbeenadoptedforthreecenturiesbytheRomanCatholics;someadopt8hang-ti,theConfuciannamefor'theSupremeEuler;'othersareinfavourofShin,whichisgenerallysup-posed tomean'spirit.'Thecontroversybetweentheup-holders ofthesevariousopinionshasbeenverywarmandearnest,andhascalledforthseveraldeeplyinterestingessays.Theargumentshaveusuallygatheredroundonequestion,—OughtwetochooseagenericnameforGod,i.e.aname
>SeeMoffat'sSouthAfricanSketches.ThingsareveiydifferentamongtheBechuanasnow.
B
34TheNa7nesofGod.[Ch.n.
whichrepresentstotheheathenmindaclassofbeings,oroughtwetochoosewhatmaybecalledajpro'pername,eventhoughthatnamemaypresentamostunworthynotionoftheDeity?Somelight,itishoped,willbethrownonthisquestioninthecourseofthefollowingdiscussion;butatthesametimeitmustbeacknowledgedtobeasubjectof23eculiardifficulty,andonewhichcannotbefullysettledwithouttakingintoconsiderationthepeculiarcircum-stances ofeachcountryinwhichthematterhascalledforasolution.
§2.ThegeneralHebrewnameforGodisElohim(D'n!?N).Sometimesitisusedwithadefinitearticle,sometimeswithout.Altogetheritoccurs2,555times.In2,310oftheseinstancesitisusedasthenameofthelivingandtrueGod,butin245passagesitappearstobeadoptedinasecondaryorlowersense.
Althoughpluralinform^thenameisgenerallyusedwithasingularverbwhenitreferstothetrueGod;hencenoargu-ment infavourofpolytheismcanfairlybedrawnfromit.
WithregardtothequestionwhetherElohimwasusedbythesacredwritersasagenericwordorasaProperName,itmustbegrantedbyallthattheoreticallyandoriginallythewordcannothavebeengeneric,because,asamatteroffact,itrepresentedOneBeing.^ThebelieverintheBibleholdsthatintheearlieststageofhumanhistoryOneBeingonl}^revealedHimselftomanasCreator,Euler,andLord.
'Thisisindicatedbythetermination-im,asinsuchwordsasCherub-imandiSeraph-im.
-ThedoctrinethatintheunityoftheGodheadtherearethreePersonsisnotinconsistentwithwhatisherelaiddown,forthethreePersonsarenotregardedinScriptureasconstitutingaclass.TheyarenotThreeGodsbutOneGod.Asthebody,soul,andspiritarethreeconstituentelementsinoneman,so(accordingtotheCatholicFaith)theFather,theSon,andtheHolyGhostarethreePersonsinoneGod.DistinctionofPersonimpliesaclasswithman,butnotwithGod.OurideasofPersonandofClassdowellenoughforthingshuman,buttheyarebutimperfectexponentsoftheinfiniteandunsearchableFountainofLife.
§2.]ThetitleElohim.35
WhatevernameHewasknownbywas,therefore,necessarilyHisownpeculiartitle,andoughttohavebeenconfinedtoHim.AsEloMm,thisBeing-stoodalone;andsoweread,'inthebeginningGod(EloMinintheplural)created(inthesingular)theheavensandtheearth.'
ThefirsthintatthepossibilitythatthetitleElohimmightbesharedbyothersbesidestheCreatoristobefoundintheserpent'ssuggestion,'YeshallbeasElohim,knowing-goodandevil.'ThetranslatorsoftheAuthorisedVersion,byusingtheplural,*Gods,'inthispassage,appeartohavetoomuchanticipatedthatpolytheismwhichafterwardsbecamecommon,butwhichcanhardlyhavebeensuggestedinsucharudeformbytheTempter.OurfirstparentsonlyknewofoneElohim;theyheardhisvoicefromtimetotime,andperhapstheysawhisform;theyaddressedHiminthesingularnumberasThou;andtheideaofanyotherbeingtobecalledElohimbutthisOnecouldnothaveenteredtheirimaginationuntiltheTemptersaidtothem'YeshallbeasEloMm,i.e.asGod,knowinggoodandevil.'
Inafterages,however,theworshipoftheCreatorasEloMmbegantobecorrupted.TheaugustName,indeed,wasretained,butthenatm^eofHimwhoboreitwaswell-nighforgotten.Whenmenweredividedintodifferentnations,andspokevariousdialectsandlatiguages,theymusthavecarriedwiththemthosenotionsofEloMmwhichtheyhadinheritedfromtheirfathers,butastheydidnotcaretoretainHimintheirknowledge,thatworshipwhichwasduetoHimalonewasinthelapseofagestransferredtothesoulsofthedeparted,tothesun,moon,andstars,andeventoidolsmadebymen'shands.^
'ThisistheorderofidolatrousdegradationadoptedbyG.S.Faber.Heholdsthattheworshipoftheheavenlybodiesarosefromtheideathatdeceasedheroesweretransplantedtootherregionsandbecameoccupantsofthestars,withwliich,afteratime,theybecametraditionallyidentified.
D2
36TheNamesofGod.[Ch.n.
InthiswaytlietitleEloMm,whichwasthesacredrightoftheOne,becametransferredtothemany,andthisdegene-racy offaithandworshipledtotheanomalyofsajsposingthattheremightbeaclassofbeingstowhomthetitlemightbeapplied.Ifitbeaccountedtreasonwherethereisanabsolutemonarchytospeakofanybutonepersonas'kimj,muchmoremustitbeamarkofdisloyaltyandrebel-lion fortheinhabitantsofaworldwhichhasbeenoriginatedandpreservedbyoneElohimtodesignateanyotherbeingorbeingsbythesametitle.
Elohim,then,cannotbeproperlyregardedasagenericword,seeingthatitisthetitleoftheCreatorandRuleroftheworld,assuch,andthatitindicatesthepowerandmajestyofthatBeingtowhomeverycreatureoweshisexistence,hisdailylife,andhishabitation.
§3.IthasbeensupposedthatsomesanctionisgiventothetheorythatthenameElohimisgenericbythefactthatidolsarecalledbythisnameinScripture.Someinstancesofthisusagemaythereforebecitedforexamination.
.InGen.35,1,2,4,wereadasfollows:'AndEloMmsaiduntoJacob,Arise,gouptoBethelanddwellthere,andbuildthereanaltar,untotheElthatappearedtotheewhenthoufleddestfrombeforethybrotherEsau.ThenJacobsaidtohishouseandtoallthatwerewithhim.PutawaythestrangeElohimthatareamongyou....andtheygaveuntoJacoballthestrangeElohimthatwereintheirhands,andtheirearringswhichwereintheirears,andJacobhidthemundertheoakwhichwasbyShechem.'TheEloMminthiscaseseemtohavebeenimages,perhapscharmswornontheperson,similartothosewhichtheancientEgyptiansusedtowear,andwhichhavebeenex-humed ormanufacturedbyhundredsinmoderndays.Thewordnacar,hererenderedstrange,isusedinScrij)tureintwooppositesenses,fortohnow,andnottoknoiv;ithere
§3.]ItsapplicationtoIdols.37
probablymeansforeignoralien,inwliiclisenseitisfrequentlyappliedtoidolatrousworshipinScripture.
Somelightisthrownonthepassagebyareferencetothe31stchapterofGenesis.Hereweread(verse19)thatRachelhadstolenherfather'simages(terapMm•),butLabancallsthemhisElohim(verse30),andJacob,adoptingtheword,says,'withwhomsoeverthoufindestthineEloMm,lethimnotlive.'LabanthenworshippedteraphimasEloMm,thoughheoughttohaveknownbetter,forheknewthenameofJehovah(Gen.30.27,31.49),andhewasnotignorantoftherealElohim,whomhisownfatherhadworshipped(Gen.31.29,50,53).
Wealsoreadof'theEloMmofEgypt'(Ex.12.12,A.Y.gods;themarginhasprinces,butseeNu.33.4);ofmoltenEloMm(Lev.19.4);of'theEloMmoftheheathen'(Ex.23.24);alsoofChemosh,Dagon,Milcom,andotheridolswhichweredesignatedasEloMm.WhentheIsraelitesmadethemoltencalfoutoftheirgoldenearrings,theysaidofit,'ThesebethyEloMm,OIsrael'(Ex.32.3,4),andtheyregardedtheimageasarepresentationofJehovah(verse5).^
Jethro,thefather-in-lawofMoses,drawsadistinctionbetweenthetrueandthefalseEloMmwhenhesays,'NowknowIthatJehovahisgreaterthanalltheEloMm,forinthematterwhereintheydealtproudlyhewasabovethem'(Ex.18.11);yetthisveryconfessionissowordedastoimplynotonlythatthepriestofMidianhadhitbertobeeninthedarkonthesubject,butalsothathestillhadalin-
'ForfurtherremarksonthenatureoftheTerafliim,seechap.29.§14.
^DavidMill,inoneofhisBissertationesSelecta,discussesthesymbolicalmean-ing ofthegoldencalf,andcomestotheconclusionthatitrepresentedTyphon,thedeityto-whomtheEgyptiansattributedallthingshurtful.ThepeopleofIsraelknewfullwellthattheirGodhadlookedwithnofavouringeyeuponEgypt,anditisthereforenotimprobablethatinchoosingasymboltorepresentHimtheywouldselectthatwhichtheEgyptiansregardedastheirevilgenius.
2,STheNamesofGod.[Ch.n.
geringbeliefintheexistenceofinferiorElohim.ThesameignoranceandsuperstitionwastobefoundamongsttliechildrenofIsrael;andtheprimarylessonwhichtheLordsoughttoteachthemduringtheirjourneyingsinthewilder-ness wasthattheyweretorestorethenameElohimtoitsorio^inalandsoleowner.'ThoushalthavenootherElohimbeforeMe"(Ex.20.3).'MakenomentionofthenameofotherElohim,neitherletitbeheardoutofthymouth'(Ex.23.12).'JehovahheisElohiminheavenaboveandupontheearthbeneath;thereisnoneelse'(Deut.4.39).SointheSongofMoses(Deut.32.37,39)wereadconcerningtheheathen,'WherearetheseElohim,therockonwhichtheyleaned?...IevenIamHe,andthereisnoElohimwithme.'Oncemore,theutteranomalyofusingthewordElohimforothersthanthetrueGodisclearlyindicatedintheprayerofHezekiah(2Kin.19.18),'Ofatruth,Jehovah,thekingsofAssyriahavedestroyedthenationsandtheirlands,AndhavecasttheirElohimintothefire:fortheywerenoElohimbuttheworkofmen'shands,woodandstone.'
§4.IthasalreadybeenremarkedthatthefactofthewordElohimbeingpluralinformdoesnotatallsanctionpolytheism;butwehavenowtoconsiderwhetheritmayfairlybetakenasatestimonytothepluralityofPersonsintheGodhead.Itiscertainlymarvellouslyconsistentwiththisdoctrine,andmustremoveagreatstumbling-blockoutofthepathofthosewhofeeldifficultieswithregardtotheacknowledgmentoftheTrinityinUnity.Greatnamesare
•Literally,'inadditiontomyface.'SomeHebrewstudentsregardthisexpressionnotmerelyasaHebrewidiom,butassettingforththattheFaceorManifestationofGodisGod.TheyhavehencearguedfortheDeityofChrist;buttheargumentintheforminwhichitissometimesadvancedisratherperilous,becauseitisinapplicabletootherpassages,e.g.Ex.33.20:'ThoucanstnotseeMyface,forthereshallnomanseeMeandlive.'Itisneverthelesstruethatwebehold'thegloryofGodinthefaceofJesusChrist'(2Cor.4.6),
§4.]ItsPluralForm.39
tobecitedfortakingastepfurther,andforadducingthewords,'Elohimsaid,Letusmakemaninourimageafterourlikeness,'asaproofoftheTrinity.FatherSimonnotesthatPeterLombard(1150)wasthefirsttolaystressuponthispoint;thoughprobablytheargumentwasnotreallynewinhistime.Manycritics,however,ofunimpeachableorthodoxy,thinkitwisertorestwheresuchdivinesasCajetanintheChurchofE.omeandCalvinamongProtestantswerecontenttostand,andtotakethepluralformasa-pluralofmajesty,andasindicatingthegreatness,theinfinity,andtheincom-prehensiblenessoftheDeity.Onthewhole,itappearsprobablethattheideaunfoldedinthepluralformElohimmaybeexpressedmoreaccuratelybythewordGodheadthanbythewordGod;andthereiscertainlynothingunreason-able inthesuppositionthatthenameoftheDeitywasrevealedtomaninthisform,soastoprej^arehimforthetruththatintheunityoftheGodheadthereareThreePersons.
AslongasthepassageabovequotedstandsonthefirstpageoftheBible,thebelieverintheTrinityhasarighttoturntoitasaproofthatPluralityintheGodheadisaverydifferentthingfromPolytheism,andasanindicationthatthefrequentassertionsoftheDivineUnityarenotincon-sistent withthebeliefthattheFatherisGod,theSonisGod,andtheHolyGhostisGod.ThefactthattheHebrewsoftenexpressedawordintheplural,soastogiveitastrongerormoretechnicalmeaning,asinthecaseofthewordsBlood,Water,Wisdom,Salvation,Righteous-ness, Life,isreallyinfavourofwhathasjustbeenadvanced;andtheuseofthepluralinthelanguageofmajestyandauthorityisthesame.Inthesecasesitisevidentlyimpliedthatthewordinthesingularnumberisnotfullenoughtosetforthallthatisintended,andsointhecaseoftheDivineNamethepluralformexpressesthe
40TheNamesofGod,[Ch.n.
truththatthefinitewordconveysaninadequateideaoftheInfinitePersonalityorUnityofPersonswhichitrepresents.
OthernamesofGodwillbefoundtobeinthepluralalso;anditisworthyofnoticethatinthewell-knownpassageinEcclesiastes(12.1)theHebrewrunsthus,'RemembernowthyCreatorsinthedaysofthyyouth.'
§5.AnotheruseofthewordElohimhasnowtobenoticed.WereadinEx.4.16,thatGodsaidtoMoses,withreferencetohisbrotherAaron,'thoushallbetohiminthe'placeofEloMm,'ormoreliterally^forElohim.'FromthesewordsitwouldappearthatMoseswastoberegardedbyAaronasstandinginimmediaterelationtoGod,—not,however,asonalevelwithHim,forGoddidnotsay'thoushaltbeas(3)Elohim,'but'-for(^)Elohim.''MoseswastoconveythedivinemessagetoAaron,who,inhisturn,wastoannounceittoPharaoh.Similarlyinchap.7.1,theLordsaystohisservant,'BeholdIhaveappointedthee{as)ElohimtoPharaoh,andAaronshallbethyprophet.'ItisevidentthatthenameofGodwasheregiventohishumanrepresentative,assuch.
TheusageofthewordinthesepassagesmaybewellillustratedbyareferencetoourLord'steaching.WhenaccusedbytheJewsofmakingHimselfGod,Heanswered,'Isitnotwritteninyourlaw,Isaid.Yearegods?Ifhecalledthemgods,untowhomthewordofGodcame,—andtheScripturecannotbebroken,—sayyeofhim,whomtheFatherhathsanctified,andsentintotheworld.Thoublasphemest;becauseIsaid,IamtheSonofGod?'(John10.34-36.)ThepassagewhichourLordherereferstoisin
'Inchap.6.7,weharethesameexpression(QTIPS?)rendered,'IwillbetoyouaGod.'Itmightbebest,therefore,toconsidertheemphaticverbfobeintheabovepassageassignifying(inconjunctionwiththepreposition)torepresent—'ThoushaltrepresentElohimtohim;InZech.12.8,thereisamoreremarkableexpression;itissaidthat'theHouseofDayidshallbeasGodandastheAngeloftheLordbeforethem.'
§5.]Itsapplicationtoyiidges.41
Psalm82,wliichbeginsthus:'Godtaketliliisstand{i^i)intliegatheringofEl,i.e.inthemightygathering;inthemidstofElohimhedoethjudgments.'ThePsalmistthenproceedstorebukethisgatheringofElohim,whoareevidentljjudges,responsibleforjudginginaccordancewiththewordoftheLord:'Howlongwillyeadministerper-verted justice,andfavourwickedmen?Dealjustlywiththepoorandfatherless:acquittheafflictedandneedy.Deliverthepoorandneedy:rescuethemfromthehandofwickedmen.'Yettherebukewasunheeded.Alas!'Theyknownot,neitherdotheyperceive;theygoonwalkingindarkness:allthefoundationsoftheland(i.e.itsjudges)aremovedfromtheircourse.'Thencomestheretributionfollowingontheirneglectoftheseaugustprivilegesandduties.'ItisI'thatsaidyeareElohim;andallofyouchil-dren oftheHighest.YetafterallyeshalldieasAdam,andasoneoftheprincesshallyefall.'ThePsalmistconcludeswiththeproj)heticaspiration,'Arise,thouElohim,ad-minister justjudgmentintheland:foritistliouthathastalltheheathenforthineinheritance.'OurLord,byreferringtothisPsalm,evidentlymeanthishearerstounderstandthatifearthlyjudgeswerecalledgodsinScripturebecausetheyweretoregulatetheirdecisionsbytheWordofGod,itcouldbenoblasphemyinHimwhomtheFatherhathsentintotheworldtocallHimselfGod'sSon.IftheyrepresentedGod,howmuchmoredidHe.
InaccordancewiththewordsofthePsalmjustreferredto,wereadinEx.22.7,8,'Ifthethiefbenotfound,thenthemasterofthehouseshallbebroughtuntothejudges,(ha-EloMm)todecidewhetherhehathputhishandunto
'ItisonlyinsomesuchwayasthisthatonecanexpresstheforceoftheemphaticHebrewpersonalpronoun.Ourtranslatorshavenotoftenadoptedthisplan,butinotherversions(e.g.theFrenchofOstervald)thedistinctionbetweentheexpressedandtheunexpressedpronounhasbeenmarkediuthisway.
42TheNamesofGod,[Ch,n,
hisneiglibour'sgoods.Thecauseofbothpartiesshallcomebeforethejudges(ha-Elohim),andwhomthejudges(Elohim)condemn,heshallpaydoubletohisneighbour.'Inthe28thverse,whereourtranslatorshavesomewhatunfortunatelyput'thoushaltnotrevilethegods,'wereadElohimagain,andconsistentlywiththepreviouspassagesweshouldrenderit,*thoushaltnotrevilejudges,norspeakevilofaleaderamongthypeople.'Thispassagewasre-ferred towithalatentshadeofironybySt.PaulwhenhewascalledtoaccountforspeakingsharplytoAnanias,whoprofessedtojudgehimafterthelawwhilstcausinghimtobesmittencontrarytothelaw(Ac.23.5).
ThejudgesarealsocalledElohiminEx.21.6,wheretheaccountisgivenofthemasterboringhisservant'searinthepresenceofthemagistrates.ItispossiblethatthewitchofEndor,whenshesaid,'IseeElohimascendingfromtheearth,'usedthewordinthissense,thatwemightrenderthej)assage,'Iseejudgesascendingfromtheearth.'Boththenounandtheparticipleareinthepluralnumberinthispassage.^
InallthesepassagesthewordElohimindicatesnotbeingswhoaretobeworshipped,butabodyofresponsiblemagis-trates whorepresenttheonlytrueElohim,andwhohavereceivedhiswordastherulewherebyalljudicialcausesaretobedecided.Accordinglywereadthat'themenbetweenwhomthereisacontroversyshallstandheforeJehovah,beforethepriestsandthejudges'(Deut.19.17).Nothing,surely,couldinvestahumantribunalwithgreatermajestyandim-portance thanthesolemntruththatthemagistratewastoregardhimself,andtoberegardedbyothers,asthemouth-piece of'theJudgeofalltheEarth.'HumanlawsweretobebasedonDivinerevelation;man'sjudgmentsweretobeconformedtoGod'slawofequityandright.
^Seechap.28.§5,forafurtherreferencetoth?sceneherenoticed.
§G,]Itsapplicatio7itoAngels.43
§6.ThereisyetanotheruseofthewordElohimwhichmustnotbepassedover.TheSamaritanVersionandalsotlieLXXhaveadoptedthewordangelstorepresentitinseveralplaces,andtheEnglishtranslators,partlyguidedbytheteachingoftheNewTestament,haveoccasionallyfol-lowed theirexample.
SomecriticshavebeeninclinedtorenderthewordsinGen.3.5,'Teshallbeasangels';butthereisnogroundforsuchaninterpretation.InJob38.7,'thesonsofGod'whoshoutedforjoyaredesignatedangelsbytheLXX,butthisisbywayofcommentaryratherthantranslation.AgaininPs.138.1,whereweread'beforethegodswillIsingpraiseuntothee,'theLXXhas'beforetheangels.'ThePsalmistmayhavemeantthathewouldpraiseGodpubliclyinthepresenceofthejudges.Thisinterpretationwouldfallinwellwiththe4thverse,whereweread,'Allthekingsoftheearthshallpraisethee,0Lord,whentheyhearthewordsofthymouth.'
Therearetwootherpassageswhichcallforspecialatten-tion becauseoftheirconnectionwiththeNewTestament.InHeb.1.6,weread,'whenhebringethagainthefirst-begottenintotheworld,hesaith,AndletalltheangelsofGodworshiphim.'ThewriterhereciteswordswhicharetobefoundinsomecopiesoftheLXXintheSongofMoses(Deut.32.43),butthereisnoHebrewequivalentfortheminourexistingtext.Thenextwordsofthesong,'Pejoice,yeGentiles,withhispeople,'arequotedbySt.PaulinhisEpistlestotheEomans(15.10),asindicatingahope,notfortheJewsonly,butalsofortheGentiles;andtheverseswhichfollowcarrythereaderonfromthedayofMosestoatimeyettocomewhenGod'willavengethebloodofhisservants,andwillrendervengeancetohisad-versaries, andwillbemercifultohislandandtohispeople.'ThiswiUbe,nodoubt,atthetimeoftherestitutionofall
44TheNamesofGod.[Ch.n.
thingswliiclihavebeenspokenofbyalltheholyprophetsshicetheworldbegan(Ac.3.21).Itmaywellbesupposed,therefore,thatthewriteroftheEpistletotheHebrewshadtheSongofMosesinhismindwhenhequotedthewordsoftheLXXvei-hatim,'AndletalltheangelsofGodworshipHim.'Theremay,indeed,beasecondaryreferencetoPsalm97.7,whereweread,'worshiphimallyegods(Elohim),'butwheretheLXXhasrendered,'worshiphimallyehisangels.'Thispassage,however,couldnotbepressedasgivingapostolicsanctionforinterpretingEloMmasangels.
Inthe8thPsalmtheAuthorisedVersionrunsthus,'Whatisman,thatthouartmindfulofhim?andthesonofman,thatthouvisitesthim?Forthouhastmadehimalittlelowerthantheangels,andhastcrownedhimwithgloryandhonour.Thoumadesthimtohavedominionovertheworksofthyhands.'HeretheHebrewhasEloMm;andwereitnotforthesanctiongiventotheLXXinterpretationintheEp.totheHebrews(2.7),ourtranslatorsmighthavegivenaliteralrendering.
Gesenius,Hengstenberg,andothercritics,understoodthePsalmisttomeanthattheSonofManshouldbebutlittlebelowthegloryofGod.'Wemight,perhaps,paraphrasethewords,'thouhastberefthimforalittlewhileofthedivineglory,'cf.Phil.2.7[kavrovsksiwcts).Ingivingthisinterpretationofthewords,thoughAvedonotadopttheexactrenderingoftheLXX,wearriveatasubstantialao"reementwithitsteachingr.ThefactannouncedintheHebrewtextwithregardtomangenerally,isfulfilledwithregardtoChristinsuchamodeastheLXXdescribes,andasthewriteroftheEpistletotheHebrewssanctions.Ourtranslatorshave,therefore,thehighestauthorityfortheirrendering;butthepassageinthePsalmcannotjustifythe
'SoCalvin,'parimiabes&eeumjussistiadivinoetcoelestistatu.'
§7.]TheTra7isIationofEloJiim.45
suppositiontliatangelsaretobetakenasaclassofEloMm,assomehaveimagined.
§7.WehavenowarrivedattheconclusionthatthenameElohimisproperlyatitlebelongingtooneBeing,whoistheCreatorofheavenandearth,andtheSustainerofallexistence.WehaveseenthattheregardduetoHimalonehasbeenobliteratedingreatmeasurefromthememoryofthehumanrace,andthatwhatremainsofitintheheartofmanhasoftenbeentransferredtounworthyobjects.Thequestionnowreturns,howisthewordElohimtobedealtwithintranslation?Threepossiblecoursespresentthemselves;theHebrewwordmightbetransferredintootherlanguages;orwemightsubstituteforitthenameofsomenativeobjectofworship,whichseemstoformthebestmaterialonwhichtograftthetrueideasoftheDivineBeing;orwemighttaketheoriginalmeaningoftheHebrewword,andtranslatethatintootherlanguages.
Todealwiththelastproposalfirst,itwillbesufficienttosaythatalthoughithasnotbeencustomarytotranslatetheword,therecouldbenovalidobjectiontosuchacourseifnobetterplanpresenteditself.ItisagreedbyalmostallscholarsthatthenameElohimsignifiestheputterforthofpower.HewhoiscalledbyitistheBeingtowhomallpowerbelongs;thisistheessentialideaoriginallycon-veyed bythenamewhereveritisused.ThelowestofheathentribesarecompelledtoacknowledgethatthereisaPowerinexistencegreaterthantheirown,andthemission-ary constantlyhastotakethisacknowledgmentasabasisonwhichhemayplantamorecompletetheology.
TheproposalthattheHebrewnamefortheDivineBeingshouldbetransferred,andusedalone,orincombinationwiththoseofnativedeities,hasbeenreceivedwithgreaterfavourbysomemissionaries.Theyhavelookeduponitasameansofavoidingthedangerinwhichevervtranslatoris
46TheNamesofGod.[Ch.n.
manifestlyinvolved,ofgivingaseemingsanctiontofalsereligionbytheadoptionofanamewhichconveysfalseideas.But,afterall,whileseekingtoescapeoneevil,thetrans-lator wouldfindhimselfrunningintoanother,forhewouldbelayinghimselfopentothechargethathewassettingforthstrangegods—acourseneverapprovedofinScrip-ture.
§8.ItwouldappearawiserplantosingleoutthatnamewhichisonthewholethebestrepresentativeofapersonalandpowerfulBeing,leavingitforthegeneralteachingofScripture,andfortheoralinstructionofthemissionarytoliftupmen'smindstohigherideasofthisBeingthantheyhadbefore.
IfallthenamesofGodweretoberejectedwhichhadeverbeenusedforidolatrouspurposesitishardtoknowwhatwouldbeleft.Elohimitselfwassoused;itsArabicforms,IldliandAllah,whichareadoptedinalargenumberofOrientalversionsoftheScripture,weresousedinoldtimes(seeHerodotus3.8);theGreekTheos,theEthiopicAmlak(i.e.Moloch),theEgyptianNout,theHungarianIsten,theAlbanianPernti,theTartarTengri,andmanyothers,whicharesanctionedintime-honouredversions,orhavebeenadoptedinlatertimes,wouldhavetogo.Nay,whatwouldhappentotheGeorgianGhut,thePersianKhuda,theGermanGott,andtheEnglishGod,whenithasbeenheldbylearnedauthoritiesthatthesenamesaretobeidentifiedwiththeidolGad,condemnedinIs.65.11(margin)?TothisitwillbeatonceansweredthatourideaofGodcomesnotfromtheetymologyoftheword,norfromitsuseinthedaysofourheathendom,butfromthetruthswhichhavebeentaughtaboutHimfromourchildhood.Thisisexactlythepointtobeborneinmind.Thename,andthesensecon-veyed byit,maybeverydifferentindifferentcountries,andinnocountrymayitexactlytallywiththeoriginalmean-
§8.]TheTranslationofElohim.47
ingofElohim.Everycareshouldbetakentoselectthebestword,butafterallitiswelltorememberthatinallcountriesthetruthaboutGodisgatherednotsomuchfromtheNameasfromwhatistaughtconcerningHimwhobearsit.TheknowledgeofthenatureandcharacterofGodisgraduallyacquiredthroughthestudyoftheScriptures.LittlebylittlethefalseideaswhichmantooreadilyformswithrespecttohisMakerareremovedfromhismind,andnewthoughtstaketheirplace;thushegoes'fromstrengthtostrength'inthepathoffaithandobedience,andtheideasuggestedbythenamehehasadoptedforElohimbecomesdeej)erandpurer,untilhepassesawayfromearth,andentersintotheimmediatepresenceofhisMaker,whereheshallknowevenasheisknown.
BishopBoone,inhiscontributiontotheChinesediscus-sions, saysthatweshouldrenderthenameofGodbythehighestgenericwordwhichrepresentsanobjectofworship.Ifthistheoryweretobecarriedout,thenthefirstverseoftheBiblewouldrunthus:'Inthebeginninganobjectofworship{as^aa-ixa)createdtheheavensandtheearth.'This,however,wouldbeaninversionoftherightorderofthought.GodistobeworshippedbecauseHeisCreator.Hisworksconstitute,ingreatmeasure,hisclaimtoworship.Itwouldbebetter,therefore,totakeamorepersonalnameasastarting-point,eventhoughitmightcausesomemis-conception atfirst.Theabove-mentionedwriteralsoquotesLactantiusandOrigeninfavourofagenericnameforGod.Theselearnedmenwrotecenturiesafterthematterhadbeenpracticallysettled,sofarasregardstheGreeklan-guage, bytheusageoftheLXX,andwhenitwouldhavebeentoolate,evenifithadbeengoodforanyreasontosubstituteZeusforTheos.Mr.MalanindeedhasshowninhisworkontheNamesofGod'thatZeusandTheoswere'WhoisGodinChina?—apowerfulargumentinfavourofShang-ti.
48TheNamesofGod.[Ch.n.
originally,inallprobability,thesameword.ButwehaveagreaterwitnessthanMr.Malan,eventhatoftheApostleoftheGentiles,who,afterquotingtwoheathenhymnswritteninhonourofZevjS,arguesfromtheminfavourofthespiritualnatureofTheos,whomadetheworld.
§9.ThepassageintheActs(chap.17.)nowreferredtoisofsuchexceedingimportancewithreferencetothesubjectunderdiscussionthatitmaywellreceivesomefurthernotice.WhenSt.PaulreachedAthenshefoundthatitwaswhollygiventoidolatry(KaTSiScoXov),anexpressionwhichfallsinalltoowellwiththeEomansatirist'sremarkthatitwaseasiertofindagodthanamaninthatcity.Accordinglytheapostleheldconstantdiscussions{BisXsysTo),notonlywiththeJewsandproselyteswhomhefoundintheSynagogue,'butalsowithanybodywhomhecouldmeetwithintheAgora.HerecertainoftheEpicureans,whowereAtheists,andoftheStoics,whowerePantheists,fellinwithhimfromdaytoday-."^andwhilesomespokeofhimwithutterscorn—hisGospelbeing'foolishness'tothem—otherscametotheconclusionthathewassettingforthcertaindemons(AuthorisedVersion,'gods')whichwereforeigntotheircity.By'demons'thesephilosophersmeantverymuchthesameastheMahommedansmeanbytheirgenii;theirideasaboutthemwouldbeveryvague.Sometimestheyseemtohavebeenregardedasthesoulsofthedeparted,sometimesasguardianangels,sometimesasevilinfluences,sometimesaswhatwecalldemi-gods.^
'TheA.V.runsthus:'ThereforedisputedheinthesynagoguewiththeJews,andwiththedevoutpersons;'butthereoughttobenocommaafterthewordJews.Theffe^Sixevoi,ordevoutproselytes,wenttothesynagogue,wherePauldoubtlessdiscoursedinGreek.Seechap.1.§10.
2Theimperfecttenseisusedthroughout.
*NodistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenSal/xtevandSatfuoviov;bothwereappliedtothedeity,tofortune,tothesoulsofthedeparted,andtogeniiordemi-gods,beingspartmortalpartdivine{fj-era^vOeovreKalOvriTov)asPlatocallsthem{Si/mp.p.202d.).
I
§9.]RelationshipbetweenZensandTheos.49
Idolatryanddemon-worsliip(takingtliewordinthisvagueandgeneralsense,inwliicliSocratesseemstohaveusedit)arethetwosubstitutesfortheworshipofthelivingGodwhicharetobefoundamongstalmostallthenationsoftheearth.The/e^is/toftheAfricanrain-makerisconnectedwithasortofmysteriousunseenpower,whichissupposedtoworkuj)onaman'slifeandpossessions.Theacknow-ledgment ofsuchhiddeninfluenceharmonisesalltooreadilywithPantheism,andisnotinconsistentevenwithAtheism.AmanmaybeaPositivistandyetaSpiritualist.Hemay,inprofessionatleast,denythatthereisapersonalcausacausarum,andyetmaygivewaytoasuperstitiousrespectforcertainshadowypoAvers,whicharetohimrealities,andwhichexerciseanappreciableinfluenceonhisthoughtsandwa3^s.Thisarisesfromthenecessityofhisnature.Hisconsciousnessannouncestohimtherealityofunseenandimmaterialentities,thoughhedoesnotcaretoproclaimthefacttotheworld.Ifheishighlycivilisedandscientific,hemaydismissthesephantomsascreationsoftheimagination;butifheisamemberofabarbarousanduncultivatedtribe,fromwhichthetrueideaofGodhasapparentlydiedout,hewillbecomethepreyoftherain-maker,theconjuror,orthewitch,bywhoseartshissuperstitionwillbesystematicallydeveloped.ThefetishorobjectAvhichheregardswithawe,whetheritbemerelyabitofragorabundleoffeathers,becomesanembodimentofthedarkandterriblesideofhisspiritualfeelings.Thebrightside,whichoughttobeex-ei'cisedtowardsGod,maygraduallyhavepassedaway.Aslono-asthesunshinesandtheraindescendsandthefruitsoftheearthabound,—aslongasamanhashealth,andstrength,andprosperity,—hecareslittleaboutfetishordemon,andstilllessaboutGod;butwhentroublecomeshewillfollowtheexampleofJonah'smariners,who'criedeverymanuntohisgod,'andwillseekbymagicorsuperstitiousartstoavert
E
50TheNamesofGod.[Ch.ll.
themisfortuneswliiclihavebefallenhim,andtopropitiatetheevilspiritwhomhehasunwittinglyoffended.Thissadstoryofhumansuperstitioniswellknowntoeverymissionarywhohaslabouredamongrudetribesofidolaters;anditmayhelpustounderstandthestateofthingswhichChristianityhashadtodisplaceeversinceitsearliestpromulgation.
ButtoreturntoSt.Paul'sspeechatAthens.'Heseemeth,'saidthesage,'tobeasetterforthofstrange(i.e.foreign)demons."Accordingly,impelledbycuriosity,theygatherroundtheapostle,andleadhimoutofthebustlingAgorauptherock-cutstepsbywhichonestillmountstotheAreopagus.^Theretohismaleandfemaleaudience,half-cynical,half-interested,theapostleoftheGentilesdeliversanaddress,whichisinitselfamasterpiece,reflectingequalcreditonhisjudgmentandhislearning,onhisphilosophyandonhistheology.Itisindeedamodelafterwhichallmissionaryaddressesoughttobeformed,andconfersalustreonAthenswhichneithertheoratoryofDemosthenes,thestatesmanshipofPericles,thephilosophyofPlato,northeartofPhidiascansurpass.Itmaybeparaphrasedasfollows:—'Athenians!yeappeartometobefartoomuchgiventodemon-fearingalready;itisamistakethereforetosup-pose thatIhavecometosetforthmoredemonsforyouracceptance.Mymissionisaverydifferentone;forwhilstcomingthroughyourcity,andinspectingtheobjectswhichyouregardwithreverence,Imetwithanaltaronwhichwasvn-itten,"ToGodtheUnknown."Besidesthedemonswhomyoufear,then,thereisevidentlyabeingcalledGod,whomyouregardwithreverence,eventhoughyouareigno-rant a,bouthistruenature.TliisistheBeingwhomIamsettingforthtoyou.'^
'TheverychargemadeagainstSocrates(Xen.Mem.1.1.2;PlatoAp.246.).
2Theauthorclimbeduptheminthespringof1860,andwasnotalittleinterestedinlookingupontheremainsoftheheathentempleswhichmusthavegreetedtheeyeofthegreatapostleonthismemorableoccasion.
^YMTorp/iKKv);comparethe%kv<tivdatiu-oyiaivKaTajyeAfvsofv.18,
§0.]RelationshipbetweenZensandTheos.51
Havingthuswithadmirabletactawakenedtheattentionofhishearers,anddisabusedtheirmindsoftheideathathewasgoingtoencouragethemintheirdemon-dread,liesoughttoconcentratetheirmindonthewordGod—0ds'os.Thisword,whateveritsoriginalsignificance,hadcometobeusedinaverygenericway.Therewere'Godsmany.'ButSt.Paul,whiletakingtheirfamiliarword,sodefinesitthattheBeingwhomhedesignatesbyitisatonceseparatedofffromallothers.'TheGod(withthedefinitearticle)whomadethecosmosandallthatisinit,He,beingbythisveryfactconstitutedpossessorandrulerofheavenandearth,cannothavehisPresenceconfinedwithintheminutespacewhichhumanhandsareabletocompassroundwithwalls(andherenodoubtthespeakerpointedtothebuildingsthatlayathisfeet)neithercanHebeministeredto{OspairivsTaC)byhandsofmortalman,asifHehadanynecessitieswhichtheycouldrelieve—seeingthatitisHethatisthegiveroflifeinallitsaspectstoallmen.ThenationsAvhichdwellonthefaceofthewholeearthhavesprungfromonesource,andhavebeendistributedthroughmanyages,andamongvariouscountries,byhiswillandagency.AnditisforthemtoseekGod,'ifhaplytheymayfeelHim^andfindHim.AndafterallHeisnotfarofffromanysinglepersonamongus,foritisthroughiinionwithHimthatwehavelife,movement,andevenbareexistence;assomeofyourownpoets^havesaid,"Forwearehisoffspring."Seeing,
'Not'theLord,'asA.V.
^ThepointissomewhatobscuredintheA.V.,whichreads,'Theymayfeelafterhim.'Theverb^■i]\a(pa.wmeansto'handle'(1John1.1);hence,tofeelanobjectinthedark.ThenationswereintendedtohaveanimpressionofGod'sexistence,thoughtheywereindarknessastohisrealnature.
'ThehymntoJupiter,writtenbyCleanthestheStoic,whichMenanderechoedafterwards,issostrikingthatafurtherportionofitmaywellfindaplacehere:—'Theeitislawfulforallmortalstoaddress,forwearethineoffspring,andaloueofcreaturespossessavoice,whichistheimageofreason;therefore,Iwillforeversingtheeandcelebratethypower.Allthisuniverserollingroundtheearthobeysthee,andfollowswillinglyatthycommand.Suchaministerhastthouinthine
E2
52TheNamesofGod.[Ch.n.
then,thatthereissucharelationshipexisting-betweenGodandman,weoughttoknowbetterthantosupposethatDivinity(todsiov)canbereallylikeacleverlycarvedpieceofstoneormetal.Ifthesethingsdonotrepresentthereallifeofman,howcantheypossiblyrepresentHimfromwhomthatlifefloAvs?'
Herewemaystoj),astherestoftheaddressdoesnotaffectthesubjectbeforeus.ThechiefpointtobeobservedisthattheideawhichSt.PaulgaveofGodwasnotgatheredfromhisname,butfromcertainfactswhichhesetforthregardingaBeingforwhomthatnamewasonthewholeasuitablerepresentative.St.PaulknewfullwellthatthewordTheosdidnotconveythewholetruthabouttheDivineBeingtothemindofhishearers,andthatZeuswasstillfurtherfrombeingafairrepresentativeofElohim;butneverthelesshemadethebestuse,underDivineguidance,ofthematerialswhichwereinhishand,andconfirmedwhathehadtosayabouttheTheoswhomadetheheavenandtheearthbyreferencetotwohymnsdedicatedtoZeus,whowasalsodescribedasmakerofallthings.HethusworkedroundtotheoriginalideaofElohim,andlaidthefoundationsofhisGospelteachingononeofthenoblestproductsofwhatmaybecallednatural(ortraditional)heathentheology.
invinciLlphands,thered-edgedflamingvividthunderboh.0KingMostHigh,nothingisdonewithoutthee,neitherinheavenorearthnorinthesea.—exceptwhatthewickeddointheirfoolishness.Thoumakestorderoutofdisorder,au;lwhatisworthlessbecomespreciousinthysight.Forthouhastfittedtogethergoodandevilintoone,andhastestablishedonelawwhichexistsforever.Butthewickedflyfromthylaw,unhappyones,andthoughtheydesiretopossesswhatisgood,yettheyseenot,neitherdotheyhear,theuniversallawofGod.Ifthe}'wouldfollowitwithunderstandingtheymighthaveagoodlife;buttheygoastray,eachafterhisowndevices,somevainlystrivingafterreputation,othersturningasideaftergain,othersafterriotouslivingandcovetousness.Naybut,0Zeus,giverofallthings,whodwellestindarkcloudsandrulestoverthethunder,delivermenfromtheirfoolishness.Scatteritfromtheirsouls,andgrantthemtoobtainwisdom,forbywisdomthoudostrightlygovernallthings;sothat,beinghonoured,wemayrightlyrepaytheewithhonour,singingthyworkswithoutceasing,asitisrig'itforusodo.'
.§§10.11.]NamesforFalseGods.53
§10.Sometimesitisaskedwlietliertranslatorsouglittouseforfalseg'oclsthewordwliichproperlyrepresentsthetrueone.Mr.MedliurstandotherChinesemissionarieswereinclinedtodrawadistinction,andtospeakoftherealGodasShang-ti,andoftheheathengodsasShin.TheHebreworiginal,however,aswehaveseen,hasgivenusaprecedentinthismatter,whichhasbeenfollowedbytheGreek,Latin,English,andalmostallotherversions.Havingoncedeter-mined whatisthetitlewhichinthemindofthepeoplemostnearlyrepresentsthenameElohim,itwouldappearbesttoadheretoit;andifitisusedforidolatrouspurposes,ashasbeenthecasewiththenameofGodinalmosteverycountryunderthesun,itwillberememberedthatthesamewasthecasewithElohim.Theideaconveyedbythiswordwasgraduallylowered,ifnotlost;anditcanonlyberecoveredbytheteachingoftheScripturesconcerningHimwhomitwasoriginallyintendedtorepresent.Justaswereadof'falseChrists,'thoughthenameisproperlythetitleofoneperson,somaysuchwordsasZe^is,orTheos,orShang-tibeappliedtoahostofinferiordeities,withoutbeingtherebydisqualifiedfrombeingusedinahighersense.^
§11.AlthoughthepluralElohimisordinarilyusedforGod,thesingularformEloahisfoundin57passages,mostofwhichareintheBookofJob.Only6timesisEloahappliedtoanybutthetrueGod.
TheAramaicformElahisfound37timesinEzra,oncein
'TheoriginofheathennamesforGodissometimesverycurious.TheKafirandHottentotname,u-Tlxo,signifies'woundedknee.'Variousaccountsaregivenofitsorigin.Mr.Appleyai-d,inhisKafirGrammar,saysthatitwasoriginallyappliedtoadoctororsorcerer,whohadreceivedawoundintheknee,butwhosepowersofhealingwereverygreat.
AmongtheBechuanatribestheideaofGodappearstohavealmost,ifnotquite,diedoutbeforethemissionariesreachedthem.Aword,however,wasborrowedfromneighbouringtribes,namely,Mo-Ubno,whichissupposedtosignify'theExalted,'andtohavebeenusedbyconjurorsandrain-makerstorepresentthehiddenpowerwhichtheyprofessedtoappease.
54TheNamesofGod.[Ch.n,
Jeremiah,and46timesinDaniel.Ofthe84passageswhereitoccurs,72refertotheTrueGod.
ThemoresimpleandelementaryformEl,whichisfre-quently adoptedeitheraloneorindependenceonanothersubstantive,toexpresspowerormight,isusedoftheTrueGodin204passages,andofothersin18passages.ItisfoundespeciallyinJob,thePsalms,andIsaiah.
Here,then,therecanbelittledoubt,^wehavetherootfromAvhichElohimisderived,andthereforetheprimar}'ideawhichthatmajestictitleisintendedtoconvey.Whenweusethewords,'Thineisthepowerandthekingdomandtheglory,'wearegivingutterancetothetruemeaningwhichaHebrewwouldattachtothetitleElohim—theBeingAvhocreates,sustains,andgovernsallthingsforhisownrighteouspleasureandglory.Thenamemaynotberen-dered byafairequivalentinotherlanguages,buttheideaoriginallyconnectedwiththenameisbroughttothesurfaceinapracticalformonalmosteveiypageofHolyWrit.^ElohimmaybecalledDeiisorTlieos(i.e.theDawn^),orHemaybecalledGod(i.e.theGood),butineachcasetheRevealedWordisneededtogiveacorrectideaofthisBeino-whom—
'Thesaint,thesavage,andthesage,Alikebelieve,andfeel,andown.'
ThepluralofElisElim,whichissupposedtobeusedoffalsegodsinEx.15.11;Ps.29.1,89.6;andDan.11.
^SomescholarshavesupposedthatthenameElohimproperlymeans//^«/?/'^/eAoneswearsIry,hutthisisareversaloftherightphilosophicalandetymologicalorder.Itisfarmorelikelythattheverbsignifying'totakeanoath'shouldbederivedfromthetitleofGodthanviceversa.
^IthasoftenbeennoticedthatthereisonlyonebookoftheBiblefrom-whichthenameofGodismissing,andinthatbook(Esther)hisProvidentialRuleissetforthinthemostremarkableway.
*Thisinterpretationseemstobegenerallyacceptednow,thoughitisnotwith-out itsdifficulties.Oftheolderclassicalinterpretations,thatwhichexplainsthewordastheDisposerofhumanaifairsisthebest.
§12.]TheTitlesoftheMessiah.55
86,ineachofwhichpassages,however,thewordmayberendered'mightyones.'
Elissometimesusedincompoundnames,asEl-Shaddai,renderedintheAuthorisedVersion'AlmightyGod,'Beth-el,'thehouseofGod;'andinothercasesitisusedapparentlytoaddforceandsublimitytoanidea,aswhenwereadof'mountainsofEl,'i.e.'mightymountains.'
§12.Th3titlesoftheMessiahcontainedinIs.9.6,havebeensubjectedtoagooddealofcriticismfromJewishandGentilepens,partly,nodoubt,becausethenameEloccursintheexpressionwhichourtranslatorshaverendered'themightyGod.'Inthisj)assageweread,'HisnameshallbecalledWonderful,Counseller.'Thesewordsmay,perhaps,betakenintheirconnectionwithoneanotherasaparalleltoIs.28.29,wherethesamewordsinratherdif-ferent formsarerendered,'wonderfulincounsel,'andai^pliedtotheLordofHosts.^Again,'HisnameshallbecalledtheMightyGod.'IntheLXX,Luther's,andotherversions,wefindthistitlebrokenupintotwo,andtranslated'Mighty,Hero,'or'Mighty,Powerful';buttheorderoftheHebrewwordsisinfavourofourren-dering themGod,theMighty,atranslationwhichtallieswiththeAuthorisedVersion,andwhichismostconsistentwithIs.10.21,andJer.32.18,wherethetitlereappears.Theremainingtitle.TheEverlastingFather,hasbeenren-dered intheLXXandtheVulgatetheFatheroftheComingAge,andinotherversionstheFatherofEternity;thelast,whichisthebestrendering,whenreadinthelightoftheN.T.,wouldsignifythattheMessiahwas
'Thewordforwonderfulisliterallyawonder(seeIs.29.14).TheverbrelatedwithitisconstantlyusedofGod'swonderfulworks.Sometimesitsignifiesthatwhichishidden,ordifficult,asinGen.18.14,'isanythingtoohardfortheLord;'Jud.13.18,'Whyaskestthoumyname,seeingitissecret?'Perhapswonderfulwouldbeabetterrenderinghere,asthecognateverboccursinthenextVerse,wherewereadtliattheangeldidwondrov.sly.
56TheNamesofGod.[Cn.n.
tobetlieFather,Spring,orSourceofEverlastingLifetoalltlie-world.
Lastly,asHewastobetheFatherofEternity,sowasHetobecalledthePrinceofPeace,onewhosedominionshouldestablishaholypeace(inallthefulnessofmeaningofthatword')throughouttheworld.
§13.Shaddai(n:;')?i^enderedAlmighty,isawordaboutthemeaningofwhichscholarshavediffered.LikeElohim,itispluralinform,soastoindicatethemajestyandincom-prehensiblenessoftheBeingwhomitrepresents,anditisalsopossessiveintermination(lit.m\jShaddim),tosignif)^thattheBeino"thusdesignatedisknownmAi'.srelationtoman.
TheLXXrenderstheword6s6s,Kvpiof,and'navTOKparoip,God,Lord,andAlmighty.Infivepassageswefind'iKavos,whichwemightrenderAll-sufficient,andinEx.6.0,oiv.Hethatis.JeromeadoptedthewordOynnipotens,Almighty,andotherversionshavefollowedinhistrack.
ThetitleShaddaireallyindicatesthefulnessandrichesofGod'sgrace,andwouldremindtheHebrewreaderthatfromGodcometheverygoodandperfectgift,—thatHeisneverwearyofpouringforthHismerciesuponHispeople,andthatHeismorereadytogivethantheyaretoreceive.Thewordisconnectedwitharootwhichsignifiesabreast,andhencetheideaissimilartothatcontainedinourwordexuberance.Accordingly,somecriticshavebeeninclinedtofollowtheGreekrendering'ikuvos,orall-sufficient,^butperhapstheexpressiveall-bountifulwouldconveythesensemoreexactly.Thisrenderingwillbeillustratedandconfirmedbyareferencetosomeofthej^assagesinwhichShaddaioccurs,astheywillbefoundspeciallytodesignateGodasaBountifulGiver.
ThefirstpassageinwhichthewordisfoundisGen.17.1,
'Seechap.Tiii.
2ComparetherenderingallgcnugsamcintheEerlenburgerBible.
§1:3.]ThetitleShaddaiortheAll-BoiintifiiL57
wherewereadthat'JehovahappearedtoAbram,andsaid,IamEl-Shaddai;walkbeforeme,andbethonperfect:AndIwillmakemycovenantbetweenmeandthee,andwillmultiplytheeexceedingly....andthoushaltbeafatherofamu11itudeofnations.NeithershallthynameanymorebecalledAbram,butthynameshallbeAbraham;forafatherofamultitudeofnationshaveImadethee.AndIwillmaketheeexceedinglyfruitful,andIwillmakenationsofthee,andkingsshallcomeoutofthee.'ThetitleisnextfoundinGen.28.3,'El-Shaddaiblessthee,andmaketheefruitful,andmultiplythee,thatthoumayestbeanassemblageofpeoples.'
ThethirdpassageinwhichthewordoccursisGen.35.11,whereGodsaiduntoJacob,'TamEl-Shaddai:befruit-ful andmultiply;anationandanassemblageofnationsshallbeofthee,andkingsshallcomeoutofthyloins'(compareGen.48.3).
ThefourthpassageisGen.43.14,whereJacob,intheintensityofhisanxietyonbehalfofhisyoungestsonwhomheisabouttosendintoEgypt,throwshimselfuponthetendercompassionoftheAll-BountifulGod,andsays'El-Shaddaigiveyoutendermercybeforetheman,thathemaysendawayyourotherbrotherandBenjamin.'
ThereisonlyoneotherplaceinGenesisinwhichthisremarkableandbeautifulnameofGodisfound,namely,Gen.49.25,whereJacobisblessinghissonJoseph,andsays,'FromtheElofthyfather,thereshallbehelptothee;andwithShaddai,thereshallbeblessingstothee,bless-ings ofheavenabove,blessingsofthedeepthatliethunder,blessingsofthebreasts(herethewordshadisusedinitsoriginalsense),andblessingsofthewomb.'
ThesepassagesappeartoestablishthefactthatwhilstthenameElsetsforththemight'ofGod,thetitleShaddai
'WhenwereadoftheMightyOneofIsrael,ortheMightyGodof
58TJicNamesofGod.[Cn.n.
pointstotheinexliaustiblestoresofHisBounty,andthewholetitlemightwellberenderedGodtheAll-Boun-tiful.
PassingbythereferencetothisnameinEx.6.3,whichwillbediscussedinalatersection,itmaybenoticedthatShaddaiisonlyonceagainusedincompositionwithEl,namelyinEz.10.5;withoutElitisusedtwicebyBalaam(Num.24.4,16),twicebyNaomi(Ruth1.20,21),twiceinthePsalms(68.14,91.1),andthreetimesbytheprophets(Is.13.6;Ez.1.24;Joel1.15).ThesearetheonlyplacesinwhichitistobefoundintheBibleexceptintheBookofJob,inwhichwemeetwithitthirty-onetimes.
§14.Thewordusuallyrendered'Lord,'or'myLord,'isAdonai(■'nx)-ThisisthepossessivepluralformofAdon,awordwhichsignifiesMaster,andwhichexactlyanswersinitsgeneralusagetotheGreekKuptoy.AdonissometimesrenderedSirintheA.Y.,asinGen.43.20;Owner,asin1Kin.16.24;butgenerallyMaster,asinGen.24.9.ThepluralformAdonimanditspluralconstructformAdoneiareusedinthesamesense;butwhenthewordisappliedtoGod,theformAdonai,'myLords,'isadopted.This,then,isanotherinstancebothofthe'pluralofmajesty,'whichwasnoticedinthecaseofElohim,andofthepossessiveorrelativeidea,'whichhasbeenobservedasexistinginthewordShaddai.IntheA.V.,asinotherversions,Adonaiis
JacoborIsrael,thewordforMightyisusuallyAhirorAuir(T3N),awordmarkingstrengthandexcellence.Sometimes(/adol{7)1^),great,isused,e.g.inDeut.7.21;andinoneortwocasestheHebrewnameforaRockisusedtosetforththefirmnessoftheDivinepower:seeforexamples,Is.30.29.The.50thPsalmbeginswiththethreenamesEl,Elobim,Jebovab(A.V.TheMightyGod,eventheLord).
'ItisremarkedbjthelateMr.IsaacTaylor,inhisSpiritoftheHebrewFoetry,that'theHebrewwriters,oneandall,andwithmarvellousunanimity,speakofGodrdativelijonly,orasHeisrelatedtotheimmediatereligiouspurposesoftheirteaching.TheseparateelementsofBiblicalTheismarecomplementaryonetoanother,onlyinrelationtotheneedandthedisciplineofthehumanmind,—notinrelationtoitsmodesofspeculativethoughtorreason.'
§14.]AdonaiorTheLord.59
frequentlyrendered'myLord.'ThetitleindicatestlietruththatGodistheownerofeachmemberofthehumanfamily,andthatHeconsequentlyclaimstheunrestrictedobedienceofall.
Thewordswhichwereadinthe110thPsalmandthefirstverseifliterallytranslatedwouldrunthus:—'JehovahsaiduntoVl\^Master'sitthouonmyrighthanduntilImakethineenemiesthyfootstool;'andourSaviour'scommentmightfairlybeI'endered,'IfDavidcallhimMaster,howishehisSon?'ThemysteryofthemanifestationofGodintheSeedofDavidliesattherootofthesewords,asisthecasewiththepassagefromIsaiahquotedinthelastsection.TheLordofallPowerandMightcondescendedtoenterhumanexistence,notatitssourceinthedaysofAdam,butmidwaydownthestream,whenmanygenerationshadplayedtheirlittlepartinlifeandhadpassedaway;andthusHewhowasthePootwhenceDavidsprangbecamealsohisOff-spring; ^henceitwasthatthePsalmist'inspirit'desig-nated ashisMaster,Onewhowastoberaisedupoutofhisowntribeandfamily.
Theexpression'theLordGod,'whichfirstoccursinGen.15.2,andisconstantlyfoundintheOldTest.,esijeciallyinthepropheticalbooks,isliterallyAdonaiJehovah,i.e.'myLordJehovah.'
Whenwemeetwiththetitle'LordofLords,'asinDeut.10.17,thewordsareliterally'masterofmasters,'i.e.Divinemasterofallthosewhopossessorobtainauthority.
InthePsalmsandelsewherethereisfoundthatsignificanttitlewhichtheapostleThomasgavetoJesusofNazarethwhenhehadopticalandsensibledemonstrationthatHewas
'AccordingtothepresentMasoreticpunctuationthewordisinthesingular,AdoninotAdonai.
-Klv.22.16.TheEootisoftenregardedintliisandotherpassagesasifidenticalwiththeBranch;Lutthisappearstobeamistake.
6oTheNamesofGod.[Cn.n.
risenfromtliedead.ThusinPs.35,2o,tliesacredwriterusesthedoubletitleElohaiandAdonai,'myGodandmyLord;'andinPs.38.15,wefindAdonaiElohai,'myLord,myGod.'Nocriticism,howeveringeniousanddestructive,cangetridoftheplainfactthatwhenThomaswasassuredofChrist'sEisenHumanityhegaveHimatitlewhichrecognisedhisDeity.
Theclaimuponman'sservicewhichissetforthinthetitleAdonaiiswellillustratedbyMai.1.6,whereJehovahsays,'Asonhonourethhisfather,andaservanthismaster(ormasters);if,then,Ibeafather,whereisminehonour?andifIbeamaster(Adonim')whereismyreverentialfear?'Apassagesuchasthisputstheologyinaverypracticalform.Theremaybementaldifficultieswhichkeepmenfromhold-ing exactlythesametheorieswithregardtotheFatherandtheSon;butthequestionwhichGodputstohispeopleisthis,'Theoryapart,whatareyourdispositions,andwhatareyouractions?DoyoupracticallyhonourtheFather?AnddoyouhonourtheSonevenasyouhonourtheFather?'
§15.TheHebrewtitlerendered'MostHigh'is'Elion((V^y)?foi'whichtheLXXusuallyhasthereading6v^iaro^,theHighest.Theword'Elion,however,isnotconfinedtothissacreduse.ItisfoundinGen.40.17,wherewereadof'theuppermostbasket.'In1Kin.9.8,and2Chron.7.21,itisadoptedbyGodHimselfinspeakingofthetemple'whichishigh.'In2Kin.18.17,itisusedofthe'upperpool;'in2Chron.23.20,ofthe'highgate;'inchap.32.30,ofthe'upperwatercourse;'inNeh.3.25,ofthe'king'shighhouse;'inJer.20.2,ofthe'highgateofBenjamin;'andinchap.36.10,ofthe'highercourt.'
ThistitleisfirstappliedtoGodintheaccountofMel-chizedek(Gen.14.18-22);itisusedbyBalaam,who'knewtheknowledgeoftheMostHigh;'andMosesadoptsit
'SomeMSS.herereadAdonai.
§ic]ThenameJehovahorJah.6i
■whenhespeahsoftheMostHighdividmgtheearthaniontthenations(Deut.32.8;compareActs17.26).ItoccursalsoseveraltimesinthePsahns,e.g.Ps.18.13,'TheHighestgavehisvoice;'Ps.78.35,'TheyrememberedthatGodwastheirEockandtheHighGodtheirRedeemer.'InPs.89.27,thistitleisap^jhedtotheMessiah:—'Iwillmakehimmyfirstborn,higherthanthekingsoftheearth.'ItisalsousedoftheLord'sexaltation,'Highoveralltheearth'(Ps.97.9).
WhenwereadoftheMostHighGodinMicah6.6,theHebrewMarom(di-id),liftedup,isused;comparePs.99.2,113.4,138.6;andIs.57.15,whereasim^jlerformofthesamewordisrenderedHigh,andappliedtoGod.
§16.AllthetitlesbywhichthelivingandtrueGodAvasmadeknowntoIsraelhavenowbeenbroughtundercon-sideration withtheexceptionofone,namely,Jehovah(nin*).Thisnamehasbeenpreservedbyourtranslatorsinafewpassages,butthewordLord,speltinsmallcapitals,hasusuallybeensubstitutedforit.TheLXXsetaprecedentforthiscoursebyalmostinvariablyadoptingthewordKu^ioy,Lord,asarendering,theonlyexceptionbeingProv.29.26,wdierehea-rroTTjs,EulerorMaster,isfound.
Theshorterform,Jah,occursinEx.15.6,and17.16,ineachofwhichpassagesourtranslatorshaverendereditLoED;itisalsofoundinthirty-fivepassagesinthePsalms,theearliestinstancesbeingPs.77.11,and89.8.ItissupposedbysomestudentsthatthisshorterformhasspecialreferencetotheMessiah.
Itisastrangefact,withrespecttothewoi*dJehovah,thatcriticsshoulddifferbothastoitspronunciationanditsmean-ing. Theformer,itistrue,isofsecondaryimportance,andarisesfromthemysterywithwhichtheJewshavealwayssurroundedthissacredand(astheyhold)incommunicablename;andwemayrestcontentAviththetraditional
62TheNamesofGod.[Ch.n.
formoftheworduntilthereisstrongerreasonthanappearsatpresentforthesubstitutionofJahveh,orofsomeotherform.Butputtingthisquestionaside,wemightcertainlyexpectthatscholarswouldhavecometoaclearunder-standing amongthemselvesastothesignificationofthename.Thattheyhavenotdonesoisowingprobablyrathertothefinitenessofthehumanunderstandingthantoanyuncer-tainty astotherevelationofJehovahcontainedinScripture.'WhatevermaybetheopinionaboutElohim,itisgenerallyagreedthatJehovahisnotagenericorclassname,butapersonalorpropername.MaimonidessaysthatallthenamesofGodwhichoccurinScripturearederivedfromhisworksexceptone,andthatisJehovah;andthisiscalled'theplainname,'becauseitteachesplainlyandunequivo-cally ofthesubstanceofGod.AScotchdivinehassaid,'InthenameJehovahthePersonalityoftheSupremeisdistinctlyexpressed.Itiseverywhereapropername,de-noting thePersonofGod,andHimonly;whenceElohimpartakesmoreofthecharacterofacommonnoun,^denotingusually,indeed,butnotnecessarilyoruniformly,theSupreme.TheHebrewmaysaytlieElohim,thetrueGod,inoppositiontoallfalseGods;butheneversaystheJehovah,forJehovahisthenameofthetrueGodonly.HesaysagainandagainmyGod^butnevermyJehovah,forwhenhesays'myGod'hemeansJehovah.HespeaksoftheGodofIsrael,butneveroftheJehovahofIsrael,forthereisnootherJehovah.HespeaksofthelivingGod,butneverofthelivingJehovah,forhecannotconceiveofJehovahasotherthanliving.'^
'InsomeforeigntranslationsoftheEiblethenameJehovahisrenderedTheEternal;perhapsthereisnowordwhich,onthewhole,conveysthemeaningofthenamesowell;but,afterall,thetruthwhichitrepresentsistoomany-sidedtoberenderedbyanyoneword.
-Practically/itmaydoso,butnotthcoreticalh/o^properly;see§2.
^SeeFairbairn'sDiet,oftheBible,art.Jehovah.
§17.]Mcanmgofthenameyehovah.6
v)
§17.Themeaning,and,inallprobability,theetymology'ofthisname,istobelookedforinEx.3.14,where,inanswertothequestionofMosesastothenameoftheElohimwhowasaddressinghim,theLordsaidtoMoses,'IAMTHATIAM.'2—'ThusshaltthousayuntothechildrenofIsrael,Iamhathsentmeuntoyou....Jehovah,theElohimofyourfathers—ofAbraham,andofIsaac,andofJacob,hathsentmeuntoyou;thisismyNameforever,andthisismyMemorial^untoallgenerations.'Again,inthesixthchapter(verses2,3),weread,'IamJehovah,andIappeareduntoAbraham,anduntoIsaac,anduntoJacob,by(thenameof)El-Shaddai,and,asregardsmyname,Jehovah,Iwasnotunderstoodbythem;yet,verily,Ihaveestablished(orrather,takingthetenseasapropheticfuture,—Iwillestablish)mycovenantwiththemtogivethemthelandofCanaan.'Thesetwopassagestakentogetherelucidatethefollowingpoints:first,thatthoughthenameJehovahwasinfrequentuseasthetitleoftheElohimofthePatriarchs,yetitsfullsignificancewasnotrevealedtothem;secondly,thatitwastobeviewedincon-nection withGod'scovenantandpromise;and,thirdly,
'TherehasbeenmuchdiiFerenceofopinionastotheformationoftheword;butitmaybenotedthatthevintroducedintothenameisexactlyparalleledbytheVinthenameofEve.
2Thewordsaboverendered'IamthatIam'arealmostiinapproachable,afterall.OwingtothevaguenessoftheHebrewtense(whichisthesameinbothpartsofthesentence)wemightrendertheminvariousways,butnonearebetterthanourown,denotingastheydoaPersonal,Continuous,Absolute,Self-determiningExistence.ItoughttobeobservedthattheHebrewwordrenderedTamoccursinseveralimportantpropheticpassages,inwhichithasgenerallybeenrendered'Iwillhe'Thus,inthissamechapterofExodus,andthe12thverse,weread,'Certainly1willhewiththee;'soinGen.26.3,'/willhewiththeeandwillblessthee;"andinGen.31.3,'/willhewiththee.'Intheseandsimilarpassageswemightrenderthewords'Iamwiththee.'Theymarkaneternal,unchangingPresence.ComparetheidenticalwordsusedbytheLord(JesusChrist?)inAc.18.10,'Iamwiththee,andnomanshallsetontheetohurtthee.'
*CompareHos.12.5.'Jebovahishismemorial,'i.e.thenamebywhichhisattributeswerealwaystobebroughttomind.
64TheNaviesofGod.[Ch.II.
thatnow,afterthelapseofsomehundredyears,thetrueimportofthenamewastobeunfoldedbythemanifestationoftheDeityasapersonallivingBeing,workinginbehalfofIsrael,soastofulfilthepromisesmadetotheFathers.Thusthesublimeideaofanunchanging,ever-livingGod,remainingfaithfultohiswordthroughmanygenerations,begantodawnuponthemindofIsrael,andthatwhichwashopedfor,andsealedupintheNameduringthePatriarchalage,begantoworkitselfoutintoasubstantialreality.God'spersonalexistence,thecontinuityofhisdealingswithman,theunchangeablenessofhispromises,andthewholerevelationofhisredeemingmercy,gathersroundthenameJehovah.'ThussaithJehovah,'not'thussaithElohim,'isgenerallytheformalintroductiontothepropheticmessages.ItisasJehovahthatGodbecametheSaviourofIsrael,andasJehovahHesavestheworld;andthisisthetruthem-bodied inthenameofJesus,whichisliterallyJehovah-Boiviour.
§18.Strangeandunsatisfactoryeffortshavelatel}^beenmadetodividethewritersoftheHebrewScripturesintodiverseandevenhostiletheologicalparties,makingtheirrecordsalmostafarragooffragments,writtenpartlybywor-shippers ofJehovah,partlybyfollowersofElohim,compiledbyanElohist,revisedbyaJehovist,retouchedbyanElohist,andsoonadinfinitum.WearenotboundtobelievethatallthepartsofGenesiswereoriginallywrittenbythehandofMoses,thoughthebookcertainlybearsthestampofMosaicauthority;andifanytheorycouldbeestablishedwhichtendedtoshowthattherewerevariouswriters,usingdifferentstyles,andspeakingofGodunderdifferenttitles,noobjectioncouldwellberaisedagainstit.Butmorethanthisisde-manded. Critics,whohavelittlebuttheirself-consciousnesstoguidethem,andgiftedwithundoubtedZealandingenuit}',drawupcomplicatedsystems(ifindeedtheymaybecalled
§18.]TheElohistandydiovistDisctission.65
systems),accordingtowliichtheBookofGenesisisparcelledoutamongvariouswritersandeditors;butthetaskofonemanishardlyaccomplishedbeforeitisreplacedbysomethingstillmoreelaborateandirrationalattem.ptedbyanotherhand.
ItwouldsurelybefarmoreprofitabletoenquirewhetherthevariousnamesofGodinScripturearenotusedbythesacredwritersadvisedly,soastobringoutthevariousaspectsofhischaracteranddealings.Thoughitisbeyondthelimitsofthepresentworktoenterfullyintosuchaninvestigation,afewpointsmaybeobservedwhichwillguideusastotheusageofthenameJehovahamongtheJews.Thus,thefirstchapterofGenesissetsforthCreationasanactofpower;henceElohimisalwaysused.Thesecondchapter,whichproperlybeginsatthefourthverse,bringsElohimintocom-munion withman;henceheiscalledJehovahElohim.InthethirdchapteritmaybeobservedthattheSerpentavoidstheuseofthenameJehovah.InthefourthchaptertheofferingofCainandAbelaremadetoJehovah,andthisisthecasewiththewholesacrificialsystem,bothunderthePatriarchalandtheLeviticaldispensation.InmanycasestheofferingstoJehovahareaccompaniedbythecallingonhisname(seeGen.12.7,13.4);andprobablyfromtheearliestdays,oratleastthedaysofEnoch,'theNameofJehovahwastakenastheembodimentofthathopeforthehumanracewhichfounditsexpressioninsacrificeandinprayer.
Althoughmanhadfallen,Jehovahhadnotforsakenhim;HisSpiritstillstrovewithman(Gen.6.3),butthejudicialaspectofHisnaturehadtobeexercisedinpunishment,asweseefromthehistoryoftheDeluge,theconfusionoftongues,andthedestructionofSodomandGomorrha.InGen9.26,JehovahiscalledtheGodofShem;andin14.22,
'SeeGen.4./«.,andconsulttheremarksonthispassageinChap.3.§11.
P
66TheNamesofGod.[Ch.n.
heisidentifiedbyAbramwithEl-'Elion,'theMostHighGod,'whois'thePossessorofheavenandearth.'
InGen.15.1,weareintroducedtotheexpressionwhichafterwardsbecamesofamiliar,'tlieWordofJehovah;'andtlironghoutthatremarkablechapterthenameElohimdoesnotoccur,becauseitisthenameJehovahwhichGodadoptswhenmaking-hiscommunicationsandcovenantswithman.Inchap.16.'theangelo/Jehovah'isspokenofforthefirsttime,andappearstobeidenticalwithJehovahHimself;HeisalsodescribedbyAbrahamas'theJudgeofalltheearth'(chap.18.verse25).
ThePatriarchsarefrequentlyrepresentedasworshippingandholdingspiritualcommunicationwithJehovah,whoseemstohaverevealedHimselfinavisibleformasamantotheseprivilegedchildrenofAdam,whetherthroughvisionsorotherwise(seeGen.18.1,2,28.13-17,32.24-30).
InEx.24.10,wearetoldoftheEldersthat'theysawtheGodofIsrael...anddideatanddrink.'Whatamar-vellous sight,andwhatamysteriousfeastishererecorded!ButthisGodofIsraelmusthavebeenJehovah,whomJacoborIsraelworshipped,andwhowasnowrevealingHimselftofulfilthepromisesmadetothefathers.
JehovahisrepresentedasinconstantcommunicationwithMoses;andwhenHethreatenedthatHewouldnotgouptothelandofCanaanwiththepeoplebecauseoftheiridolatry,thelaw-givertookthetabernacle,orsacredplaceofmeetingwhichalreadyexisted(fortherewasworshipfromthebeginning),andpitcheditwithoutthecamp,and'thecloudypillardescended,andstoodatthedoorofthetaber-nacle, andtalkedwithMoses.AndJehovahspakeuntoMosesfacetofiice,asamanspeakethuntohisfriend'(Ex.33.9-11.)Thenitwasthat.MosesbesoughtthisaugustBeingtoshowhimHisglory,andHismercifulanswerwasgivenandtherevelationmade:'Jehovah,themercifulandgracious
§19.]TheLordofSabaothorofHosts.67
El,longsufferiiig,andabounding-inloving'kir.dnessandtrutli.Keepingloving-kindnessforthousand.?,pardoninginiquityandtransgressionandsin,andtliatwillbynomeansholdmenguiltless;visitingtheiniquityofthefathersuponthechildren,anduponthechildren'schildren,untothethirdandfourthgeneration'{Ex.34.6,7).
HerethenwehavethefullmeaningofthenameJehovah,andwefindthatitsumsuj)allthemercifulandjudicialaspectsoftheDivinecharacter,sothatwhilethetitleElohimsetsforthGod'screativeandsustainingPower,ShaddaiHisBounty,and'EliouHisSublimity,thenameJehovahsetsforthHisessentialandunswervingprinciplesofmercyandjudgment,andpresentsHimasaFather,aFriend,andaMoralGovernor.
§19.ThetitleJehovahisoftenfoundembodiedintheex-pression 'theLordofHosts'and'theLordofSabaoth';theformerofwhichisatranslationofthelatter.''TheLXXsometimesretains'Za^acoO(compareJames5.4),andsome-times rendersit6Kvpiottcovhwaixicov,andsometimestheLordofHosts,orTravTOKpdrcop,Almightj.OccasionallythenameElohimissubstitutedforJehovahinthisconnexion,asinPs.80.7,14,19;Am.5.27.
InEx.12.41,theIsraelitesarecalled'theHostsoftheLord,'andhenceithasbeensupposedthatthetitleabove-mentionedsignifiesthecaptainordefenderofthehostsofIsrael.OthersregardtheexpressionasreferringtoGod'sgovernmentsofthe'hostofheaven,'i.e.thestars;whilstothersconnectitwiththefactthatGodisattendedbyhostsofangelswhoareeverreadytodohispleasure.
Thistitleisoftenusedintheminorprophets,andwithespecialreferencetoGod'smajesty,sometimesalsowith
'TheFrenchtranshition(Ostervald)hasFEterneldesarmces;hence,nodoubt,isderivedtheCjuestionabletitle'theGodofbattles.'LutherhasHerrZehaoth,Wherewereadof'theGodofForces,'inDan.11.38,adifferentwordisiised,"whichliterallymeansstrength.
F2
68TheNamesofGod.[Ch.II.
referencetoliiscareforIsrael,as,forexample,in2Sam.7.26;Ps.46.7,48.8;Zech.2.9,11,4.9.ProbablythenamewouldindicatetoaJewthatGodwasaBeingwhohadmanymaterialandspiritualagenciesathiscommand,andthattheuniverseofmatterandtheworldofmindwerenotonlycreated,butalsoorderedandmarshalled'byHim;who'telleththenumberofthestars,andcalleththemallbytheirnames'(Ps.147.4;compareIs.40.26).
§20.ThenameJehovah,again,isalwaysusedinthefamiliarexpression,'theangeloftheLord.'Thistitle,intheopinionofsomescholars,speciallybelongstotheMes-siah. ThelateDr.McCaul,inhisNotesonKimchi'sCom-mentary onZechariah,brieflystatesthereasonswhichledliimtothisconclusion.First,astothewordMalac(ix'pn),heremindsusthatitsimplysignifiesamessenger,^leavingtherankandnatureofthepersonsodesignatedoutofthequestion.ThusinGen.32.1,3,thewordisappliedfirsttoGod'sangels,and,secondly,toJacob'smessengers.ThenastothefullexpressionMalacJehovah,heopposestheopinionoccasionallyadvanced,thatitshouldberendered'theAngelJehovah,'becauseinthiscaseitwouldhaveadefinitearticleprefixed,asinthecaseofthewordAdenwhenappliedtoGod;moreover,hecitesMai.3.1{myangel)infavouroftheviewthatJehovahmustbetakenasageni-tive case,andnotinappositionwiththewordangel.^Again,thislearnedHebraistopposesthetranslationadoptedbymodernJews,'anangeloftheLord,'thoughitisocca-sionally sanctionedbytheAuthorisedVersion,asinJud.2,1.
'Thecollocation,asdistinctfromthecreation,oftheheavenlybodies,isdweltuponwithgreatforcebyDr.ChalmersinhisBridgewaterTreatise.
*Moreliterally,anagentorworker.ThewordisfoundinanotherforminGen.2.1,ofGod'sworks;thereis,therefore,notliingunbecominginapplyingthetitletoaDivineBeing.
'TheHebrewwordfor'myangel'inthispassageisthenameoftheprophet—Malachi.Aconnectioncanoftenbetracedbetweenthenamesoftheprophetsandsomespecialpointintheirmission.Ezekiel'snameisanotablecaseinpoint.
§20.]TheAngeloftheLord.69
Theabsenceofthearticleisnoguidehere,becausethewordangelisinregimen,i.e.islimitedordefinedbythewordwhichfollowsit;andthoughthesecondwordundersuchcircumstancesgenerallyhasadefinitearticle,yetthiswouldbeimpossibleinthepresentinstance,owingtothefactthatnin*(Jehovah)neverinanycasereceivesone.Dr.McCaulthusreachestheconclusionthat'theano-eloftheLord'istherightrendering,andheaffirmsthatoneandthesamepersonisalwaysdesignatedthereby,astheexpressionisneverusedinthepluralnumber.Hethenproceedstoshowthat'theangelofGod'occasionallyspokenofinthesingularnumberisthesamepersonas'theano-eloftheLord.''ThishedoesbycomparingJud.6.20,21,andalsoJud.13.3,9.LiGen.16.7-13,'theangeloftheLord'isidentifiedwith'theLord'(i.e.Jehovah)andwithEl,ThesameisthecaseinJud.6.11-16,andinJosh.6.2.AstillmoreremarkableidentificationisfoundinZech.3.2,whentheangelofJehovahisnotonlyspokenofasJehovahHimself,butisalsorepresentedassaying,'iheLord(Jehovah)rebukethee.'ThereareverystronggroundsforsupposingthatthispassageisreferredtobySt.JudewhenherepresentsMichaelthearchancjelasutteringthewordofrebuke.HavewenotinitanadumbrationofthedoctrineofpluralityofPersonsintheGodhead?Elsehowi5itthatthenamewhichGodhasspeciallyreservedforHimself(Is.42.S)istransferredbytheinspiredprophettoasecondPerson?
Butthewriterwhosetreatiseisherereferredtosroesastepfurther.HereferstoGen.31.13,where'theangelofJehovah'saysofHimself'IamtheGodofBethel,wherethouanointedstthepillar,andvowedstthevowuntome;'andonreferringbacktothevisionatBethelwereadthatthisBeingsaid,'IamJehovah,theGodofAbrahamthyFather,andtheGodofIsaac'Dr.McCauljustlyadds,
^oTheNamesofGod.[Ch.n.
'WherethelawofMosessetsbeforeusaBeing-whosaysofHimselfthatHeistheGodofBethel,andthatHeistheobjectofJacob'sworship,whatelsecanweconcludebutthatHeisVeryGod,especiallyasthegreatobjectofthislawthroughoutistoenforcetheunityofGod?'AsimilarinferencemaybegatheredfromEx.3.4-6.
Theaboveargumentsareveryinteresting,andiftheyarenotregardedasabsolutelyconclusive,yettheyprovethatinaome'^casesthereisaremarkableidentificationbetweenJehovahandtheAgentwhocaiTiesintoeifecttheDivinepurposes.TheteachingoftheOldTestamentwouldjustifyusinadaptingSt.John'swordsthus:'InthebeginningwastheWorker(orAgent),andtheWorkerwaswithGod,andtJieWorkerwasGod.AllthingsweremadebyHim,andwithoutHimwasnotanythingmadethatwasmade.'^WhenourLordsaid,'MyFatherworkethhitherto,andIwork,'thisgreattruthappearstohavebeeninhismind;anditalmostdawneduponthemindsofhishearers,forwereadthat'theJewssoughtthemoretokillhim,becausehesaidthatGodwashisFather,makinghimselfequalwathGod'(Jo.5.17,18).ThewholemissionofChristwasregardedandsetforthbyHimasthedoingtheWorksofGod,sothatHewaspractically,whattheOldTestamentindicatesthatHewastobe,theAngelorAgentofJehovah,givingeffectandembodimenttothewillofHisFather.Moreover,asthePriestwastheao-ent
'Theimportanceofmakingthisqualificationwil]beseenatoneebypursuingthesubjectintotheNewTestament.The'AngeloftheLord'inMat.2.13,can-not weJlbeidentifiedwith'thej'oungchild'inthesameverse.Itmaybenoticed,however,thathere(asinver.19,chap.28.2,5,andelsewhere)thewordAngelhasnodefinitearticle.IntheOldTestamentwemustlooktothecontesttofindoutwhetheranangelismeant,orwhether^/?fAngelorAgentoftheDivine"Willisreferredto.InZech.1.12,therei.sevidentlyadistinctionofpersonsbetweentheAngeloftheLordandtheLordofHosts;theformerintercedeswiththelatterinbehalfofIsrael.SeealsoJud.13.
^On'theWordoftheLord'seechap.17.§§1-3.
§21.]OughtthenameJehovahtobetransferred?71
(AuthorisedVersion,messeng-er)oftheLordofHostsundertheoldcovenant(Mai.2.7),soChristbecametheTruePriestorAgentwhoshouldbring-aboutamorespiritualsystemofworship,andamorecloseunionbetweenGodandman.
§21.Ithasbeenurged,withsomeforce,thatthenameJeliovahoughttohavebeenadoj^tedmoregenerallyintrans-lations oftheBible,whereasitisconfinedtoavery*few.'*Puttingaside,however,thedifficultyastotherightspellingoftheword,itmaybeobservedthattheLXXhadsetanexamplebeforeourLord'stimewhichitwouldnotbeeasytodej)artfromnow.Ifthatversionhadretainedtheword,orhadevenusedoneGreekwordforJehovahandanotherforAdonai,suchusagewoulddoubtlesshavebeenretainedinthediscoursesandargumentsoftheN.T.ThusourLord,inquotingthe110thPsalm,insteadofsaying,'TheLordsaiduntomyLord,'mighthavesaid,'JehovahsaiduntoAdoni.'Howsuchacoursewouldhaveaffectedtheologicalquestionsitisnoteasytosurmise;norisitneedfultoattemptanyconjecturesonthesubject,asthestubbornfactremainsbeforeusthatAdonaiandJehovaharealikerenderedLoedintheSeptuagint,andthattheLXXusagehasruledtheadoptionofthesamewordintheN.T.
SupposingaChristianscholarwereengagedintranslatingtheGreekTestamentintoHebrew,hewouldhavetocon-sider, eachtimethewordKvptoyoccurred,whethertherewasanythinginthecontexttoindicateitstrueHebrewrepre-sentative ;andthesamedifficultywouldariseintranslatingtheN.T.intolanguagesinwhichthetitleJehovahhasbeenallowedtostandintheOld.TheHebrewScriptureswouldbeaguideinmanypassages:thus,wherevertheexpression
'TheSpanishtranslatorDeReynapreserv^edJehovalithroughouttheOldTestament,andhissuccessor,Valera,whoseversionisnowusedinSpain,didthesame.DeEeynadefendstheadoptionofthiscourseinhisPrefaceatsomelength.CalvinalsousesthewordJeliovaliinhisLatintranslation,andmanyuiodi'mtranslatorshavedonethesame.
72TheNamesofGod.[Ch,n.
'theangeloftheLord'occurs,weknowthatthewordLordrepresentsJehovah;asimilarconclusionastotheexpression'thewordoftheLord'wonldbearrivedat,iftheprecedentsetbjtheOldTestamentwerefollowed;soalsointhecaseofthetitle'theLordofHosts.'Wherever,onthecontrary,theexpression'MyLord'or'OurLord'occurs,weshouldknowthatthewordJehovahwouldbein-admissible, andAdonaiorAdoniwouldhavetobeused.
§22.Itistobenoticed,inconnectionwiththissubject,thatthereareseveralpassagesintheO.T.referringtoJehovahwhichareadoptedintheN.T.asfulfilledintheLordJesusChrist.Thus,inJoel2,32,weread,'Whoso-ever shallcallonthenameofJehovahshallbesaved;'butthesewordsarea]3pliedto'theSaviouroftheworld'inEom.10.13.St.John(chap.12.41),afterquotingacertainpassagefromIsaiah,whichtherereferstoJehovah,affirmsthatitwasavisionoftheGloryofChrist(seeIs.6.9,10).InIs.40.3,thepreparationofthewayofJehovahisspokenof,butJohntheBaptistadoptsthepassageasreferringtothepreparationofthewayoftheMessiah.InMai.3.1,thereseemstobeaveryimportantidentificationofJehovahwiththeMessiah,forweread,'Jehovah,whomye(professto)seek,shallsuddenlycometohistemple,eventheangelofthecovenant'whomye(professto)delightin.'ThisidentificationexactlyfallsinwiththeapplicationtoChristofmanyotherpassageswhichrefertoJehovah.Thus,inEom.9.33,and1Pet.2.6-8,Christisdescribedas'astoneofstumblingandarockofoffence,'titleswhichappeartobe
'Thereissomedifficultyaboutthispassage.ItwouldseemthattheOldCovenantisspokenof.Who,then,wasitsAngel?PossiblythereisareferencetoEx.23.20-23,'Behold,Isendanangelbeforetheetokeeptheeintheway.andtobringtheeintotheplacewhichIhaveprepared.Regardhim{iiotbewareofhim,A.v.),andobeyhisvoice,provokehimnot;forhewillnotpardonyourtransgressions:forMyNameisinhim.'ThecomingoftheMessiahwasevidentlytobethemanifestationofOnewhohadforalongtimebeeninchargeofthePeopleofIsrael.SeeMat.23.37.
§22.]ApplicationoftheseNamestotheMessiah.73
giventoJehovahinIs.8.13,14.Again,inIs.45.23-25,Jehovahsays,'Untomeeverykneeshallbow.Surely,oneshallsay,inJehovahhaveIrighteousnessandstrength;inJehovahshallalltheseedofIsraelbejustified.'ButinPhil.2.9,wereadthatGodhathhighlyexaltedChristJesus,andhathgivenhimihenamewhichisaboveeveryname,thatinthenameofJesuseverykneeshouldbow,andeverytongueconfessthatJesusChristisLord(surelyJehovah')tothegloryofGodtheFather.'ThesamepropheticalpassageisappliedtoChristinEom.14.10-12,^vhereSt.Paulcitesitasabouttobefulfilledinthelastday,whenweshallallstandbeforethejudgment-seatofChrist.
Itwouldbeoutofplaceheretogofurtherinthissubject,otherwiseitwouldbedeeplyinterestingtoshowhoweachofthenamesofGodfindsitsembodimentinHimwhois'theonly-BegottenoftheFather.'Thus,asElohim,ChristexercisedDivinepower,andalsocommunicatedsupernaturalpowerstoothers.AsShaddai,Christwasall-sufficient,pos-sessed ofunsearchableriches,andalwaysreadytopourforthhisbenefitsonman.As'Elion,Christwasexaltedinmoralandspiritualnature,andalso,astoposition,madehigherthantheheavens.Lastly,asJehovah,Christis'thesameyesterday,to-day,andforever,'readytosavetotheutter-most, inclosecommunionwithhispeople,fulfillingallthedivinepromises,andappointedtobe'Judgeofalltheearth.''IamAlphaandOmega,thebeginningandtheend,saiththeLord,whichis,andwhichwas,andwhichistocome,theAlmiglity'(Rev.1.8).
'Thistitleiuitsabbreviatedformisembodiedinthename,Jesus,i.e.Jehovah-Saviour.
74TheNamesofMan.[Ch.m.
CHAPTERIII.
THENAMESOFMAN.
§1.TheincongruitiesofhumannatureillustratedbytheHebrewnamesofman.—§2.Meaningandusai^eofthewordAdam.—§3.Thetitle'SonofMan.'—§4.ThevisionsofglorifiedhiimannatureinEzekielandDaniel.—§5.ThepromiseofahumanSeedfromonHighmadetoDavid.—§6.TheoriginandmeaningofthewordIsh.—§7.Variouswaysinwhichitisused.—§8.Theappleoftheeye.—§9.GeneralusageofthewordEnosh.—§10.Examinationofvariouspassagesinwhichitoccurs.—§11.Itsprobableetymology.—§12.WhyitisnotappliedtotheMessiah.—§13.MeaningandusageofthewordGever.—§14.InstancesofitsoccurrenceinthePoeticalandPropheticalBooks.—§15.WordscognatewithOever.—§16.RepbaiinandNephilim.
§1.Ifitisstrang-ethatman,giftedthougliheiswithgreatintelligence,shouldyetneedarevelationofthenatureandcha-racter ofhisMaker;stillmoresurprisingisitthatheshouldhavetolearnfromthepagesofHolyWritthestoryofhisownoriginanddestiny.Weknowbyournaturalin>:tinctsneitherwhencewecome,norwhitherwearegoing.ButtheBookwhichunfoldstousthemanifoldaspectsoftheDivineexistencehasnotfailedtosupplythisfartherlack;itfurnishesuswithanumberofvividscenesfromhumanlife,tracingitfromitsdawninParadisetoitsfinalandsublimereeonstitutiouintheGreatDayof'themanifestationofthesonsofGrod.'Thesepicturessetforththew^aysofmanbothinhisrelationshipwithGodandinhisdomestic,social,andnationalcapacities;andtheyareperpetuallybringingintoprominencetheextraordinaryanomalieswhichexistinhisdispositions,aims,oractions.Inconsonancewithourevery-dayexperience,theDivineArtist,inpour-
§i\]MeaningandUsageofikewordAdam.75
trayinghumannature,liasdepictedaseriesofincong-ruitieswhichilhistrateatoricethegreatnessandthelittlenessofman,hisnearnesstoGod,andhisfellowshipwiththedust.
TheverynamesofmanusedbytheHebrewwritersindi-cate theanomaliesofhiscondition,fortheprincipalwordswhichareusedrepresenthiminfourapparentlyinconsistentaspects:—asAdam,heisoftheearth,earthy;asIsh,heisenduedwithimmaterialandpersonalexistence;asEnosh,heisweakorincurable;andasGever,heismightyandnoble.
§2.BeginningthediscussionofthesenameswiththewordAdam(onN'),itisnoticeabletherootsignifiestoberedorruddy,andistheordinarywordusedforthatpurpose.ItdesignatesEsau'sredlentilpottage,andgiveshimhisname,Edom(Gen.25.30).Itisusedoftherams'skinsdyedredinEx.25.5,26.14,35.7,23,36.19,and39.34.ItmarksthecolouroftheredheiferinNum.19.2,andoftheredhorsesinZech.1.8,and6.2.ItisthewordusedofthesardiusstoneorrubyinEx.28.17,39.10,andEz.28,13;andoftheruddytintofthefleshofthehumanbeinginGen,25,25;1Sam.16.12,17.42,andCant.6.10.In2Kin.3.22,itisappliedtothewaterwhichwasasredasblood;andinIs.63.2,totheredgarmentswhichHeworewhocamefromEdom.NorshouldweomittonoticethattheordinaryHebrewwordforblood(Dam)ismani-festly connectedwiththesameroot,andisperhapsitsrealorigin.Thustherelationshipbetweenmanandbloodisshownevenintheveryname.^
AnotherformwhichthewordtakesisAdamah,theearthorsoil,whichmayhavereceiveditsnamefromitsreddishtint.WehereseewhythefirstmanwascalledAdam,andwhythehumanraceisgenerallycalledbythesamenameintheHebrewScriptures.
'SeeGen.9.6.
76TheNamesofMan.[Cn.ill.
Weread,inGen.2.7,that'theLordGodformedman(Adam)ofthedustoftheground(Adamah).'ManwasmouldedbytheplasticartofJehovahoutofthevery-materialsofwhichearthitselfiscomposed.Heisearth-born,andhencecalledAdam.'Hisphysicalframeworkisinclosealliancewithallmaterialnature;fromthedustitdrawsitssustenance,andtothedustitmustreturn.^
TheusualrenderingofthewordAdamintheLXXisavdpwTTos,ahumanbeing,whichoccursasitssubstitutein411passages;avi)f),aman,isfoundonly18times,ofwhich15areintheBookofProverbs;inProv.20.24,dvqros,mortal,isused;intheBookofJob,^pojos,mortal,isadopted4times;andinJeremiah32.20,wefind<yr]<ycvi]s,earth-born,whichistheclosesttranslationofany.
§3.ThewordAdamisusedthi^oughouttheHebrewOldTestamenttosignifyhumannatureorthehumanracegenerally,ascontrastedwithGodabove,orwiththebrutecreationbelow.Thusitisusedv/ithgreatfitnessinEx.33.20,'Thereshallnomanseemeandlive,'andinMai.3.8,'WillamanrobGod?'Itisthewordordinarilyusedintheexpression'childrenofmen'(e.g.inGen.11.5;Ps.11.4,12.1,14,2).Itisalsofoundinthetitle'sonofman,'whichoccurs57timesinEzekielandonceinDaniel(8.17),whereitmayhavebeenintendedtoindicatethattheheavenlyvisionsvouchsafedtotheseprophetsw^eresetforththroughanearthlymedium;comjDarealsoPs.8.4,Job25.6,35.8,andsomeotherpassagesinthePsalmsandProverbsinwhichtheexpressionisused.Inallsuchpassagesspecial
'Itmayaleoperhapsbeinferredthatprimaevalmanwasofaruddycolour.Lanci'stranslationofthewordiLdamwas//Bosskanfe.
-ItisDotalwayseasytodeterminewhenthewordAdamshouldberegardedasapropername,andwhenasagenerictitle.InJob31.33,wereadofamanhidinghistransgressionasildam,aremarkablereferencetothestoryofthefall;butinHos.6.7,wherethesameformisfound,ourtranslatorshaveputintothetext'theylikemenhavetransgressedthecovenant,'andhavebanishedthenameAdamtothemargin.
§4.]VisionsofGlorifiedHumanNature.77
stressislaiduponthefactthatthepersonthusdesignatedisachildofAdambydescent,oneofthegreatfamilyofman,withabodyframedofearthymaterial.InthissensewouldtheexpressionbeunderstoodbyallJews;anddoubtlessoarLordfrequentlyuseditwithrespecttoHim-self inordertoteachHisdisciplesthatthoughHe'camedownfromheaven,'andwas'sentfromGod,'yetHewasinverydeedandtruthaman.HenceitisthatHeadoptsthetitlejustattheverypointsatwhichitwasneedfulthatthisbeliefshouldbekeptclearlyinthemindofHishearers,viz.whenspeakingofHisincarnation,Hismission,Hisdeath.Hisresurrection.Hisascension,andHissecondcoming.'
§4.AfewpassagesinwhichthewordAdamisusedformandeservetobespeciallypointedout.InDan.10.16,18,wereadof'onelikethesimilitudeorappearanceofaman'—l%keanAdam,andyetnotanAdam,becausenotyetincarnate.InEzekiel1.5,8,10,and10.8,14,wemeetwithadescriptionoflivingcreatureswith'thelikenessofaman,'with'thehandsofaman,'andwith'thefaceofaman;'and'uponthelikenessofthethronewasthelikenessasoftheappearanceofamanaboveuponit;'andthiswearetoldwas'theappearanceofthelikenessofthegloryoftheLord'(Ez.1.26,28;seealsochaps.3.23,and10.4).ItmaybeinferredthattheBeingwhomEzekielthussawinhisvisionwasrepresentedinhumanformbutclothedwithDivineattributes—notyet'asonofAdam,'but'OnelikeasonofAdam'—OnewhoseglorymightbemanifestedinhumannatureifHechosetotakeupHisabodeinanearthlytabernacle.
'Itissometimesasked,HowcanaPersonbeattliesametimeGodandtheSonofGod?Theanswerpartlyliesintheparallelquestion,HowcanaPersonbeatthesametimeManandtheSonofMan?Christwasnotthesonofanyin-dividual man,butwasapartakerofhumannature;andthiswaswhatHesignifiedbythetitle'SonofMan.'Simihirly,bythetitle'SouofGod'HetaughtthatHewasapartakerofDeity.
78TheNamesofMan.[Ch.m.
Theseremarkablepassag-esteachusthathumannatureisintendedtooccupyaveryhighpositioninthescaleofCreation,andthatmanwassoconstitutedastobecapableofbecomingthedwelling-placeoftheMostHigh.TheyalsonaturallyprepareourmindsforthetruthsetforthbytheEvangelistSt.John,whothuswroteofChrist:—'TheWordwasmadeflesh,anddwelt(ortabernacled)amongus(andwebeheldHisglory,thegloryasoftheonlybegottenoftheFather),fullofgraceandtruth.'WhatEzekielsawinvisionJohnsawinreality;hiseyeslookeduponandhishandshandledtheWordofLife.
§5.Anobservationortwomaybepermittedontwootherpassageswhichhaveoftenattractedtheattentionofstudents.In2Sam.7.,thereisrecordedfirst,thepromiseofGodtokeepanunfailingcovenantwiththeseedofDavid,whosethroneshouldbeestablishedforever;andsecondly,David'sexpressionofthankfulnessonaccountofthispromise.Intheopeningofhissongofpraisehesays,'WhoamI,OLordGod?andwhatismyhouse,thatthouhastbroughtmehitherto?Andthiswasyetasmallthinginthysight,OLordGod;butthouhastspokenalsoofthyservant'shouseforagreatwhiletocome.Andisthisthemannerofman,OLordGod?'(2Sam.7.18,19).Theparallelpassage(1Chron.17.17)runsthus:'Forthouhastalsospokenofthyservant'shouseforagreatAvliiletocome,andhastregardedmeaccordingtotheestateofamanofhighdegree.'Thewordtranslated'manner'intheonepassageand'estate'intheother,istorah,whichisgenerallyrendered'law.'Thefirstpassagemightberendered,'Andthisisthelaw(ororder)oftheman,'andthesecond'Thouhastregardedmeaccordingtothelaw(ororder)ofthemanfromonhigh.'TheManChristJesuswasnotonlytheSeedofAbraham,inwhomallthenationsoftheearthshouldbeblessed,butalsotheSeedofDavid,who
§C]TheOriginandMeaningofthezuordIsh.79
shouldreignforeverandever.AndasAbrahamrejoicedtobeholdthedayofChrist,soDavidreceivedwiththankful-ness theDivineassurancethatfromhisfamilythepromisedDeliverershouldcomeforth,tobealighttolightentheGentiles,andtobethegloryofHispeopleIsrael.
SomeversionshaverenderedthesepassagessoastobringoutmoredistinctlythereferencetotheMessiahwhichseemstobeimplied.Thus,inLuther'sversionof2Sam.7.19,w^eread,'Thatisawayofaman,whoisGodtheLord;''whilsthisrenderingof1Chron.17.17,is,'Thouhastlookeduponmeaftertheorder(orform)ofamanwhoistheLordGodonHigh.'^Thewordsaregrammaticallycapableofthisrendering;butitismoreinaccordancewiththecontext,andalsowiththestructureofthepassage,toregardthenameoftheLordGodasinthevocativecase,inaccordancewiththerenderinggivenbyourtranslators.
§6.ThesecondnameformanwhichistobeconsideredisIsh(c"'S).Theoriginalmeaningofthiswordisdoubtful.ItisoftensupposedtobeconnectedwithAnashorEnosh(onwhichseebelow);andthistheoryreceivesacertainamountofconfirmationfromthefactthatthepluralofthelatterwordhasalmostalwaysbeenusedinsteadoftheproperpluralofIsh.Othersinclinetothesuppositionthatthewordmaybearsomerelationshiptotheverb—ifitmnybecalledaverb—Yesh(l*"'),arootsimilartotheLatinesse,andtotheEnglishin.OthersagainconnectitwiththewordAshash,tofoundormakefirm;orwiththekindredform,Ashah.
ThefirstpassagewherethewordoccursisGen.2.23,—'Adamsaid.Thisisnowbonefrommybone,andfleshfrommyflesh;sheshallbecalledwoman(Ishah),becauseshe
'DasisteineWeiseeinesMenschen,derGottderHerrist.^DuhastangesehenmicbalsinderGestalteiuesMensclien,derinderHoheGuttderHerrist.
8oTheNamesofMan.[Ch,HI.
wastakenoutofman(Ish).'Althoughgreatnamesmaybecitedtothecontrary,thereseemstobenovalidreasonfordepartingfromtheimpliedderivationofIshahfromIsh.'Wemay,perhaps,goastepfurtherandsaythatthewordIsh,beingfirstusedbymanofhimselfincontradistinctiontoasecondbeingofhisownkind,andspringingfromhim,mustrepresentsomepersonalfeelingofakindtowhichAdamhadhithertobeenastranger.Thisthoughtmayinclineustotakethesecondofthederivationsproposedabove.Insteadofbeingisolatedandwithoutafellow,having^Godfarabovehim,andthebeastsoftheearthbelowhim,Adamfoundthathehadacompanionofanaturecongenialtohisown,'ahelp,'asScripturesays,'■meetforhim;'therewasanIandaThou,apersonalrelationshipbetweentwo.se/vesorexistences,,anIshandanIshah,theonespringingfromtheother,andreflectingtheother'snature,—thesame,yetdifferent.
ButwhatevermaybetheoriginofthewordIshitsusageisveryplain,andisillustratedbythefactthattheLXXlendersitbyav^pinabout1083passages,andbya^dpcoirosonly450times.Ishisrightlytranslatedamanascon-trasted withawoman;ahusband'^ascontrastedwithawife;amasterascontrastedwithaservant;agreatandmightymanascontrastedwithapoorandlowlyone.
Ishisoftenusedwithqualifyingnouns,asinEx.4.10,'amanofwords.'Itsometimesimpliesgreatnessoremi-nence, andisthrownintocontrastwithAdam.Thus,inPs.49.2,thewords'lowandhigh'areliterally'childrenofAdamandchildrenofIsh;'Ps.62.9,'menoflowdegree(childrenofAdam)arevanity,andmenofhighdegree
■TheVulgatekeepsuptherelationshipbetweenIsbandIsbatabyrenderingthemVlrandVirago.Ourwordwomaniscontractedfromwlfe-ntan,i.e.weaving-7)11171,accordingtosomeetymologists.
2Thew(n'ditselfappearsinHori.2.16,'ThoushaltcallmeXsbi,'thatis,MyHusband.
§7.]VariouswaysinwhichIshisused.81
(childrenofIsh)arealie';soalsoinIs.2.9,whereweread,'themeanmanbowethdown,andthegreatmanhumblethhimself,'theliteralrenderingwouldbe'theAdambowethdown,andtheIshhumblethhimself.'ComparealsoIs.5.15,and31.8.
§7.ThewordIshisoftenusedinthesenseofeachoreveryone,e.g.Joel2.7,'Theyshallmarcheveryoneonhisways.'ItisusedintheHebrewidiom,*amantohisbrother,'whichsignifies,'onetoanother,'asitisrenderedinEx.25.20;Ezek.1.11,&c.,wherereferenceismadetothewingsofthelivingcreaturetouchingeachother.Thefeminineform,Ishah,isusedinexactlythesameway.ThuswereadinEx.26.3,'Thefivecurtainsshallbecoupledtogether,onetoanother;'literally,'awomantohersister.'Probablythemuchdisputedpassage.Lev.18.18,whichissofre-quently discussedinrelationtothemarriagewithadeceasedwife'ssister,mayberenderedinaccordancewiththisidio-matic formofexpression.Ifso,thereisnospecialrefer-ence toasister,butthereissimplyalawagainstbigamyorpolygamy.
WherewereadinEx.15.3,that'theLordisamanofwar,'thewordIshisused.ThepassagedoesnotmeanthatHeisahumanbeing—thiswouldhaveinvolvedtheuseofthewordAdam,butsimplymeansthatHeisaBeingwhocanenterintocombatwithhisadversariesandovercomethem.Again,whentheinsj^iredwritertellsusinJosh.5.13,that'amanstoodoveragainst'Joshua,hedoesnotusethewordAdam,butIsh,whichbothhereandelsewherecanberenderedPersonorBeing.ComparealsoDan.9.21,10,5,12.6,7;Zech.1.8,&c.,wherethewordisappliedtoBeings,whopresentedthemselvesinvisiontotheeyeoftheprophet,withoutnecessarilybeingpartakersofhumannature.
Thewordisconstantlyusedinsuchcompoundexpressions
G
82TheNamesofMan.[Ch.in.
as'ManofIsrael,''ManofGod,''Manofunderstanding,'and'ManofSorrows.'
§8,ThereisaDiminutiveformedfromthewordIsh,namelyIshon{\\^>^whichsignifiestheappleorpupiloftheeye,literallythe'littleman'whichanyonemayseereflectedinanotherperson'seye.^ItoccursinDent.32.10:'Hekepthimastheappleofhiseye;'andinProv.7.2,'Keepmylawastheappleofthineeye.'^InLam.2.18,thefigureisslightlydifferent,theexpressionbeingliterally'thedaughteroftheeye;'andinPs.17.8,thetwoarecombined,sothattheliteralrenderingwouldbe'keepmeasthelittleman,thedaughteroftheeye.'InZech.2.8,adifferentwordisusedforthepupil,representingtheholeorgateoftheeyeratherthanthatwhichisre-flected onit.
AverbhasbeenderivedfromthewordIsh,andisusedintheexpression,'shewyourselvesmen,'answeringwelltotheGreekaySpti^fcr^e.ComparetheEnglishphrase'tobeun-manned.'
§9.ThethirdwordforManisEnosh(c»>i3s)whichoccursveryfrequentlyintheOldTestament,andisgenerallycon-sidered topointtoman'sinsignificanceorinferiority.Thisword,like;Ish,depends,insomemeasure,onitssurroundingsforitsmeaning,andoftenanswerstoourEnglishword'person,'bywhichithasbeenrenderedintheAuthorisedVersioninJudges9.4,andZeph.3.4.Itisusedinamostindefinitewayinthepluralnumber;thereitrepresentsthemenofacertaincityorcountry,andtheservantsormenofahousehold,andisfrequentlyfoundwithqualifyingnouns,wherethestressislaidnotonthefactoftheirbeingmen,butontheirpossessingcertainqualifications.Thusit
'Thisfigurehasfounditswayintootherlanguages.SeeG-esenius'Thesaurusontheword.
'^Inthe9thverseofthesamechapteritisrenderedblack(theideabeingborrowedfromthedarknessofthepupil)andappliedtonight.
§0.]GeneralusageofthewordEnosh.83
occursinGen,6.4,intlieexpression'menofrenown';compare'menofstrength'(Is.5.22),'menofstature'(Is.45.14),'angryfellow'(Jud.18.25).IntheseandsimilarcasesthewordisregardedasapluralofIsh.
Thisisthewordusedinthe18thand19thchaptersofGenesistodesignatethethreeBeingswhocametoAbraham,andthetwowhocametoLotatSodom.IfthewordAdamhadbeenusedinthesechapterswemighthavebeenledtotheconclusionthattheBeingsreferredtoweremen;buttheindefinitepluralofthewordEnoshbeingused,weareatlibertytogathertheirrealnaturefromthecontext;andthatteachesusthattwoofthemweremessengersfromanotherworld,whilstthethirdwastheLordHimself.
InpoetryEnoshoccursasaparalleltoAdam.Thus,'Theloftylooksofman(Adam)shallbehumbled,andthehaughtinessofmen(Enosh)shallbeboweddown'(Is.2.11;compareverse17);'Iwillmakeaman(Enosh)morepre-cious thanfinegold;evenaman(Adam)thanthegoldenwedgeofOphir'(Is.13.12).ItisoccasionallyintroducedasaparallelwithBen-Adam,'thesonofman';thus,'Howmuchlessman(Enosh)thatisaworm,andthesonofman(Ben-Adam)whichisaworm'(Job.25.6);'Whatisman(Enosh)thatThouartmindfulofhim?andthesonofman,(Ben-Adam)thatthouvisitesthim'?'(Ps.8.4);'Whatisman(Enosh),thatthoutakestknowledgeofhim?orthesonofman(Ben-Adam),thatthoumakestaccountofhim?'(Ps.144.8);'Thouturnestman(Enosh)todestruction;andsayest,Eeturn;yechildrenofmen'(Benai-Adam,Ps.90.3).Inthesepassagesitwillbenotedthattheinsignijicanceofmanisespeciallyinthewriter'smind.InJob4.17,ourtranslatorshaverendereditmortalman:'Shallmortalman(Enosh)bemorejustthanGod?Shallaman(Gever)bemorepurethanhismaker?'HerethewordGevermustbeusedwithatingeofirony,asinJob10.5,'Arethydays
G2
84TheNamesofMa?i.[Ch.nr.
astliedaysofman(Enosh.)?aretliyyearsasman's(Gever)days?'
OtherpassageswlieretheinsignificanceofmanisspeciallybroughtoutbytheuseofEnoshareasfollows:—
Job7.17,*Whatisman,thatthoushouldestmagnifyhim?andthat
thoushouldestsetthineheartuponhim?'Job9.2,'HoAVshouldmanbejustbeforeGod?'Job15.14,'Whatismanthatheshouldbeclean?andhethatis
bornofawomanthatheshouldberighteous?'Job25.4,'HowthencanmanbejustifiedwithGod?orhowcan
hebecleanthatisbomofawoman?'Ps.9.20,*Puttheminfear,OLord,thatthenationsmayknow
themselvestobebutmen.'Ps.103.15,*Asforman,hisdaysareasgrass.'Dan.2.43,'Whereasthousawestironmixedwithmiryclay,they
shallminglethemselveswiththeseedofmen.'
InDan.4.16,wefindthewordwhereweshouldhardlyexpectit,becauseitevidentlypointstohumannatureinoj)positiontobrutenature,sothatweshouldhavelookedforeitherAdamorIsh.ButthewholepassageisintendedtobearebuketoNebuchadnezzarforhispride,andaccordinglytheorderisgiven,'Lethisheartbechangedfromthatofamortalman,andletabeast'sheartbegivenuntohim;'theinsignificantwordfor'man'beingused,andthehigherwordfor'beast'oranimal(rrri).
EnoshisusedwheremanisbroughtintodirectcontrastwithhisMakerinthefollowingpassages:—
Job10.4,'Hastthou(0God)eyesofflesh?orseestthouasman
seeth?'Job33.12,'Iwillanswerthee,thatGodisgreaterthanman.'Is.7.13,'Isitasmallthingforyoutowearymen,butwillye
wearymyGodalso?'Is.29.13,'Theirfeartowardme(God)istaughtbythepreceptof
men.'Is.51.7,'Hearkenuntome,yethatknowrighteousness,thepeople
inwhoseheartismylaw:fearyenottherepioachof
§10.]PassagesinwhichEnoshoccurs.85
Is.51,12,'Whoartthouthatthoushouldestbeafraidofamanthatshalldie,andofthesonofman-whichshallbemadeasgrass;andforgettesttheLordthymaker.'
§10.Afewotkerpassagesinwhichthewordoccursmaybenoticed.InIs.8.1,wereadofaman'spen,'wherethewordEnoshmaybeusedtodenotethefeeblenessofthein-strument bymeansofwhichtheDivinemessageisconveyed,thetreasurebeinginearthenvessels.
Inthesameprophecy(chap.66.24)itiswritten,'Theyshallgoforthandlookuponthecarcasesofthementhathavetransgressedagainstme.'HerewemaybeledfromtheuseofthewordEnoshtoobservethefollywhichpromptedsuchinsignificantbeingstoopposethemselvestotheirMaker;andwemayperhajDSfurthergatherthatthosethatshallsufPerthewrathofGodhereafterwiUbedegradedbelowtheleveloftruehumanity;theywillnotbeknownassonsofAdambutasheirsofwretchedness.
InEz.24.17,theprophetisforbiddentomournortoeat'thebreadofmen.'HeretheRabbinicalcommentatorsin-cline totakethewordmenassignifyingothermen,accord-ing toanordinaryHebrewidiom,andtheyrefertothecustomofthefoodofthemournerbeingsuppliedbyaneighbour.Othersreadit'thebreadofhusbands,'i.e.ofwidowedhusbands,andtheusageofthewordinRuth1.11,andper-haps inJer.29.6(ineachofwhichpassagesEnoshoccurs)givessomeslightgroundforthisview.OthersagainconsiderthewordEnoshheresignifiesincurableormiserable.
TheAuthorisedVersionrenderingofthewordin1Sam.2.33,'inthefloweroftheirage,'ishardlyjustifiedbyotherpas-sages, andmightwellbereplacedbyamoreliteraltranslationwithoutdepartingfromEnglishidiom;ithasthesanction,however,oftheVulgateandofLuther.In1Sam.4.9,itisstrangetofindEnoshinthephrase,'quityoulikemen,'butitmaybeheretakenasthepluralofIsh.
86TheNamesofMan.[Ch.ni.
§11.Whenwecometoenquireintotheetymologyandoriginalmeaningoftheword,wefinditintimatelyconnectedwiththeHebrewrootanash.Itistrue,asobservedabove,thatwhenEnoshisfoundintheplural('men')itmaybetakenasthepluralformofIsh,butthewordinthesingularnumberyetremainstobeaccountedfor,andthereseemstobegoodreasonforconnectingitwiththerootabove-named.
Thewordanashoccurs(usuallyintheformanush)intheifoUowingpassagesonly:—
2Sam.12.15,David'schildAvas'verysick.'
Job34.6,'Mywoundisincurable.'
Psalm69.20,'Iamfullofheaviness.'
Isaiah17.11,'Desperatesorrow.'
Jerem.15.18,'Whyismypainperpetual,andmywoundincur-able, whichrefusethtobehealed?'
Jerem.17.9,Theheartis'desperatelywicked.'
Jerem.17.16,'NeitherhaveIdesiredthewoefulday(LXX,'thedayofman.')
Jerem.30.12,'Thybruiseisincurableandthywoundisgrievous.'
Jerem.30.15,'Thysorrowisincurableforthemultitudeofthineiniquity.'
Micah1.9,'Herwoundisincurable.'
Thesepassagesfixthemeaningoftheroot.Butitmaybeaskedwhyawordwhichsignifiesincurableshouldbeusedtodenoteman.Inordertofindtherightanswer,itseemsbesttogobacktothename.EnoshinGen.4.26,and5.6.Sethhadbeen'appointed'intheplaceofAbel('vanity')astherighteousseed,butalas!timewenton,andSeth'ssonwasborn,andmanremainedunchangedandunredeemed.'ThenbeganmentocalluponthenameofJehovah.'Theracewas'incurable,'buttheLordwasitshope.Thus,Seth'ssonmayhavebeennamedEnosh,thatistosay'incurable,'becausehewasutterlyunabletoredeemhimselffromthebondageofcorruption.ThisviewofthematteristakenbyCocceius,whosaysthat,'asAdamwas
§§12.13.]EiioshandGever.%»
thenamegiventoallwliosprangfromthedustofearth,soEnoshbecamethetitleofallthosewhoareheirsofcorrup-tion.'
§12.TheMessiahwasneverdesignatedbythenameEnosh,because,thoughappointedtobecomeadescendantofAdam,anddestinedtobemade'inthelikenessofsinfulflesh,'yetinHimtherewastobenosin.Butitisaremark-able thingthatwhenthegloriouscomingoftheMessiahtorulethenationsisunfoldedinDaniel7.13,theLordisdescribedas'onelikethesonofman,'literally'onelikeasonofEnosh.'Comj^arethedescriptioninRev.5.6,'ALambasithadbeenslain.'Hewhoshallbemanifestedingloryhereafterwascrucifiedinweakness,andthemarksofhishumiliationwilladornhisglory.
§13.ThelastnameformanwhichhastobenoticedisGever(in:),whichisusedmorethansixtytimesintheOldTestament,andrepresentsmanasamightybeing.ThistitleisatfirstsightinconsistentwiththenameEnosh;butnoonecanweighwellthefactswhichhumannaturedailypresentstohisobservationwithoutcomingtotheconclusionthatmanisamarvellouscompoundofstrengthandweak-ness, andthatwhileheisrightlycalledEnoshbyreasonofthecorruptionofhisnature,hemayalsolayclaimtothetitleofGeverbyvirtueofthemightyenergieswhicharecapableofbeingexhibitedinhislifeandcharacter.
TheGreektranslatorshaverenderedGeverbyavTi]pinthemajorityofplaceswhereitoccurs,butinfourteenpassagestheyhavebeencontentwiththemoregeneralwordavOpooiros.IntheEnglishBibleitisusuallyrenderedMan,butinsomeplacestheoriginalsenseofthewordhasbeenadheredto,andithasbeentranslatedmighty.
Theearliestpassageswherethewordisfound,withtheexceptionofGen.6.4,^are—Ex.10.11,'Gonowyethat
•Inthisversewemeetwiththreeofthefourwordsunderdiscussion—
88TheNamesofMan.[Cn.ill.
aremen;'andEx.12.37,'AboutsixImndredthousandonfootthatweremen,besidewomenandchildren.'ItisusedofthemalesexasopposedtothefemaleinDeut.22.5,andisrendered'manbjman'whereindividualsaredistinguishedfromtribesinJos.7.14,and1Chron.23.3.ItistwiceappliedtoDavidwithasignificantreferencetoitsrealmeaning,namely,in1Sam.16.18,*Amightyvaliantman'(lit.'amightymanofstrength'),and2Sam.23.1,'Themanwhowasraiseduponhigh.'ItisnoticeablethatBalaamusesthiswordwhenhedesignateshimself'themanwhoseeyesareopen,'Num.24.3,15.
ThenameGeverisappliedinironytothewarriorsinSisera'shostinJud.5.30,'Toeverymanada,mselortwo.'Itisusedtodesignate'theuprightman'in2Sam.22.26,anditsparallel,Ps.18.25.The'veryablemenfortheworkoftheserviceofthehouseofGod'(1Chron.9.13),the'menofmight'whogatheredthemselvestoDavid(1Chron.12.8),the'chiefmen'ofthesonsofEleazer(1Chron.24.4;cf.26.12),David's'mightyandvaliantmen'(1Chron.28.1),andthemightymenofAbijah'sandJeroboam'sarmy(2Chron.13.3),arealldescribedbythisword.Wehavenowreferredtoallthepassagesinthehistoricalbookswherethewordoccurs,withtheexceptionoffourpassagesinEzrawhereitisusedof'themen'whosettoworktobuildthewallsofJerusalem,andcertainlytheywerewellworthyofthename(Ezra4.21,5.4,10,6.8).
§14.Theabove-namedpassagesplainlyshowtheoriginalmeaningandthegeneralusageofGever,butinthepoeticalbooks,inwhichthiswordoccurswithgreaterfrequency,thereisnotalwaysthesamemarkedclearnessofsignifica-tion. IntheBookofJobthereappearstobeaslightironyin
'daughtersofmen'(Adam),'mightymen'(Gever),and'men(Enosh)ofrenown.'Enosbherecannotpointtoweakness,thoughitmaypointtosinfulness,butprobablyitistobetakeninageneralsenseoftheplural,assignifying'.persons.'
§14.]UsageofthewordGever.89
itsuse.Thus:—*Shallaman(mightythoughhebeinhisownestimation)bemorepurethanhisMaker?'(4.17);'Arethyyearsasthedaysofa(mighty)man?'(10.5);'(mighty)mandiethandwastethaway'(14.10);'Ifa(mighty)mandie,shallheliveagain?'(ver.14).'Othatonemightpleadfora(mighty)manwithGod,asaman(lit.sonofIsh)pleadethforhisneighbour'(16.21);'Cana(mighty)manbeprofitableuntoGod?'(22.2);'Thathemayhidepridefrom(mighty)man'(33.17);seealso33.29,38.3,40.7.
ThewordGeverisusedinPs.34.8,'BlessedisthemanthattrustethinHim,'whereitpointstothefactthathow-ever greatamanmaybe,yetheisnottotrustinhisownstrength,butinthelivingGod.ThesameexplanationmaybegivenofitsuseinPs.37.23,'Thestepsofaman(Au-thorised Version,'ofagoodman')areordered(orestablished)bytheLord.'ComparePs.40.4,52.7,94.12,and128.4.InPs.88.4,weread,*Iamasa(mighty)manthathathnostrength';thecontrasthereindicatedbetweenthenameandtheconditionisverystriking.ThePstilmistsaysagain(89.48),'Whatmanishethatlivethandshallnotseedeath?'ThepointofthisquestioncomesoutfarmoreclearlywhentheuseofthewordGeverisnoticed,andthesentimentmightbethusexpressed,'Isthereanylivingmansomightyastobeabletoavoiddeath?'
ThewordoccursafewtimesintheBookofProverbs,themostnoteworthypassagebeingchap.28.3,'Apoormanthatoppresseththepoorislikeasweepingrainwhichleavethnofood.'Amanmaybepoorandyetpowerful,andthetyrannyofhimwhoispooraswellasmightyisneversatis-fied untilithassweptawayallthatisbeforeit.Beforeleavingthisverseitmaybenotedthattwoverydifferentwordsfor'poor'areusedinit,thefirstsignifyinganeedyman,andthesecondonewhoishelpless,wretched,anddespised.
90TheNamesofMem.[Ch.HI.
NeitherIsaialinorEzekielusethewordGeveratall,butwemeetwithiteighttimesintheprophecyofJeremiah,andfourtimesintheBookofLamentations.Thefollowingarethemostinterestingexamples:—Jer.17.5,7,'Cursedisthe(mighty)man(Gever)thattrustethinman(Adam,theearthy).'...'Blessedisthe(mighty)manthattrustethintheLord.'Jer.23.9,'Iamlikea(mighty)manwhomwinehathovercome.'Withwhatforceisthepowerofstrongdrinkheredelineated!GeverisalsofoundinJer.31.22,wheretheLordsaystothe'VirginofIsrael,'thathewasaboiittocreateanewthing—'Awomanshallcompassaman.'^
ThewordinitsChaldeanformisusedafewtimesinDaniel;seeespecially8.15,'Therestoodbeforemeastheappearanceofaman.'Onlythreetimesisittobefoundintheminorprophets,themostimportantpassagebeingZech.13.7,'Awake,Osword,againstmyshepherd,andagainstthe(mighty)manthatismyfellow,saiththeLordofHosts.'IthasalreadybeenremarkedthatthewordwhichmarksthecorruptionofhumannatureisneverusedoftheMessiahwithoutsomequalification;butthetermbywhichman'sgreatnessisrepresentedissuitablyintroducedinthispassagetodescribeHimwhoisthe'FeUow'oftheLordofHosts,theShepherdofHispeople,butwhothoughmightyinHim-self, wastobe'smitten.'
§15.ItmaybewelltonoticeinconclusionthewordswhichareetymologicallyrelatedtoGever.Thereistheverbgavar,whichisfoundintwenty-threeplaces,andisusuallyrenderedprevail;inPs.103.11,and117.2,itisusedofthemoralefficacyandprevailingpowerofGod'smercy.
'Literally,'afemaleshallcompass(orencircle)aMightyOne.'TheA''irginofIsraelwastobedrawnfromherbackslidingbytheannouncementofthis'new-thing,'whichwasfulfilledwhentheVirginMarybecameamotherinIsrael,andthatHolyOnethatwasbornofher(or,asFatherSimonrendersit,thatBeingwhowasbornHolyofher)wascalledtheSouoftheHighest.
§10.]RephaimandNephilim.91
Gevirisusedfor'lord'inIsaac'sblessing,Gen.27.29,37.GevirahissometimesusedforaQueen;Geveretliforamis-tress (renderedladyinIs.47.5,7).Gevurahisrenderedforce,mastery,might,power,strength.Gibborsig-nifies mighty,andisfrequentlyusedbothofGodandman;itisfoundthreetimesintheexpression,'theMightyGod,'namely,inIs.9.6,10.21,andJer.32.18,passageswhicharedeeplyinterestinginrelationtotheDeityoftheMessiah.'§16.TheLXXhassometimesrenderedGibborby7/7^?,giant,asinGen.6.4;Gen.10.8,9;1Chron.1.10;Is.3.2,13.3;Ez.32.21.ThegeneralHebrewnameforagiantisnotgibbor,whichreferstomightratherthanstature,butEephaim,EephaitesorsonsofRaphah.ThewordusedinGen.6.4,andalsoinNum.13.33,isNephilim,whichisderivedfromtheHiphilorCausativeformofNaphaltofall,andhencesignifiestyrants,orthosewhomakeuseoftheirpowertocastdownothers.IntheformerofthesepassagestheYulgatehasgiantsandLuthertyrants;inthelattertheYulgatehasmonsters,andLuthergiants{Biesen).
'SeeChap.2.§12.
92TheSoulandtheSpirit.[Ch.iv.
CHAPTEEIV.
THESOULANDTHESPIRIT.
§1.Psychologicaldistinctionsrpcognisedinthe0.T.—§2.ITepbesb,thesouloranimatingprinciple.—§3.Thelife-blood,therepresentativeofthesoul.—§4.Thesoulregardedasthecentreofappetiteanddesire.—§5.Generalusageoftheword.—§6.TeachingwithregardtothesoulintheN.T.—§7.Ruach,orthespirit;itsprimaryandsecondarymeanings.—§8.ComparisonofRuacbandWephesh.—§9.TheSpiritofGod.—§10.SensesinwhichthewordSpiritisusedintheN.T.—§11.EelationshijDbetweenChristandtheHolySpirit.—§12.DistinctionbetweentheworkoftheSpiritinthepresentandtheformerdispensa-tions.—§13.TheSevenSpiritsofGod.
§1.WhentliewriteroftheEpistletotlieHebrewssaysthatthewordofGodpierces'tothedividingasunderofsoulandspirit'(Heb.4.12),andwhenSt.Paulpraysthatthe*body,soul,andspirit'ofhisconvertsmaybepreservedblameless(1Thess.5.23),apsychologicaldivisionoftheim-material partofhumannatureisdrawnwhichisexactlysimilartowhatwefindrunningthroughthewholeOldTestament.TheBibleproceedsuponthesuppositionthattherearetwokindsofexistence,which,fortheconvenienceofthemoment,maybecalledmindandmatter;itappearstoteachthatmatteroriginallyproceededfrommind,notvice,versa;ittellsusthatthekeytothemysteryoftheuniverseistobefound,notinthematerialsubstanceofwhichitiscomposed,norintheagentsorinfluenceswhichcausethephenomenaofnaturetofollowoneanotherinregularsequence,andwhichgiverisetowhatwecallLawsofNature,buttoaMaster-mind,whoplansallthingsbyHiswisdom,andsustainsthembyHispower.TheScriptures
§1.]PsychologicalDistinctions.93
bringtheimmaterialworldveiyclosetoeveryoneofus;andwhilstweareallonlytooconsciousofourrelationtothingsfleetingandphysical,theSacredEecordremindsusoneverypagethatwearetheoffspringoftheabsoluteandunchangingSourceofallexistence,Amanissometimestemptedtosay,'IwillbelieveonlywhatIsee';butthefirstpuffofwindorthefirstshockofelectricitytellshimthathemustenlargehiscreed.Ifhestillstopsshortbyassertinghisfaithonlyintheforceswhichaffectmatter,hewillfindhimselfconfrontedbythefactthatthematterwhichcomposesthehumanframebecomesbythatverycir-cumstance subjecttoforcesandinfluencestowhichallothermatterisastranger.Hefindsaworldwithinaswellasaworldwithout,andheiscompelledtoacknowledgethathisphysicalframeisthetenementofasuper-physicalexistentbeingwhichhecallsseZ/",andwhichisontheonehandarecipientofknowledgeandfeelingobtainedthroughthein-strumentality ofthebody,andontheotherhandanagent,originatingand,asitwere,generatingaforcewhichtellsupontheouterworld,andenableshimtoplayapartinexistence.
ItisinrespecttothisinnerlifeanditsworkingsthatmanisthechildofGod.Hisstructureisofsoil,earth-born,alliedwithallphysicalexistence,andsubjectedtothelawsoflight,heat,electricity,gravitation,andsuchlike,asmuchasifitweresomanyatomsofvegetableormineralmatter.Buttheimmaterialexistencewhichinhabitsthatstructure,investingitwithconsciousness,floodingitwithsensibilities,illuminatingitwithunderstanding,enablingittojjlan,toforecast,torule,tomakelaws,tosympathise,tolove,—thise^o,thispulseofexistence,thisnucleusoffeelingandthoughtandaction,isasunbeamfromheaven,adenizenofanimmaterialsphereofbeing,ordainedbyGoditsFathertoliveandgrowandbedevelopedwithinthetabernacleofflesh.
94TheSoulandtheSpirit.[Cn.n^
§2.TlieHebrewequivalentfortheword'soul'isNephesh(t^'QJ),wliiclianswersto'^v'xvii^"^^eGreek.ThecognateverbNaphash,torefresh,isfoundinEx.23.12,31.17,and2Sam.16.14.Nepheshhasvariousshadesofmeaningandofrenderingwhichmustbegatheredasfaraspossibleunderoneortwoheads.Thesoulis,properlyspeaking,theani-mating principleofthebody;andisthecommonpropertyofmanandbeast.Thus,inLev.24.18,weread,'Hethatkillethabeastshallmakeitgood;beastforbeast';thisisliterally'Hethatsmiteththesoulofabeastshallrecom-X3enseit;soulforsoul.'ItisalsousedwithrespecttotheloweranimalsinGen.1.21,24,2.19,9,10,12,15,16,andLev.11.46;inthesepassagesithasbeenrenderedcrea-ture.
InsomepassagesinthePentateuchnepheshhasbeenren-dered 'anyone';thewordisthususedinanindefinitesense,thesoulrepresentingtheperson,aswhenwespeakofacitycontainingsomanythousand'souls.'Perhaps,how-ever, weshoulddowrongifweweretoattributeanindefinitesensetothewordinScripture.Thefollowingareinstanceswhichmayenableustodecidethepoint:—Lev.2.1,'Whenany(lit.'asoul')willofferameatoffering';Lev.24.17,'Hethatkillethanyman,'lit.'thatsmitethanysoulofman'—thesoulrepresentingthelife;Nu.19.11,'Hethattoucheththedeadbodyofanymanshallbeuncleansevendays,'lit.'hethattoucheththedead(part)ofanysoulofaman(Adam)shallbeuncleansevendays';verse13,'Whosoevertoucheththedeadbodyofanymanthatisdead,'lit.'thedead(part)ofasoulofamanthathasdied,''andpurifiethnothimself,defileththetabernacleoftheLord';'31.19,'Whosoever
'Sincethebodyisthetabernacleofthesoul,theremaybemoresignificancethanatfirstsightappearsinthisinjunction.Theuntenantedtabernacleisunclean,becausedeathistheresultofsin,andhethattouchesitidentifieshimselfbycontactwithitsuncleanness,andsohepollutestheLord'stabernacle,ofwhichtliehumanbodyis,inonesense,theantitype.
§3.]TJieLife-blood,theRepresentativeoftheSo7tI.95
hathkilledanyperson,'lit.'whosoeverhathslainasoul';seealsoNu.35.11,15,30.Inallthesepassagesadeadbodyisregardedasthatwhichoughtproperlytobeanimatedbythesoul,butowingtothelawwherebymanhastoreturntothedust,thesi^ectacleisseenofasoullessbody,andthere-fore ofanobjectwhich(asrepresentingsin)istoberegardedasceremoniallyunclean.
Thisideaisborneoutbyotherpassageswherecontactwiththedeadisreferredto.Thus,Lev.21.11,'Neithershallhegointoanydeadbody,'isliterally,'neithershallhegointoadeadsoul';soNum.6.6,'Heshallcomeatnodeadsoul';seealsochap.9.6,7,10,where'deadbody'isliterally'soul,''theideaofdeathbeingunderstoodfromthecontext.ThesameisthecaseinNu.5.2,'Whoseverisdefiledbythedead,'lit.'bythesoul';and6.11,'Hehathsinnedhythedead,'lit.'withrespecttothesoul.'
InPs.17.9,'deadlyenemies'areliterally'enemiesofmysoulorlife.'InJob11.20,'thegivingupoftheghost'is'thepuffingforthofthesoul.'SoalsoinJer.15.9,theliteralrenderingis'shehathpuffedforththesoul.'
§3.Thesoulisthusthesourceofanimationtothebody;inotherwordsitisthelife,whetherofmanorbeast.Ac-cordingly, Nepheshisrendered'life'inGen.19.17,19,wherewereadofLot'slifebeingsaved;Gen.32.30,'IhaveseenGodfacetoface,andmylifeispreserved';Gen.44.30,'Hislifeisboundupinthelad'slife';Ex.21.23,'Thoushaltgivelifeforlife';verse30,'Heshallgivefortheransomofhislifewhatsoeverislaiduponhim.'
InDeut.24.7,weread'Ifamanbefoundstealingany(lit.'asoul')ofhisbrethren,'&c.;soinEz.27.13,'Theytradedthepersons(lit.'thesouls')ofmen.'BytheuseofthewordNepheshherethewickednessoftreatingmenasgoodsaudchattelstobeboughtandsoldispracticallyreprobated.ThisdoubtlessisthecrimereferredtoinRev.18.13.Too
96TheSoulandtheSpirit.[Cs.IV.
iiiuclistress,however,mustnotbelaidupontliefactthatthe80ulismentionedintheseplaces.Perhapstheword'person'inthesenseinwhichwespeakofanoffenceagainstaman'sperson,orofapersonalinjury,istherealmean-ing insuchpassages..ThisrenderingisadoptedinGen.14.21;Lev.27.2(wherebothmenandbeastsarereferredto);Nu.5.6,19.18;andEz.16.5(whereperhaps'soul'wouldbebetter).Asimilarrenderingisself,whichisfoundinLev.11.43,'Yeshallnotmakeyourselves(lit.'yoursouls')abominable,neithershallyemakeyourselvesunclean';1Kin.19.4,'Herequestedforhimself(orwithrespecttohissoul)thathemightdie.'ItisusedfigurativelyinthissenseinIs.5.14,'Thereforehellhathenlargedherself(lit.'hersoul').
TheemphasislaidonthewordsoulinGen.27.31,&c.,'thatthysoulmayblessme,'isveryremarkable,andper-haps maybeexplainedinaccordancewiththepassageslastreferredto.Theblessing,thoughitcameoutofthemouth,proceededfromthelivingman,—fromhispersonalself.
§3.InHebrew,asinmostotherlanguages,thesheddingofaman'sbloodwasaphraseusedtorepresentthetakingofhislife,for'thebloodisthelife.'Inthisoft-repeatedphrase(e.g.Lev.17,11,14),weseethatthebloodis(i.e.re-presents) 'thesoul';andiftheoneflowsoutfromthebody,theotherpassesawaytoo.InProv.28.17,wereadlit.'Themanthatdoethviolencetothebloodofasoulshallfleeintothepit';soinEz.33.6,'Iftheswordcomeandtakeawayasoul(AuthorisedVersion,'person')fromamongthem...hisbloodwillIrequireatthewatchman'shands';Jonah1.14,'Letusnotperishforthisman'slife,andlaynotuponusinnocentblood.'
ThismysticalidentificationofthebloodandthelifeisofgreatinterestasbearingupontheatoningworkofChrist.WearetoldthatHepouredoutHissouluntodeath,and
§4.]TheSoulthece^ttreofAppetiteandDesire.97
thatHeshedHisbloodfortheremissionofsins.Evident!}-thesheddingofthebloodwastheoutwardandvisiblesignoftheseveranceofthesoulfromthebodyindeath;andthisseverance,effectedasavoluntarysacrificebytheDivineSon,inaccordancewiththeFather'swiU,wasthemeansofputtingawaysin.
§4.ButtheNepheshorsoulissomethingmorethanthebareanimatingprincipleofthebody;atleast,ifitisregardedinthislight,alargeviewmustbetakenofthatmysteriousorganisationwhichwecallthebody,anditmustincludetheappetitesanddesires.Thewordisrendered'appe-tite' inProv.23.2,andEcc.6.7.ComparethewordsofIsrael,'oursoulloatheththislightfood,'Num.21.5.Otherpassagesinwhichasimilarideaispresentedareasfollows:—
Ecc.6.9,'Betteristhesightoftheeyesthanthewanderingofthe
desire'(lit.'thesoul').Isaiah56.11,'Greedydogs'(lit.'dogsstrongofsoulandappetite').Hab.2.5,'Whoenlargethhisdesireashell,andcannotbe
satisfied.'Micah7.3,'Heutterethhismischievousdesire.'Jer.22.27,44.14,'Thelandtowhichtheydesiretoreturn.'Jud.18.25,'Angryfellows'(lit.'bitterofsoul').1Sam.22.2,'Discontented'(lit.'bitterofsoul').Exod.15.9,'Mylust(i.e.soul)shallbesatisfieduponthem.'Ps.78.18,'TheytemptedGodintheirheartbyaskingmeatfor
theirlust.'Ps.105.22,'Tobindhisprincesathispleasure.'Deut.23.24,'Thoumayesteatgrapesthyfillatthineownpleasure.'Deut.21.14,'Thoushaltlethergowhithershewill.'Ps.27.12,41.2,'Delivermenotoveruntothewillofmine
enemies.'Ez.16.27,'1havedeliveredtheeuntothewillofthemthathate
thee.'
Nepheshisalsorenderedmindandheartinseveralplaceswherethesewordsareusedinthesenseofdesireandin-clination. Thus,Gen.23.8,'IfitbeyourmindthatIshouldburymydead';2Ki.9.15,'Ifitbeinyourminds,
H
98TheSoulandtheSpirit.[Ch.IV.
letnoneescape';Deut.28.65,'Sorrowofmind';1Sa.2.35,'Accordingtothatwhichiswithinmyheartandinmymind';Ez.36.5,'Despitefulminds.'
InafewpassageswhereNepheshhasbeenrenderedheart,themeaningisevidentlythesameasinthepassageslastquoted,i.e.desireandinclination.Thus,Ex.23.9,'Yeknowtheheart(i.e.thenature,sentiments,ordesii-es)ofastranger';Lev.26.16,'Soitowofheart'(lit.'piningawayoflifeordesire');Deut.24.15,'Hesettethhisheartuponit,'i.e.hedesiresit;compareHos.4.8;2Sam.3.21,'Allthatthyheartdesireth';Ps.10.3,'Thewickedboastethofhisheart'sdesire';seealsoProv.23.7,27.9,28.25,andEz.25.6,15.InJer.42.20,andLam.3.51,theheartsignifies'theself,'asinpassagesalreadynoticed.
InJob41.21,Nepheshhasbeenrenderedbreath;inIsaiah19.10,wefinditrenderedfish,andinIs.3.20,thereisthestillstrangerrenderingtablet.Inthesecondpassage,in-stead of'pondsforfish,'moderncriticsusuallyrenderthev/ords'grievedinmind';andinthelattersomesweetanddesirableperfameissupposedtobesignified.
§5.TherenderingsofNepheshhavenowallbeenreferredtoexceptthemostcommonofany,namely,soul.WhereverthiswordoccursintheAuthorisedVersion,itstandsforNephesh,exceptinJob30.15,whereanotherword(nnn^)isused,whichmightberenderedfreedomornobility,andinIs.57,16('thesoulsthatIhavemade'),wherethewordneshamah(noE^•J)probablysignifiesabreathingbeing.
Ifitbeaskedwhatthesoulis,theanswerfromtheOldTestamentwouldbethatthesoulisthesourceofdesire,inclination,andappetite,andthatitsnormalconditionistobeoperatinginorthroughmeansofaphysicalorganisation,whetherhumanorotherwise.Hence,whenwereadthatmanorAdambecamealivingsoul(Gen.2.7),wearetoun-derstand thatthestructurewhichhadbeenmouldedfrom
§6.]TeachingwithregardtotheSoul.99
thedustbecamethehabitationand,toacertainextent,theservantofanecjoorcentreofdesireorappetite.Whenthesouldeparts(Gen.35.18),thebodybecomesuntenanted,andtheegowhichhasgrownwiththegrowthofthebodyamidstthecircumstancesofearthlylifeisdislodgedfromitshabi-tation. Itmay,however,returnagaintoitsoldhomethroughtheoperationofGod,aswasthecasewiththewidow'schild(1Ki.17.21).
ThefactthatthedesirestowhichthesoulgivesbirthareoftencountertothewillofGodfixessinuponthesoul;thusweread,'ifasoulshallsin,'&c.;andtheconsequencetothesoulisdeath—'thesoulthatsinnethitshalldie,'Ez.18.4.Hencetheneedofatonementforthesoul(Lev.17.11),andofitsconversionorrestorationtoalifeofconformitywithGod'slaw(Ps.19.7,34.22).Accordingtothelawofsubstitution,theMessiahwastomakeHissoulanofiferingforsin,andtopouritoutuntodeath(Is.53.10,12),butitwasnottobeleftamongstthedead(Ps.16.10);andtheresurrectionoftheSaviourgivesasuregroundofconfidencethatGodwillanswertheprayerofthepenitent,'healmysoul,forIhavesinnedagainstthee.'
§6.IntheN.T.i/ru^^oftensignifieslife,asinMat.2.20,'Thosewhoseekthelifeoftheyoungchild';Mat.6.25,'Benotsolicitousforyourlife"(oranimalexistence).InMat.10.28,adistinctionisdrawnbetweenthedestructionofthebody,whichmancaneffect,andtheperditionofthesoulinGehenna,whichonlyGodcanbringabout.Some-times thereseemstobeaplayupontheword,aswhentheSavioursays'hethatlosethhislifeorsoul(intheordinarysenseoftheword)shallfindit'(inanewandhighersense).Mat.10.39,16.25.WhendescribingHismission,ourLordplainlysaidthatHecametogiveHissoulorlifearansomformany.Mat.20.28.InMat.22.37,theLord,quotingfromDeut.6.5,says,'ThoushaltlovetheLordthyGodwith
IooTheSoulandtheSpirit.[Ch.v<[.
allthyheart(orfeeling),andwithallthysoul(ordesire),andwithallthymind'(orpowerofappreciation).InJohn10.24,weread,'Howlongdostthoumakeustodoubt?'butamoreliteralandatthesametimebetterrenderingwouldbe,'Howlongdoestthoukeepoursoulsinsuspense?'(ewsTTOTSTi^v"^vyjivrjfxoivmpsis).
InActs2.27,PeterquotesthePsalm(16.10),'ThouwiltnotleavemysoulinHades.'Thispassagecertainlymightbetakentosignify,'thouwiltnotleavemydeadbodyinthegrave';butitisfarmoreinaccordancewiththeusageofthetwoimportantwordssoulandHadestounderstandthattheanimatingprinciple,theego,ofourBlessedSaviourwasnotconsignedtothenetherworldasapermanentplaceofabode.
Withregardtootherpassages,itmaysufficetosaythatthewordsoulisusedintheNewTestamentinthesamesenseasintheOld,butthatthereisagreaterpredominanceofpassagesintheNewinwhichitreceivesthedeepermean-ing oftheego,orseatofdesireandinclinationandhiddenlife,whichisredeemedthroughfaithinChrist(Heb.10.39).
§7.YerydifferentistheideawhichScripturegivesoftheSpiritfromthatwhichistobeunderstoodbythewordsoul.WiththeexceptionofJob26.4,andProv.20.27,whereneshamah(notJ'j),'abreathingbeing,'isused,thewordspiritalwaysrepresentstheHebrewRuach(nn)-
Therearetwoverbscognatewiththisword;onesignifiesthebeingrefreshed,1Sam.16.23,Job32.20(seealsoJer.22.14,wherelargesignifiesairyorventilated);theothersignifiestosmell,hencetobekeenor'ofquickunder-standing' (Is.11.3).
ThewordRuach,likeitsGreekequivalents,irvsvfiaandavsfMos,theLatinspiritus,andtheEnglishgJiost,togetherwithsimilarwordsinotherlanguages,originallysignifieswindorbreath.ItistheonlywordrenderedwindintheOld
§7.]Ruack,07'theSpirit.loi
Testament.Itisrenderedwhirlwind,inEz.1.4;tempest,inPs.11.6;cool(wind),inGen.3.8;air,inJob.41.16;blast,inEx.15.8,2Kin.19.7,Is.25.4,37.7;italsorepresentsthequarterorsidefromwhiclithewindblows,inJer.52.23,Ez.42.16,&e.Thus,asUoodrepre-sents thesoul,sodoeswindthespirit.
Ruacliisveryfrequentlyrenderedbreath,e.g*.inGen.6.17,'Thebreathoflife';Job.17.1,'Mybreathiscor-rupt' (margin,'myspiritisspent');19.17,'Mybreathisstrangetomywife.'Aslongasthisbreathissustainedinaman,helives(Job27.3),Avhenitgoesforthhereturnstohisearth(Ps.146.4).Fromanearthlypointofview,allcreatureshaveonebreath(Ecc.'3.19),whetheritbethespiritorbreathofmanthatascends,orthatofabeastthatdescendstowardstheearth(verse21);andallappeartosufferthesamefatewhenthatbreathiswithdrawn.Themostremarkablepassageinwhichtheactionofbreathandwindisidentifiedwiththesourceoflife,isinthevisionconcerningthedrybonesinEz.37.Inthis,asinsomeotherpassages,itisnoteasytodistinguishbetweenthephysicalandthesuper-physicalbreath.
Ifitbeaskedwhencecomesthisbreathoflife,theansweris,FromGod.ItisHisbreathorSpiritthatentersintoman;itisHethatbreathesuponthedead,andgivesthemlife;itisHisbreaththathasgivensubstantialexistencetoallnature,whilstitisalsoHisbreaththatdestroysthosewithwhomHeisangry.Thesepointsareclearlyshown,notonlyinthischapterinEzekiel,butalsoin2Sam.22.16;Job.4.9,9.18;Ps.18.15,33.6,104.29,30;Is.11.4;and30.28.
Itmaybegatheredfromthepassageswhichhavebeencited,thatthewordRuachconveystousatoncetheideaofwindorinvisibleforce,andalsotheideaofbreathor
102TheSotilandtheSpirit.[Cn.IV.
lifeandfeeling;andundertheseaspectsallotherideasrangethemselves.
InJos.2.11,whereweread'thereremainednomorecourageinanyman,'thewordmightperhapsberenderedhreath.InJud.8.3,thedeepbreathingisasignofanger,andaccordinglythewordissorendered.In1Sam.1.15,itisasignofearnestprayer,orperhapsoftheagitationoftheheart.InGen.26.35,itisasignofgrief;itishereren-dered 'mind'insteadofspirit,unfortunately,andthishasalsobeenthecaseinProv.29.11;Ez.11.5,20.32;andHab.1.11.
§8.Tosumuptheresultswhichhavebeennoted,itmaybesaidthatthewindisregardedinScriptureasafittingemblemofthemightypenetratingpoweroftheInvisibleGod;andthatthebreathissupposedtosymbolise,notonlythedeepfeelingswhicharegeneratedwithinman,suchassorrowandanger,butalsokindredfeelingsintheDivinenature.GodisnotsetforthinScriptureasasoul,^—i.e.thecentreofphysicalappetiteandtheanimatorofthebody—butasaspirit,thatis,anunseenbeingpossessedofun-limited power,independentofthelawsofspaceandtime,andcapableoffeelingdeej)emotions.Moreover,itisre-vealed thatGod,andHealone,hasthefacultyofcommuni-cating HisSpiritorDivinebreathtoHiscreatures,whoarethusenabledtofeel,think,speak,andactinaccordancewiththeDivinewill.
§9.ReferencesintheOldTestamenttotheSpiritofGodandtotheSjyiritofJehovaharemorenumerousthanissometimesimagined.Inupwardsoftwenty-fiveplacesthisDivineSpiritisspokenofasenteringmanforthepurposeofgivinghimlife,power,wisdom,orright-feeling.God,
'ItistruethattheHebrewwordneptaesbisusedincertainidiomaticexpressionswithreferencetotheDivineBeing,butnotinsuchawayastoinvalidatewhatisaffirmedabove.
§10.]Mca7iingsofthewordSpiriti?iN.T.103
moreover,iscalled'theGodofthespiritsofallflesh'intheOldTestament,asHeiscalledthe'Fatherofourspirits'intheNew,anditiseverywheretaughtorimpliedthatthepersonalagencyofGodisincontactwiththecentreoflifeineverychildofman.HowHeactsweknownot;inwhatmodeHeenlightens,comforts,andwarns,wecannottell.Weseeandfeeltheresults,butweareunabletocompre-hend theprocesses.
§10.AminuteexaminationoftheusageofthewordTTvsufxa,spirit,intheIST.T.wouldbeaworkofgreatinterest,butofnolittledifficulty.Thepassagesinwhichitoccursmaybegenerallyclassifiedasfollows:—
First,therearevariousreferencestothespiritofman,thatpartofhumannaturewhichisbreathedintohimbyGod.
Secondly,mentionisoftenmadeofevilspirits,whicharespokenofaspersonalbeings,capableofallyingthemselveswithmen,andinflictingvariousevilsuponthem.
Thirdly,therearereferencestotheworkoftheHolySpiritofGodinJohntheBaptistandothersbeforethedayofPentecost.
Fourthly,somepassagesarefoundwhichspeakoftheSpirit,ofGoddwellingandworkinginourSaviourduringhisearthlyministry.
Fifthly,thereareanumberofpassageswhichimplyaspecialagencyoftheHolySpirit,whichhascomeintooperationinconsequenceofthemediatorialworkofChrist.
Lastly,therearetextswhichspeakoftheeifectsproducedinmanbytheSpiritofGod,andwhichcombineunderthesamedesignationboththeWorkerandtheeflectproduced.
Thefirstandthirdoftheseclassesnaturallyassociatethemselveswithsimilarpassagesinthe0.T.Thesecondisdeeplymysteriousandinteresting,butdoesnotcallhereforspecialdiscussion.Thereremainthreeothersuponwhichafewremarksmaybeoffered.
104TheSoulandtheSpirit.[Ch.iv.
§11.OurblessedLord,asman,hadbody,soul,andspirit;butHissjjiritwasinaspecialsensetbedwelling-placeoftheMostHigh.HisbodywasgeneratedbytheHolySpiritofGod;HewasfilledwiththeSpirit,whichwasgiventoHimwithoutmeasuredHewasguidedinHismovementsbytheSpirit;Hiswisdomanddiscernment,Hispoweroverevildemons,andperhapswemaysayallHiswordsanddeeds,werewroughtoutthroughtheagencyoftheSpirit.SeeMatt.1.18,4.1,12.18,28;Luke4.1,14,18;John3.34.
AspecialpointintheteachingofJohntheBaptistwasthatJesus,theLambofGod,shouldbaptisewiththeHolyGhost;andourLord,inhisconversationswithNicodemus,theSamaritanwoman,andothers,teachesthatthosewhobelievedinHimwouldbecomepartakersofaNewLife,whichwouldbeinapeculiarsensetheworkoftheHolyGhost.InthecourseoftheseconversationsHeputforththistruthinvariousforms.Therewastheheavenlybirth,thelivingwater,thebreadoflife,theresurrectionlife,thesapofthevine,eachinturntakenasthecentralpointinadiscourse,leadinguptothetruththat(afterHisglorifica-tion) thosewhobelieveinHimshouldreceivetheHoly
'Itisalmostdangerous,andyetitmaybehelpfultosomeminds,totakeanillustrationofthisdifficultsubjectfromnature.AsitistruethatnomanhathseenGodatanytime,soitmaybesaidthatnoonehasseenelectricity.ButasamanmaybechargedwithelectricityM'ithoutlosinghispersonalidentity,andmaythusbecome,notonlyanembodimentofthatunseenagency,butalsocapableofcommunicatingittoothersbycontact,sotheSonofMancontainedtheFulnessoftheSpirit.Thisin-dwellingAgencyhadcompletepossessionofthehumannature,sothatinHimthemanhoodwastakenintotheGodhead.BythetouchoffaithwedrawthevirtueorForceoftheSpiritfromHimintoourselves;wethusbecomepartakerswithHimoftheSpiritofGod.TherelationshipbetweenthethreePersonsoftheGodheadisutterlybeyondhumanconception.TheFatherisrepresentedinScriptureastheSourceoflife,will,andaffection;theSonistheobedientAgentoftheFather'swillworkingonthecreature,abextra;theSpiritworksonthecreatureabintra.Viewedabsolutely,theprocessionoftheHolyGhostmaybedescribedinaccordancewiththeviewoftheGreekChurch;butviewedinrelationtothegiftswhichHebestowsontheChristianChurch,theWesternChurchrightlyregardsHimas'proceedingfromtheFatherandtheSon.'
§12.]TJieworkoftheHolySpirit.105
Ghost.OurLord'slastconversationswithHisdisciplesbeforeHiscrucifixionwerefullofthissubject;andwhenHerosefromthedeadHeindicatedbythesymbolicalactofbreathingonHisdisciplesthetruththatthroughHismediatorialagencytheyAveretoreceivethepromisedbless-ing oftheSpirit.WhenthedayofPentecostwasfullycome,thisDivinegiftwasshowereddown.Alifeofpraise,ofsonship,oflove,ofboldness,andofmissionarylabour,wasinaugurated.ThediscipleswereorganisedthroughthisnewinfluenceintoaChurch,whichbreathedthespiritofChristanddidtheworkofChristuponearth.Foratime,theChristianlifeandpreachingwereaccom-panied byspecialmiracles,asourLord'sownlifehadbeen.Thesewereintendedtogiveanauthoritativesealtothemissionofthedisciples,justassimilarworkshadtestifiedafewyearsearliertothemissionoftheSonofGod.
TheBookoftheActsandtheEpistlesarefullofre-ferences totheworkoftheHolyGhostinandthroughthosewhobelievedinChrist,andgiveirrefragabletesti-mony totherealpowerwhichtheexaltedSaviouristhusexercisingamongHispeople.
§12.IfitbeaskedinwhatwaytheworkoftheHolySpiritofGoddiffersnowfromwhatitwasinearlieragesoftheworld'shistory,itmaybesufficientforthepresentpurposetoanswerthat,thoughtheAgentisthesame,theTruthwherebyHeoperatesuponthefeelingsandaffectionsofmanismuchmoredevelopednowthaninolddays.Formerly,thewayofredemptionfromsinandcorruptionwasonlydimlyshadowedforth;nowthesubstancehasbeenwroughtout:Christhasbeenliftedup,andallmenarebeingdrawntoHim,andthosewhobelieveinHimentertherebyintoaspecialrelationshipwithHim,sothattheyliveinHimandHeiiithem,bothbeingpartakersofoneSpirit.Formerly,theSpiritoperatedthroughthewrittenword,throughtypesandshadows,throughlawsandordi-
io6TJieSoulandtheSpirit[Cn.IV.
nances,reprovingmenofsin,andkindlingtheirhopesofabettertime;hutnowHeoperatesespeciallythroughtheLivingWord,ofWhomalltheScripturetestifies,andWhoistheWay,theTruth,andtheLife.HemanifestsChristinHiscompletedworktotheheartofman,andquickensthebelieverintonewnessoflifebybreathingintohimthateternallifewhichisintheFather,andinHisSon,JesusChrist.Metaphysically,wecannotunderstandthenatureofthisagency,buttheologically,andasamatterofrevelation,webelieveandthankfullyreceiveit.
§13.ThelastclassofpassagestowhichreferencehastobemadeconsistsofthosewhichseemtoidentifytheSpiritofGodwiththeresultswhichHeisproducingintheheartandlifeofman.Thuswereadofthespiritofsonshiporadoption,Eom.8.15;thespiritofmeekness,1Cor.4.21;thespiritoffaith,2Cor.4.13;thespiritofwisdomandrevelation,Eph.1.17;thespiritoftruth,1John4.6;andthespiritofholiness,Rom.1.4.Itisevidentthatthesepassagesrefer,nottotheabstractcharacteristicsoftheHolySpirit,buttothoseeffectswhichHeproducesinthebeliever.TheyanswertoasimilarclassofpassagesintheOldTestament;see,forexample,Is.11.2;andperhapstheyfurnishanillustrationofapassagewhichhassuggestedatheologicaldifficultytomanyminds,namely,Eev.4.5,wherewereadof'sevenlampsoffireburningbeforethethrone,whicharethesevenspiritsofGod,'thatistosay,theseven-fold ormanifoldworkingsofthespiritofGod.ThepassageinIsaiahjustreferredtoseemstoreflectthelightoftheseburninglamps,forherewehavesevenspirits.'Thereshallrestuponhim(1)theSpiritofJehovah;(2,3)thespiritofwisdomandunderstanding;(4,5)thespiritofcounselandmight;(6,7)thespiritofknowledgeandofthefearofJehovah.'TheorderofthewordsintheHebrewwhichwehaveherefollowedbringsthenumberalltogetherwithoutanybreak.
§].]ThePsychologyoftheBible.107
CHAPTEEV.
HEART,WILL,CONSCIENCE,WISDOM,UNDERSTANDING.
§1.Difficultiesconnectedwithanyattempttodistinguishthecom-ponent partsoftheinnerman.—§2.VariouswordsrenderedHeartinthe0.T.—§3.UsageoftheWordSiev.—§4.Ideastobeattachedtotheword.-—§5.Thehardeningoftheheart;HebrewwordsfurHardenwg.—%6.UsageofthewordHeartintheN.T.—§7.TheWill,asrepresentedbyAvaU.—§8.NoteonHos.13.10,14.—§9.UsageandmeaningofCbapbets.—§10.Meaningofl^atson.—§11.TheWillofGod,asreferredtointheN.T.—§12.SpecialwordsusedfortheWillinDaniel.—§13.—^adavorvoluntaryaction.—§14.Exami-nation of2Cor.8.11,12.—§lo.Yaalorvolition.—§16.OtherwordsrenderedWill.—§17-TheConscience,accordingtothe0.T.andtheApocrypha.—§18.Theconscience,accordingtotheN.T.—§19.Chacaraorwisdom.—§20.Bin,orunderstanding.—§21.Otherwordswhichhavethesameorcognaterenderings.
Thepresentcliapterliasforitssubjectadiscussionoftlioseelementsinhumannaturewhicharethesourcesorcentresofemotion,volition,deliberation,andspiritualap-prehension. Itiscomparativelyeasyforthephysiologistoranatomisttomarkoutthedifferentorgansofthehumanbody,andtolearntheirstructureandmanifolduses;butthepyschologisthasahardertasktoperform;hehastoanalyseandclassifyhisownsensationsandemotions,todeterminesofaraspossiblewhicharefromthebodyandwhichfromanimmaterialsource,tocomparehisownmentalconstitutionwiththeeffectsproducedonandbythemindsofothers,tonotehowdifferentclassesofexternalentitiesappealtoandcallforthdistinctfeelings,andmoveinvariousspheresofexistence,touchingfinerorruderchordsofhumansensibility,accordingtotheirnatureandthe
io8Heart,Will,Conscience,andUnderstanding.[Cn.V.
aspectinwliiclitheyarepresented.Thementalanalystisindangerofrunningtooneoftwoextremes,andmoreespeciallysowhenapplyinghisstudytoScripture;heissometimesinclinedtotakethepopularwordswhichrepresenttheinnerlife,inaverylooseandvaguesense,usingtheonefortheotheraspeopledointheirordinaryconversation,andcomingtotheconclusionthatthereisbutoneorganofemotionandvolitioninman,andthatitreceivesdifferentnamesaccordingtothedifferentrelationshiptoexternalexistencewhichithastosustain;atothertimesheistemptedtoexercisehispowersofmentalanatomyinrangingandclassifyingthedifferentpowersoftheimmaterialexist-ence inseveralgroupSyassigningeachtoaseparateorgan,andthusmakingtheheart,thewill,theconscience,andtheunderstandingtobemembersofaspiritualorganisation,thespringandcentreofwhichisutterlybeyondthereachofhumanken.Eachofthesesystemsrepresentanaspectoftruth,buteachisimperfectiftakenbyitself.Wearenotinapositiontograspthesubjectofimmaterialexistence,andcanonlyapproachitrelativelyandinthoseaspectsinwhichitexistsinconnectionwithbodilylife.Weare,asitwere,organisedgrainsofdustfloatingonanoceanofspiritualexistence,whichpermeatesourbeing,connectsuswithoneanother,andbindsustothathighersphereoflifeinwhichGoddwells.Inthisspirit-worldweliveandbreatheandknowandfeelandthinkanddetermine,butweunderstandlittleofitsnature,andcertainlywearenotinapositiontodecidewhetherthereisonlyonehiddenagencyatworkinourbodies,takingmanyformsthroughthemediumofthebrainandnerves,orwhetherthenucleusofourconsciouslifeistobeconsideredascompositeinitsoriginalnature;inotherwords,whetherhumannatureislikeanjEolianharp,whichhasmanystrings,butisplayeduponsoastoproducewildandplaintivemusicthroughthe
§3.]TheHeart.
109
blindforceoftliewind;orwhetheritislikeanorgan,notonlycomplexinitself,butalsoplayeduponbyacomplexbeing,whogivesexpressiontohisownthoughtandfeeliugashetouchesitskeys.
TheBibledoesnotdiscussthissubject;itmakesuse,however,ofcertaintermswhichrequirecarefulconsidera-tion, astheyhavestampedthemselvesuponourpoj)ularandreligiouslanguage,andaresometimesusedwithoutcon-sideration oftheideas^whichtheywereoriginallyintendedtoconvey.
§2.ThegeneralHebrewwordfortheheartisLev(nb).ThisisusuallyrenderedKapStaintheLXX,butsometimesGreekwordssignifyingthesoul,theintellect,ortheunderstanding,aretakentorepresentit.
Twoorthreeotherwordsareoccasionallytranslated'heart'intheA.V.,e.g.Nephesh,'thesoul'inEx.23.9Lev.26.16;Deut.24.15;1Sam.2.33;2Sam.3.21;Ps.10.3Prov.23.7,27.9,28.25,31.6;Jer.42.20;Lam.3.51;Ez.25.615,27.31;Hos.4.8;alsoSecvi(^i^tj')inJob38.36;Mai'im(D^yo)thebowels,inPs.40.8;Kir(-r-p),theivalloftheheart,Jer.4.19;andKerev(mp),theiunerormiddlepart,Jer.9.8.Thefactofthesewordsbeingrenderedheartwouldcertainlyjustifyourtranslatorsinadoptinga.similarrenderinginJohn7.38,whichmightrunthus—'outofhisheartshallflowriversoflivingwater,'theheartrepresentingtheinner-most partofthebody.
§3.ThewordLev,whichisfoundthroughouttheScrip-ture withthefewexceptionsabovenoted,notonlyincludesthemotives,feelings,affectionsauddesires,butalsothewill,theaims,theprinciples,thethoughts,andtheintellectofman.Infact,itembracesthewholeinnerman.Hencewereadofmenbeing'wisehearted,'Ex.31.6,36.2;ofwisdombeingputintotheheart,2Chron.9.23;oftheheartbeingaiualce,Ecc.2.23,Cant.5.2;ofthethoughtsofthe
noHeart,Will,Conscience,andUnderstanding.[Ch.V.
heart,Deut.15.9;ofwordsbeinglaidupintheheartorsinkingdownintoittopreventtheirbeingforgotten,1Sam.21.12;andofmercybeingwrittenonthetabletsoftheheart,Prov.3.3.In2Kin.5.26,ElishasaystoGehazi,'Wentnotmyheartwiththee'(orafterthee);hereacom-bination ofknowledgeandfeelingisimplied.ThereisabeautifulexpressionintheHebrew'tospeaktotheheart,'whichwerender,'tospeakcomfortablyorfriendly,'P.uth2.13;2Sam.19.7;2Chron.30.22;Is.40.2('SpeakyecomfortablytoJerusalem'),Hos.2.14('Iwillbringherintothewildernessandspeakcomfortablytoher').InEcc.3.11,weread'Hehathmadeeverythingbeautifulinhistime,alsohehathsettheworldintheirheart,sothatnomancanfindouttheworkthatGodmakethfromthebeginningtotheend.'Somerender'theworld'here'theage,'andthistranslationwouldenableustounderstandthatGodhasappointedthatmenshouldbeoccupiedwith(andshouldcomprehendinameasure)thethingsofthispresentagewithoutbeingabletounderstandwhathasgonebeforeandwhatfollowsafter.Othersrenderthepassage'Hehathsetete7'7iity^intheirhearts.'
§4.ItseemsclearthenthattheHebrewwordLevisusedwiththesamewidthofmeaningastheEnglishwordthatrepresentsit—perhapsevenwithmore.ItstandsfortheAvholeinnerworkingoftheman,'thehiddenmanoftheheart;'anditbecomesimportanttobearinmindthisfulnessofmeaningwhenwereadsuchwordsasthoseofthePsalmist,'yourheartshallliveforever'(Ps.22.26),orthesublimeandtouchingj)rayer'Createinmeacleanheart,0God,'Ps.51.10.
'Theword'Olamisusuallyrenderedeternal(seecliiip.30.§12);iftheaboverenderingbeadoptedthepassagewouldimplymanhaswithinhimasenseofeternitywhichhecannotgrasp,butwhichteacheshimthatGod'swayscannotbelimitedbythatnarrowmeasurementoftimewhichsetsalimittoallhumanactions.
§5.]TheJmrdeningoftheHeart.111
Whilstitisthesourceofallaction,andthecentreofallthoughtandfeeling,theheartisalsodescribedasreceptiveofinfluencesbothfromtheouterworldandfromGodHimself.Thewisdomofthewise-heartedwasgiventhembjtheLord(2Cliron.9.23);'thehearttoperceive,theeyestoseeandtheearstohear'arebestowedorwithheldbyGodinaccordancewithHiswillandpurpose;whenSaulturnedfromSamuel,'Godgavehimanotherheart'or'turnedhisheartintoanewdirection,'1Sam.10.9;theLordgavetoSolomon'awiseandanunderstandingheart,'1Kin.3.12;HesaysconcerningHispeople,'Iwillgivethemoneheartandoneway,thattheymayfearmeforever....Iwillputmyfearintheirheartsthattheyshallnotdepartfromme'(Jer.32.39,40);'Iwillgivethemoneheart,andIwillputanewspiritwithinyou,andIwilltakeawaythestonyheartoutoftheirflesh,andwillgivethemaheartofflesh'(Ez.11.19,36.26).SimilarlywereadinActs(16.14)thattheLordopenedtheheartofLydia.
§5.ThehardeningoftheheartisalsodescribedinScrip-ture astheworkofGod.Pharaoh'scaseisbynomeansunique;itisasampleofthehistoryofallthosewhoneglecttheopportunitieswhichGodgivesthem,andthusleadHimtoputinexercisethatlawtowhichthewholehumanraceissubject—thatmoralimpressionsifnotacteduponbecome(subjectively)weakerandweaker,untilatlasttheheartofmanbecomesaltogethercallous.
InthecaseofPharaohthreewordsareusedtorepresentthehardeningprocess;Chazak(prn),tobraceuporstrengthen,'pointstothehardihoodwithwhichhesethim-self toactindefianceagainstGod,andclosedalltheavenuesofhishearttothosesignsandwondersthatwerewrought
'ThiswordisalsousedofGod'sbringingIsraeloutofEgypt'withastrongrighthand.'ThefirmnessoftheCreatorovercamethefirmnessofthecreature.
112Heart,Will,Conscience,andUnderstanding.[Ch,T.
bythehandofMoses;Caved(133)'tobeheavy,dull,orunimpressible,'denoteshisinsensibilityandgrossnessofperception;andKashah(ntJ'p)ioheharsh,markstherest-lessness, impatience,petulanceandirritabilitywithwhichhiscoursewascharacterisedwhilsthewasresistingtheurgentappeals,notofMosesonly,butalsoofhisownpeople.Stubbornness,dulness,andmorosenessgraduallyplantedthemselvesintheking'sheart,untiltheyfoundtheircul-mination inhismadpursuitofIsraelintotheRedSea.
EachofthesewordsisusedundersimilarcircumstancesinotherpartsoftheOldTestament.ThusChazakisfoundinJos.11.20,'ItwasoftheLordtohardentheirhearts,'Jer.5.3,'Theyhavemadetheirfacesharderthanarock;'Ez.3.9,'AsanadamantharderthanflinthaveImadethyforehead'(theverynameofEzekielbeingderivedfromtheword).Itisusuallyrenderedtobestrong,courageous,toholdfast,tobevaliant,stout,mighty.
Cavedisusedin1Sam.6.6,'WhereforedoyehardenyourheartsastheEgyptiansandPharaohhardenedtheirhearts';Ez.3.5,6,'Ofahardlanguage.'Itisusuallyrenderedheavy.
KashahisfoundinEx.18.26;Deut.1.17,2.30,'TheLordthyGodhardenedhisspiritandmadehisheartobstinate,thathemightdeliverhimintothyhand';Deut.15.18,26.6,'TheEgyptianslaiduponusahardbondage';2Sam.3.39;2Kin.2.10,17.14,'Theyhardenedtheirnecks';Neh.9.16,17,29;Job9.4,'Whohathhardenedhimselfagainsthim,andprospered?'Ps.60.3,95.8,'Hardennotyourheart';Prov.28.14,'Hethathard-enethhisheartshallfallintomischief;29.1;Is.8.21,'Hardlybestead';14.3,'Hardbondage';Jer.19.15,andEz.3.7.Insomeofthesepassagesthewordmeanssimplydifficulttodealwith;butin,themajorityofinstancesitreferstosuchaprocessasPharaohwentthrough.The
§7.]TheWill,asrepresentedbyAvah.113
usualrenderingsarehard,grievous,cruel,stiff.ItistobenoticedthatinGod'smissiontoEzekiel,inthethirdchapter,thethreewordsnowmentionedoccurtogether.OtlierwordsofsimilarmeaningareKashach(nL*'p),whichisfoundinJob39.16,andIs.63.17;andTekeph(?|pn),whichoccursinDan.5.20.
§6.IntheN.T.theheartisespeciallyregardedasthesourcewhenceallourthoughts,words,anddeedsdrawtheirlifeanddirection;itisalsoidentifiedastheorganofbelief,andastheseatofthatunderstandingandattentionwhichmustbeawakenedinorderthatthetruthmajbereceived.SeeMatt.12.35,13.15,15.8,18,19;Acts16.14;Eom.10.10.
§7.TheEnglishwordwillissometimesmerel}^thesignofthefuturetense,whilstatothertimesitexpressesthewillingnessoftheagent.IntheHebrew,asintheGreek,'thoseideasarerepresentedbydifferentwords,andinmanypassagesitisimportanttonoticethedistinction.
Avah(nax)representstheinclinationwhichgivesageneralbenttoactionratherthanthevolitionwhichimme-diately precedesit.IntheLXXAvahisrenderedbothbyBoyXo/iatandQs\w.InJob.34.36,wheretheA.V.reads,'MydesireisthatJobmaybetried,'themargin,'Myfather,letJobbetried,'isprobablyright,thewordbeingaformofab,father.InProv.6.35,ithasbeenrendered'hewillnotrestcontent,'butthemeaningisrather'hewillnotinclinetowardsthee';soProv.1.10,'Ifsinnersenticethee,consentthounot,'thatis,'letnotthinein-clination goouttowardsthem.'InDent.13.8,'Thoushaltnotconsentuntohim,'andin1Kin.20.8,'Hearkennotuntohimnorconsent,'themeaningisthesame.
ThewordAvahisrendered'will'or'willing'inthe
'ThemodernGreekhasdiscardedtheproperfuture,andthuslo.stthedistinotionwhichitusedtopossess.
I
114Heart,Will,Conscience,andUnderstanding.[Ch.Y.
followingpassages:Gen.24.5,8;Ex.10.27('Hewouldnotlettliemgo');Lev.26.21('Ifyewillnothearkenuntome');Deut.1.26('Yewouldnotgoup');Deut.2.30(Silion'wouldnotletuspassbyhim'),10.10(theLord'wouldnotdestroythee'),23.5,25.7,29.20;Jos.24.10;Jud.11.17,19,10,25,20.13;1Sam.15.9,22.17,26.23,31.4;2Sam.2.21,6.10,12.17,13.14,16,25,14.29,23.16,17;1Kin.22.49;2Kin.8.19,13.28,24.4;2Chron.10.4,11.18,19,19.19;2Chron.21.7;Job39.9;Psalm81.11;Isaiah1.19('Ifyebewilling'),28.12,30.9,15,42.24;Ez.3.7,'ThehouseofIsraelwillnothearkenuntothee,fortheywillnothearkenuntome';seealsochap.20.8.
Itisremarkablethatthesepassages,withtwoexceptions(Is.1.19,andJob39.9),arenegative.WheretheyrefertothedisobedienceofIsraeltheyimplythattherefusaltohearkentoGod'sWordwasvoluntary,andthattheywereresponsibleforit.WherereferenceismadetotheDivineaction,itisimpliedthatGodisamoralgovernor,andhisdealingswithmenaredeliberate,anddependentupontheirobedienceordisobedience.
§8.InHos.13.10,14,weread,'Iwillbethyking';'0death,Iwillbethyplagues;Ograve,Iwillbethyde-struction.' Thewordforwill(ehi,tis)mightprobablybebetterrenderedwhere?asinthemargin;andthisrender-ing wouldidentifythepassageallthemorecloselywithSt.Paul'swordsin1Cor.15.55.
§9.Chaphets(|'Qn),todelight,isusuallyrendereddsXco,i^eA.<B,or(^ovko^aiintheLXX.IntheA.V.itisrendered'will'inPuth'3.13,'Ifhewillnotdothepartofakins-man tothee';1Sam.2.25,'TheLordwouldslaythem';1Kin.13.33,'Whosoeverwould,heconsecratedhim';1Chron.28.9,'Servehimwithawillingmind';Job9.3,'Ifhewillcontendwithhim,hecannotanswerhimoneofathousand';Prov.21.1,'Theking'sheartisinthehandof
§n.]UsageandMeaningofChaphets.115
theLord,lietiirnetliitwhithersoeverhewill';Prov.31.13,'Sheworkethwillinglywithherhands.'
Thiswordisusedinthephrase'thereisatimeforeverypurpose,'Eccl.3.1,17,8.6;alsoinEccL12.10,'Thepreachersoughttofindoutacceptablewords.'ThePsahuistusesitwhenhesays'Letthembeputtoshamethatwishmeevil,'Ps.40.14.
ChaphetsisrenderedpleaseorpleasureinJud.13.23;1Kin.9.1,21.6;Job21.21,22.3,'IsitanypleasuretotheAlmightythatthouartrighteous';Ps.5.4,'ThouartnotaGodthathathpleasureinwickedness';Ps.35.27,theLord'hathpleasureintheprosperityofhisservant';Ps.51.19,111.2,115.8,'Hehathdonewhatsoeverhepleased';135.6;Eccl.5.4,8.3,12.1;Cant.2.7,3.5,8.4;Is.42.21,'TheLordiswellpleasedforhisrighteousness'sake';44.28,46.10,48.14,53.10,'ItpleasedtheLordtobruiseHim...thepleasureoftheLordshalljDrosperinhishand';65.11,56.4,58.3,13;Jer.22.28,48.38;Ez.18.23,'HaveIanypleasureatallthatthewickedshoulddie';verse32,'Ihavenopleasureinthedeathofhimthatdieth';33.11,'Ihavenopleasureinthedeathofthewicked';Hos.8.8;Jonah1,14;Mai.1.10.
InJob.40.17,Chaphetsisrendered'moveth,'whichishardlyacorrecttranslation.InDeut.25.7,8,theword'like'isadoptedtorepresentit.Itisrendered'favourin2Sam.20.11,Ps.35.27,and41.11.Inthesepassagesthereisnoreferencetowhatwecall'favouritism,'i.e.theoverlookingoftheclaimsofsomesoastogratifytheAvishesofspecialfriends;itissimplyrecordedthatpleasurewasfoundincertainpersons,whateverthegroundofitmightbe.Whetherthatpleasureisarbitraryorcapricious,orwhetheritdependsonsomeelementinthenatureofitsobjectorofitssubject,mustbegatheredfromthegenera]tenourofGod'sword.
12
116Heart,Will,Conscience,andUnderstanding.[Ch.v.
Chaphetsisrendereddesirein1Sam.18.25;2Sam.23.5;1Kin.5.8,9,10,9.11,10.13;2Cliron.9.12;Neb.1.11;Job13.3,21.14,31.16,33.32;Ps.34.12,40.6,'Sacrificeandofferingthoudidstnotdesire';51.6,16,'Thoudesirestnotsacrifice';70.2,73.25,107.30;Prov.3.15,8.11;Jer.42.22,andHos.6.6,'Idesiredmercy,andnotsacrifice.'Itisalsorendereddelightveryfrequently;seeespecially
1Sam.15.22,'HaththeLordasgreatdelightinburntofferingsandsacrifices,asinobeyingthevoiceoftheLord';
2Sam.22.20,'Hedeliveredmebecausehedelightedinme';1Kin.10.9;2Chron.9.8;Ps.1.2,16.3,18.19,22.8,'Lethimdeliverhim,seeinghedelightedinhim';40.8,'Idelighttodothywill';Is.1.11'Idelightnotinthebloodofbullocks';Is.58.2,62.4,'TheLorddelightethinthee'(Kephzi-bah,'Mydelightisinher');Jer.9.24;Mic.7.18;Mah3.12,'Yeshallbeadelightsomeland.'
OnreviewingallthepassageswherethewordChaphetsisused,thereaderwillprobablycometotheconclusionthatitstruemeaningisnotsomuchanintensepleasurableemo-tion, asafavourabledisposition,ortheprorajjtingofthehearttotakeacertaincourseofactionfromasenseoffitness.Itisusuallyrelativeratherthanabsolute.ItisappliedtotherevealedtruththatGodisnaturallydisposedtolookforobedience,trust,andholiness,inthosewhowerecreatedafterHisownlikeness;thatHedealstenderlybutuprightlywithHiscreatures;thatHeconfersliferatherthandeathifmorallypossible;thatHeadministersjudicialpunishmentwherenecessary;andthatHehasseenfittoinflictsufferingupontheMessiah.ItalsomarksHisun-willingness tobeputoffwithceremonialobservancesasasubstituteforthedevotionoftheheart.
§10.Ratson(pv"!),whichproperl}^meansgoodpleasureoracceptance,istranslated'will'inthefollowingpas-sages: Gen.49.6,'Intheirself-willtheydiggeddowna
§11.]TheWillofGod,asinferredtoinN.T.117
wall';Lev.'1.3,''Ofliisownvoluntarywill';19.5,'Atyourownwill';22.19,29;Neh.9.24,'Astheywould';Esther9.5;Ps.40.8,'1delighttodothywill';143.10,'Teachmetodothywill;'Dan.8.4,'Hedidaccording-tohiswill';11.3,16,36.Thewordproperlysetsforthapleasurableemotion,whetherleadingtoactionornot.Boththesubstantiveandtheverb(ratsah)areusedmostfrequentlyinScripturetorepresentthatwhichispleasant,delightful,acceptable,orapprovedofbyGod.ItisfrequentlyusedtorepresenttheDivinepardon,acceptance,andfavour.
TheLXXusuallyadopts6i\.r}^a^svB6/cia,orSe/cTosasarenderingforthisword.
§11.Itisinterestingtoobservewhatanumberofj)assagesthereareintheN.T.inwhichreferenceismadeto'thewilloftheLord.'God'sgoodpleasureiseveryAvhereregardedasthelawwherebyallthingshumananddivineareordered.Christisregardedasitsembodimentandmanifestation;andtheChristian,being-byprofessionatleast—onewithChrist,issupposedtobeconformedtothatwillinallthings.
ThedeXrifia,answeringtoRatson,isthatAvhichGoddecidestohavedonebecauseitispleasingtoHim;the^ovKr],whichanswerstoChaphets,markshisdispositioiiratherthanhiscounselorpurpose.ThetwowordsarefoundtogetherinEph.1.11.
Thelatterwordimpliesnotsomuchthattherehasbeenaconsiderationofthecircumstanceswhichcallforaction,asthattheyareinaccordancewiththenatureandattributesofGod;whilsttheforicerpointstothefactthatthecourse'ofactiondeterminedongivesarealpleasuretoHimwhoordersallthingsinaccordancewiththedictatesofHiswill.
§12.InEzra7.18,re'iith(niyi),w^^'.s/iortvill,isused.
'ProbablythesepassagesinLeviticusoughttobetranslatedotherwise.Seechap.12.§17.
118Heart,Will,Conscience,andUnderstanding.[Cn,V.
Tseva(j<3v),iobeinclined,isfoundinDan.4.17,25,32,o5,5.19,21,7.19,inallwliiclipassages,exceptthelast,itreferstothesovereigndisposalofhumaneventsbyGod.
§13.Voluntaryaction,asopposedtothatwhichiscon-strained orcompulsory,isindicatedbythewordNadav(mj)forwhichtheLXXusesirpodv/jisca.Thiswordisappliedtotheofferingsforthetabernaclewhichweregiven'willingly,'Ex.25.2,35.5,&c.;tothe'free-willofferings'forSolomon'stemple,1Chron.28.21,29.5;andtothe'freeofferings'inthedaysofJosiah,2Chron.35.8.InLev.7.16,andEz.46,12,Nadavisrenderedvoluntary.InPs.68.9,itisusedofthe'plentifulrain'whichwassentfreelyorwithoutstintuponGod'sinheritance.
ThiswordoccursinPs.54.6,'Iwillfreelysacrificeuntothee';inHos.14.4,'Iwilllovethemfreely';alsoinPs.51.12,'Upholdme(withThy)freeSpirit,'i.e.'sustaininmeanunconstrainedspiritofdevotion.'InthislastpassagetheLXXreadsTrvsvixartrjys/noviKcb,'withThyguidingorrulingspirit,'theHebrewreadingfollowedbeingperhapsslightlydifferentfromourown.
InPs.110.3,weread,'Thypeopleshallbewillinginthedayofthypower.'ThesewordsaresometimestakenasreferringtoGod's'preventinggrace,'andtheyhavebeenevencitedasjustifyingamaninsittinglistlesslyunderGod'sWord,waitingtillpowercomesuponhimfromabove.SuchaninterpretationisheldinforgetfalnessofthefactthatGodworksthroughthewill,notauartfromit—thatheturnsthelock,butdoesnotforceit.Theformofthewordnadavwhichisusedinthispassageisthepluralsubstantive,andtheliteralrenderingwouldbe'thypeopleshallhefreeivillofferings,''&c.Lutherrendersit,'thypeopleshallofferwillingly';andthewordsseemtopointtothefactthatinthedayoftheMessiah'sexaltationHispeopleshallofferhimunconstrainedsei'vice,yieldingtheirbodies
§15.]Yaal,orVolition.
ng
aslivingsacrificesuntoGod,renderingiiimarationalfasopposedtoaceremonial)service.(SeeRom.12.1,andcom-pare thePrayer-BookVersionofthePsahns.)
§14.ThewordirpoOvixlaisnotoftenfoundintheIST.T.,butthereisonepassage,viz.2Cor.8.11,12,whereitoccurs,whichcallsforsomeslightelucidation.TheA.Y.runsthus'.■—'Nowthereforeperformthedoingofitthat,astherewasareadinesstowill,sotheremaybeaperformancealsooutofthatwhichyehave,foriftherebefirstawillingmind,itisacceptedaccordingtothatamanhath,andnotaccordingtothathehathnot.'Thewords'areadiness'inthefirstpartofthispassage,and*awillingmind'inthesecond,standfortheGreekwordirpoOvfiia;sothattheApostlewouldsay,'astherewasawillingnesstodeter-mine {7rpo6v/jiiaTovOsksiv),solettherebeacarryingoutofthatdeterminationbyacontributionfromwhatyoupossess;forwherethereisarealwillingness,suchacontributionisacceptable,eventhoughsmall,becauseitisgivenaccord-ing towhatamandoespossess,notaccordingtowhathedoesnot.'ThewordTrpodv/j-iahereanswerstonadav,whilstthewordOsXsivanswersrathertoavah.St.Pauldidnotacceptthewill(avalijforthedeed,butifwhatisgivenisgivenvoluntarily(nadav),thenhegladlyacceptedthegiftinproportiontothemeansofthegiver„
§15.ThewordwhichmarksvolitionorthatwhichimmediatelyprecedesactionisYaal('px''),whichtheLXXgenerallyrepresentsbylipy^oixai,tobegin.WemeetwithitinJosh.17.12,'TheCanaaniteswoulddwellinthatland';compareJud.1.27,34,andHos.5.11,'Hewillinglywalkedafterthecommandment.'Itisrendered'assay'in1Sam.17.39,'Heassayedtogo,'implyingthatDavidwasonthevergeofstartingoff(Vulg.'hebegantostepout')inSaul'sarmourwhen[heputthemoff,for]hehadnotprovedthem.Yaalisrendered•'begin'inDeut.1.5.In
I20Heart,Will,Conscience,andUnderstanding.[Cn.Y,
Gen.18.27,31,itisfoundintheexpression'JImvetakenuponmetospeakuntotheLord.'Allthesepassagesexhibittherealmeaningofthewordasrepresentingthevolitionalelementinanactratherthanthefeelings,dispositions,ormotiveswhichhavej)romptedit.
InafewpassagesYaalisrendered'content,'wherethewordsignifiesthatacertaineffortofthewillwasnecessarybeforethethingrequiredwasdone.SeeEx.2.21;Jos.7.7;Jud.17.11,19.6;2Kin.5.23,6.3;Job.6.28.Wherethesentenceisintheformofapetition,itseemstoanswertoouruseoftheword'do'inthesentence'Oh,docome!'Inaccordancewiththissense,itisrendered'hepleased'in1Sam.12.22;2Sam.7.29;1Chron.17.27;Job6.9.
§16.InEcc.4.13,whereweread'whowillnomorebeadmonished,'adifferentverbisused,andthewordsarerightlyrenderedinthemargin'whoknowethnottobeadmonished.'Comparetheuseofthewordknowinthesentence'theLordknowethtodeliverthegodly'(2Pet.2.9),wherereferenceisnotmadetothemodeofdeli^^erance,astheadditionofthewordhowintheA.V.mightleadastosuppose,buttoGod'sdeterminationtodeliver.
InLam.3.33,'Hedothnotafflictwillingly,'themargingivestheliteralrendering—'fromtheheart,'wordswhich]3ointtotheftictthatGod'snatureandpropertyisnottoafflictbuttohavemercy.
§17.Welookinvainforthewordconscienceinthe0.T.ItsGreekrepresentative,however,justaj)pears,asarender-ing oftheverbYada',toknow.IntheApocryphalBookswemeetwithawslhrjatstwice,viz.inEcc.10.20,whereitisrendered'wittingly';andinSap.17.11,whereitseemstopointtotheconstrainingpowerofasenseofright.TheverbcrumSo)isusedofknowledgeinLev.5.1;alsoinJob27.6,theLXXreadsov'yapcrvvoiBas/j.avra)uToira
§18.]TJieConscience,accordingtotheN.T.121
TTpd^as,'Iamnotconsciousofhavingactedfoolishly,'wordswhichhavenoHebrewtextansweringtothem,butwhichseemtofindanechoinSt.Paul'sphrase,'Iknownothingagainstmj'self'{ovBsu<yapsfxavro)avvoiha)1Cor.4.4.'
Theverbovi^slBwisalsousedtorepresentordinarj'per-ception, withoutreferencetothemoralaspectofthethingperceived,infivepassagesintheBooksoftheMaccabees.
§18.Conscience,then,sofarasthe0.T.throwsanylightonit,istobetakennotasaseparatefaculty,whichenablesamantodistinguishrightandwrong,butastheexerciseofconsciousness;anditwillbeseen,bynotingthepassagesintheN.T.inwhichthewordoccurs,thatthismeaningisgenerallyadheredto.OmittingJohn8.9,thereadingofwhichisdoubtful,wedonotmeetwiththewordauvsLSrja-isuntilwearriveattheendoftheActs.St.Paul,standingbeforethecouncil,says'InallgoodconscienceIhavelived{TrsTToXLTevfiai)underthegovernmentofGoduntothisday'(Acts23.1).ThesewordsareelucidatedbythefollowingstatementmadebeforeFelix,'InthisIex-ercise myself,having(ortohave)aconsciencevoidofoffencetowardsGodandtowardsman'(Acts24.16).HeevidentlysignifiedthathewasnotconsciousoflivingoraimingtoliveinanycoursewhichwaswronginthesightofGodorreallyoffensivetoman.Inexactaccordancewiththeseexpressions,hewritestotheCorinthians,'Iamnotconsciousofanythingagainstmyself,yetamInotherebyjustified,buthethatjudgethmeistheLord''(1Cor.4.4).
InthesepassagesSt.Paulteachestwothings—onecon-cerning himself,thathewasnotconsciousorawarethathewasfailinginhisduty;andoneconcerningtheLord,thatwhateveraman'sownconsciousnessmightbe,thedecision
'A.v.,'Iknownothingh?/myself,'&c.,whorethewordhijisusedinanokl-fashionedsense.
122Heart,Will,Conscience,andUnderstanding.[Cn.V.
atthelastdaywouldrestupontheviewtakenbyHimwhosearcheththeheart.Thesameapostlereferstohiscon-sciousness thatwhathesaidwasspokeninsincerity,inRom.9.],'Myconsciencealsobearingwitness.'ThesewordsareintheGreekanexactparalleltothosewhichwefindinEom.2.15,'Theirconsciencealsobearingwitness.'Seealso2Cor.4.2,and5.11.In1Cor.8.7,wereadofthosewhoareeating^withconscienceoftheidol,'—thatis,withaconsciousfeelingthattheyareeatingwhatisofferedtoidols;andtheirconscience,i.e.theirsuscepti-bility, beingweak,isdefiled.Inthetenthverse,theApostleproceeds,'Youmayknowthatanidolisnothing,thatanidol-chamberisnotreallydifferentfromanyotherroom,andthatmeat,partofwhichhasbeenpresentedtoanidol,isnotreallyaffectedbysuchaprocess;butsupposingoneAvhohasnotattainedthisknowledge,beingstillachildinspiritualthings,andweakinthefaith,seesyouthussittingatthetable;andsupposinghe,all-consciousasheisthatmeatofferedtoidolsisbeforehim,stifleshisfeelingsandeats;hethenbecomesapartakerwiththeidol,owingtothedifferencebetweenhisfeelinginthematterandyours;andforthishewillsufferchastisement,evendeath(orperhapsmoralinjury).Youhavethusdealtablowagainstthesusceptibilityofaweakbrother,andinsodoingyouhavesinnedagainstChrist.'
Thissamemoralsensibilityorconscienceisreferredtoin1Cor.10.25,27,28,29,'Askingnoquestionsbecauseofconsciousness;notyourownconsciousness,butthatoftheweakbrotherwhohasnotyetattainedtothatlibertyandknowledgewhichenablesyoutodisregardheathensuperstitions.'
WhenSt.PaulisdescribingtheendorsumandsubstanceofthechargewhichChristlaysuponmen,itisinthesewords,'loveoutofapureheartandagoodconscience
§IS.]TheConscience,accordingtotheN.T.123
andunfeignedfaith'(1Tim.1.5),bjthesewordshemeansthatthereshouldbenothingselfishorsensualinlove,thatthereshouldbeaconsciousaimatthatwhichisgoodinGod'ssight,andafaithfulnessuntaintedbyaparticleofhypocrisy.Compare1Tim.1.19,wherefaithandagoodconscienceareagainjoinedtogether.Seealso1Tim.3.9,and2Tim.1.3.Falsehoodandthesearingofthesuscep-tibilities areputtogetherin1Tim.4.2;andsoinTit.1.15,wereadofthosewhoseverymindandconsciencearepollutedwiththemiasmaofimj^urity.
ThepassagesintheEpistletotheHebrewsinwhichthewordoccursareveryinterestingandimportant.FromHeb.9.9,wegatherthattheofferingsundertheO.T.couldnotmakemen'perfectaspertainingtotheconscience,'i.e.'couldnottakeawaythatsenseofsin,pastandpresent,whichhindersmanfromonenesswithGod.'Theydidnottakeawaysin,asamatteroffact,andtheycouldnot,fromthenatureofthings;foriftheeffectoftheLeviticaldispensationhadbeentomakemenperfect,i.e.atonewithGod(seechap.8.§6),theofferitigswouldnothaveneededrepetition;theworshippersoncepurgedwouldhavehadnomoreconsciousnessofsins(Heb.10.2).Theywouldhavehadagoodconsciousness;theyAvouldhavebeenconsciousthattheywerelivingwithGod;theywouldhavebreathedapurermoralatmosphere,andwouldhavelivedaholylife.Thiseffectisproducedby'thebloodofChrist';itcleansesaman'sconsciousnessfromdeadworks,andenableshimtf)servethelivingGod(Heb.9..14);andtheheartisthus'sprinkledfromanevilconscience'(10.22).Inotherwords,thefaithfulacceptanceofthesacrificeofChristtakesawaythatsenseofsinwhichhadbeenabarbetweenmanandGod,andenablesamantolivenolongerasaservantbutasason.
St.Petersays'Thisisgrace(A.V.thankworthy)iffrom
124^J^cart,Will,Conscience,andUiidcrstaudmg.[Cn.V.
consciencetowardsGod(i.e.throughconsciousnessofhisdutyandofhisrelationshiptoGodinChrist)amanendurepains,suffering-mijustlj'(1Pet.2.19).Heurgesthatmenshouldkeep'agoodconscience'(3..10),andheremindsthemthatitisnottheexternalcleansing-,theputtingawayofthefilthoftheflesh,thatnowsavesus,buttheanswerofagoodcon-science towardGod,or,aswemightrenderit,theseeking'untoGodwithagoodconscience(1Pet.3.21).
TheverbGwihfiv,tobeconscious,isusedinonlythreepassagesintheN.T.exclusiveofthatalreadymentionedin1Cor.4.4.InActs5.2,wereadthatAnaniaskeptbackpartofthepriceoftheland,'hiswifebeingprivytoit,orconsciousofit.'AfterSt.Peterwasdeliveredfromprisonbytheangel,'Whenheconsideredthething,'orrather'Whenfullyconsciousofthestateofthecase,'hecametothehouseofMary(Acts12.12).Again,whentheJewsAveregoingtostonePaulandBarnabas,'beingmadecon-scious ofthefact,'theyfledforrefugetothecitiesofLycaonia(Acts14.6).
Conscience,therefore,appearstobealmostidenticalwithconsciousness,butwhilethelatterwordmaybeusedbyuswithreferencetoexternalfactsortointernalfeelings,theformerisconfinedtotheknowledgethatamanhasofthemoralaspectofthings.Agoodconscience,accordingtoScripture,isnotonlyasenseoffreedomfrompastguilt,butalsoaconsciousnessofpurposinganddoingthatwhichisgoodinGod'ssight;itimpliespurityofmotiveandaction;itisinconsistentwithadeliberatecourseofsin,orwithdeparturefromthelivingGod,anditiscloselycon-nected withfaithinChrist.
''EirepcoTT/juaeis©eoi'.Thispassagehasawakenedmuchdiscussion.IaminclinedtobeguidedbythefactthateVfptoTatosometimesanswerstothemeaningofdarasb(e*>-|-i),toseek,inthe0.T.TheVulgateconfirmsthisviewbyread-ing interniyatioconscienfimbonceinDcum.Lutherrenders'thecontract(Bund)ofagoodconscience(Gewissen)withGod.'DeSacytakesitas'theengagonaentoftheconsciencetokeeppureforGod.'
§21.]Wordsmai'kingIntclUgcncc.125
§19.Coming-totliewordsvvliiclidesignateman'sintel-lectual capacities,wemaybeginwiththewordwisdom.ThiswordgenerallyanswersintheA.V.totheHebrewChacam(nan)-ThisisanimportantwordinScripture,andisusedtorepresentthediscernmentofgoodandevil,pru-dence insecularmatters,skillinarts,experienceinDivinethings,andevendexterityinmagic.Inthereflexiveformitsignifiestobewiseinone'sowneyes,andhencetooutwitanother.ThegeneralrenderingoftheLXXisao^ia,whichisusedinthesamelargenessofsenseintheN.T.SeeespeciallyJames3.17.
§20.Theunderstandingismostgenerallyrepresentedbythewordbin(j'-n),toperceive,tobeintelligent.Thisword,again,isusedwithmanyshadesofmeaning,suchastoconsider,discern,feel,know,look,mark,per-ceive, view.TheLXXusuallyrepresentsthiswordbyavi'S.(jis,butoccasionallybysirlot7)1x7]and<pp6y7]aL9.
§21.SacalCps::-),tolook,tobeknowing,andhencetol^rosper,isusedtorepresentacertainkindofwisdominGen.3.6,andagoodmanyotherpassages.TheLXXrenderingsaregenerallythesameasthoselastmentioned.InEx.23.8,'Thegiftblindeththewise,'wefindthewordpakah(nps),whicbsignifiesopen-eyed.LiProv.8.5,'armah(nrony),subtiltyisused,beingthesamewordasthatwhichdesignatesthecraftoftheserpentinGen.3.1;Tha'am(nun),totaste,isusedinDan.2.14,andJob12.20;Yada'(yn>),toknow,inafewpassages;andshama'(yDi:')tohear,inothers.
Onewordremainstobenoticed,namely,tiisluali(n''L"in).TheLXXrenderingsforthiswordareveryvariable.Somecriticsunderstanditassignifyingessentiaorexistentbeing.Henceitisrendered'thatwhichis'inJob11.6,26.3.ItisrenderedsubstanceinJob30.22,'Thoudissolvestmysubstance.'Ashortenedformoftheword(c"')hasthe
126Heart,Will,Conscience,andUnderstanding.[Cn.V.
samerenderinginProv.8.21.InIs.28.29,itistranslatedworking,'wonderfulincounsel,andexcellentinworking.'InJob5.12,wefindthewordenterpriseadopted—'Theirhandscannotperforintheirenterjsrise'(literallyperhaps'thatwhichistobe').Themostgeneralrendering,how-ever, iswisdom,orsoundwisdom.ThuswereadinJob6.13,'IsAvisdomquitedrivenfromme?'Job12.16,'Withhimiswisdomandstrength';Prov.2.7,'Helayethupsoundwisdomfortherighteous';3.21,'Keepsoundwisdomanddiscretion';8.14,'Counselismine,andsoundwisdom';18.1,'Throughdesireaman,havingseparatedhimself,seekethandintermeddlethwithallwisdom':herethemarginhas'intermeddlethwitheverybusiness';Mic.6.9,'TheLord'svoicecriethuntothecity,and(themanof)wisdomshallseethyname';themarginhashere'Thynameshallseethatwhichis.'
Theusageofthispeculiarwordmayteachusthattruewisdomisasubstantialknowledgeoftheessenceorrealityofthings.Thisknowledgeiscloselyconnectedwithrightaction.WithGodallthatisishioum;man,onthecon-trary, knowsonlyinpartatpresent,buthereafterhewillknowthingsnotastheyseem,butastheyare.
§1.]ThePictorialPozveroftheHebrczuLanguage.127
CHAPTEEVI.
SIN,WICKEDNESS,TRESPASS,ANDGUILT.
§1.ThepictorialpoweroftheHebrewlanguage.—§2.Chattaa,itsgeneralmeaningandusageasSin.—§3.ItspeculiarusageinthePielformoftheverb.—§4.ItsvariousrepresentationsintheLXX.—§h.Avail,orWrong.—§6.'Axnal,orTravail.—§7.'Aval,orEvil.—§8.'Avar,orTransgression.—§9.Ra',orMischief.—§10.Fasba,'orEebellion.—§11.Rasba',orWickedness.—§12.IVIa'al,orBreicliofTrust.—§13.Aven,orVanity.—§14.Asbam,orGuilt;examina-tion ofthepassagesinwhichitisreferredto,andconclusionastoitsmeaning.—§15.Wordsforsin,&c.,intheN.T.
§1.ThepictorialpoweroftlieHebrewlanguageisseldombroughtmoreprominentlybeforethestudentthaninitsmodeofdesignatingthevariousaspectsofevil.Everywordisapieceofphilosophy;nay,itisarevelation.Theobserverofhumanaffairsispainfullystruckb}"theweari-soraenessoflife,andbytheamountoftoilandtravailwhichthechildrenofmenhavetoimdergotoobtainabareexistence;heseesthehollowness,vanity,andunrealityofmuchthatseemsbrightandcharmingatfirst;henotesthathumannature,initssocialandindividualaspects,isdis-torted andoutofcourse;thatthechainoflovewhichoughttobindthegreatfamilyinonehasbeensnappedasunder;thatisolationanddesolationhavetakentheplaceofunityandhappiness;thattherelationshipbetweenmanandhisMakerhasbecomeobscured,andthatevenwhenmanknowsthewillofGod,thereissomethinginhisnaturewhichpromptshimtorebelagainstit;lastly,hecomestotheconvictionthatthisstateofthingsisnotoriginal,butthatlikeadarkcloud,ithasintervenedbetweenthechildrenof
128Sin,Wickedness,Trespass,andGnilt.[Ch.VI.
earthandthesunofrighteousness,andhaspouredtroubleuponhumanity,opposingmen'sbestinstincts,andfrustratingtheorigfinaldesiofnoftheircreation.
TheHebrewBiblemeetsuswithafullacknowledgmentofthesemanifoldaspectsofhumansuffering,andblendstogetherwrong-doingandsufferingtoamostremarkabledegree,settingforthsininitsrelationtoGod,tosociety,andtoaman'sownnature,depictingitinitsnegativeaspectasiniquityorunrighteousness,andinitspositiveaspectasrebellionandabreachoftrust.
§2.Thewordtranslatedsinthroughoutthe0.T.,withveryrareexceptions,isderivedfromthewordChatha(sDn),whichoriginallysignifiestomissthemark,andanswerstoitsuniversalGreekrepresentatived/jLaprdvco,notifyingthefactthatallwrong-doingisafailureoracomingshortofthataimwhichGodintendedallHischildrentoreach.ThewordisusedinitsoriginalsenseinJud.20.16,wherewereadof'sevenhundredchosenmenleft-handed,everyoneofwhomcouldslingstonesatanhair'sbreadth,andnotmiss.'IfmanwasoriginallymadeintheimageofGod,itmusthavebeenimplantedinhimasafirstprinciplethatheshouldliveasGodlives,or,touseavenerableidiom,thatheshouldwalkwithGod.Everydeparture,therefore,fromthelawofRightisacomingshortofthepurposeforwhichmanwasmade,andamissingthegoalwhichoughttobereached.
Onexaminingthegeneralusageofthiswordthroughthe0.T.,itwillbefoundthatitusuallyimpliesblame-wor-thiness, andthatitisverylargelyusedinconfessions,toexpressaconvictionthatwronghasbeendoneeithertowardsGodortowardsman.Thiswrongisnotnecessarilywilful,formanysinswerecommittedthroughignorance—seeLev.4.2,5.15,Num.15.28.Sinisnotusuallyregardedasacondition,butasadefiniteact,>Yhetlierofthought,word,
§3.]UsageofChatha,toSin.129
ordeed.Thewordwasappliednotonlytomoralevilandtoidolatry(whichistheologicalevil),butalsotobreachofceremonialregulations.
ThefollowingaretheonlypassagesinwhichotherwordsbesidesChathahavebeenrenderedsinbythetranslatorsoftheA.V.InLev.4.13,andNum.15.28,29,wefindthewordShagah(njc),toerr;in1Kin.17.18,'Aven(py),vanityoriniquityisused;inProv.10.12,19,28.18,Pesha'(yes),rebellionortransgressionisadopted.
BesidesthegeneralrenderingforChatha,wefinditother-wise renderedbyourtranslatorsinafewpassages.ThusitisrenderedfaultinGen.41.9,andEx.5.16;trespassin1Kin.8.31;harminLev.5.16,'Heshallmakeamendsfortheharmhehasdone';blameinGen.43.9,'Letmebeartheblameforever,'comparechap.44.32;offendinGen.20.9,'WhathaveIoffendedthee'?'alsoinGen.40.1;1Kin.1.21;2Kin.18.14;Ecc.10.4;Is.29.21;andJer.37.18.
§3.ThewordunderconsiderationmustnotbedismisseduntilthemeaningwhichithasintheFielorItdensiveVoicehasbeennoticed.Thereareseveralverbswhichas-sume apeculiartechnicalorceremonialsignificationinthisvoice,andinitspassiveform,theHithpael,butnoneofthempresentmoreremarkablepeculiaritiesthanthewordChatha.ThePielformofthisverbisrenderedasfollows:—tomakereconciliation,2Chron.29.24;tohearloss,Gen.31.39;toofferforsin(Leviticuspassim);tocleansefromsin,Ex.29.36;Lev.14.49,52;Ez.43.20,22,23,45.18;to2mrgeorpurify.Lev.8.15;Num.8.7,21,19.9,12,13,17,19,20,31.19,20,23;alsointhefamiliarwordsofthePsalm(51.7),'PurgemewithhyssopandIshallbeclean,'andinJob.41.25,wherewereadoftheLeviathanthat'whenheraisethuphimself,themightyareafraid;byreasonofbreakingstheypurifythemselves.'
K
130Sifi,Wickedness,Trespass,andGuilt.[Ch.VI.
§4.TlieLXX,whichisgenerallyveryconsistentinretain-ing therenderingdfiaprdvco,hasinsomeceremonialpassagesadoptedrenderingssimilartothosenownoticed.Thuswefindi^i\d(TKOfiaiin2Chron.29.24,Ez.43.22,45.18;dyvi^coinNum.8.21,19.12,13,31.19,23;dcjiaryvi^oiinLev.14,49,52,Num.19.12,19,20,31.20;Kadapi^coinEx.29.36,Lev.8.15,9.15;pavrl^Q)inPs.51.7;i\aafj.6sinEz.44.27;i^iXaa/jiosinEx.30.10,Ez.43.23,45.19;dyvio-fiainNum.19.19;anddyvccrfMosinNum.8.7,19.17.
§5.Theperversionordistortionofnaturewhichiscausedbyevil-doingisrepresentedbytheword'avah(niy),tobebentorcrooked.Theoriginalmeaningofthewordisfoundi]iIs.21.3,'Iwasboweddownatthehearingofit';Lam.3.9,'Hehathmademywayscrooked,'andperhapsPs.38.6,wherewereadintheA.V.'Iamtroubled,Iamboweddowngreatl3\'TheEnglishwordwrong,i.e.thatwhichiswrungoutofcourse,givesthesameideaofevil,andistakenasatranslationof'avahinEst.1.16.Wealsofindtheanalogouswordperversenessasarenderingin1Sam.20.30;2Sam.19.19;1Xin.8.47;Job33.27;Prov.12.8;Is.19.14;andJer.3.21.Amissisfoundin2Chron.6.37;andiniquityin2Sam.7.14;Ps.65.3,106.6;Jer.9.5;Ez.28.18;Dan.4.27,9.5;andMai.2.6.
Thechiefrenderingsfor'avahintheLXXared^aprla,dvofxia,anddBiKia,noneofwhichquitecoincidewiththeoriginalintheirprimarymeaning.
§6.Thatsinhasmadelifeaburdenandhasturnedworkintotoilandtravailisacknowledgedbyall,andthisfacthasfounditsplaceamongthelessonscontainedinHebrewwords.Theword'amal("poy),setsforthlabourinitstoilsomeaspect,andiswellrepresentedintheLXXbyKoiros,ix6-)(6os,andttovos.ItisrenderedtoilinGen.41.51;troubleinJob.5.6,7;wearisomeinJob.7.3;sorrowinJob3.10,Ps.55,10;painorpainful(initsold
§7.]'Aval,orEvil.131
sense,asinvolvinglabour)inPs.25.18,73.16;andlabourinPs.90.10,'Yetistlieirstrengthlabourandsorrow.'ThislastrenderingisconstantlyfoundintheBookofEcclesiastes,whichisdevotedingreatmeasuretoasettingforthoftheburdensomenessofanearthlyexistence.InEc.4.6,'amalisrenderedtravail,andthisrenderinghasbeenadoptedinIs.53.11,wherewereadoftheMessiahthat'heshallsee(thefruits)ofthetravailofhissoul,andshallbesatisfied.'
Thepassageshithertonoteddonottracethewearinessoflifetoitssource,butthereareothersinwhichthisisnotobscurelytaught.InIs.10.1,andHab.1.3,'amalisrenderedgrievousness;inNum.23.21,perverseness,'hehathnotseenperversenessinIsrael';inHab.1.13,iniquity,'thoucanstnotlookoniniquity';inJob4.8,wickedness;inJob.15.35,mischief,'theyconceivemischiefandbringforthvanity.'SeealsoPs.7.14,16,10.7,14,94.20,140.9;Prov.24.2;Is.59.4,inallofwhichthesamerenderingisgivenandthesameideaimplied.
§7.Theword'aval(Sy)isthoughttodesignatethewantofintegrityandrectitudewhichistheaccompaniment,ifnottheessentialpart,ofwrong-doing.Thiswordinsomeofitsformsremindsoneofthewordevil(Ger.Uebel),andofthecontractedwordill.ThechiefrenderingsforitintheLXXaredhiKiaanddvofxia,ofwhichthefirstisprobablythebest.'AvalisrenderedunjustinPs.43.1,82.2,Prov.29.27,Is.26.10,Zeph.3.5;unrighteousinLev.19.15,35,Deut.25.16,Job27.7,Ps.71.4,92.15;ungodlyinJob.16.11;perverseinIs.59.3;wickedintwelvepassages,in-cluding Ps.89.22,'Theenemyshallnotexactuponhim,northesonofwickednessafflicthim.'
'Avalisalsorenderediniquityinaboutthirtypassages;andthisword,takeninitsoriginalsense,asadeparturefromthatwhichisequalandright,isprobablythemost
T32Sin,Wickedness,Trespass,andGnilt.[Ch.m:.
suitablerendering.Theusageofthewordiswellillus-trated byMai.2.6,wherewereadofLevithat'thelawoftruthwasinhismouth,andiniquitywasnotfoundinhislips;hewalkedwithmeinpeaceandequity,anddidturnmanyawayfromunrighteousness.'
§8.Theideaoftransgression,orcrossingovertheboundaryofrightandenteringtheforbiddenlandofwrong,ismarkedbytheuseoftheword'Avar(-iny),tocrossover(whenceprobablythenameHebrewisderived).Thewordisrenderedtransgressineighteenpassages,e.g.Ps.17.3,'Iampurposedthatmymouthshallnottransgress;'Hos.6.7,and8.1,'Theyhavetransgressedthecovenant.'
§9.Thewordgenerallyusedforevilandwickednessisra'(i;-|),whichappearstosignifyhreakinijtiporniin.TheLXXrenderingforitisusuuUykukc^orirovqpos.Itisoneofthosewordswhichbindstogetherinonethewickeddeedanditsconsequences.ItisrenderedcalamityinPs.141.5;distressinNeh.2.17;adversityin1Sam.10.19,Ps.94.13,andEcc.7.14;griefinNeh.2.10,Prov.15.10,Ecc.2.17,Jon.4.6;afflictioninNum.11.11,andtenotherpassages;miseryinEcc.8.6;sadinGen.40.7,Neh.2.1,2,Ecc.7.3;sorrowinGen.44.29,Neh.2.2;troubleinPs.41.1,andeightotherpassages;soreinDeut.6.22,andeightotherpassages;noisomeinEz.14.15,21;hurtinGen.26.29,andtwenty-eightotherpassages;heavyinProv.25.20;vexinNum.20.15,and2Sam.12.18;wretchedness,Num.11.15;alsoharm,ill,andmischief!,inalmosteveryplacewherethesewordsarefoundintheA.V.
Themeaningsabovenotedimplyinjurydonetoaperson,butdonottouchuponitsmoralaspect.Butinothercaseswefindthiselementintroduced.InJud.11.27,weread'Ihavenotsinnedagainstthee,butthoudoestmewrongtowaragainstme,'herethewrongorinjuryis
§10.]Pasha^orRebellion.133
regardedasaninjustice.Againin1Sam.17.28,'Iknowtliyprideandthenaughtinessofthyheart,'moralevilseemstobeintended.Thewordisalsorendered'naught'or'naughty'in2Kin.2.19,Prov.20.14,andJer.24.2,butinthesepassagesnaughtyhasitsoriginalsenseof'goodfornothing,'asenseinwhichthewordisstillusedinsomepartsofEngland.PerhapsthiswasallthatwasimpliedinEliab'srudespeechtohisyoungerbrotherDavid.
Ea'isrenderedwickedagreatmanytimes;itisalsoconstantlyrenderedbad,butitistobenoticedthatinthelatterclassofpassagesthatwhichisinjuriousisreferredtoratherthanthatwhichismorallyevil.Assuch,Ra'infictgenerallyindicatestheroughexteriorofwrong-doing,asabreachofharmony,andasabreakingupofwhatisgoodanddesirableinmanandinsociety.Whilsttheprominentcharacteristicofthegodlyislovingkindness(seechap.10.§9),oneofthemostmarkedfeaturesoftheungodlymanisthathiscourseisaninjurybothtohim-self andtoeveryoneroundhim.
§10.Pasha'(ye*a)signifiestorevoltortorefusesuhjectiontorightfulauthority.Itisverygenerallyrenderedtrans-gression. ThechiefLXXrenderingsforitareaas^eia,nSiKLa,andavoixla.WemeetwiththeverbinPs.51.13,'ThenwillIteachtransgressorsthyways,andsinnersshallbeconverteduntoThee';Prov.28.21,'Forapieceofbreadamanwilltransgress'(i.e.rebel);Is.43.27,'Thyteachershavetransgressedagainstme.'
Pasha'isrenderedsininProv.10.12,'Lovecoverethallsins,'wherethecontrastbetweentheoffenceandthemercyisbroughtoutveryclearlybytheuseoftheword;againitisfoundinverse19,'Inthemultitudeofwordstherewantethnotsin';28.13,'Hethatcoverethhissinsshallnotprosper.'ItisrenderedtrespassinGen.31.3G,50.17;Ex.22.9;1Sam.25.28;andHos.8.1,'Theyhave
134Sin,Wickedness,Trespass,andGuilt.[Cs.\^-
trespassedagainstmylaw.'In2Kin.8.20,22,itisusedinitsprimarysenseoftherevoltofEdomandLibnali;in1Kin.12.19,ofthe'rebellion'ofIsraelagainstJudah;soalsoinotherpassages.WemeetwiththewordinJob34.37,whereitissaidofhimthat'headdethrebellionimtohissin.'Lastly,thewordoccursinthesolemnoj)en-ingofthepropheciesofIsaiah,'hear,Oheavens,andgivehear,0earth:fortheLordhathspoken,Ihavenourishedandbroughtupchildren,andtheyhaverebelledagainstme'(Is.1.2).
§11.Easha'(y^^'-))isthewordmostgenerallyrenderedwicked^intheA.V.Itissupposedoriginallytorefertotheactivity,thetossing,andtheconfusioninwhichthewickedlive,andtheperpetualagitationwhichtheycausetoothers.ThiisIsaiahsays(57.20,21)'Thewickedarelikethetroubledseawhenitcannotrest,whosewaterscastupmireanddirt;thereisnoj)eace,saithmyGod,tothewicked.'Jobalso(3.17),looksforwardtothegraveastheplace'wherethewickedceasefromtroubling,andthewearyareatrest.'IntheBookofJobthewickedarerepresentedastriumphingforatime,butasfinallyputoutintodarkness;inthePsalmstheyarerepresentedasbusilyoccupiedindisturbingthepeaceofothers,andastryingtodestroythem.Theyarefrequentlycontrastedwiththerighteous;andtheirwaysarefullydescribedinEzekiel,chaps.18.and33.IfKennicott'sviewofIs.63.9,couldbesubstantiated,weshouldreadoftheMessiah,'hemadehisgravewiththerich,butAviththewickedwashisdeath';andtheuseofthewordtomarktherobbersordisturbersofthepublicpea(?e,wouldhavebeenveryappro-l)riate.
'The■n-orduncledissupposedbysomePtymologiststobeconnected-n-ithqvk-Jc,andtomeanlively;ifthisbeitstruesignificanceitanswersadmirablytoEaslia.SeeDeanHoare'sworkonEngUshBoots.
§12.]Maal,orBreachofTrust.135
Raslia'isusuallyrendereddas/3>']s,ungodly,intheLXX,butdvo/j,osanddfxnpTcoXosarefoundinseveralpassao-es.
TheverbinitsHiphilorcausativeformisgenerallytakenassignifying-tocondemn,literally'tomakewicked,'andhence'todealwithaswicked.'Itisfoundinallbutfourpassageswheretheword'condemn'occursintheA.V.
§12.ThewordMa'al{hvi2),probablypointstotheun-faithfulness andtreacheryofsin,andrepresentswrong-doin(Tasabreachoftrust,whetherbetweenmanandmanorbetweenmanandGod.Itisrenderedtrespassaboutthirtytimes,transgressionfifteentimes,andfalsehoodinJob21.34.Inthefirstpassagewhereitoccurs(Lev.5.15),itreferstothetrespasscommittedinignorance;inthesecondtoanysincommittedagainstone'sneighbour(6.2).InJos.7.1,22.20,itisusedofAchan'ssin;thebuildingofthealtarontheeastofJordanwasalsodescribedbythisword(Jos.22.16);itisappliedtoUzziah(2Chron.26.18);toAhaz(28.22);toManasseh(33.19j;andtothepeoplewhomarriedheathenwives,Ezra9.2,4;Neh.13.27.Lastly,itisfoundinProv.16.10,wherewereadthat,'theking'smouthtransgressethnotinjudgment.'ThetrespassorbreachoftrustdenotedbythiswordwasregardedbyGodinaveryseriouslight.SeeEz.14.13,15.8,18.24,39.23.Thereasonofthisismanifest.Thepersonsguiltyofsininthisparticularaspectwerechieflypersonsinauthority.Acertaintrusthadbeenreposedinthem,whichtheyhadabused.Muchhadbeengiventothem,andmuchwasre-quired ofthem.ThenationofIsraelasawholewereputinapositionofhighprivilegeandconsequentresponsibility,hencetheirdeparturefromthewayofGodwasmarkedspeciallybythewordMa'alasanactofunfaithfulness,andbreachofabondasholyandascloseasthatwhichsubsistsbetweenmanandwife.
§13.Thewordmostfrequentlyrenderediniquityis
0
6Siu,Wickedness,Ti^espass,andGuilt.[Ch.TI.
Aven(px).Somecriticsconnectthiswordwitharootwhichsignifiesdesire;others,withgreaterreason,holdthatitsoriginalmeaningisnothingness.Itsconnectionwithidolatryisnoticeable(seechap.29.§2),andoriginatesinthefactthatanidolisathingofnaught,avainthing.InAmos5.5,weread'Bethelshallcometonaught'(aven);and,turningtoHos.4.15,5.8,10.5,8,wefindthatBethel,theHouseofGod,isdesignatedasBeth-aven,i.e.thehouseofvanity,becauseidolswereworshippedthere.
Thewordisrenderedvanityinthefollowingpassages:---Job15.35,'Theyconceivemischiefandbringforthvanity';Ps.10.7,'Underhistongueismischiefandvanity'Prov.22.8,'Hethatsowethiniquityshallreapvanity';Is.41.29,'Beholdtheyareallvanity,theirworksarenothing';Is.58.9,'Ifthoutakeawayfromthemidstoftheetheyoke,theputtingforthofthefinger,thespeakingvanity';Jer.4.14,'Howlongshallthyvainthoughtslodgewithinthee';Zech.10.2,'Theseraphimhavespokenvanityandthedivinersha.veseenalie.'Manyofthesepassagesseemtorefertothenothingnessorhollow-nessofevil,remindingusofthequestionofSt.Paul,'Whatfruithadyethenofthosethingswhereofyearenowashamed?'(Horn.6.21;seealsoEph.5.11).
ThefollowingotherrenderingsforthewordAvenaretobefoundintheA.V.:—
Prov.11.7,'Thehopeofunjust(orvain)menperisheth.'
Is.10.1,'Woeuntothemthatdecreeunrighteoias(i.e.vain)
decrees.'Is.55.7,'Letthewickedforsakehisway,andtheunrighteous
(orvain)manhisthoughts.'Ps.90.10,'Yetistheirstrengthlabourandsorrow'(i.e.vanity).Dent.26.14,*Ihavenoteatenthereofinmymourning'(vanityor
iniquity).Hos.9.4,'Thesesacrificesshallbeuntothemasthebreadof
mourners'(orofiniquity).Job5.G,'Afflictioncomethnotforthofthedust.'
§10.]Aven,orVanity.137
Jer.4.15,'AvoicepiiblisliethafflictionfromMountEphraim'
(comparevainthoughtsinthepreviousverse).
Hab.3.7,'IsawthetentsofCushaninaffliction.'
Ps.140.11,'Evilshallhuntthewickedpersontooverthrowhim.'
Prov.12.21,'Thereshallnoevilhappentothejust.'
Prov.17.4,'Awickeddoergivethheedtofalselips.'
Ps.36.4,'Hedevisethmischiefonhisbed.'
Ps.65.10,'Mischiefandsorrowareinthemidstofit.'
Ez.11.2,'Thesearethementhatdevisemischief.'
AvenisrenderedwickedorwickednessinJob11.11,22.15,34.36;Ps.59.5;Prov.6.12,18,30.20.Itisrenderediniquitythirty-eighttimes.Themostnoticeablepassagesareasfollows:—
Num.23.21,'HehathnotbeheldiniquityinJacob.'
1Sam.15.23,'Stubbornnessisasiniquityandidolatry.'
Jol)4.8,'Theythatplowiniquityandsowwickedness
reapthesame.'Job21.19,'Godlayethuphis(i.e.thewickedman's)iniquity
forhischildren.'Job31.3,'Isnotdestructiontothewicked,andastrange
(punishment)totheworkersofiniquity.'Job34.22,'ThereisnodarknessnorshadoAVofdeathwherethe
workersofiniquitymayhidethemselves.'Ps.5.5,'ThouhatestallAvorkersofiniquity.'
Ps.6.8,(CompareLuke13.27),'Departfromme,allye
workersofiniquity.'Ps.56.7,'Shalltheyescapebyiniquity?'Is.1.13,*ThecallingofassembliesIcannotajwaywith;itis
iniquity,eventhesolemnmeeting.'Mic.2.1,'Woetothemthatdeviseiniquity.'
Onconsidering-allthesepassages,weshallbeledtotheconclusionthatthewordAvensuggestsnotsomuchbreachoflaw,orinjurydonetoanother,asacourseofconductwhichwillintheendproveunprofitabletothedoer.Itpresentstheevildevicesofmanintheirfalse,hoUow,andunrealaspect;andbytheuseofthiswordtheinspiredwritersputastampofnothingnessorunrealityuponevery
138Shi,Wicked7icss,Trespass,andGitiiL[Cn.VT,
departurefromtlielawofGod,whetheritconsistofwrong-doing, evildevising,falsespeaking,oridolatrousworship.
TheleadingrenderingofAvenintheLXXisdvcfxia;dhiKiaisusedseveraltimes;ttouosandkottosoccasionally.
§14.Wenowcometoawordaboutwhichtherehasbeenagooddealofdifferenceofopinion,namelyAsham(dl>'n),theusualrenderingofAvhichintheLXXisTrXrjfx/xeXsia,amistake,andintheA.V.trespassorguilt.'InsomepassagesthewordhasbeenregardedascognatewithShamam(ddcOj^^renderdesolate,andperhapsthisideawasoriginallycontainedintheword.^
Variousopinionshavebeenheldastotheparticularkindofsinwhichissignifiedbythisword.SomecriticsholdthatwhilstChathadenotessinsofcommission,Ashamdesig-nates sinsofomission.OthershavecometotheconclusionthatChathameanssiningeneral,andAshamsinagainsttheMosaicLaw.Thebestwaytocometoaconclusionistoexamineallthepassagesinwhichthewordoccurs,andtoobservethepointorpointsinwhichtheyallagree.Itwillbefoundtoleadustothisresult,thatAshamisusedwhereasin,moralorceremonial,hasbeencommittedthrougherror,neg1igence,orignorance.Aloosecodeofmoralitymightpermitoifencescommittedundersuchcircumstancestobepassedby,butnotsothelawofMoses.Anoffenceagainstthepersonofanotherisanoffence,whetheritbeknownorfoundoutatthetimeornot.WhenitcomestoourIcnow-ledge,weareAsham,i.e.wearetoregardourselvesashavingoffended,eventhoughithasbeenunwittingly;andcompen-sation mustbemade.Soalsowhentheoffenceisabreachofceremoniallaw,orifitisanactofidolatry(forwhiciiAshamisveryfrequentlyused,becausemanymayhavebeen
'TheEnglishwotAffviUmeanspuiled,thatistosay,deceived.
*Somecritics,however,connectitwiththej-ootQlti^toset;thesinmaylielatpnthutitissetorregardedasabreachoflawofGod,anditmustcomeundertliccognisanceoftheoflenlersoonerorlater.
§14.]Asham,orGuilt,139
ledintoidolatrywithoutseeingitsfearfulwickedness),whenthematterisbroughttoaman'scognisance,heisnottocontenthimselfwiththeexcusethatheactedinerror,butistoacknowledgehimselfasAsham,andistoofferanAshamoroffering^forhistrespass.
Theviewnowtakenwillcommenditselfmorefullytothemindontheconsiderationofthefollowingpassages,inwhichthewordAshamoccurs.
Lev.4.lo,'IfthewholecongregationofIsraelsinthrougherror(A.Y.ignorance),andthethingbehidfromtheeyesoftheassembly,andtheyhavedone(somewhatagainst)anyofthecommandmentsoftheLord(concerningthings)whichshouldnotbedone,andareguilty,'&c.;soalsoinverses22and27.InthesecasesacommandmenthasbeenbrokenTinwittingly;itafterwardscomestotheknowledgeoftheoffender,andheisAsham.
Lev.5.2,8,'Ifasoultouchanyuncleanthing,andifitbehiddenfromhim,healsoshallbeuncleanandguilty....whenheknowethit,lieshallheguilty';verse4,'Orifasoulswear....anditbehidfromhim,whenheknowethofit,thenheshallbeguilty';verses5,6,•'Anditshallbe,v>'henheshallbeguiltyinoneofthesethings,thatheshallconfessthathehathsinnedinthatthing,andheshallbringhistrespass-offering';verse15,'Ifasoulcommitatrespass(ma'al),andsinthrougherror(orignorance),intheholythingsoftheLord;thenheshallbringforhistrespassuntotheLordaram....foratrespass-offering';verse17,'Ifasoulsin,andcommitanyofthesethingsthatareforbiddentobedonebythecommandmentsoftheLord;thoughhewistitnot,yetheisguilty,andshallbearhis
iniquity;andheshallbringaramandthepriest
shallmakeanatonementforhimconcerninghisignorancew'hereinheerredandwistitnot,anditshallbeforgiven
»Seechap.16.§20.
140Sin,Wickedness,Trespass^andGiiiit.[Ch.VI.
liim.'Itisatrespass-offering:lieliatlicertainlytres-passed againsttheLord.'
ThesepassagesseemfairlytO'establishthemeaningofAsham,ButitisunfortunatethatunityofrenderinghasnotIjeenpreserved,asthereisnothing'toshowtheEnglishreadertheconnectionbetweenthewordsguiltyraidtrespass.
Wemaynowproceedtoexamineotherpassagesbythelightwhichhasbeenobtained.InNum.5.6,7,weread'Whenamanorwomanshallcommitanysinthatmencommit,todoatrespassCryo)againsttheLord,andthatpersonbeguilty(i.e.accordingtothepreviouspassages,thethingcometotheirknowledgeandtheybecomeconsciousoftheiroffence);thentheyshallconfesstheirsinwhichtheyhavedone:andheshallrecompensehistrespasswiththeprinci]3alpartthereof,andadduntoitthefifthpartthereof,andgiveituntohimagainstwhomhehathtres-passed.'
InJud.21.22,thepeopleofIsraelaredescribedasAshamor'guilty,'becausetheyhadthroughnegligencefailedtosupplywivestothechildrenofBenjamin.
In1Chron.21.3,thenumberingofthepeopleisdescribedbyJoabasacauseoftrespasstoIsrael.Thesinwouldbecommittedrmwittinglybythem,andtheywouldincuraresponsibilitythroughtheactoftheirsovereign.ThisAvefindactuallytookplace,andthepeoplewerepunishedasanationbecauseofthesinwhichtheyhadcommittedinun-consciousness, throughtheirHead.
In2Chron.19.10,theLevitesareehargedtowarntheirbrethrenthatinallcauses'Betweenbloodandblood,betweenlawandcommandment,statutesandjudgments,theytrespassnotagainsttheLord,andsowrathcomeuponyou,andyourbrethren.'Seechap.28.10,13,wherean
'Isitnotinsomedegreeimpliedherethatamanis,inameasureatleast,rceponsiblcforhisignorance!:
§14,]As/mm,orGtiilt.
141
instanceisgivenofasinbeingcommittedwliichwasonlyafterwardsseentobeasin.ComparealsoEzra10.19.
InProv.30.10,weread,'accnsenotaservantuntohismaster,lestliecursethee,andthoubefoundguilty,'i.e.hastunwittinglyincurredtheresponsibilityofcausingan-other persontosin.ComparetheoffencesagainstweakbrethrenspokenofbySt.Paulin1Cor.8.InEz.22.4,theProphetsaysofJerusalem,'thouartbecomeguiltyinthybloodthatthouhastshed,'i.e.'thouhastawakenedtoaconsciousnessofthydeedsofviolence.'Jer.2.3,'Allthatdevourhimslialloffend(i.e.shallfindoutafter-wards thattheyhavesinned);evilshallcomeU23onthem.'Jer.50.7,'Theiradversariessay.Weoffendnot.'Ez.25.12,'EdomhathtakenvengeanceagainstthehouseofJudah,andhathgreatlyoffended.'Hos.4.15,'ThoughthouIsraelplaytheharlot,yetletnotJudahoffend.'Chap.5.15,'Iwillgoandreturntomyplacetilltliexjac-knowledge theiroffence'(marg.6egidlty).Chap.10.2,'Nowshalltheybefoundfaulty'(compare2Sam.14.1:3,wherethesamerenderingisadopted).
Thereareonlytwootherpassagestobenoticed,namely,Ps.69.5,whereDavidseemstobesmartingunderafflictionswhichhavebroughthimtoconfesssinscommittedinnegli-gence ;andGen.42.21,wheretheoffencewhichhadbeencommittedagainstJosephsuddenlyflashesintothemindofhisbrethren—'weareverilyguiltyconcerningourbrother,'&c.
ItmaybegatheredfromaconsiderationofthesepassagesthatwhilstChathamarksthepeculiarnatureofsinasamissingofthemark,Ashamimpliesabreachofcommand-ment, wroughtwithoutdueconsideration,andwliicli,whenbroughttothenoticeoftheoffender,callsforamendsandatonement.
§15.MostoftheGreekwordswhichhavebeenreferredto
142S/ji,IVickedness,Trespass,andGuilt.[Cn.\t:.
illtlieforegoingsectionsaretobefoundintlieN.T.Theoriginalsenseofa^iapTavcoandChathaseemstobereferredtoinamostimportantpassageintheEpistletotheEomans(3.23),*AllhavesinnedandcomeshortofthegiorjofGod.'Thesinnerisonewhoisgoneoutofthewaj,andmissedorcomeshortofthemark.Christcametoseehaswellastosave,andsotobringmenbacktothatpathandtothatgoalwhichtheyhadmissed.
AllimportantdefinitionofsinisgivenbySt.James—'tohimthatknowethtodogood,anddoethitnot,tohimitissin'(4.17).Itwouldseemtobeimpliedthatwherethereisnoknowledgeofwhatisrightorwrongthereisnosin;andwiththisagreethewordsofourLordtothePharisees,'ifyewereblind,yeshouldhavenosin:butnowyesay,Wesee;thereforeyoursinremaineth'(John9.41).Theprofessionofknowledgeinvolvedrespons-ibility,andcausedthePhariseestobecondemned,outoftheirownmouth,assinners.Absoluteignoranceisexcusable,butnegligenceisnot(seeHeb.2.3).
Therelationshipofdvoixlatoa/aaprlaisclearlyshownin1John3.4,'Whosoevercommittethsincommittethini-quity {dvofiiav):andsinisiniquity.'SoagainwithregardtotheconnectionexistingbetweendSiKta,departurefromright,andd/uapTla,weread(1John5.17),'Allun-righteousness issin.'Asimilarrelationshipbetweendae^siaanddfiapTiaisimpliedinthejunctureofdcrs^slsanddfjiapTwXolin1Tim.1.9,1Pet.4.18,andJude15.Withregardtoallthesewordsforsin,itistobenoticedthatthe]!^ewTestamentleansupontheOld,andthatthevividteachingofthelatteristakenforgrantedasauthoritativebytheinspiredAvritersoftheChristianScriptures.
ThelabourandwearisomenessofsinisnotdweltuponintheN.T.,andthewordswhichimplyitareusuallyfoundinamorenoblesense,inconnectionwithtoilforChrist.With
§lo.]WordsforSin,&c.intheN.T.143
regardtokottos,onepassagemaybereferredtoasanillus-tration ofthisfact,namely,1Cor.3.8,wherewereadthateveryministershallberewardedaccordingtohisownlabour[kottov).Heshallnotberewardedbytheresultsproduced—thiswouldhaveinvolvedtheuseofthewordsp'^ov—butbytheamountoflabourexpended;hencekottosisused.Afewversesfurtherdownsp'yovisusedwithgreatpropriety,wherewereadthatthefireshalltestaman'swork,ofwhatsortitis.Herethepointofthepassageisthatitisnottheoutwardshoworbulk,buttherealvalueoftheworkdonewhichshallbethetestofaman'sfaithfulnessattheGreatDay.
Thewordskottosandix6-)(6osarefoundtogetherin2Cor.11.27,1Thess.2.9,and2Thess.3.8.Whiletheformerimpliespainsandlabour,thelattersignifiestoilofsuchasortasproducesweariness.
Wherettovosisused,itisgenerallytoindicateataxuponone'sphysicalstrength,whetherarisingfromtoilorfrompain.InEev.21.4,wearetoldthatthereshallbenoneofitinthenewheavenandearth.Theetymologicalrelation-ship betweenttovosandirovrjpiaisundoubted,thoughnopassagesintheIST.T.clearlyrefertoit,andthedoubleuseoftheword'Amalisexactlyanalogoustoit.TiovriplaisusuallytobeunderstoodintheN.T.assignifyingrapacity,whichisthefruitofcovetousness;andisusedof'evilspirits,'toindicate,perhaps,thatthetemptationsmenhavetoliveandlabourandspendforthemselvesalone,springfromthehiddeninfluencesoftheworldofsj^irits.
144Repentance,Conversion,,andAmeiidvicnt.[Cn.VIL
CHAPTERVII.
EEPENTANCE,CONVERSION,ANDAMENDMENT.
§1.Originalmeaningofthewordiracha.in,torepent.—§2.Itsren-derings intheLXX—§3.ComplexideasincludedunderthewordEepentance.—§4.MaimonidesonEepentance.—§5.Kosenmiiller,Beza,Erasmus,andLucasBrugensisonTcen'dcntia.—§6.TheRomanCatholicdoctrineofPenance.—§7.ElementsofRepentanceaccordingtotheN.T.—§8.OtheraspectsofthewordNacbamaaillustratedbytheLXX.—§9.ThesameillustratedbytheN.T.—§10.HebrewandGreekwordsforconversion.—§11.HebrewandGreekwordsforamendmentandffoodtiess.—§12.ThesameintheN.T.
§1.Thepreviouschaptersofthisbookhavebeenoccupiedwithdiscussiononthenames,andconsequentlyonthenatureandcapacities,ofGodandofman,andalsoonthevariedaspectsofhumansin.Attentionisnowtobecalledtosomeofthesacredwordsusedtoexpressthemoralorspiritualprocesswherebymanisrestoredtohistrueposition.Twoideasaresetforthinthe0.T.,andadoptedintheNew,inthisconnection;theonemarksthebringingofamantohimself,theotherthebringingofamantoGod;theoneisordinarilydesignatedrepentance,theotherconversion.Veryvariousviewshavebeenheldwithrespecttothemeaningofthewordrepentance.Sometakeittoindicateachangeofheartordisposition,othersachangeofmindorthought(theSinnesdnderungoftheBerlenburgerBible),othersachangeofaimorpurpose,andothersachangeoflifeorconduct.Withtheexceptionofthreepassages,namely,1Kin.8.47,Ez.14.6,and18.30(inwhichtheHebrewisShuv[niK'],andtheGreeksTnaTpscpw),theEnglish
»Seebelow,§10.
§2.]RenderingofNachaniintheLXX.145
wordrepentisusedintheA.V.torepresentoneaspectoftheHebrewNacham(on:),fromwhichthenameoftheprophetNahumisderived.Theoriginalmeaningofthiswordisgenerallyunderstoodtobetodrawadeepbreath,andthisistakenasthephysicalmodeofgivingexpressiontoadeepfeeling,eitherofrelieforsorrow.Thisreliefmayspringfromahealthysource,suchasdeliverancefromtrouble,orfromanunhealthysource,suchastheprospectofrevenge;'thesorrow,accordingtoScriptureusage,arisesfrombeliefinaDivinemessage,admonishingoneofone'sevilcourse.TheoneaspectofJJachamisrepresentedbythevireekirapaKokua-daL,theotherbyfiSTavoscv,andalsobyfj.£ra/jisX£a6ai.
§2.Therehasbeensomuchdifferenceofopinionastotherealmeaningofthewordrepentance,thatitwillbewelltoexaminethepassagesinwhichitisfound.
Nachamisrenderedby/ulstuvoslvinthefollowingpas-sages :—
1Sam.15.29,'ThestrengthofIsraelwillnotlie,norrepent;for
heisnotamanthatheshouldrepent.'Jer.4.28,'Ihavepurposedit,andAvillnotrepent.'
Jer.18.8,'IfthatnationagainstwhomIhavepronouncedturn
fromtheirevil,IwillrepentoftheevilthatI
thoughttodountothem.'Jer.18.10,'Ifitdoevilinmysight,thatitobeynotmyvoice,
thenIwillrepentofthegoodwherewithIsaid
Iwouldbenefitthem.'Joel2.13,14,'TheLord...repentethhimoftheevil.
Whoknowethifhewillreturnandrepent.'Am.7.3,6,'TheLordrepentedforthis.Itshallnotbe,saith
theLord.'Jonah3.10,'Godrepentedoftheevilthathehadsaidhewould
dountothem;andhediditnot.'Jonah4.2,'Thourepentesttheeoftheevil.'Zech.8.14,'Irepentednot.'
'Eventhisneednotnecessarilybeunhealthy.ThewordisusedintheDivineannouncement—'Iwilleasemeofmineadversaries,andavengemeofmineenemies'(Is.1>24).
L
146Repejitance,Conversio7i^andAmendment.[Ch."VTI.
AllthesepassagesrefertoGod'srepentance;thetwowhichremainrefertoman's:—Jer.8.6,'Nomanrepentedhimofliiswickedness,saying,WhathaveIdone?'Jer.31.19,'SurelyafterthatIwasturned,Irepented;andafterthatIwasinstructed,Ismoteuponmythigh.'Inthislattercasetheturningcamefirst,andtheexpressionoffeelingafterwards.
TheLXXhasixsra^sKo^iaiforNachaminthefollowing
passages:—
Gen.6.7,'ItrepentetlimethatIhavemadethem.'
1Sam.15.11,'ItrepentsthmethatIhavesetupSaultoheking.'
1Sam.15.35,'TheLordrepentedthathehadmadeSaulking
overIsrael.'1Chron.21.15,'TheLordbeheld,andherepentedhimoftheevil,andsaidtotheangelthatdestroyed,Itisenough,staynowthinehand.'Ps.106.45,'Herememberedforthemhiscovenant,andre-pented accordingtothemultitudeofhismercies.'Ps.110.4,'TheLordhathsworn,andwillnotrepent.'Jer.20.16,'LetthatmanbeasthecitieswhichtheLordover-threw, andrepentednot.'Ilosea11.8,'Mineheartisturnedwithinme,myrepentingsarekindledtogether.'
InthefollowingpassagesthisGreekwordisusedintheLXXofmarl'srepentance:—Ex.13.17,'Lestperadventurethepeoplerepentwhentheyseewar,andtheyreturntoEgypt';Ez.14.22,'Yeshallrepent(A.V.becomforted)concerningtheevilthatIhavebroughtuponJerusalem.'
§3.Itisevidentfromaconsiderationofthesepassagesthat,whenweapproachthesubjectofNewTestamentre-pentance, wemustnottieitdowntoostrictly,eithertooneformalprocess,ortoonesettimeinaman'slife,butmustunderstandbyitsuchastateofdeepfeeling,whetherwithregardtoaman'sownconductortoGod'slove,asleadstoachangeoramendmentoflife.Theetymologyandtheclassicalusageofthewords/xsravosLvandfisrafiiXsadaimust
§4.]MahnonidesojiRepentance.147
givewaybeforetliefactthatthesewordswereusedbyGreek-speakmgJews,'asrepresentativesofthepassiveandreflexivevoicesofNacham.Itishardindeedtofindoneexpressioninanylanguagewhichcanadequatelyrepresentthecomplexemotionsimpliedbytheword.Here,asonsomanyotherScripturetopics,oneisimjjressedbytheforceoftheoldsaying,'Wordsarefinite,thingsareinfinite.'AcarefulanalysisoftheusageofthewordNachaminthepassagesaboveenumeratedwillleadustotheconclusionthatitimj)lies,first,adeepfeelmg,whetherofsorrow,or(moreusually)ofrelief,arisingfromthecognisanceofaneworderofevents,orfromafreshimpressionconveyedbytheexistingorder;secondly,achangeofaim,liurpose,orplan,soastofallinwiththechangeoffeeling;thirdly,aconse-quent externalproofofthatchangeshowingitselfinchangeofaction.
WhenthewordrepentanceisusedwithreferencetoGod,thehumanideaofsorrow,butnottheconsciousnessofwrong-doing,isimplied.Whenitisusedwithreferencetoman,sorrowarisesfromasenseofsin,deeppainandgriefofheartarepouredupontheinnerconsciousness,aconvic-tion ofwrong-doinginitsvariedaspectsfillstheheartwithbitterness,andchangeofspirit,ofpurpose,andoftheout-ward lifeensue;andthereisalsoanunder-currentofreliefimpliedasaccompanyingthesorrow,forthepenitentdrawsadeepbreathasthesin,whichhasbeenleadinghimastray,showsitselftohiminitstruecolours,andgiveswaybeforetheannouncementofmercy.
§4.ThereisaremarkabletractonPenitence^writtenbyMosesMaimonides,inwhichthesubjectistreated,notasamatteroffeeling,butofpractice.Penitenceisdescribedas
1Seechap.1.§10.
-Aneditionofthistract,withaLatintranslationbyMr.Chivcring,waspub-lished inOxford,in1705.
X2
148Repentance,Convei^sion,andAmendment.[Cn.Ml.
theconditionofamanwho,hayingoncefallenintoasin,nowabstainsfromit,althoughtheinducementstoreturntoitareasstrongasever.Asweshouldexpect,theHebrewwordwhichthewriteradoptstorepresentthisprocess,isanounderivedfromshuv,toturn.Butthefirstopenstepinthischangeisconfession,whichistobeexpressedinthefollowingformofwords:—'0Lord,Ihavesinned;Ihavedonewrong,andhavebeenatransgressorbeforeThee,andIhavedonesuchandsuchthings;behold,1amsorry(Nacham),andamashamedbecauseofmymisdeeds,andIwillnevercommitanysuchoffencesagain.'Herethefeelingrepre-sented bythewordNachamisregardedasanessentialelementinthatcompositeprocesswhichwecallRepentance,whichtheGreekscalledfisrdvoia,andtheLatinsPcenitentia.Itisneithersorrowwithoutchange,norchangewithoutsorrow,butitissuchadeepfeelingofsorrowasgivesrisetoadeterminationtochange.
§5.ThelearnedRosenmiillerdefinesrepentancetobetheadmissionofwrong-doingfollowedbygriefandleadingtoawisercourse:'Postfactumsapere,etdeerroreadmissoitobdolereidsapias'^Accordingly,heholdstotheLatinresipiscereasthebestrenderingoftheword;andthisviewhasbeenverycommonsincethedaysofBeza,fromwhomRosenmiillertakeshisdefinitionalmostwordforword.ThedistinctionbetweenjxsTa/jLsXsia,regret,andfxsidvoia,re-consideration, whichBezaheld,mustnotbepressedveryfar,because,aswehaveseen,thesewordsareusedinalmostthesamesenseintheLXX.^
TheobjectionstotheLatinwordPcenitentiaasarenderingoffjLSTcivoLaweremoreforciblyexpressedbyErasmusinhis
'Schol.inN.T.
^TheopinionhereadvancedhasthesupportofEisner.SeealsoArclibishopTrench'sdiscussionsontheword.Inhisworlconthe'SynonjonsoftheN.T.'heisinclinedtodrawoutthedistinctionbetweenthetwowordsabove-named,butinhisworkonthe'AuthorisedVersion'heratherdisclaimsBeza'sresijpiscentia.
§G.]TheRomanCatholicDoctrineofPenance,149
Annotations,Buthewrotewitlioutatalltakingintocon-sideration tlieHebrewandJudseo-Greekusage,whencewederivetheword[isrdvoia.BecauseinhisdaystheRomansacramentof'penance,i.e.satisfactionforsinscommittedafterbaptism,wascalledbythesamenameaspenitence,orsorrowforsinscommittedeitherbeforeorafterbaptism,hethoughtthatsomeotherwordshouldbeadopted.Hecalled^oenitentiaabarbarismandasolecism,andtohimmustbegiventhecreditofpressinguponhiscontemporariesthewordresipiscentia,whichhadpreviouslybeenadoptedbyLactantius,asthebetterofthetwo.LucasBrugensis,however,wellrepliestha.tp)oenitentiahadafarwidermeaningamongstLatinecclesiasticalwritersthanwasusuallysup-posed ;itimpliednotonlysorrow,butalsoachangeforthebetter.Whilst,ontheotherhand,fisravoiahadawidermeaningthanchange;foritincludedsorroiv,andcompunc-tion ofheart.
§6.IntheDecreesoftheCouncilofTrent,acarefuldistinctionisdrawnbetweenthepcenitentiawhichprecedesbaptism,andthatwhichfollowsit.Theformerisgeneral,andconsistsofasorrowforsinwitharenunciationofwickedness.Herewehavethecomplexideaofrepentanceevidentlyimpliedintheusageoftheword,thoughnotinitsetymology.TheijoenitentiawhichfollowsafterbaptismisnotefficaciousaccordingtothetheoryoftheChurchofEome,withoutconfessionfollowedbysacerdotalabsolution.ThepassageuponwhichthisdoctrineissupposedtodependisJohn20.22,23,'EeceiveyetheHolyGhost.Whosesoeversinsyeremit,theyareremitteduntothem;andwhosesoeversinsyeretain,theyareretained.'
Satisfaction,accordingtotheTridentinetheology,consistsofcertainactsofself-denial,whethercorporalsuflPeringorotherwise,imposedonthepenitentaccordingtothejudg-ment ofthepriestandtherulesoftheChurch,forthe
150Repentance,Conversion,andAmendment.[Cn.vn.
purposeofbringingmenintogreaterconformitywithChrist;'because'Ifwesvfferwithhim,weshallalsobeglorifiedtogether.'Theseactsareconsideredtorepresentthe'fruitsmeetforrepentance,'andtobeacceptedbjGodthroughChrist.
§7.Theelementswhichmakeupthefisrdvoiaorrepent-ance demandedofmenaccordingtotheteachingoftheN.T.,areasfollows;—First,thereisthehearingaproclamationofDivinetruth,whetherwelcomeorunwelcome.SuchwastheannouncementofJonahtotheNinevites(Mat.12.41),thatthecityshouldbedestroyedwithinfortydays;thepro-clamation ofJohntheBaptisttothepeoplethatthekingdomofGodwasathand;thedeclarationofPetertotheJewsthatGodhadraisedupJesusfromthedead.Secondly,therewastheimpressionproduced—'Whatshallwedo9'—aquestionputtoJohntheBaptistinthewilderness,andtoPeterontheDayofPentecost.InthecaseofNineveh,therewerealsotheoutersignsofhumiliation(Mat.11.21);thesesigns,however,wouldbeoflittleworthunlessaccom-panied withtruesorrow'Afteragodlyfashion'(2Cor.7.9).Thentherewastherenunciationofthatevilcoursewhichwasnowacknowledgedtobewrong(Acts8.22;Pev.2.21).Lastly,therewasthechangeofrelationtoGod,sometimesimpliedintheword,andatothertimesenforcedbytheuseofanadditionalexpression,viz.iTriarpscpsiv,toturntoGod(Acts20.21,26.20).
TheverbfxsTa/xsXsadaLfallsintothebackgroundintheN.T.ItisonceusedwithrespecttoGod,viz.inHeb.7.21,whichisquotedfromVs.110.4;andfourtimesofman,viz.mMatt.21.29,32,27.3;2Cor.7.8.
§8.TheLXXsometimesrendersNaehambynravw,oroneofitscompounds,toindicatethecessationofa]3articular
•'UtperversitateabjectaetemendatatantiimDeioffensiouemcumpeccatiodioetpioanimidoloredetestarcntur.'—Sess.Xft1.
§8.]OtherAspectsoftheWordNacham.151
coiu'se.ThisisthecaseinIs.1.24,'Iwilleasemeofmineadversaries';Jer.26.3,42.10;andGen.5.29,'Thesameshallcomfortusconcerningourlabour.'InGen.27.42,whereweread,'Esaudothcomforthimself,'theLXXusesairsCksw,tothreaten^;asitdoesalsoinNum.23.19,'Godisnotthesonofmanthatheshouldrepent.'
WefindsXssco,tohavemercy,inIs.12.1,'Theirangeristurnedaway,andthoucomfortestme';Is.52.9,'TheLordhathcomfortedhispeople';Ez.24.14,'NeitherwillIspare,neitherwillIrepent';Zech.1.17,'TheLordshallyetcomfortZion.'VariousotherGreekwordsareusedinGen.6.6;Job42.6;Is.57.6;Jer.15.6;andEz.16.54.InEx.32.12,14,IXda-KOfMai,tobepropitious,isadopted.
Inalmostallthepassageswhichhavenotbeennowcited,inwhichthewordNacham,tobecomfortedortorepent,occursinthe0.T.,theLXXrenderingisTrapaKoXiw,andtheA.V.usuallyhascomfort;butthiswordinmodernusagehardlyconve^^stheetymologicalforcewhichitoughttohave.Itoriginallysignifiedsupportandencouragement,quiteasmuchasconsolation.The'comforter'or'advocate"oftheN.T.administershelpandstrengthaswellaspeaceandjoy;andthebeingcomfortedofteninvolvesbothacon-firmation intherightcourse,andalsoarelinquishingofapreviouscourse.
Itisneedlesstociteatlengththepassagesnowreferredto,whicharebetweensixtyandseventyinnumber.Nachamisalmostalwaysrendered'comfort'inthem,theexcep-tions beingDeut.32.36;Jud.2.18,21.6,15;2Sam.24.16;Ps.90.13,135.14;andHos.13.14,wheretheword'repent'isadoptedbyourtranslators,andwhere(withtheexceptionofthetwoinJud.21.)referenceismadetothe
'ThesewordsarethescuneintheGreekTestament.Seebelow.
152Repentance,Conversion,andA^nendr.ieiit.[Cn.VII.
changewliiclitookplaceinGod'scounselsandgovernment,wLietlierthecauseforthatchangelayinHisownnatureorinman'sproceedings.
§9.TheverbirapaKoKuvintheN.T,generallysignifiestobeseechratherthantoexhort.Itrepresentsanearnestnessandurgencypromptedbydeepfeeling—seeforexampleMatt.8.5,wheretheleperfallsbeforeChrist,*beseechinghim'tocleansehim;Eom.12.1,'IbeseechyoubythemerciesofGod.'Sometimes,however,itsignifiestocomfortorcheerup,asin2Cor.1.4,'Whocom-fort ethusinallourtribulations.'Inthepassivevoicethelattersenseprevails.Thusweread(Matt.5.4),'Blessedaretheythatmourn,fortheyshallbecomforted.'
Theword'iTapdKkr}TosoccursfivetimesintheN.T.Infourofthesepassageswehaverendereditbythewordcomforter.Inthefifth,althoughwehaveourLord'sauthorityforadoptingthesamerenderingintheonecaseasintheother,'wehaverendereditAdvocate.TheYulgatehasparaclitusinJo.14.16,andadvocatusin1Jo.2.1;soLutherhasTrosterandFursprecher.ThewordBeistandadoptedbyDeWetteandVanEssgivesrathertheclassicalthantheJudseo-Greeksense.
ThenounirapdKXrjcnsseemsusuallytorepresentacom-forting exhortation,orelsethecomfortwhichisproducedbyit.ItmaybenoticedthatourtranslatorshavenotretainedtheidentityofrenderingwhichiscalledforinEom.15.4and5,wherethiswordoccurs.Intheoneversewereadof'patienceandcomfort'oftheScriptures,intheotherof'theGodofpatienceandconsolation.'TheapostleherebeautifullyrepresentsthetruththattheScrip-tures arethemeansofconveyingthatpatienceandcomfortofwhichGodisthesource.
''HeshallgiveyouanotherComforter,'implyingthattheyhadonealready,evenHimself.JohninhisFirstEpistlemaywellbesupposedtohavethispassageinliismindwhenheusesthewordirap6.K\7]TosofChrist.
§.10]HebrewandGreekluordsforConversion.153
§10.TwowordsanswertotheEnglishwordconversioninthe0.T.Hapliac(-jDn)?ioturn,isusedinIs.60.5,'Theabundanceoftheseashallbeconverteduntothee.'Shuv(nvj')?toreturn,isthegeneralword.ItisfoundinPs.61.13,'Sinnersshallbeconverteduntothee';Ps.19.7,'ThelawoftheLordisperfect,converting(orrestoring)thesoul';Is.1.27,'Zionshallberedeemedwithjudgment,andherconverts(ortheythatreturnofher)withright-eousness';Is.6.10,'Lesttheyseewiththeireyes,andhearwiththeirears,andunderstandwiththeirheart,andconvertandbehealed.'Inthesej)assages,withtheex-ception ofPs.19.7,thewordisusedintheactivevoice,andinaneutersense,andmightberenderedreturn.Theverbisconstantlyusedtogivethesenseof'again'or'back,'withasecondverbsignifyingtocome,go,bring,get,restore,return,reward,pervert,deliver,recompense,recover,requite,retrieve,reverse,answer,&c.Whenappliedtowhatwecallconversion,itimpliessuchaprocessasweseeexemplifiedinthestoryoftheProdigalSon.
TheLXXusuallyrendersShuvbysTnaTps<^(£),whichisthegeneralwordusedtorepresenttheturningofthehearttoGod,whetherfromJudaism,idolatry,orsin,intheN.T.SeeforexampleGal.4.9;1Thess.1.9;James5.19,20.Thisword,however,needsthehelpoftheHebrewShuv,inordertobringoutamostimportantpoint,namely,thattheprocesscalledconversionorturningtoGodisinrealityare-turning,oraturningbackagaintoHimfromwhomsinhasseparatedus,butwhosewearebyvirtueofcreation,preservation,andredemption.
§11.Theideaofamendmentorimprovementhasbeensanctionedbyourtranslatorsinafewpassages.In2Chron.34.10,wherewereadoftheamendingoftheHouseoftheLord,theHebrewwordisChazak,tobestrong.InJer.7.3,5,26.13,35.15('Amendj^our
154Repentance,Conversion,andAmendment.[Cn.\T[.
waj's'),wefindYathav(ataOj'^*^makegood.Thiswordisusedinagreatvarietyofsensesinthe0.T.Thusitissaidthat'Godsawallthathehadmade,andbeholditwasverygood,'Gen.1.31;inEx.2.2,Mosesiscalled'agoodlychild';thetentsofIsraeltooarecalled'goodly,'Num.24.5;itisusedofabeautifulwoman,2Sam.11.2;ofthefairdaughtersofmen.Gen.6.2;offairhouses.Is.5.9;ofpreciousointment,Ps.133.2,Ecc.7.1;oftheidolreadyforthesodering.Is.41.7;ofwelfare,Neh.2.10;ofprosperity,Deut.23.6,Zech.1.17;ofwealth,Job21.13;ofagooddowry.Gen.30.20;ofthetreewhichwasgoodforfood.Gen.3.6;andofamerryheart,1Sam.25.36.Thethoughttobegatheredfromaconsiderationofthesej)assagesisthattruegoodnessisnotanabsolutemoralqualityinthesenseinwhichthetermisoftenunderstood,butsignifiesthdtwliicliisagreeableorijleasingtothewill,taste,ordispositionofGod.Hencetheverbisrenderedtoplease,ortobej)leasantinone'seyes,e.g.Neh.2.6,Ps.69.31;tofindfavour,1Sam.2.26,29.6;tobeaccepted,Lev.10.19,1Sam.18.5.
Itmaythereforebeconcludedthatsofarasmaniscon-cerned, thereisnosuchthingasabstractgoodness,andthatwherethewordisusedinamoralsense,itimpliesthatthereisacertaincourseofconductwhichistobefollowedbymanbecauseitispleasantinGod'ssight,owingtothenatureofHisownattributesandcharacter.Ifthisviewbecorrect,wearetounderstandthatwhenJeremiahsays'amendyourways,'hedoesnotmean'improvethem'intheabstract,orwithrelationtowhattheywerebefore;butrather,'makeyourcoursesuchasisagreeabletoGod,anddowhatiswellpleasinginhissight.'
WhenMartinLuthermadehisfirsttranslationoftheNewTestament,headoptedthephrasebesserteuch,'betteryour-selves '(aphraseansweringto'amendyourways')asa
§12.]ThesameintheN.T.155
renderingfor/israi/o£iT5,repent;butafterafewyears,hereturnedtotliecustomarypliraseofthecountry,tlmiBusse,aphraseansweringtoDope7ianceorBepenitent.Perhapshewasmovedtothischangebythefeelingthatmoralamendmentintheabstractwasnoequivalentforrepentance,andtendedrathertomislead."Insevenpassages,hehasReue,regret;thusthe'repentancenottoberepentedof(Yulg.poenitentimnstahilem)isrendered'eineReuefdieNiemandgereuet,''aregretwhichnomanregrets.
ThereareseveralrenderingsforthiswordintheLXX,butLfyaOos,KaXos,and'x^p'qarosarethemostcommon.AjyaOosisgenerallybutnotalwaysusedofmoralgoodness,asop-posed toirovripla,wickedness,intheN.T.,buttheideaofwhatispleasantinGod'ssightisimplied.InthecaseofthewordkoXos,theelementsoffairnessandnoblenessunderlietheideaofgoodness.
§12.WherexPV^^tosisusedintheN.T.,theideaofkindnessorkindlinessisspeciallyintroduced.ThuswheretheLordsays0^vyosjjlov'xpTqaros(Matt.11.30)wemightrenderHiswords'myyokeishindly'—somethingmorethaneasy;itisgratefultothespiritualsenseoftheconvertedman.Soofwine,w^emayreadinLuke6.39,'Theoldismorekindly';Luke6.35,'Heiskindtotheunthankful';Rom.2.4,'ThekindnessofGodleadeththemtorepentance';1Cor.15.33,'Evilcommunicationscorruptkindlymanners';1Pet.2.3,'IfsobethatyehavetastedthattheLordiskind'(quotedfromPs.34.8).
Thenoun'x^prjaTorrisisusedinthesamesense,e.g.inTit.3.4,whichisliterally'whenthekindnessandphilanthropyofourSaviourGodwasmanifested—notspringingfromanyworkswhichweourselveshaddonein
'AnexactlysimilarcoursewasadoptedinthecaseofthePolishProtestantBil)le,which,whenissuedunderthesanctionofPrinceKadziwil,hadawordwhichsignifiedamendmentinmanypassages,whichwereafterwardsalteredbytheKeformcdChm-chofDantzicinfavouroftheoldwordPokiita(i.e.Pcniteticc).
156Repentance,Conversion,ajiciAmendment.[Cn.vii.
thewayofrighteousness,butarisingoutofthemercyofhisownnature—Hesavedus,'&c.Thesepassagesgotoshowthatrepentanceandconversion,orchangeoffeelingandchangeofrelationtoGod,aretheresultoftheDivineloving-kindness;andamaniswonfromsinneitherbythecalculationsofinterestorreason,norbytheterrorsofwrathorhell,butbytheknowledgeoftheloveofGodinChristJesus.
§1.]VariouszvordsrenderedperfectintheO.T.157
CHAPTERVIIL
PERFECTIONANDPEACE,
§1.Variouswordsrenderedperfectinthe0.T,—§2,Thecoi*re-spondingwordsintheN.T.—§3,Shalam,itsusageandvariousaspects.—§4.MeaningofthewordTtaamain.—§5.TheideaofPeaceintheN.T.—§6.RektionshipofOnenessandPerfectionin-theN.T.—§7-Developmentandmaturity.—§8.Christ'sperfectionthroiighsuffer-ings.—§'J.FaultlessnessandcompletenessinChristandtheChristian.
§1.Themoralrelationshipexistingbetweenideaswhichatfirstsightappearutterlyunconnectedwithoneanother,isseldommorebeautifullyillustratedthaninthechoiceofHebrewwordswherebytheideasofperfectionorcom-pleteness areportrayedinScripture.
Afewpassagesmayfirstbenoticedinwhichthereissomeuncertaintyastotheaccuracyofourauthorisedtranslation.Thus,in2Chron.24.13,theword(nsiiK)renderedper-fection isgenerallyunderstoodtosignifyhealth;butourownlanguagetestifiestoarelationshiphere,forhealthiswholeness,andwholenessiscompleteness.Tohealistomakewhole,andalsotomakeholy.
InJer.23.20,wheretheA.V.reads'Yeshallconsideritperfectly,'wemightbetterrenderthewordintelligently(nrn).WhenthePsalmistsays(138.8),'TheLordwillper-fect thatwhichconcernethme,'heusesthewordGamar(iDj);.^'0finish,implyinghisconfidencethatGod,havingbegunthegoodwork,willcompleteit.SoEzraisdescribedasaperfect,i.e.afinishedscribe(Ezra7.6).
InProv.4.18,theA.V.reads,'Thepathofthejustisastheshinino-lightthatshinethmoreandmoreuntothe
158PerfectionandPeace.[Cn.Yin.
perfectday.'Tliisverseissometimesunderstoodasifitmeantthattliewayoftlierigliteousislikethesun,thelightofwhichkeepsincreasinginbrightnessuntilthenoonday.Butthewordhererenderedperfect(jn)properlymeanstofixorestablish,andthetruthtaughtisthatthewayoftherighteousislikethedawninglight,whichin-creases moreandmoreinsteadinessandbrightnessuntilthefullsunarisesandthusestablishestheday(LXX'iuL>sKaTopdoxjr)T]r\jXipa).
ThewordusedinJob.15.29,isNalah,whichsignifiesattainment,sothatwhenEliphazisrepresentedassayingofthewickedman,'Heshallnotprolongtheperfection'ofhissubstanceontheearth,hemeaiisthat,eventhoughheshouldgetwealth,hecannotlongremaininpossessionofit.
Twowords,nearlyrelatedtoeachother,andbothsigni-fying completionoraconsummation,namelyCalah(n^3)andCalal(^"pd),arefoundseveraltimesintheScripture.Thus,inJob11.7,weread,'CanstthoufindouttheAlmightyuntoperfection,'i.e.'entirely'?Job28.3,'Hesearchethoutallperfection,'i.e.nothingishidfromHim;Ps.50.2,'OutofZiontheperfection(i.e.theclimax)ofbeautyGodhathshined';Ps.119.96,'Ihaveseenanendofallperfection(i.e.Ihavethoroughlyexaminedtheutmostlimitsofallthingshuman),butthycommandmentsareexceedingbroad';Ps.139.22,'Ihatethemwithaperfect(i.e.aconsummate)hatred';Lam.2.15,'Isthisthecitythatmencalltheperfectionofbeauty?'SeealsoEz.16.14,27.3,4,11,and28.12.
ThesetwowordsareusuallyrenderedavvTekso),avprsXsLa,a^avaXicTKW,iravw,andekXelttcobytheLXX.
§2.ThewordavvrsKsiaoccurssixtimesintheNewTestament,andalwaysinonephrase—avursKsiatovalwvos,orTwvaloovwv.FiveofthesepassagesareinSt.Matthew
§3.]SJialain,itsUsageandVariousAspects.159
(13.39,40,49,24.3,28.20);heretheexpressionisrendered'theendoftheworld.'Thisphrase,whenitoccursintheGospels,refers,accordingtotheviewofmostcommentators,totheendofthepresentdispensation.ButintheEpistletotheHebrews(9.26),wemightrenderthewords'nowonceforthecompletionoftheagesordispensations'[vvvSsarra^sttIcrvuTsXstara)VaccovMv).TheVulgate,consummatiosfecidi,theconsummationoftheage,isanadmirablerender-ing oftheGreek,andwellsustainsthemeaningoftheHebrewCalah.TheGermanwordforperfection,Vollkom-nienheit,answerswelltoCalahandavvrsXeicrOaL,butithasnotbeenretainedinthepassagesnownoted.
§3.WenowcometooneofthemostimportantwordsusedinHebrewtorepresenttheideaofperfection,namely,Shalam{x^\>>).Itsusualsignificationispeace,thenameSalemorShalembeingderivedfromit.TheI'ootmayliaveoriginallysignifiedonenessortvholeness,andsocom-pleteness. TheshadesofmeaningpossessedbythewordShalamintheScripturesaredeeplyinterestingtotheChristian,astheybeautifullyharmonisewiththedoctrineoftheatonement,orpeacewithGodthroughJesusChrist.Notonlydoesitrepresenttheideasofpeaceandper-fection, butalsoofcompensationorrecompense;andallthesemeaningsseemtoblendtogetherintheworkofChrist.
ThechiefrepresentativesofShalamintheLXXareuiroSiBocifjii,torender;dvraTroSiSwfMt.,torecompense;'aVoTt'w,toretaliate;vyialvco,tobewhole,orinhealth;£ipr]vr],-peace;crtoTj^piov,salvation;ts\.sios,perfect;andoXoKXrjpos,whole,whichlastwordisfoundinthephrase'wholestones'inDeut.27.6,andJos.8.31.
1ThiswordoccursasarenderingforSbalaminDeut.32..35,'IwillrepaysaiththeLord'—wordstwicequotedintheN.T.SeeEom.12.19andHeb.lO.30.
16oPcTfcctlonandPeace.[Ch.\'in.
ThepassagesinwliicliShalamisrenderedperfectintheA.V.areasfollows:—
Dtnit.25.15,'Aperfectandajustmeasureslialtthouhave.'
1Kin.8.61,'LetyoiirheartbeperfectwiththeLordourGod,to
walkinhisstatutes.'(Heretherelationhsipbetweenperfectionandonenesscomesout.A'perfectheart'isalsoreferredtointhesamesensein1Kin.11.4,15.3,14;2Kin.20.3;1Chron.12.38,28.9,29.9,19;2Chron.15.17,16.9,19.9,25.2;andIs.38.3).
2Chron.8.16,'SothehouseoftheLordwasperfected.'
Is.26.3,'ThouAviltkeephiminperfectpeace.'(Shalom
Shalom).Herethewordisreiterated,andourtranslatorshavecombinedtwoofitsraeaningainoneexpression.
Is.42.19,'"Whoisblindashethatisperfect?'
ThefollowingrenderingshavealsobeengiventotheverbShalamintheA.V.:—tobeended,tobefinished,toprosper,tomakeamends,topay,toperform,tore-compense, torepaj,torequite,tomakerestitution,torestore,toreward.Inallthesecasesthereisimpliedabringingofsomedifficultytoaconclusion,afinishingoffofsomework,aclearingaway,bypaymentorlabourorsuifering,ofsomecharge.
InProv.11.31,weread,'therighteousshallberecom-pensed intheearth;muchmorethewickedandthesinner.'Herewehavefortherighteous'compensation,'or,accordingtotheLXX,'salvation,'or,wemightsay,'peace'onearth;butthemessengerofpeacetotherighteousconveysbyimplicationapresageofwrathtothew'icked.TheLXXrenderingofthesewordsisadoptedbySt.Peter,whenhesays,'Iftherighteousscarcelybesaved,whereshalltheungodlyandthesinnerappear?'(1Pet.4.18).
§4.TheotherwordtobeconsideredisThamam(DDn),whencethenameoftheThummim(perfections)isderived.Itis
§5.]TheIdeaofPeaceintheNewTestament.i6i
supposedtobebestrenderedbythewordsunblemislied,entire{integer)andsincere.Ourtranslatorsrenderit,inoneorotherofitsforms,asperfect,plain,undefiled,upright,integrity,simplicity,full,ataventure,withoutblemish,sincere,sound,withoutspot,whole,tobeconsumed,tobeaccomplished,toend,tofail,tobespent,tobewasted.
§5.Thewordisusedeitherinitsverbalorsubstantivalforminthefollowingpassages:—
Gen.6.9,'Noahwasajustman,andperfectinhisgeneration.'Gen.17.1,'WalkbeforeMe,andbethouperfect'(Luther,
Fromm,i.e.pious).Lev.22.21,'Thesacrifice...shallbeperfecttobeaccepted;
thereshallbenoblemishtherein.'Deut.18.13,'ThoushaltbeperfectwiththeLordthyGod.'Deut.32.4,'HeistheRock,Hisworkisperfect'
1Sam.14.41,'Giveaperfectlot,'or'Shewtheinnocent'(others
render'Giverightjudgment,''Giveholiness,'or'Givetruth').
2Sam.22.31,'AsforGodHiswayisperfect'(inverse26the
samewordisrendered'upright').2Sam.22.33,'Hemakethmywayperfect.'ComparePs.18.30,
32.Job1.1,'Thatmanwasperfectandupright.'Seeverse8,
2.3.Job8.20,'BeholdGodwillnotcastawayaperfectman.'
Job9.20,1'(IfIsay)Iamperfect,itshallalsoprovemeper-
21,22,jverse.ThoughifIv.'ereperfect,yetshouldI
notknowmysoiil...Hedestroyeththeperfect
andthewicked.'SeealsoJob22.3,36.4,37.16.Ps.19.7,'ThelawoftheLordisperfect.'Ps.37.37,'Marktheperfectman,andbeholdtheupright.'SeealsoPs.64.4,101.2,6;Prov.2.21,11.5;Is.18.5,47.9;and
Ez.28^15.
TheLXXrepresentstheThummimthreetimesbydXT]9sLa,^andoncebyrsksLcoais.Theverbthamamis
'ItwasremarkedbyHodythattherenderinga\r)06iaforThumraimwasaprocfoftheAlexandrinecharacteroftheearlypartoftheLXX.iEhantellsus
M
162PerfectionandPeace.[Ch,vill.
renderedhtcKsunuiandavvTzkiw.Intwopassages,2Kin.22.4,andDan.9.24,ithasbeenrenderedacfipayl^oo,toseal.Thesealingwasthelastacttobeperformedtoadocument,andsomarkeditsaccomplishment;hence,whenwereadofseventyweeksbeingdetermined*tosealupthevisionandprophecy,'wearetounderstandthecom^jletionoftheprophecy,eitherofitsutteranceorofitsfulfilment;orelsereferencemaybemadetothecompletionofthecanonofScripture,ortothefinalaccomplishmentofallGod'sutter-ances concerningHispeople.
Theadjectivalformofthewordisgenerallyrendereda/iw/ioy,unblemished;buttsXslosoccursinseveralpassages,anda/xsfj,7rTosinafew.In1Kin.6.22,wemeetwiththewordavvTsXsta;andinIs.1.6,wefindbXoKkrjpi'a,wholeness.
§6.OnexaminingthepassageswherethewordpeaceoccursintheNewTestament,wecannotbutbestruckwiththeprominencewhichitassumes;andthemorecarefullythesubjectisanalysed,the"moreclearlywillitbeperceivedthatthepeacewithGod,wroughtfortheChristianthroughChrist'sbloodandsustainedinhisheartbytheagencyoftheHolySpirit,isnotmerelyafreedomfromenmity,thoughthatisanessentialpart,butalsoanabsoluteone-ness orfellowshipbetweentheFatherandHischildren,aspiritualrelationship,producingacompletenessinthenatureofman.ThetruthispointedoutthathumanbeingswereneverintendedtobecompleteorhappywithoutGod,andtheworkofChristhasbeentocarryoutinthemtheoriginalintentionaccordingtowhichtheirmoralandspiritualconstitutionwasframed.Asabranchisincom-plete andliabletodecaywhenbrokenofffromthevine,soisthechildofAdamwhenseveredfromGod;theatonement
thatEgyptianmagistratesusedtowearacarvedsapphirestoneroundtheirneck,andthatitwascalledaXrideia.TheUrimandTbummimaremanifestationandtruthintheGreek,doctrineandtruthintheLatin,lightandrightintheGerman.
§7.]DevelopmentandMaturity.i6
o
istheprocesswherebythebranchisgraftedintothevineagain,menarereconciledtoGodinthecrucifiedChrist,andthelifeofGodresumesoncemoreitsproperfunctionsintheheartofman.
§7.Thereisoneremarkablepassageinwhichper-fection andonenessarecombinedtogether,namely,John17.23,whereourSaviourprayswithrespecttohisdisciplesthattheymaybe'perfectedinone,'or,moreliterally,'com-j)letedintoone.'ThesameidearunsthroughtheN.T.;theperfectionofeachpartofthebodydependsuponthecompletenessofthewhole.Christis'ourpeace'becauseHehasmadeboth(i.e.bothJewandGentile)one,andhasdoneawaywiththemiddlewallofthepartition;thetwainHehascreatedinhimselfintoonenewman,somakingpeace,andhasreconciledbothinonebodytoGodbymeansofthecross(Eph.2.14-16).Thereisonebody,theChurch,andoneSpirit,inWhombothJewandGentilehaveaccesstotheFatherthroughChrist.WhiletheGospeldevelopesindividuality,itrepressesisolation.Thewholebodyofdisciples{olnravres:)willbecomeacompleteman(Eph.4.13);andeverymanistobepresentedcomplete,notinhim-self, butinChristJesus(Col.1..28);forfromChrist,whoisthehead,thewholebodygetsitssustenance(Eph.4.16).
§8.OurLord,whenspeakingofHisowncourse,usesthewordTsXsiocoseveraltimes.Thus,inLuke13.32,hesays,'Imustwalkto-day,andto-morrow,butonthethirddayIshallbeperfected.'MayHenotherebereferringtoHisthreeyears'ministry,'eachdayrepresentingayear,accord-ing toapropheticschemewhichhasDivinesanction?Again,whenrequestedbyHisdisciplestotakesomere-freshment, theLordanswered(John4.34),'Mymeatisto
'Thewriteriswellawarethattherearegreatauthorities,bothinthiscoiintryandothers,whoholdthatourLord'sministrywasconfinedtoamuchshorterperiod;intJieiropinionthesuggestionbarelyhazardedabovewillbeutterlyworthless.
M2
[64PerfectionandPeace.[Cn.Mil.
dothewillofhimthatsentme,andtoperfectorcom-plete hiswork.'Thesesublimewordsteachusthatobediencenecessarilyproducesorimpliessustenance,andtheygiveusaglimpseintothelawofcontinuitywhichexistsintheDivinelifeoftheEternalSon.Onearth,itistheworkofafathertosustainhischild,andofasontoobeyhisfather,andofeachtolovetheother;andthisisafainttran-script oftherelationshipevercontinuinginHeavenbetweentheFatherandtheSon.ItmaybethatsustenanceandobedienceareeternallycorrelativeintheDivinenature.
§9.InanothersetofpassagesinwhichtheverbtsXslocooccursintheN.T.,thelifeofGodissetforthasreceivingitshighestdevelopedmanifestationinman.Thusin2Cor.12.9,weread,'Mypowerisperfectedinweakness.'In1John2.5,'Whosoeverkeepethhisword,verilyinthismanistheloveofGodperfected.'1John4.12,'Ifweloveoneanother,Godabidethinus,andtheloveofGodisperfectedinus.'ThesepassagesshowthattheDivineperfectionisspeciallymanifested(ifnotdeveloped)intheinworkingofheavenlygraceinthehumanlife;thushere,again,therelationshipbetweenonenessandperfectionisillustrated.
Again,therearesomepassagesinwhichthewordrsXstosmarksanadvancedstageofdevelopmentinspiritualthings,andisappliedtothosewhoare'grownup,'asopposedtothosewhoarechildren,andonlypartlyinformed.PerhapswemayreadinthissenseourLord'swordstotheyoungman,'Ifthouwiltbeperfect(ormature),gosellallthatthouhast'(Matt.19.21).Thisistheideapresentin1Cor.2.6,'Thoughourpreachingisfoolishnessintheeyesoftheworld,yetitiswisdominthejudgmentofthemature.'1Cor.14.20,'Inunderstandingbe(notchildren,but)mature.'Phil.3.15,'Asmanyasaremature,letusbethusminded.'Heb.5.14,'Strongmeatisforthemthatare
§10.]CompletenessinChristandtJieClu^istian.165
mature,'i.e.thathaveemergedoutofthestateofhifancy.InthesepassagesthewordratheranswerstotheHebrewrootcalah.
§10.ThewordrsXetWiponlyoccurstwiceintheN.T.ThefirstpassageisLuke1.45,whereitsignifiestheaccom-plishment ofGod'spromises;theotherisHeb.7.11,wherewereadthat,iftherehadbeents\slco<tl9,completeness,bymeansoftheLeviticalpriesthood,therewouldhavebeennonecessityfortheraisingupofapriestafteranorderotherthanthatofAaron.TheLeviticalsacrificeswerenotofakindtoperfecttheworshipperaspertainingtotheconscience(9.9,10.1).ThejjriestborethersXsicoatsorthunimimonhisbreast-plate,butitwasonlyashadow,ofwhichChristgivesusthesubstance.CompletenessisonlyattainablethroughtheSaviour.HeHimselfwasper-fected' fortheworkofthepriesthoodthroughsuffering(Heb.2.10),andbeingthusperfectedHebecametheauthororcauseofeternalsalvationtoallthatobeyHim(5.9).Heisnotnowapartakerofhumaninfirmity,butisdescribedas'ason,perfectedforevermore'(7.28).TheeffectofHisministryonmanisthusdescribed—'Byoneofferinghehathperfectedforeverthemthataresanctified'(10.14).Thisperfectness,givenbytheofferingofthePerfectPriest,hasaretrospectiveaswellasapresenteffect.Thosewhodiedinfaithunderpreviousdispensations'withoutuswerenotmadeperfect,'11.40;now,however,therighteouswho
'SomerenderthewordT€\ei6a!toconsecrateiuthisandotherpassages;andtheyhavetheLXXasauthorityforsodoing.See,forexample,Ex.29.22,&e.;Lev.S.22,&c.,whereitanswerstotheHebrewexpression,'tofillthehands,"i.e.'toconsecrate;'rotsx^W^heingaddedinsomecases,butnotinothers.ButitmustbeborneinmindthatinourLord'scaseHisbeingperfectedthroughsufferingwas,asamatteroffact.Hisconsecration,andtheLeviticalformalsolemnityofconsecrationhasgivenwaytotheprocessof'learningobediencebythethingssuffered,'wherebytheLordwasconstitutedaperfectHighPriest,onethatcouldsympathisewithallthetroublesandtemptationsofHispeopleinthatHeHimselfhadsufferedbeingtempted.
166PerfectionandPeace.[Ch.vm.
livedillpasttimesaremadeperfect,andtlieirspiritsarebeforethethrone(Heb.12.23).
§11.Itmaybefurtherobservedthataseverysacrificeiindertheolddispensationvrastobea/iw/^oy,andfreefromblemish,soChristofferedhimselfwithoutspottoGod(Heb.9.14,and1Pet.1.19);andsoalsoChristiansaretobenotonlyotjiol,orseparatefromtheeviloftheworld,butalsoafiwfxoi^orfreefrommoralblemishes,Eph.1.4<,5.27;Phil.2.15;Col.1.22;Jude24;Eev.14.5.
Theworda/j,sfj,7rTosisusedofblamelesscharacters,andisappliedinLuke1.6,toZachariasandElizabeth,andinPhil.3.6,toSaulthePharisee.InPhil.2.15,and1Thess.3.13,itissetforthasthecharacteristicofthetrueChristian,andasapplicabletotheheartaswellastotheoutwardlife.Comparealsotheusesoftheadverbialformin1Thess.2.10,and5.23.InHeb.8.7,8,thewordservestomarkthecon-trast betweenthetwodispensations:'Ifthefirsthadnofaulttohefoundinit{aixsfji'inos),placewouldnothavebeensoughtforasecond(butthisisnotthecase);forfindingfault{fis/jL(}i6fjbsvos),hesaith,Beholdthedayscome,'&c.
Theword6\oK\r]pLaisusedofthewholenessorperfectsoundnessofthebodyinActs3.16;andtheadjectiveisusedinJames1.4,whereitiscoupledwithrsXsios,andalsoin1Thess.5.23,whereSt.Paulpraysforthesaints,thattheirwholebody,soul,andspiritmaybepreservedblame-less.
Yashar,orRectihide.167
CHAPTEEIX.
UPEIGHTNESS,FAITH,ANDHOPE.
§1.Moralconnectionbetweenthesubjectsofthepresentchapter.—§2.MeaningandusageofVashar.—§3.ItsGreekrepresentativesintheN.T.-—§4.Thamam,orintegrity.—§5.Tsadak,orrighteoxis-ness.—§6.SSisIipatli,orjudgment.—§7.Otherwordsofcognatemeaning.—§8.iiman,truthorfaithfulness.—§9.Hebrewwordsren-dered trust.—§10.Batbacb,toconfidein.—§11.Wordsrenderedhope.—§12.ThedistinctionbetweenfaithandtrustobservedintheN.T.—§13.TheChristian/azY^.—§14.RelationshipbetweentriLstandhojpeintheN.T.
§1.Thesubjectsdiscussedinthepresentchapterwillbefoundtogroupthemselvesroundthreeleadingideaswhichlieatthefoundationofthatwhichisright;asitissetbeforemaninScripture.First,wearegivenaconceptionofrectitude,orthekeepingtoastraightandevenline,asopposedtodepravity,whichswervesfromtheappointedcourse;secondly,wearepresentedwithanideaoffixed-ness, stability,andrealisationoftheWordofGod,ascontrastedwiththatwhichistransient,uncertain,andillu-sory ;and,thirdly,thereissetforthaspiritofdepen-dence onHimwhoistheSourceofRightandTruth.
§2.Theideaofrectitudeispresentedbythewordyashar(-iti*^)?whencethenameJasherisderived.WherevertheA.V.usesthewordequity,itisarenderingofyashar,exceptinEcc.2.21,wherecishron(inc'a),prosperity,isused,andalsoinIs.69.14,wherenacoach(ni3:),thebeinginarightline,isfound(compareIs.26.10,and57.2,wherethesamewordisrendereduprightness).
168Uprightness,Faith,andHope.[Ch.IX.
YasharisrenderedjustinProv.29.10,andrighteousintliefollowingpassages:—
Letmediethedeathoftherighteous.'
Whereweretherighteouscutoff.'
Theretherighteousmightdisputewithhim.'
Num.23.10,Job4.7,Job23.7,Ps.67.4,1^and96.10,jPs.107.42,Prov.2.7,Prov.3.32,Prov.14.19,Prov.15.19,Prov.28.10,
Thoushaltjudgethepeoplerighteously.'
Therighteousshallseeitandrejoice.'Helayethupsoundwisdomfortherighteous.'ThesecretoftheLordiswiththerighteous.'Thewickedbowatthegatesoftherighteous.'Thewayoftherighteousismadeplain.'Whosocauseththerighteoustogoastrayinanevilway,heshallfallhimselfintohisownpit.'
TheLXXrenderstheverbyasharbyapsa-Kw,KarevOvvco,andKaropdooo;alsobyopOoTo/jLsco,intwopassages,namely,Prov.3.6,'Heshalldirectyourpaths';and11.5,'Therighteousnessoftheperfectshalldirecthisway.'
§3.TheverbKaTsvOuvaisusedonlythreetimesintheN.T.:namely,inLuke1.79;1Thess.3.11;and2Thess.3.5;andoneachoccasionreferenceismadetotheworkofChristinrightlydirectingtheheartandwaysofman.In2Tim.2.15,wherewemeetwiththewordopOoro/jislv,theA.V.rendersthepassage*rightlydividingthewordoftruth.'Somecommentatorshaveillustratedthewordinthispassagebytheworkofthecarpenterorthestonemason;butitisprobablethattheLXXisthebestguideinthematter.Ifso,wemayrenderit'rightlydirectingthewordoftruth,'i.e.settingitforthinuprightness.CompareGossner'sversion,wherewefind'verfiihrt,'andtheVulgate,'rectetractantem.'TheworkoftheploughmanwouldthusgivethebestillustrationofSt.Paul'smeaning,andthepassagewouldbebroughtintoconnectionwithLuke9.62.
§4.Tamam(oDn),awordalreadydescribedassignifyingperfectionorintegrity,isrendereduprightinthefol-lowing passages:—
§5.]Tsadak,orRighteousness.169
2Sam.22.24,'Iwasalsouprightbeforehim.'
2Sam.22.26,'WiththeuprightmanThouwiltshowThyselfupright.'
Ps.15.2,'Hethatwalkethuprightly,andworkethrighteous-ness.'
Ps.84.11,'NogoodthingwillHewithholdfromthemthatwalkuprightly.'
Prov.2.7,'Heisabucklertothemthatwalkuprightly.'
Prov.10.9,'Hethatwalkethuprightly,walkethsurely.'
Prov.10.29,'ThewayoftheLordisstrengthtotheupright.'SeealsoProv.11.20,13.6,28.6,10,18,29.10;Am.5.1o.
§5.TherenderingsrighteousandjustusuallystandforsomeformoftheHebrewtsadak(p'lv),whichoriginallysignifiedtobestifforstraight.ItisrenderedlawfulinIs.49.24;moderatelyinJoel2.23;andrightinseveralpassages.ItisunfortunatethattheEnglishlan-guage shouldhavegraftedtheLatinwordjustice,whichisusedinsomewhatofaforensicsense,intoavocabularywhichwasalreadypossessedofthegoodwordrighteousness,asittendstocreateadistinctionwhichhasnoexistenceinScripture.Thisqualityindeedmaybeviewed,accordingtoScripture,intwolights.InitsrelativeaspectitimpliesconformitywiththelineorruleofGod'slaw;initsabsoluteaspectitistheexhibitionoflovetoGodandtoone'sneigh-bour, becauseloveisthefulfillingofthelaw;butinneitherofthesesensesdoesthewordconveywhatweusuallymeanbyjustice.NodistinctionbetweentheclaimsofjusticeandtheclaimsofloveisrecognisedinScripture;toactinoppositiontotheprinciplesoflovetoGodandone'sneigh-bour istocommitaninjustice,becauseitisadeparturefromthecoursemarkedoutbyGodinhislaAV.
ForafurtherdiscussionofthewordandofitsGreekrepresentative,viewedinrelationtothedoctrineofjustifi-cation, seechap.14.
§6.Mishpath(t3DB'»),whichsignifiesthedueadministra-
I"JOuprightness,Faith,andHope.[Ch.IX.
tionofjudgment(seecliaj).21.§2),isrenderedrightintheA.V.inthefollowingpassages:—
Gen.18.25,'ShallnottheJudgeofalltheearthdoright?'
Job34.6,'■ShouldIlieagainstmyright?'
Job34.17,'Shallevenhethathatethrightgovern?'
Job35.2,'Thinkestthouthistoberight?'
Ps.9,4,'Thouhastmaintainedmyright.'
Prov.12.5,'Thethoughtsoftherighteousareright.'
Frov.16.8,'Betterisalittlewithrighteousnessthangreatrevenues
withoutright.'Is.10.2,*Totakeawaytherightfromthepoorofmypeople.'SeealsoIs.32.7;Jer.5.28,17.11,32.7,8;Lam.3.35;Ez.21.27.
§7.Cashar(xo),thatwhichisfitting,isrenderedrightintheA.V.inEsth.8.5,andEccl.4.4.Con(ps),stability,isfoundinNum.27.7;Job42.7,8;Ps.78.37,and51.10,inwhichlastpassageweread,'renewaright(i.e.astable)spiritwithinme'—asuitableprayerforonewhohadfallenthroughinstability.ThesamewordoccursinPs.5.9,wheretheA.V.reads,'Thereisnofaithful-ness intheirmouth.'Comparetheuseofthecognateword(d''33)intheexpression'webealltruemen,'i.e.mentobereliedupon,'inGen.42.11,19,31,and34.
Cashath(ta^^a),whichsignifiestobeevenlyweighed,maybegroupedwiththewordsunderconsideration.IthasbeenrenderedtruthinPs.60.4,'Thouhastgivenabanneruntothosethatfearthee,thatitmaybedisplayedbecauseofthetruth';Prov.22.21,'ThatImightmatetheeknowthecertaintyofthewordsoftruth.'SeealsoDan.2.47,and4.37.
§8.ThegeneralHebrewwordfortruthortruthful-ness, andfaithorfaithfulness,isaderivativeoftheverbAman(px),whencethewordAmendrawsitsorigin.Amaninitssimpleactiveformsignifiestonurseornourishup;inthepassive,tobefirmandestablished,andhencesteadfast(Prov.11.13);andintheHiphilorCausative
§8.]Aniaii,Truthor'FaithfiLlness.171
form,totakeasestablished,andhencetoregardastrue,torealise,ortobelieve.Thelastisitsmostgeneralrenderino-.TheA."V.translatesit'tohaveassurance'inDent.28.66;and'totrust'inJud.11.20;Job4.18,12.20,15.15,31;andMic.7.5.
InDan.3.14,wheretheA.V.reads,'Isittrue,OShadrach?'Anotherword(t<n^)isused,whichsignifiesofapurposeorintentionally.InDan.3.24,6.12,7.16and19,itsev(3^''),tobefirmorsettled,isrenderedtrue.
AformofthewordArnan(emeth,nns)isrenderedrightinGen.24.48;Neh.9.33;Jer.2.21.TheformEmimah,whichisgenerallyrenderedfaithfulness,isfoundinHab.2.4,^whereweread,'Thejustshalllivebyhisfaith'—wordswhichoughttobereadinconnectionwiththefifthverseofthefirstchapter,'Iwillworkaworkinyourdayswhichyewillnotbelieve,thoughitbetoldyou.'EmunaliisusedofthesteadinessofthehandsofMosesinEx.17.12;andofthestabilityofthetimesinIs.33.6.InseveralpassagesitisusedofGod'sfaithfulness;anditwouldhavebeenwellifthisrenderinghadbeenadopted,insteadoftruth,inDeut.32.4;Ps.33.4,96.13,98.3,100.5,and119.30.SeealsoProv.12.17.
TheLXXalmostalwaysadoptsTriarsvo},tobelieve,astherenderingforthecausativeformofAman,asinGen.15.6,whereitfirstoccurs.TheadjectiveissometimesrenderedTTiGTos,faithful;andsometimesdXrjdivos,realortrue.WhenthesetwoGreekwordscometogetherintheN.T.ascharacterisingtheglorifiedSonofGod,theyexpressthe
'Thispassagemightberendered'therighteous(man)shallliveinhisfaith-fulness.' ThenoteonthetextinPoole's'Synopsis'isasfollows:—'Q2cibonus■probusqueestmanebitconstansinexpecfationeeorumqumdixi,'thegoodanduprightmanwillcontinuefirmintheexpectationofthosethingswhichIhavedeclared.'Certainlyfaith,inthispassage,issomethingmorethanabareac-quiescence inGod'ssalvation.ItissuchabeliefintherevealedwordofGodasbringsthemanintocontactwiththeDivinelife,andsobreathesrighteousnessorconformitytoGod'slawintohisheart.
172uprightness,Faith,andHope.[Ch.IX.
Hebrewwordinallitsfulness,andanswertothe'Amen,'bywliichtitleitisalsodescribed.'Amen'isusuallyrenderedaXrjdcas,verily,orrysvoiro,sobeit,intheLXX;andonlythreetimesdowefindthewordinitsGreekform\\.fir}v.ThesubstantiveisusuallyTr/crTty,faith;butsome-times aki^Osia,truth.
§9.Passingfromtheideaoffaithtothatoftrust,afewexceptionalrenderingsintheA.V.maybenotedinthefirstinstance.InPs.22.8,'HetrustedontheLord,'thewordgalal,'toroll,'isused.InJob35.14,'Trustthouinhim,'thewordischulC^in),'staythou(or'waitthou')uponhim.'Yachal('?n''),tohope,occursinJob.13.15,'Thoughheslayme,yetwillItrustinhim';andIs.51.5,'Onminearmshalltheytrust.'Rachats(fm),towash,isusedinDan.3.28,AvhereNebuchadnezzarblessesGod'whohathdeliveredhisservantsthattrustedinhim.'
Chasah(non),tofleeforrefuge,isrendered'trust'intheA.V.inabovethirtypassages,outofwhichnumbertwenty-fouroccurinthePsalms.ItisoftenusedwhereGodiscomparedtoarockorashield,orwherethesaintisdescribedas'trusting'ortakingrefuge'undertheshadowofhiswings.'ItisusedinPs.2.12,'Blessedarealltheythatputtheirtrustinhim';wherewearetaughtthattheSonaffordsthatsamekindofshelterorprotectionwhichtheFathergives.ComparePs.34.8,wherethesamewordsareappliedtoJehovah.ThewordisalsousedinPs.118.8,'ItisbettertotrustintheLordthantoputanycon-fidence inman';inIs.14.32,'TheLordhathfoundedZion,andthepoorofhispeopleshalltrust(i.e.takerefuge)init';Is.57.13,'Hethatputtethhistrustinmeshallpossesstheland,andshallinheritmyholymountain';Zeph.3.12,'Iwillalsoleaveinthemidstoftheeanafflictedandpoorpeople,andtheyshalltrustinthenameoftheLord.'
§10.]Bathack,toconfidein.173
ThiswordisalmostentirelyconsecratedtotrustintheDivineBeing,andanysuchconfidenceinfalsegodsorinmanisregardedasabominableinGod'ssight.SeeDeut.32.37,andIs.30.2,3.
§10.Themostgeneralword,however,toexpresstrustisbathach(nnn),toconfidein,orleanupon.Hereitistoberemarkedthat,thoughweareinthehabitofspeakingoffaithandtrustasthesamething,theHebrewhastwodistinctwordsforthem,andsohastheLXX.Wehavealreadyseenthatamananswerstottio-tsuo),tobelieve,orrealise;butbathach,totrust,isneverrenderedTrto-Tcuoj,noristhesubstantivederivedfromiteverrenderedTrlarts.FortheverbwegenerallyfindiXnl^co,tohope,orirsldofiaL,tobepersuaded;andforthenounwehaveiXms-,hope.ThemanwhobelievesGodishewhohavingreceivedareve-lation fromHim,realisesit,andacceptsitastrue.ThemanwhotrustsGodishewhocastsallhishopesforthepresentandfutureonGod.Itistheformerquality,notthelatter,thatGodregardsasaconditionofjustification.Faithmustprecedehope,becauseahopeforthefuturewhichisnotgroundeduponapresentacceptancewithGodisnohope;andasenseofacceptancewhichisnotaccompaniedwithaliving,workingfaithisanunreality.
§]1.Thewordsordinarilyrendered'hope'intheA.V.arekavah(nip),andyachal(^n').Thefirst,whichisfre-quently usedinthePsalms,signifiesthestrainingofthemindinacertaindirectioninanexpectantattitude;thesecond,whichoccursseveraltimesinthebookofJob,signifiesalongpatientwaiting.TheformerisgenerallyrenderedvTrofihco;thelatterusuallysKirit.o),butoftenalso
VTT0IXSV(i3.
§12.WenowapproachtheNewTestamentwithacleardistinctionbetweenfaithontheonehand,andtrustandhopeontheother.FaithisthetakingGodatHisword,
174Uprightness,Faith,andHope.[Ch.ix.
whiletrustandpatienceandalsohopearetheproperfruitsoffaith,manifestinginvariousformstheconfidencewhichthebelieverfeels.AmessagecomestomefromtheAuthorofmyexistence;itmaybeathreat,apromise,oracommand.IfItakeitas'yeaandamen,'thatisFaith;andtheactwhichresultsisanactofamunaliorfaithfulnesstowardsGod.Faith,accordingtoScripture,seemstoimplyaword,message,orrevelation.SothelearnedscholarE-omainesaysinhisItifeofFaith:—'FaithsignifiesthebelievingthetruthoftheWordofGod;itrelatestosomewordspokenortosomepromisemadebyHim,anditexpressesthebeliefwhichapersonwhohearsithasofitsbeingtrue;heassentstoit,reliesuponit,andactsaccordingly:thisisfaith.'Itsfruitwillvaryaccordingtothenatureofthemessagere-ceived, andaccordingtothecircumstancesofthereceiver.ItledNoahtobuildanark,Abrahamtoofferuphisson,MosestorefusetobecalledthesonofPharaoh'sdaughter,theIsraelitestomarchroundthewallsofJericho.'IbelieveGodthatitshallbeevenasithathbeentoldme'^—thisisapictureoftheprocesswhichtheBiblecallsfaith.Itisthebasis{vTroaraais)ofthingshojjedfor,becauseitacceptsGod'spromisesconcerningthefutureastrue;anditistheconviction{sXsyx^os)ofwhatis{tmsted,but)notseen,becausethosewhohaveitdonotdependupontheuseoftheirsenses,butareabletoendure,'asseeingHimwhoisinvisible.'SeeHeb.11.
§13.IntheGospelsChristdemandstohebelieved.HeasksallmentotakeHimtobewhatHeclaimedtobe,theSonofGod,theSaviouroftheworld.IftheywouldonlytakeHimastrue,theywouldbeinthewayofreceivinganewlife.Hewastobeliftedup,astheserpentwasliftedupbyMosesinthewilderness,sothatallwhotookHimtobetruemightnotperish,buthaveeverlastinglife.Hesaid,
'Acts27.25.
§13.]TheChristia7tFaith.175
'Iamthetruth.'AllthattheJewshadtobelieveundertheolddispensationwassummedup•inChrist.IftheybelievedMoses,theywouldbelieveHim.IftheyrejectedHim,theyweredoingdishonourtoGod,andwerecondemn-ing themselvesaslovingdarknessmorethanlight.SinsprangfromadisbeliefofGod'sword.*Yea,ImtliGodsaid?'thiswasthepoisoninwhichthefirstfierydartoftheWickedOnewasdij^ped.'TheTruth'cametomanifest,inalifeofloveandpurity,andinadeathofself-sacrifice,whatGodhadreallysaid,andwhathisfeelingstowardsmanactuallywere.ThosethatacceptedtheTruth,asitwasrevealedinJesusChrist,enteredintolife.
TheBookoftheActsoftheApostlescarriesthisteachingastagefurtherbyexhibitingthespecialfactswhichwereprominentlyputforwardasobjectsoffaith.ThesefactsweretheDivineMission,thedeath,andtheresurrectionofJesusChrist,asthemeansofpardon,oflivingtoGod,andofrisingfromthedeadtohaveashareinChrist'skingdom.
TheEpistlesentermorefullyintodetails,answerdiiferentquestions,expounddoctrines,applysacredtruthstotheexigenciesofdailylife.ButallissummedupinChrist,'Whosoevertakeshimtobeamenortrueshallnotbeashamed'(Rom.9.33,quotedfromIs.28.16).
§14.TwoOldTestamentexpressionswhicharetakenupintheN.T.maybereferredtoinconclusion.InRom.15.12,theApostlequotesfromtheLXXversionofIs.11.10,thewords,'InhimshalltheGentileshope,'^andthenpro-ceeds, 'NowtheGodofhopefillyouwithalljoyandpeaceinbelieving.'IntheA.V.thepointoftheconnectionismissedbythesubstitutionofthewordtrustforhope,justasaparallelconnectionhasbeenobservedinanearlierpartofthechapter.SeeChap.7.§9.Itcannotbesaid,however,thatthereisanyobjectiontothisrenderingin
'HeretheHebrewwordisdarasb,toseek.
176uprightness,Faith,afidHope.[Ch.IX.
itself,forthoughsXtti^corepresentstrustwithreferencetothefuture,whileTrsLdo/jidtrepresentsconfidencewithregardtothej)resent,yettheyarebothrenderingsofoneHebrewword,aswehavejustseen,andcannotbeseparatedbyaverystrongline.
InActs2.26,St.PeterquotesfromtheSixteenthPsalmthewords,'Myfleshalsoshallrestinhope'{KaracrKrjvMasisirsXttiSl);andthisexpression,'inhope,'isrepeatedseveraltimes,beingappliedtoAbraham(Rom.4.18),toChristians(Acts26.6;Eom.5.2;Tit.1.2),totheministry(1Cor.9.10),andtocreationitself(Eom.8.20).AllhopeisconcentratedinChrist(1Tim.1.1;Col.1.27),andlooksfortheunseenrealitiesofanotherworld(Rom.8.24),eventheresurrection(Acts24.15),eternallife(Tit.3.7),andglory(Rom.5.2).
1.2.]WordsrenderedGraceintheO.T.177
CHAPTERX.
GRACE,PITT,LOVE,ANDMEECT.
§1.TheScripturemainlyoccupiedinsettingforththelovingaspectoftheDivinecharacter.—§2.Wordsrenderedgraceinthe0.T.—§3.Thesame,accordingtotheN.T.—§4.Racbam,orpity.—§5.Abav,orlove.—§6.Otherwordsrenderedlove.—§7.Love,ac-cording totheN.T.—§8.Chesed,ormercy.—§9.Meaningofchasid,usuallyrenderedsaint.—§10.Examinationofspecialpassagesinwhichitisused.—§11.ThesameintheN.T.—§12.GeneralusageoftliewordLntheN.T.
TheBibleispre-eminentlyoccupiedinsettingfortlithetenderfeelingswithwhichGodregardsthechildrenofmenevenwhendeadinsin;itdepictsthemnotintheabstract,butasmanifestedinaction;anditeverywhereteachesthatthosewhohavetastedofGod'sgraceandloveandmercy,areboundbytheveryconstitutionoftheirnaturetoex-ercise towardstheirfellowmenthosedispositionswhichHehasshownsomarvellouslytowardsthem.TheythusbecomeinrealitywhatallbelieversinChristarebyprofession—childrenofGod;drinkingtheDivinesunshineofloveintotheirhearts,andbeingstimulatedbyitslivingpowerintothoughtandaction,inharmonywiththenatureofHimfromwhomtheirnewlifeisdrawn.
OnlytheleadingwordswhichexpresstheDivineloving-kindnesstowardsmanareherebroughtunderdiscussion;butoneofthem,thelasttobenoticed,requirescarefulcon-sideration.
§2.Graceisthefreebestowalofkindnessononewhohasneitherclaimuponourbounty,noradequatecompen-sation tomakeforit.ThroughouttheO.T.,withthe
178Grace,Pity,Love,andMercy.[Ch.X.
exceptionofHos.14.2,wherethewordrendered"^gra-ciously' signifies'goodness'(31D),itstandsfortheHebrewChanan(pn),toshowfavour.Itisoftencoupledwithracham(nm),awordwhichsignifiesatenderfeelingofloveorpity.Theadjectivalform,chanun(pjn),gracious,isusedonlyofGod,anddenotestheactionwhichspringsfromHisfreeandunmeritedlovetoHiscreatures.Theverbisrendered'pity'inProv.19.17,'HethathathpityuponthepoorlendethuntotheLord';wherethewriterisnotsj)eakingofcommiseration,butratherofthekindlydealingofonewho'hopesfornothingagain.'ItisalsousedinJob19.21,andProv.28.8,whereitmightberendered,'dealgraciously.'OtherrenderingsforthiswordintheA.V.are'tobefavourable,'and'tobemerciful,'and(inthecausativeform),tobeseech,supplicate,andpray.TheGreekxdpis,andtheEnglish'grace'or'favour,'wellrepresenttheword,onlywehavetobeonourguardagainstthesuppositionthatgraceisanabstractquality;itisanactiveworkingprinciple,showingitselfinourdealingswiththosebywhomwearesurrounded.
Theadverb'graciously'isusuallyrenderedSoipsavintheLXX;andthiswordreappearsintheN.T.,beingrendered'freely,'asinMatt.10.8,'Freelyyehavereceived,freelygive';Eom.3.24,'Beingjustifiedfreelybyhisgrace';Eev.22.17,'Lethimtakethewateroflifiefreely.'Asecondarymeaningwhichtheadverbhasre-ceived is'withoutacause.'InthissensewemeetwithitinJohn15.25,'Theyhatedmewithoutacause,'wordsquotedfromPs.69.4;alsoGal.2.21,'ThenChristdiedinvain,orcauselessly.'WeoccasionallyusetheEnglishwordgratuitousinthissense,aswhenwespeakof'agratuitousinsult.'
§3.Theverbalformisrendered'x^api^ofiaiintheLXX;andthiswordoccursseveraltimeintheN.T.toindicatean
§3.]TheSame,accordingtotheN.T.ijc)
exhibitionoffreegrace,whetlierintheformofliealing-(Luke7.21),orofremittingadebt(Luke7.42),oroftheloosingofaprisoner(Acts3.14),ofmakingagift(Rom.8.32,1Cor.2.12),orofpardon(2Cor.2.10,Eph.4.32),orevenoftheprivilegeofsufferingforChrist(PhiL1.29).
Anactdonewithanyexpectationofareturnfromtheobjectonwhichitiswrought,oronewhichismetedoutasamatterofjustice,recompense,orreward,isnotanactofgrace.ThisisspeciallynotedinRom.11.6;comparealdothewordsofourLord,'Ifyelovethemthatloveyou,whatgrace(A.V.reward)haveyou?'Luke6.32,33,34.SoSt.Petersays,'Thisisgrace(A.V.thankworthy),ifamanthroughconsciousnessofGodendurepains,sufferingunjustly,'1Pet.2.19.Therenderings'reivarcVand'Ihmik-ivorthy,'adoptedintheA.Y.,tendtoobscurethesenseinthesepassages.
InthegreatproportionofpassagesinwhichthewordgraceisfoundintheN.T.,itsignifiestheunmeritedoperationofGodintheheartofman,effectedthroughtheagencyoftheHolySpirit.Wehavegraduallycometospeakofgracea,saninherentqualityinman,justaswetalkofgifts;whereasitisinrealitythecommunicationofDivinegoodnessbytheinworkingoftheSpirit,andthroughthemediumofHimwhois'fullofGraceandTruth.'
§4.Eachamexpressesadeepandtenderfeelingofcompas-sion, suchasisarousedbythesightofweaknessorsufferinginthosethataredeartousorneedourhelp.Itisrenderedpityorpitifulinafewpassages.ThusPs.103.13,'Likeasafatherpitiethhischildren,sotheLordpitieththemthatfearhim';Ps.106.46,'Hemadethemalsotobepitiedofallthosethatcarriedthemcaptives';Lam.4.10,'Thehandsofthepitifulwomenhavesoddentheirownchildren.'Itiscuriousthattheword'pitiful'should
N2
1SoGrace,Pity,Love,andMercy.[Ch.X.
havehaditsmeaningsocontractedinmoderntimesastohehardlyunderstoodinthepassagelastcited.
Rachamisrendered'mercy'severaltimes;andistheoriginofthewordRuhamah,-whichoccursinHos.2.1.Jacobusedittoexpi-esshisstrongfeelingonsendingBenjaminwithhisbrothersintoEgypt,'GodAlmightygiveyoumercybeforetheman,thathemaysendawayyourotherbrother,andBenjamin'(Gen.43.14).ItisanelementinthecharacterofGod,whoshowsmercyonwhomHewillshowmercy(Ex.33.19),andismercifulaswellasgracious(Ex.34.6;Deut.4.31).AccordinglyDavidsays,'LetusfallnowintothehandsofGod,forhismerciesareabounding'(2Sam.24.14).
Eachamalsorepresentsthebeautifulexpression'ten-dermercy'whereveritoccurs;thusthePsalmistprays,'Accordingtothemultitudeofthytendermerciesblotoutmytransgressions'(Ps.51.1).Itistheonlywordrendered'mercy,'withtwoexceptions(Jer.3.12andDan.4.27),inthepropheticalbooksofthe0.T.,beingspeciallyusedinthemtomarkthetendernesswithvrhichGodregardsHispeopleintheirdowncastcondition.Itisrendered'compassion'and'bowelsofcompassion'inallpassageswheretheseexpressionsarefoundintheA.y.,withtheexceptionofEx.2.6;1Sam.23.21;
2Chron.36.15,17;andEz.16.5,wherealessforcibleword("pon)isused.Onlytwicehasitbeenrendered'love,'viz.inPs.18.1andDan.1.9.Withregardtothefirstofthesepassages,'Iwilllovethee,0Lord,mystrength,'thewordseemsatfirstsightoutofplace,becausetherecanbenoelementofpityinman'slovetoGod;butitexpressesherethedepthandtendernessofthePsalmist'sfeeling;anditmaybeobservedthatinthispassagethewordisusednotinthePielorintensivevoice(asinallotherpassages),butintheKal,orsimpleactivevoice.
§§o.6.7.]A/iav,orLove.181
ThemostprominentrenderingforrachamintlieLXXisolnTipfxos.ThiswordoccursfivetimesintheN.T.,twiceastheattributeofGod(Rom.12.1;and2Cor.1.3),andthreetimesasaqualitytobemanifestedinourdealingswithoneanother(Phil.2.1;Col,3.12;seealsoHeb.10.28).
§5.Thegeneralwordforloveinthe0.T.isahav(ani^)fromwhichithasbeensupposedthatitsGreekrepresenta-tive ayaTrrjisderived.Itindicatesdesire,inclination,oraffection.InAmos4.5ithasbeenrenderedbytheweakerEnglishwordlike.Inafewpassagesthej^arti-cipialformhasbeenrenderedfriend,asin2Sam.19.6,'Thoulovestthineenemies,andhatestthy^'friends';2Chron.20.7(compareIs.41.8),'ThougavestthylandtotheseedofAbrahamthyfriend,'anexpressionwhichSt.JamessingledoutforcommentinhisEpistle(2.23);Zech.13.6,'Iwaswoundedinthehouseofmyfriends';seealsoEsth.5.10,14,6.13;Prov.14.20,27.6;Jer.20.4,6.Inthesepassagesintimacyandaffection,thecleavingofsoultosoul,isimplied,and'lovers'ratherthan'acquaint-ances 'aredesignated.
§6.OtherwordsrenderedloveintheA.V.areasfollows:—Yedid{i>ii),whencethenameJedidiah;re'a(t?-i),acompanion,Cant.1.9,15,2.10,13,5.2,6.4;andJer.3.1;'Agav(njy),usedofimpurelove,andrendered'doting'inEz.23.11,33.31,32;Chashak(ptj^n),tojointogether,Ps.91.14;dodim(onn),theimpulseoftheheart,orofsexualaflPection.Prov.7.18;Ez.16.8;andchesed,mercy,whichisdiscussedbelow.
§7.TheGreekdydirr]isinameasureconsecratedbythefactthatitmakesitsfirstappearanceintheLXX,beingapparentlyunknowntoearlyclassicalauthors.ItisusedintheN.T.todesignatetheessentialnatureofGod,Hisregardformankind,andalsothemostmarkedcharacteristicoftheDivinelifeasmanifestedinChristandinChristians.
182Grace,Pity,Love,andMeixy.[Ch.X.
ItisagravemisfortunethattheEnglish,withsomeotherlanguages,shouldhaveacceptedtworenderingsforthisim-portant word,andthattheLatinwordcharityshouldhavebeenintroducedasanalternativeforthegoodoldSaxonwordlove.
§8.WehavenowtoconsiderthewordChasad(non),whichisusedinvariousformstodesignateGod'sdealingswithman,andalsotoindicatethemodeinwhichmenoughttodealwithoneanother.Themeaningofthiswordwhenusedasasubstantive(Chesed)ismadeclearfromthefactthattheLXXhasrenderediteX,soy,mercy,inahundredandthirty-fivepassages.Thenatureofthequalitymaybeillustratedb}'"theconductoftheGoodSamaritan,'whoshowedthemercy'(67roi7]aastosXsos)onhimthatwasattackedbyrobbers(Lu.10.37);itisapracticalexhibitionofloving-kindnesstowardsourfellowman,whoseonlyclaimmaybemisfortune,andwhomitisinourpowertohelp,thoughperhapsattheexpenseoftime,money,convenience,andevenreligiousornationalprejudice.
ThegeneralEnglishrenderingsforthewordintheA.Y.are,kindness,mercy,pity,favour,goodness,and1oVing-kindness.Itisoftenfoundunitedwithrighteous-ness, faithfulness,truth,compassion,andotherdivinequalities.
Afewinstancesmaybecitedtoillustratetheusageofthisimportantword:—
Gen.24.12,*0LordGod,sliewkindnessuntomymaster,Abra-ham.'verse27,*BlessedbetheLordGodofmymaster,Abraham,whohathnotleftdestitutemymasterofhismercy(LXXSiKaiotJvi'rj)andtruth.'„49,'Ifyewilldealkindlyandtrulywithmymaster,tellme.'Gen.39.21,'TheLordwaswithJoseph,andshewedhimmercy.'Gen.40.14,'Shewkindnessuntome,andmakementionofmeuntoPharaoh.'
§8.]Chescd,orMercy.18
o
Ex.20.6,*Shewingmercyuntothousandsofthemthatloveme,andkeepmycommandments.'
Nu.14.19,'Pardon,Ibeseechthee,theiniquityofthispeopleac-cording untothegreatnessofthymercy.'
Jos.2.12,'SwearuntomebytheLord,sinceIhaveshewedyoukindness,thatyewillalsoshewkindnessuntomyfather'shouse.'
Job6.14,*Tohimthatisafflictedpity(shouldbeshewed)fromhisfriend.'
Job10.12,'Thouhastgrantedmelifeandfavour.'
Ps.5.7,'Iwillcomeintothyhouseinthemultitudeofthymercy.'
Ps.6.4,'Ohsavemeforthymerciessake.'
Ps.13.5,'Ihavetrustedinthymercy.'
Ps.32.10,'HethattrustethintheLord,mercyshallcompasshimabout.'
Ps.33.5,'TheearthisfullofthegoodnessoftheLord.'
Ps.89.33,'MylovingkindnesswillInotutterlytakefromhim.'verse49,'Lord,wherearethyformerlovingkindnesses?'
Ps.119,157,'Quickenme,OLord,accordingtothylovingkind-ness.'
Hos.4.1,'Thereisnotruthnormercy.'
Hos.6.4,'Yourgoodnessisasamorning-dew.'(TheA.V.obscurestheconnexionbetweenthisverseandthe6th,wherethesamewordisfound,—'Idesiredmercyandnotsacrifice.')
IIos.10.12,'Sowtoyourselvesinrighteousness,reapinmercy.'
Hos.12.6,'Keepmercyandjudgment.'
Micah6.8,'WhatdoththeLordrequireoftheebuttodojustlyandtolovemercy,andtowalkhumblywiththyGod?'
Micah7.18,'Hedelightethinmercy.'
Zech.7.9,'Executetruejudgment,andshewmercyandcompas-sions everymantohisbrother.'
ThesepassagesputtliegeneralsignificationofthewordChesedbeyondtheshadowofadoubt.Wenowhavetoexaminewhetherthismeaningistobeenlargedormodified.TheLXXadoptstherenderingSiKaioavvr],'righteousness,'inGen.19.16,20.13,2L23,32.10;Ex.15.13,and34.7,in
184Grace,Pity,Love,andMercy.[Ch.X,
allwliicliplacestheA.V.rightlyretainedkindnessormercy.Wealsofindsks'qiJLoavvT}andsXirisadoptedasarenderinginafewpassages.InIs.40.6,thewordChesedisappliedtothegraceorgoodlinessofmanwhichsosoonfadesaway.Perhapsourinstinctiveapplicationofthewordheretothebeautyorglory(LXXho^a)oftheoutwardmanisamistake;itmaybethattheprophetsays,*Allflesh,i.e.allmankind,isgrass,andallhismercyfadesawayliketheflowerofthefield(cf.Hos.6.4),butthewordofGodandthemercieswhichHehaspromisedinhiswordendureforever.'Thepassage,however,isquotedbySt.PeterinhisfirstEpistle(1.24),accordingtotheinterpretationoftheLXX.
§9.Inthej^assagesAvhichremaintobeconsidered,theadjectivalformChasidisfound.Thiswordmustsignifynotonlythereception,butalsotheexerciseofChesed,justasTsadik,righteous,signifiesthereceptionandexerciseofTsedek,righteousness.IfChesed,then,meansmercy,Chasidmustmeanmerciful;andaccoi'dinglyitissotrans-lated intheA.V.in2Sam.22.26;andPs.18.25,'Withthemercifulthouwiltshewthyselfmerciful.'TheLXX,however,bothinthesepassagesandwhereverthewordChasidisfound,hasadoptedoaios,holy,asarendering.Thiscoursehashadagreatinfluenceuponotherlanguages,asithasledtranslatorstoconfoundChasidandKadosh,oaiosandar^ios,forgettingthattoaJewthemeaningoftheGreekwordocTLQswouldberuledbythefactthatitwastobetakenasaninterpretationoftheHebrewChasid,merciful.Inthepassagesabovecited,theA.V.retainstherightrender-ing, buttheLatinhascuinsancto,andtheGermanBeiclemHeiligen.ThePortuguesetranslator,D'Almeida,bothhereandinalmostallotherplacesadoptsthegoodwordBenigno,butheisquiteanexceptiontothegeneralrule.
Ourtranslatorshavefollowedthemultitudeinalarge
§9.]MeaningofChasid,ustiallyrender^edSaint.185
numberofinstances;thusinPs.145.17weread,'TheLordisliolyinallhisworks';herethemarginproperlycorrectsthetestbysuggestingmercifulorbountiful.InPs.86.2,weread,'Iamholy';wherethemarginreads'Onewhomthoufavourest,'butitwouldbebettertoread,'Iammerciful.'Therenderinggodlyhasbeenadoj)tedinPs.4.3,12.1,32.6,and43.1;andsaintin2Chron.6.41;Ps.30.4,31.23,37.28,50.5,52.9,79.2,85.8,97.10,106.16,132.9,16,145.10,148.14,149.1,5,9.Thislastrenderingmustberegardedasunfortunate,becauseitservestoobliteratetherealmeaningoftheword,andtoconfounditwithanotherwhichoughttoconveyquiteadistinctsensetothemind.Chasidisrenderedgoodorbountifulinsomepassages,buttheserenderingsarenotopentothesameobjection.
IthasbeenheldbydistinguishedscholarsthatChasidprimarilysignifiesarecipientofmercy.Ifthisbegranted,thesamerulewouldhavetobeappliedtoTsadik;weshouldthusgatherfromtheveryformofthewordthatrighteous-ness andmercyaregraceswhichmustbereceived,beforetheycanbeexercised,andthatwhenamanshowsamercifuldisposition,heisonlycarryingintoeffectthatspiritoflovingkindnesswhichhasbeenbreathedintohisheartthroughthemercifuldealingsofGodwithhim.Therule,however,mustnotbeheldasabsolute,becauseitwouldnotapplytosuchapassageasJer.3.12,whereGodsaysofHimself,'IamChasid.'Hereitcannotmean'Iamarecipientofmercy';ourtranslatorshaverightlyrenderedthewords,'Iammerciful.'Nevertheless,thetwoaspectsofmercy,itsreceptionanditsexercise,arewonderfullyblendedtogetherinScripture.TherightandwholesomeeffectoftheenjoymentofGod'sloving-kindnessistheexhibitionofthesamespirittowardsourfellows.ThisprinciplerunsthroughScripture,and,accordingtotheirobservanceofits
186Grace,Pity,Love,andMercy.[Ch.X.
dictates,allmenwillbejudgedatthelastday.^Godiseverywheredescribedasdelightinginmercy—'hismercyendurethforever'—butHerequiresthatthosetowhomHeshowsitshould,intheirturnandaccordingtotheiroppor-tunities, 'lovemercy';compareMic.7.18with6.8.
ItisaremarkablefactthatthewordChasid,whenappliedtoman,hasusuallyapossessivepronounaffixedtoit,soastoindicatethatthepersonswhoareexercisingthisdisposi-tion belonginaspecialsensetoGod.Theyare'hismercifulones'(A.V.'hissaints').Mercifulmenmaybeveryscarce(Ps.12.1;Mic.7.2),butwherevertheyarefoundtheyareregardedasGod'sown.'HehathsetaparthimthatismercifulforHimself,'Ps.4.3;andHegiveshisspecialprotectiontothosethatareworthyofthenameChasid,Ps.32.6,37.28.TheyshowtheirlovetotheLordbyhatingevil(i.e.evildealingsagainsttheirneighbour),andtheLord,inhisturn,preservestheirsouls,Ps.97.10.WhenHecomestojudgmentHewillgathertoHimselfthosewhoareHismercifulones,andwhohavemadeacovenantwithHimbysacrifice(Ps.50.5),andtheyshallnotonly'rejoiceinglory,'Ps.149.5,butalsoshallhavethehonourofex-ecuting judgmentonthenations,Ps.149.9.
Mercy,beingthemanifestationoflovetowardsthehelp-less andunfortunate,isthemaincharacteristicofGod'sdealingswithman,accordingtoScripture,andhenceitistobelookedforasthedistinguishingmarkofeverychildofGod.'HethatlovethisbornofGod.'The'godly'arethosewho,havingreceivedmercyfromHim,areexercisingitforHimandasHisrepresentatives.Itisowingtothisfact,nodoubt,thatthewordChasidhasbeenrenderedoaiosintheLXX,thatwefinditrepresentedbysanctusinthe
'Theauthormayperhapsbepermittedtorefertoaworkonthissubject,entitled,DiesIra(Hunt).SeeespeciallyChap,VI.ontheprinciplesonwhichtheDivineJudgmentwillbeconducted.
§10.]ExaminationofPassagesinwhichitistised.187
Latin;andbjsaintorgodlyintheEnglish;yetitisaseriousevilthattheprimarymeaningoftheHebrewwordshouldalmosthavedisappearedfromthefaceofmoderntranslations.Thepracticalnatureofgodlinessistherebytosomeextentobscured,andthemoraldemandmadeuponmanbyhishavingbecometheobjectofDivineloving-kind-ness isthrownintothebackground.
§10.ItonlyremainstonoticetheapplicationoftheaboveremarkstooneortwopassagesofimportanceintheO.T.,andtoobservetheirbearingontheinterpretationofthiswordocrtosintheNew.
InDeut.33.8Mosessays,'LetthyThummimandthyTJrimbewiththyChasid{avhpi6alw,A.V.HolyOne)whomthoudidstproveatMassah.'ThePortuguesetranslatorherehasamado,withanotereferringthewordtoAaron.ThesamewordisusedofAaroninPs.106.16,whereheiscalledtheChasidoftheLord(A.V.'thesaintoftheLord').ThecontextinDeut.33.showsthatreferenceismadetotheslaughteroftheIsraelitesbytheHouseofLeviinthematterofMoab;andthelessonwelearnwithregardtothewordChasidisthatitdoesnotbetokentheweak'good-nature'whichsomecall'mercy,'butratherthatdevotiontoGodwhichproducestheexerciseoftrueloving-kindnesstowardsman,andwhichsometimesinvolvesthetakingextremeandapparentlyharshmeasuressoastopreventthespreadofevil.Inthisrespectman'smercyistobelikeGod's.
ThereareseveralpassagesrelatingtoDavidandhisseedinwhichthewordsChesedandChasidoccur,andwhichneedtobetakentogetherinorderthattheirwholeforcemaybeseen.In2Sam.7.14,15theLordpromisestoDavidwithrespecttohisson,'Iwillbehisfatherandheshallbemyson.IfhecommitiniquityIwillchastenhimwiththerodofmenandwiththestripesofthechildrenofmen;butmymercyshallnotdeparta^wayfromhim;'comparethe
188Grace,Pity,Love,andMercy.[Ch.X.
parallelpassage,1Cbron.17.13.ThispromiseisreferredtobySolomonatGibeonin1Kin.3.6and2Chron.1.8;andatthededicationoftheTemplebeclosedtbeservicebytbewords,'0LordGod,turnnotawaytbefaceoftbineanointed;remembertbemerciesofDavidtbyservant,'i.e.tbemercieswbicbtlioubastpromisedtosbowuntoDavid(2Cbron.6.42).Onturningtotbe89tbPsalm,wefindseveralreferencestotbese'mercies.'TbePsalmistopensbysaying'TbemerciesofJebovabwillIsingforever';'mercy,'becontinuesintbe2ndverse,'sballbebuiltupforever';betbenproceedstospeakofGod'scovenantandoatb,wbicbisfaitbfulandsureandtrue,tbatDavid'sseedsbouldbeestablisbedontbetbroneforevermore.AfterextollingtbegreatnessofGod,becontinues(verse14),'Pigbteousnessandjudgmentaretbeestablisbmentoftbytbrone,mercyandtrutbsballgobeforetbyface.'Return-ing totbecovenantwitbDavid,tbePsalmistsketcbesoutitsdetails,sayinginverse24,'Myfaitbfulnessandmymercysballbewitbbim';andinverse28,'MymercywillIkeepforbimforevermore';andinverse33,'Nevertbelessmymercy(A.V.'myloving-kindness')willIkeepforliimforevermore,andmycovenantsballstandfastwitbbim.'TbentbePsalmistbreaksoutintoalamentationonthetroublesintowbicbIsraelwasplunged,andcriesout(v.49),'Lord,wberearetbineoriginalmercies(A.V.,'tbyoldloving-kindnesses')wbicbtbouswarestuntoDavidintbytrutb?'Tbepsalmconcludes,asusual,witbanoteoftbauksgiving.
Tberearetwopointstobenoticedintbeverseswbicbbavebeenberecited;first,tbattbewordmercyseemstobeusedwitbpeculiarsignificanceinrelationtoGod'spromisetoDavidandbisseed;andsecondly,tbatitisconstantlyintroducedinconnectionwitbGpd'sfaithfulnessortruth..
§11.]MercyJntheN.T.1S9
WearenowinapositiontounderstandinwhatsenseaJewwouldreadthepromiseinthe55thofIsaiah,whichrunsthus:—'Inclineyourearandcomeuntome,hearandyoursoulshalllive,andIwillmakeaneverlastingcovenantwithyou,eventhemerciesofDavid,whicharesure(orfaithful).BeholdIhavegivenHimforawitnesstothepeople,foraLeaderandLawgivertothepeople.'
TheJewwouldperceiveinthesewordsthatoneoftheSeedofDavidwastoariseasLeaderandwitness,inwhomthepromiseandcovenantmadebyGod'whocannotlie,'shouldhaveagloriousfulfilment;thatthispersonwouldbetheembodimentofGod'spromisesofmercy,andwouldbegivenassuchtothepeople.
§11.PassingtotheNewTestament,wefindSt.PauladdressingtheJewsinthesynagogueatAntiochasfollows(Acts13.32,&c.):—'Wedeclareuntoyougladtidings,howthatthepromisewhichwasmadeuntothefathers,Godhathfulfilledthesameuntoustheirchildren,inthathehathraisedupJesusagain.ForitiswritteninthesecondPsalm,Thouartmyson,thisdayhaveIbegottenthee;andasconcerningthatHeraisedhimupfromthedead,nomoretoreturntocorruption,hesaidonthiswise,IwillgiveyouthemerciesofDavidwhicharefaithful;where-fore hesaithalsoinanotherplace,Thoushaltnotsufferthymercifulone(A.Y.'ThineHolyone')toseecorrup-tion. ...Beitknownuntoyouthereforethatthroughthis(RisenJesus)thereisannounceduntoyouforgivenessofsins.'TheapostleherestartsfromthehistoricalfactthatJesuswasrisen;hence(hesays)HeisbegottenbyGod,accordingtothesecondPsalm,andengraftedbyHiminanewandlivingwayintotheEoyalFamilyofIsrael;inHimthemerciespromisedtoDavidfindtheirfulfilment;HeisGod'smercifulone,i.e.theembodimentofGod'smercy,whowastoseenocorruption;andthatmercy,guaranteed
190Grace,Pity,Love,andMei'cy.[Ch.x.§12.]
bytheresurrectionofChrist,isspeciallymanifestedintheforgivenessofsinsthroughHisdeath.
WithregardtothereadingofPs.16.10,wearesousedtotheexpression'ThyHolyOne,'thatitisnoteasytomakesuchasubstitutionastheworditselfandalsothelineofSt.Paul'sargumentrequire.Itmaybenoticed,however,thatD'Almeidahas'oteuBern,'thygoodorkindone;theoldJudseo-SpanishversionoftheHebrewScrip-tures publishedatFerrarahas'tuBueno,'whichhasthesamemeaning;theSpanishtranslatorDeEeyna,andalsohisrevisorValera,had'tuMisericordioso,''thymerci-ful one,'althoughthisexcellentrenderinghasslippedoutofmoderneditions.
§12.ThemeaningofthewordChasidoughttobeborneinmindwheneveritsrepresentativeoaiosoccursintheN.T.InActs13.34,aswehavealreadyseen,thishasbeendonebyourtranslators;inActs2.27,and13.35,weoughttorender'Thymercifulone';inHeb.7.26theLordshouldbedescribedas'mercifulandwithoutmalice,'insteadof'holyandharmless';soinEev.15.4and16.5,theLord'smercynotHisholinessisspeciallyreferredto.Thewordo<jLQsisusedoftheChristianin]Tim.2.8,whereHeistoldtoliftup'mercifulhands,withoutwrathandconten-tion ';andinTit.1.8itissaidthatGod'sstewardshouldbemercifulaswellasrighteous.
Ch.XI.§1.]DivineIntervcjiiiononbehalfof]\Ian.191
CHAPTERXI.
REDEMPTIONANDSALVATION.
I1.TheDivineinterventiononbehalfofmanrevealedinScriptureandsupportedbyanalogy.—§2.MeaningandusageofGaal,toredeem.•—§3.Itsspiritualapplicationinthepropheticalbooks.—§-1.Otheraspectsoftheword.—§5.Padalitodelirer.—§6.Redemption,accord-ing totheN.T.—§7.TheideaofPurchaseintheN.T.—§8.Vasha',tosave;itsgeneralusagf^.—§9.ItsfulnessofmeaningintheProphets.—§10.._OtherwordsrenderedSaveinthe0.T.—§11.AspectsinwhichSalvationispresentedintheN.T.
§1.Whateveetheoryonemayholdastothepossibilityora'prioriprobabilityofaDivineinterventioninhumanaffairs,theBibleispledgedtothefactthatsuchaninter-vention hastakenplace.Astudyofitspagesleadstotheconclusionthat,iftheirtestimonyistobereliedupon,itisasmuchinaccordancevrithGod'snaturetohelpmenoutofthedifficultiesinwhichsinhasinvolvedthem,asitwastocreatethemafterhisownlikenessinthefirstinstance.Norwillthestudentofthephysicalworldfailtoobservetheanalogywhichhereexistsbetweennatureandrevelation;foriftherebeavismedicatrixorhealingpowerwhichiscalledintoplaybythewounds,accidents,anddiseasestowhichthebodyissubject,whyshoulditbethoughtathingincrediblethattheFatherofourspiritsshouldprovidesomemeansofrestorationforthosewhohavebecomeapreytoevilpassions,andwhothroughtheirself-willhavebecomepartakersofmoralandmaterialcorruption?
ThepatriarchalandMosaiceconomiesappeartohavebeenintendedbytheDivineBeingtoformagroundwork
192RedemptionandSalvation.[Cn.XL
•vvliereuponarestorativeworkfortliebenefitofthehumanracemiglitbebuiltupinthefulnessoftime;andthepiousJewwastrainedupinthebeliefthatamidstallhissinsandignorances,hisinfirmitiesandmisfortunes,hemightlookuptoGodandreceivefromHimthoseblessingswhicharesummedupinthewordsredemptionandsalvation.
§2.Thewordwhichemj)haticallyindicatesredemp-tion isGaal(^Si),bestknownintheformGoel,redeemer.Anotherword,almostthesameinsound,sometimessj)eltinthesameway,andsometimeswithaslightchange('pyj),signifiestodefileorpollute.Perhapstheoriginalmean-ing ofthewordunderconsiderationisto*demandback,'hencetoextricate.
GaalfirstappearsinGen.48.16,'Theangelwhichre-deemed mefromallevilblessthelads.'InEx.6.6and15.13,itisusedofGod'sredeemingIsraeloutofEgyptwithastretched-outarm.Wemeetwithitnomoretillwereachthe25thand27thChaptersofLeviticus,whereitsignifiestlie,liberationofpropertyfromacharge,whetherthatchargewasanordinarydebtorwhetherithadbeenincurredthroughavow.Thedeliverancewastobeeffectedinthiscasebypaymentorbyexchange.Incasesofpoverty,wherenopaymentwaspossible,thenearestofkinwasmadere-sponsible forperformingtheworkofredemption.HencenodoubtitcametopassthatakinsmancametobecalledbythenameGoel,asheisinNum.5.8,1Kin.16.11,andalsothroughouttheBookofEuth,wherethepeculiarcustomsrelatingtotheredemptionoflandbyakinsmanarebeautifullyillustrated.CompareareferencetosimilarcustomsatamuchlaterperiodofJewishhistoryinJer.32.7,8.
§8.Intheprophetstheideaofredemptionisapplied,notonlytothedeliveranceofGod'speoplefromcaptivity,buttothatmoreimportantandcompletedeliveranceof
§4.]OtherAspectsoftheWord.193
wliicliallotherhistoricalinterpositionsofDivinegraceareshadows.SeeIs.35.9,41.14,43.1,14,44.6,22,23,24,47.4,48.17,49.7,26,and52.3.InIs.51.10;Jer.31.11,Gaalisrenderedransom,andtheparallelword,whichwillbenoticedbelow,isrenderedredeem.
OneofthemostimportantpassageswherethewordoccursisinIs.59.20,'TheRedeemershallcometoZion,anduntothemthatturnfromtransgressioninJacob'—wordstowhichSt.PaulrefersasdestinedtohavetheirfulfilmenthereafteratthetimeofthecompletesalvationofIsraelasanation(Rom.11.26).
InIs.62.11,12,weread,'Sayj^etothedaughtersofZion,Behold,thysalvation(i.e.Saviour)cometh;behold,hisrewardiswithhim,andhisworkbeforehim.Andtheyshallcallthem,Theholypeople.TheredeemedoftheLord.'Inter-preting thisinthelightoftheGospelnarrative,wemaygiveaspiritualsensetotheredemptionherespokenof,without,however,denyingthatthewordswillhereafterre-ceive amorevividfulfilmentwhentheLordcomes'withoutsinuntosalvation'(seeHeb.9.28).
§4.Anotherapplicationofthewordwasinthesenseofavengingthebloodoftheslain.Thisistreatedatlengthinthe35thchapterofNumbers,inconnectionwiththesubjectofthecitiesofrefuge.ItisalsoreferredtoinDeut.19.6,12;Jos.20.3,5,9;and2Sam.14.11.
ThewordoccursonceinJob,inthecelebratedpassage(19.25),'IknowthatmyRedeemerliveth.'Whateverviewmaybetakenofthispassage,whetherweregarditasapredictionoftheMessiah'scoming,orasanintimationofthedoctrineoftheresurrection,orasreferringtoatem-poral deliverancefromdiseaseandtrouble,onepointisclear,thatJobexpresseshisdeepconvictionthattherewasalivingGodwhocouldandwhowouldtakehispart,and
0
194RedemptionandSalvation.[Ch.XI.
extricateliimfromalldifficulties;andthisistheprin-ciple inwhichtheHebrewreaderwastobetrained.
InPs.19.14,thePsalmistcallsGodhisstrengthandhisRedeemer;andinPs.69.18,heappealstoGodtodrawnig-handredeemhissoul;andheusesthewordagaininasomewhatgeneralsensewithreferencetopastorfuturedeliverancesinPs.77.15,78.35,103.4,106.10,107.2.InPs.119.154,Gaalisrendereddeliver.
Aremarkablecombinationofthesecularwiththetheo-logical senseofGoelistobefoundinProv.23.10,11,'Ee-movenottheoldlandmark;andenternotintothefieldofthefatherless:Fortheirredeemerismighty;heshaUpleadtheircausewiththee.'Godtakestheplaceofkinsmanandalsoofavengertothepoorandhelpless.Thisdoctrineissetforthwithgreatclearness,bothinthePsalms,theProverbs,andthepropheticalbooks.'HethatoppresseththepoorreproachethhisMaker'(Prov.14.31);whilst'HethathathpityuponthepoorlendethuntotheLord'(Prov.19.17).
TheideaofGoelastheavengerofbloodcomesupagaininIs.63.4,whentheMightyOneinblood-stainedgarmentssays,'Thedayofvengeanceisinmineheart,andtheyearofmyredeemediscome.'Thewordoccursagaininthe9thand16thversesofthesamechapter,whereitrathersignifiesdeliverancefromcaptivity.
TheLordisspokenofastheRedeemerinJer.50.34;Lam.3.58;Hos.13.14;andMicah4.10.Inthesepassages,asinmostoftheothersaboveenumerated,redemptionmaybeconsideredassynonymouswithdeliverance,butalwayswiththeideamoreorlessdevelopedthattheRedeemerentersintoacertainrelationshipwiththeredeemed—allieshimselfinsomesensewiththeirnature,andclaimsther'ujldofredemption.ThetruththussetforthwasdoubtlessintendedtopreparethemindofGod'speopleforthedoctrineoftheIncarnation.'Forasmuchasthechildrenwerepar-
§5.]Padak,toDeliver.195
takersoffleshandblood,thereforeliealsotookpartinthesame,'andhaAdngconstitutedHimselfthekinsmanofthehumanrace,Hefoughttheirbattleagainst'himwhohadthepowerofdeath,'anddeliveredHispeoplefrombondage(seeHeb.2.14,15).
TheLXXgenerallyrendersGaalbyXuTpoo),toredeem;butinfourteenpassageswefindpvco,todeliver;andinten,dy^^KTTSvM,toacttheneighbour.TheverbaTroXvTpoo)isfoundinZeph.3.1(A.V.'polluted');XvrpovinLev.25.24,51,54.
§5.Inmanyofthepassagesabovecitedanotherwordisusedasaparalleltogaal,namely,padah(ms),whichourtranslatorshaverenderedbythewordsdeliver,redeem,ransom,andrescue.
PadahisusedinEx.13.13',15,oftheredemptionofthefirst-born,whowereregardedasrepresentativesofthosewhohadbeensavedwhenthefirst-bornofEgyptweredestroyed.Thisredemptionextendedtoalluncleanbeasts,toall,thatistosay,thatwereprecludedfrombeingofferedassacrifice(Num.18.16,17),andasetpricewastobepaidfortheirdeliverance.Redemption-money(A.V.ransom)isdescribedinEx.21.30,aspaidtomakeamendsincertaincasesofwrong-doing.
Padahisoftenadoptedtorepresentthedeliveranceofaservantfromslavery,asinEx.21,8.ItisalsousedofthepeoplerescuingJonathanfromdeath,in1Sam.14.45.
ThiswordisusedinPs.31.5,'IntothinehandIcommitmyspirit:thouhastredeemedme,0LordGodoftruth';inPs.34.22,'TheLordredeemeththesoulsofhisser-vants'; inPs.49.7,8,15,'Nonecanredeemhisbrother,norgivetoGodaransom(copher,anatonement')forhim:(fortheredemptionoftheirsoulisprecious)....ButGodwillredeemmysoulfromthepowerofthegrave';in
'Seechap.xii.§2.o2
196RedemptionandSalvation.[Cn.XI.
Ps.130.7,8,'WiththeLordisplenteousredemption;andheshallredeemIsraelfromallhisiniquities';andinIs.127,*Zionshallberedeemedwithjudgment.'Theapplica-tion ofthewordtoAbrahaminIs.29.22,isremarkable,*ThussaiththeLord,whoredeemedAbraham.'Itseemsheretosignifyhiscallfromthecompanionshipofidolatersandhisintroductionintothecovenantofpromise.
Fromthepassageswhichhavenowbeencited,itwillbegatheredthatthewordpadahisnotusedinthepeculiartechnicalsenseswhichgaalexpresses,butthatitespeciallyreferstothedeliverancefrombondage.TheLXXgenerallyrepresentsitby\vTp6co;fivetimeswefindpuw,twiceaco^o),andonceunokvTpoo).
Thecognateformpada'(yna)isfoundinconnectionwithcapliarinJob33.24,'Deliverhim:Ihavefoundaransom'(ormodeofatonement);so,inverse28,'Hewilldeliverhissoulfromgoingintothepit.'ThewordalsooccursinPs.69.18,'Delivermebecauseofmineenemies.'
§6.InapproachingtheGreekwordsforredemptionintheNewTestament,itisevidentthatwemustnotnarrowourconceptionstoonesoleprocessofdeliverance.TheexaminationoftheOldTestamentleadsustolookforre-demption inmanyaspects.Theremaybephysicaldeliver-ance, fromdiseaseordeath;socialdeliverance,fromcon-ventional orlegalbarriersbetweenmanandman,betweenthesexes,betweenvariousclassesofsocietyorvariousnationsoftheworld;andtlieremaybemoralandspiritualdeliverancefromthepowerofevilintheheartandfromtheeffectsofthatevilbeforeGod.Withoutpressingforastrongdemarcationbetweenpvw,todeliver,andXvTpoa),toredeem,weshallbepreparedtofindinbothcasesthatthedeliveranceofmaniscostly,involvingsomegiftoractofself-sacrificeonthepartoftheEedeemer,norshallwebesurprisedifwefindthatacertainidentificationisnecessitated
]\Iat. | 6 |
Lu. | 1. |
Ro. | 7, |
Eo. | 11, |
16.]Redemptio7i,accordingtotheN.T.197
betweentheDelivererandtliosewhomHeclaimsarighttodeliver.
Inthemoregeneralsenseofdeliverancewemayreadsuchpassagesasthefollowing:—
13,'Deliverusfromevil.'
74,'Thatwebeingdeliveredoutofthehandsofourenemiesmightservehimwithoutfear.'
24,*OwretchedmanthatIam,whoshalldelivermefromthebodyofthisdeath?'
26,referringtoIs.59.20,'TheRedeemer(Goel,opvo/jteyog)shallcomefromZion.'Ro.15.31,'ThatImaybedeliveredfromthemthataredisobe-dient.'
2Cor.1.10,'"Whodeliveredusfromsogreatadeath,anddoth
deliver;andwehopealsothatheshalldeliver.'Col.1.13.'Whodeliveredusfromthepowerofdarkness.'IThes.l.10.'Whodeliversusfromthewrathtocome.'Seealso2Thess.3.2;2Tim.3.11,4.17,18;2Pet.2.7,9,which
allrefertotemporaldeliverances.
Theverb\vTp6coisusedonlythreetimesintheNewTestament.Intwoofthesepassagesthereisevidentlyareferencetothecostorsacrificewhichman'sdeliveryhasinvolved.OneisTit.2,14,wherewearetoldofJesusChristthatHe'gavehimselfforusthathemightredeemusfromalliniquity.'Theotheris1Pet.1.18,19,'Yewerenotredeemedfromyourvainmanneroflifewithcorruptiblethings,assilverandgold;butwiththepreciousbloodofChrist,asofalambwithoutblemishandwithoutspot.'
ThesepassagesnaturallyhanguponourLord'sownwordswhicharefoundinMatt.20.28,andMark10.45,'TheSonofmancame(i.e.identifiedhimselfwiththehumanrace),nottobeministeredunto,buttominister,andtogivehislifearansomformany,'Bovvacttjp'^v)^i]vavrovXvrpovuvtIttoXXw^.ThustheLordbecamethekinsmanofmen,soastohavetherightofredeemingthembythesacrificeofHisownlife.Thistruthwassetforthinmoststrikino^words
igSRedemptionandSalvation.[Cn.XL
"bySt.Paul,whosaysoftheSaviour(1Tim.2.5,6),'ThereisonemediatorbetweenGodandman,themanChristJesus;whogavehimselfaransomforall(8oyysavrbvavTcXvTpovvTTsp-rrdvTwv),tobetestifiedinduetime,'Forafurtherdis-cussion ofthispassage,seechap.xii.§9.
InActs7.35,MosesisdescribedasaDelivererorEe-deemer{XvTpoiTrjs)becausehecarriedoutGod'sworkofredeemingIsraelfromthelandofEgypt.Butafterall,hewasonlyatypeofthegreaterRedeemerwhosecomingtheprophetsforetold.
WereadinLuke24.21,thetwodisciples,ontheirroadtoEmmaus,saidofChrist,'WetrustedthatithadbeenhewhichshouldhaveredeemedIsrael,'6fisXXcovXvTpovcrdait6v^Ja-patjX.BythisexpressiontheyimpliedthataRedeemerVrascertainlycoming,andthattheirhopeshadbeensetuponJesusofNazarethasthepersontheywerelookingfor.BytheredemptionofIsraelperhapstheymeantwhatthedisciplesdescribedafewdaysafterwardsastherestorationofthekingdomtoIsrael.ThisredemptionhadbeenlookedforwithmucheagernessamongtheJewsofthattime,probablyowingtothestudyofDaniel'sprophecyofSeventyWeeks.WehaveaglimpseofthisexpectationthirtyyearsearlierinthepropheticsongofZacharias,whichopenswiththesewords:'BlessedbetheLordGodofIsrael,forhehathvisitedandredeemed{ettoltjo-sXvrpaxnv)hispeople,andhathraisedupanhornofsalvationforusinthehouseofhisservantDavid.'ThewordRedemptionhereusedbytheagedpriestappearstogatherupinonealltheblessingsmentionedinthelaterportionsofthesong—light,pardon,peace,salvation,deliverancefromthehandofenemies,andthepowerofservingGodwithoutfear,'Inholinessandrighteousnessbeforehimallthedaysofourlife.'ShortlyafterwardswereadofSimeonthathewas'waitingfortheconsolationofIsrael,'waiting,thatistosay,forthefulfil-
§6.]Redemption,accoi'diiigtotheN.T.199
mentofthepropheticvoice,*Comfortye,comfortyemypeople'(Is.40.1).Thiscomfortorconsolationwastobefullyrealisedinthedaywhenallfleshshouldseethesalva-tion ofGod;andSimeonclaimstheHolyChildinhisarmsastheagentofthishope—'Mineeyeshaveseenthysalva-tion.' Accordingtotheprophet,GodthoughtitbutaslightthingtodeliverIsrael,andthereforeHeundertookthatthePromisedOneshouldbealighttothewholeGentileworld.Accordingly,Simeonconcludeshisinspiredhymnofjoywiththepregnantwords,'AlighttolightentheGentiles,andthegloryofthypeoj)leIsrael.'WearefurthertoldthatwhilstSimeonwasspeaking,theagedAnnacameinandjoinedinthesongofpraise,andthenwentforthtospeakofhimtoallthosethatlookedforRedemp-tion [XvTpcoaiv)inJerusalem(Luke2.38).
ThewordXvTpooaisoccursoncemore,namelyinHeb.9.12,wherewereadofChristthat'Byhisownbloodheenteredinonceforallintotheholyplace(i.e.intotheheavens),havingobtained(orfound)eternalredemptionforus.'
TheformdTroXurpcoaisissomewhatmoreemphatic.ItoccurstentimesintheNewTestament.OnceintheGospels—'Liftupyourheads,forbeholdyourredemptiondrawethnigh'(Luke21.28).ThispassageevidentlyreferstoagreatfutureeventwhichshallconstitutethefinaldeliveranceofthepeopleofGodfromeverytrouble.ThewordisusedwithreferencetothesameeventinRom.8.23,'Waitingfortheadoption,towit,theredemptionofourbody';andagaininEph.4.30,'GrievenottheholySpiritofGod,wherebyyearesealeduntothedayofredemj)-tion';alsointhefirstchapterofthesameEpistleandthe13thand14thverses,'YeweresealedwiththeholySpiritofpromise,whichistheearnestofourinheritanceuntiltheredemptionofthepurchasedpossession.'
InRom.3.24;Eph.1.7;andCol.1.14,redemptionisapparentlyidentifiedwithpresentpardonandjustification
200RedemptionandSalvation.[Ch.XL
throughthebloodofChrist.ButthereisanotherpassagewhichcombinesthepresentandfutureaspectsofRedemptioninone,viz.Heb.9.15.ItisherestatedthatthedeathofChristeffectsaRedemption,orperhapswemightrenderit'adischargeoftheaccount'ofthetrangressionsincurredunderthefirstcovenant,thattheywhicharecalledmightreceivethepromiseofeternalinheritance.InHeb.11.35,thiswordisusedwithreferencetothatdeliverancefromdeathwhichthemartyrsundertheolddispensationmightpossiblyhaveobtainedatthecostofadenialofthefaith.
§7.TheideaofpurchaseasconnectedwithsalvationisexpressedstillmorestronglyintheNewTestamentthanintheOld,bytheuseofthewordsayopd^coandi^ayopd^co.TheformeroftheseisusedseveraltimesintheGospelsinitsordinarysense;butinthelaterbooksweread'Yeare(orwere)boughtwithaprice'(1Cor.6.20,and7.23);'DenyingtheLordthatboughtthem'(2Pet.2.1);'ThouhastboughtusforGodbythyblood'Rev.5.9;'Thehundredandforty-fourthousandthatareboughtfromtheearth,'Rev.14.3,4.
Themorecompleteformi^ayopd^co,isfoundinGal.3.13,'Christhasboughtusofffromthecurse';andchap.4.5,'Madeunderthelawthathemightbuyoffthemthatareunderthelaw.'ItprimarilyreferstothespecialdeliverancewhichJewsassuchneededandobtainedthroughtheformandmodeofChrist'sdeath,soastoextricatethemfromtheclaimswhichthelawofMoseswouldotherwisehaveestab-lished againstthem.
AnotherwordrenderedpurchaseintheN.T.,namely,irspLTTOLTjais,usuallyanswerstotheHebrewChayah(n^n),tomakeorkeepalive.ItisalsousedinIs.43.21,whereweread,'ThispeoplehaveIformed(ormoulded)formy-self ';andthenounoccursinMai.3.17,whereitsignifiesapeculiartreasure[A-.Y.jeiveh).TheresultofourbeingsavedalivebyGodisthatwebecomeinanewsenseHis
§8.]Yasha^itsGeneralUsage.201
specialproperty,andtlieobjectsofHispeculiarinterest.ThepassagesintheN.T.inwhichthewordisfoundareActs20.28,'FeedthechurchofGodwhichhehathrescuedandhenceacquiredbyhisownblood';1Tim.3.13,'Acquir-ing forthemselvesagooddegree';Heb.10.39,'Weareofthemthatbelievefortherescuingofthesoul';1Pet.2.9,'J.rescuedandhenceacquiredpeople';Eph.1.14,'Untiltheredemptionoftheacquired])roi:>erty';1Thess.5.9,'Fortheacquisitionofsalvation';2Thess.2.14,'Fortheacqui-sition ofglory.'^
§8.ThedoctrineofsalvationintheNewTestamentderivesitsnamefromawordwhichwasengrainedinthehistoryandlanguageofIsraelfromtheperiodofthede-liverance ofthepeopleoutofEgyptuptothetimeoftheirrestorationfromcaptivity.Thewordyasha'(y'lT''),tosave,whichgenerallyanswerstotheGreekcrdn^o),hasgivenanamenotonlytoJoshua,thesuccessorofMoses,butalsotoHimwhowasgreaterthaneitherJoshuaorMoses,andwhowascalledJesus,becauseHeshouldsaveHispeoplefromtheirsins.Ourtranslatorshaverenderedyasha'bythewordssave,help,preserve,rescue,defend,anddeliver.
Yasha'isusedofGod'sdeliveranceofthepeo]3lefromEgypt(Ex.14.30;Is.43.3),andfromenemieswhoop-pressed inCanaan(Num.10.9;Dent.20.4).Thereferencetothisfactin1Sam.10.19,isverystriking:'YehavethisdayrejectedyourGod,whohimselfsavedyououtofallyouradversitiesandyourtribulations.'
ThissalvationfromhumanoppressionwhichGodwroughtwasoftenconductedthroughtheinstrumentalityofman.ThustheLordsaidtoGideon,'Gointhisthymight,andthoushaltsaveIsraelfromthehandoftheMidianites;havenotIsentthee'(Jud.6.14).Again,HesaystoSamuelconcerningSaul,'Thoushaltanointhimtobecaptainover
'Thusapeculiarpeople,intheBiLle,doesnotmeananeccentricorastrangepeople;itgivesnoexcusetopeopletoaiFectpeculiarities.
202RedejnptmiandSalvation.[Ch.XI.
mypeopleIsrael,thathemaysavemypeopleoutofthehandofthePhilistines'(1Sam.9.16).YetinsuchcasesitwastobeclearlyunderstoodthattheworkwasGod's,notman's;accordingly,Gideon'scompanywasreducedinnum-ber, 'LestIsraelvauntthemselvesagainstme,saying,Myownhandhathsavedme'(Jud.7.2).Actuatedbythisconviction,Jonathanremindedhisarmour-bearerthat'ThereisnorestrainttotheLordtosavebymanyorbyfew'(1Sam.14.6);andSaul,whenappealingtothenameofGod,describesHimastheLordwhosavethIsrael(1Sam.14.39).In2Kin,13.5,wereadthat'theLordgaveIsraelasaviour,sothattheywentoutfromunderthehandoftheSyrians.'WiththispassagemaybecomparedthewordsofIsaiahwithregardtoEgypt,'TheyshallcryuntotheLordbecauseoftheoppressors,andheshallsendthemasaviour,andagreatone,andheshalldeliverthem'(Is.19.20).
Overandabovethenationalsalvationdepictedintheseandmanysimilarpassages,therearenumerousreferencesintheOldTestamenttothefactthatGodexercisesasavingcareoverindividuals,especiallyoverthosewhointheirhelplessnessandtroubleneedandclaimHisprotection.EliphazsaysofGod,'Hesaveththepoorfromthesword,fromtheirmouth,andfromthehandofthemighty'(Job5.15);'Heshallsavethehumbleperson'(22.29).ThePsalmistsays,'Hesavesthemeek'(Ps.76.9),theneedy(Ps.72.4,13),thecontrite(Ps.34.18),therighteous(Prov.28.18),butnotthewicked(Ps.18.41).
TheprincipleuponwhichthissalvationfromtroubleisextendedtomanissimplythemercifuldispositionofGod(Ps.109.26),andhisownhonour(Is.37.35).HesavesforHisownName'ssake,Mancannotbehisownsaviour(Job40.14);andsoGodsaysemphatically,'IevenIamtheLord,andbesidemethereisnosaviour'(Is,43.11);'Lookuntomeandbeyesavedalltheendsoftheearth;forIamGod,andthereisnoneelse'(Is.45.22).
§§9-11.]WordsmarkingSalvation.203
§9.Thereisnothinginthewordyasha'whichindicatesthemode,orwhichlimitstheextentofsalvation.Itevidentlyincludesdivinelybestoweddeliverancefromeveryclassofspiritualandtemporaleviltowhichmortalmanissubjected.InPs.24,5,andelsewhereitissetforthinconnectionwithrighteousness;inPs.25.5,withtruth;inPs.40.10,withfaithfulness;inPs.51.12,withjoy;in68.19,20,withspi-ritual gifts;in69.13,withthehearingofprayer;andin79.9,withtheforgivenessofsin.
TheMessiahwastobetheembodimentoftheDivinehelpandsalvation.Hiscomingisthusproclaimed,'Behold,thysalvationcometh;beholdhisrewardiswithhimandhisworkbeforehim'(Is.62.11);'Beholdthykingcomethuntothee;heisjustandhavingsalvation'(Zech.9.9);'Behold,yourGodwillcomewithvengeance,evenGodwitharecompense;hewillcomeandsaveyou'(Is.35.4).
§10.Shamar(njDt^')?^oguard,isrenderedsaveintheA.V.in2Kin.6.10;andJob2.6.In2Sam.19.9,thewordNatsal("pvj),torescue,isused;Malath(d'?d),whichhasthesamemeaning,isusedin1Sam.19.11;2Sam.19.5;1Kin.1.12;Job20.20;andJer.48.6.Chayah(nm),tosavealiveormakealiveisusedseveraltimes,e.g.Gen.12.12;Ez.3.18,13.18,19,18.27.Intheseandotherpas-sages, ^preservationinlifeiswhatisgenerallyreferredto.
§11.Itisnowourbusinesstoexaminetheusageofo-w^w,theGreekrepresentativeofyasha'intheNewTestament.Wefinditusedofbothtemporalandspiritualdeliverances,thoughthelattersensestronglypredominates.'Tohesaved,''and'tohemadewhole,'aresometimestakenasrenderingsforthesameword.OverandoveragaininthisphysicalsenseChrist'savedothers,'thoughHecouldnot—theJewssupposed—saveHimself.TherearealsosomepassagesintheEpistleswhichappeartorefertotemporalsalvation,whilstothersareopentotwointerpretations.
.'204RedemptionandSalvation.[Ch.XI.
ThereferencesintheN.T.tothe'greatsalvation'wroughtbyChristareveryconstantandmostremarkable.SometimesthissalvationisidentifiedwithentranceintothekingdomofGod(Mark10.26;Luke13.23);sometimesitisregardedasapresentsalvation(Luke19.9;2Cor.6.2);inotherpassagesitispostponedtilltheGreatDay(1Cor,3.15),whichisthedayoftheLordJesusChrist(1Cor.5.5).ItiseverywheresetforthasattainableonlythroughHim(John10.9;Acts4.12).Itfollowsonrepentance(2Cor.7.10),onbelief(Mark16.16),onreceivingtheloveofthetruth(2Thess,2.10),onpublicconfessionofChrist'sresurrection(Eom.10.9).Insomepassagessalvationisdeliverancefromsins(Matt.1.21);inothers,itappearstomeanacon-tinuous preservationfromsurroundingevil(Heb.5.9;2Tim.4.18);whilstinathirdclassofpassagesitisdeliverancefromthewrathtocome(Rom.5.9,13.11;1Thess.5.8;Heb.9.28).
Thebeingsavedisbroughtseveraltimesintocontrastwiththebeinglost.ItisapresentlossorperditionfromwhichChristcomestoseekandtosaveinthefirstplace.HeisneverrepresentedassavingfromfinalperditionthosewhodeliberatelyrejectHissavingworkhere.Hismissionwasessentiallyremedialandrestorative.SolongasHewasuponearthHerestoredhealthtothesick,sighttotheblind,andcleannesstotheleper;nowthatHehasdied,risen,andascendedintoheaven.HerestoresthemoralbeingofthosewhotrustHim,notonlybyhealingtheirback-slid ingsandpardoningtheiroffences,butalsobygivingthemspiritualhealth,andpowertoliveuntoGod.Hereafter,restorationofthebodyandofthewholephysicalfabricofthingsconnectedwiththebodywillbeaccomplished,andacompletenessofDivinelifeinitsvariedaspectswillbe.thelotofthosewhohaveherefollowedJesusastheSaviouroftheWorld.
ComplexEffectsofSin.
CHAPTEEXII.
ATONEMENT,F0EGIVENE3S,ANDACCEPTANCE.
§1.ThecallmadebythesinofmanupontheattributesofGod.—§2.Capba,r,thevariousformsandmeaningsoftheword.—§3.Cap-poretb,orthemercy-seat.—§4.ThePriest'sofficeinmakingatone-ment.—§5.Ideassetforthbythewordatonement.—§6.OtheraspectsandrenderingsofCapbar.—§7.ItsGreekrepresentativesintheLXX.—§8.TheirusageintheN.T.—§9.Remarkson,1Tim.2.6.—§10.OnthevicariousnatureofChrist'ssuiferings.—§11.OnReconciliation.—§12.MeaningandusageofSalacb,toforgive.—§13.Forgiveness,accordingtotheN.T.—§11.Meaningandusageofnrasa,tobear.—§15.ItsrepresentativesintheN.T.—§16.VariousHebrewwordsrenderedacceptance.—§17.Ratsab;itsmeaningandusage.—§18.Acceptance,accordingtotheN.T.
§1.Moralactions,viewedastotheireffects,maybere-garded intwoliglits:first,theyproduceaneffectontheagent,eachactiontendingtoinfluencehischaracterinsomeparticulardirection;secondly,theyaffecthisrela-tions withhisfellow-beings,andalsowithGod.Eveiybreachoflaw,asamatteroffact,constitutesmananoffender,and—ifitbeknownorsuspected—causeshimtoberegardedassuch.Thisprinciple,withwhichweareallfamiliarinhumanaffairs,istrue,nay,itmayberegardedasatruism,inthingspertainingtoGod;andsmcethesecretsofeveryheartarelaidbarebeforeHim,itfollowsthateveryevilmotive,everycherishedpassion,everywrongwordandeveryevildeed,awakentheDivinedispleasure,andcallforjudicialtreatmentatGod'shands.Asinman,however,thereexistcertainattributeswhichtendtocompensateeachother'saction,soitisinGod.Mercyrejoicesagainstjudgment,andthefeelingsofaFatherexistinthebosomof
2o6Atonement,Forgiveness,midAcceptance.[Cn.XII.
HimwhomweinstinctivelyandrightlyregardasaMoralGovernor.Godneverforgetswhereofwearemade;Heknowsourframe,andremembersthatwearebutdust;andthesinsintowhichweareoftenhurriedthroughourfallennatureandourinheritedconstitution,throughignorance,throughtheforceofcircumstances,andthroughthemachi-nations oftheEvilOne,areweighedbyHiminalltheiraspects,andareseen,ifwithamagisterialeye,yetthroughamediumoftenderloveandpity,whichhasfounditsfullexpressionandeffectintheatonement.
§2.TheHebrewwordwherebythisdoctrineisuniversallysetforthintheOldTestament,isCaphar(isa),theoriginalmeaningofwhichissupposedtobetocover,orshelter.Anounformedfromit,answeringtothemodernArabicCephr,issometimesusedtosignifyavillageasaplaceofshelter.Anotherformofthisword,namely.Gopher,usuallyrenderedransom,istranslatedcamphireinCant.1.14,and4.13.InGen.6.14,theverbandnounareusedwhereGodisrepresentedastellingNoahtopitchthearkwithinandwithoutwithpitch.Thewordmayhavebeenadoptedinthispassageonpurposetogiveanillustrationofthedoctrinenowunderconsideration;butitmaybere-marked thattheverbishereintheKal,orActiveVoice,whilstinallotherpassagesitisinthePiel,orIntensiveVoice,whichwasconstantlyadoptedtomarkthetechnicalorceremonialusageofaword.
ThewordCaphardoesnotinitselfindicatethewholemethodwherebyGod'satoninglovehasmanifesteditself,butitsgeneraladoptionthroughtheOldTestamentrevealstousthatashelterorhidingplaceforthesinneristobefoundinGod,whilsttheritesoftheLeviticallawprefiguredinsomedegreethewayinwhichGod'smercywouldbemanifested.
Beforereferringtothepassagesinwhichthewordhas
§2.]CapJiai',itsvariousFormsandMeanings.207
beenrenderedtomakeatonement,itmaybewelltonoticethoseinwliicliotherrenderingshavebeenadoptedintheA.V.Thefollowingarethemostimportant:—
Deut.21.8,'Theyshallsay,Bemercifuluntothypeoplewhomthouhastredeemed,andlaynotthisinnocentbloodtotheircharge;...andthebloodshallbefor-given them,'i.e.thechargeofhavingshedinnocentbloodshallberemovedfromthem(afterthesolemnandformalassertionoftlieirinnocenceaccompaniedAvithprayer).Ps.78.38,'Hebeingfullofcompassionforgavetheiriniquityanddestroyedthemnot.'Inthiscasethechargewasdoneawaywith,notbecauseofman'sinnocence,butbecauseofGod'scompassion.Jer.18.23,'Lord,thouknowestalltheircounselagainstmetoslayme:forgivenottheiriniquity,neitherblotouttheirsinfromthysight.'2Chr.30.1'Hezekiahprayedforthem,saying.TheGoodLord18,19,JpardoneveryonethatpreparethhishearttoseekGod,tlieLordGodofhisfathers,though(hedoit)notaccordingtothepurificationofthesanctuary.'Itisadded,that'theLordhearkenedtoHezekiahandhealedthepeople.'Hereaceremonialoffencewascommitted,butthrovightheintercessionofHeze-kialithechargewasdoneawaywith.Is.47.11,'Mischiefshallfalluponthee;thoushaltbeimabletoputitoff,'i.e.toshelterthyselffromthatpunish-ment whichsininvolves.1Sam.3.14,'IhaveswornthattheiniquityofEli'shouseshallnotbepurgedwithsacrificenorofferingforever.'ThehouseofEliwastofallirretrievablybecausetheyhadabusedtheirresponsiblepositionandhaddonedis-honour toGod.Nosacrifice,howeverpotent,forsinsofignorance,couldcauseGodtochangehisdetermi-nation onthispoint.ItmaybenotedthatitisnottheeternaldestinyoftheindividualsbuttheofficialpositionofthefamilythatisherespokenofPs.65.3,'Asforourtransgressions,thoushaltpurgethemaway.'ThisisanexpressionofconfidenceinGod'smercyandlove.Ps.79.9,'Purgeawayoursinsforthyname'ssake.'Inthis,
2o8Atoile^nent,Forgiveness,andAcceptance.[On.xn.
asinotherpassages,thepurgationisnotthemoralchange,buttheremovaleitherofguiltorofthepunishmentwhichfollowsfromguilt.ThespecialpointtobenotedinthispassageisthatthegroundofappealliesnotinanylatentgoodnessintheoffenderbutinthenatureofGodhimself,'whosenatureandpropertyisevertohavemercyandtoforgive.'Thisisimpliedinthefamiliarbuttoolittleheededphrase,''forthyname'ssake,^whichoccurssofre-quently intheOldTestament.Prov.16.G,'Bymercyandtruthiniquityispurged,andbythefearoftheLordmendepartfromevil.'Thispassageisoneofasmallclasswhichmustnotbepressedtoofar,butmustnotbealtogetheroverlookedinanytheologicalsystem.Itteachesthatwhereamande-parts fromhisevilcoursesandturnsintothepathofmercyandtruth—whetherthattruthisforeshadowedintheOldTestament,orrevealedintheNew—thatmanisreceivedintoGod'sfamilyandhissinsareblottedout.Isaiah6.6,7,'Thenflewoneoftheseraphimuntome,havingalivecoalinhishand,whichhehadtakenwiththetongsfromoffthealtar;andhelaidituponmymouth,andsaid,Lo,thishathtouchedthylips,andthineiniqiiityistakenawayandthysinpurged.'Thismysteriousactiononthepartoftheheavenlybeing,withregardtotheprophet,symbolisedtheremovalnotofhisimperfections,butofthechargeagainsthiminthesightofGod,whichtheseimperfectionscreated.Isaiah22.14,'Surelythisinicjuityshallnotbepu.rgedfromyoutillyedie.'Themenofwhomthiswassaid,andwhohaddeliberatelysetthemselvesinoppositiontoGod'srevealedtruth,wouldgointoanotherworldwiththeirsinsunpardoned,andwithaheavychargeagainstthem.Theywould'dieintheirsins.'Isaiah27.9,'BythisshalltheiniquityofJacobbepurged,and
thisisallthe.fruittotakeawayhissin.'Ez.43.20,'Thusshaltthoucleanseandpurgeit.'Ez.16.1'Iwillestablishmycovenantwiththee,andthoushalt62,G3,JknowthatIamtheLord;thatthoumayestremem-ber andbeconfounded,andneveropenthymouth
§3.]Capporetli,ortheMercy-Seat.209
anymorebecauseofthyshame;whenIampacifiedtowardtheeforallthatthouhastdone.'Thepacifi-cation ofGodisliterallythecoveiing(byatonement)ofthesinswrittenagainstHispeople.Therendering',however,isopentoconsiderableobjection,asitratherfallsinwiththeheathenidea,thatmanmustdosomethingtopacifyanangryGod,Avhereaspaci-fication, i.e.atonement,proceedsfromHimonly.
Isaiah28.18,'Yourcovenantwithdeathshallbedisannulled.'ThisuseofthewordCapharisinteresting.Tobedisannulledistobetreatedasnon-existent;andthisisthewayinwhichGodcoverssin;tousethevividlanguageoftheBible,HecastsitbehindHisback.
Num.35.33,'Thelandcannotbecleansedofthebloodthatisshedtherein,butbythebloodofhimthatshedit.'
Deut.32.43,'Hewillbemercifuluntohislandanduntohispeople.'
§3.BeforeconsideringthestrictlyceremonialuseofCaphar,itistobenoticedthatthenameofthemercy-seat,Capporeth{IXaaTrjpiop),isderivedfromit.Thede-scription ofthisremarkableobjectistobefoundinEx.25.,anditsuseisindicatedinLev.16.ItwasthelidofthearkvrhichcontainedthelawofGod.Thoughmadeofpuregold,itneededtobesprinkledwithbloodonceayear.OnthissolemnoccasiontheHighPriestenteredintotheMostHolyPlaceamidstcloudsofincense,andsprinkledthecoveringofthelawofGodwiththebloodoftheslaingoatonwhoseheadthesinsofthenationhadbeenconfessed.Thislife-blood,shedtorepresentthepunishmentduetotheIsraelitesfortheirsins,wasthusbrought(bymeansofsprinkling)intocontactwiththatreceptacleoftheLaw,andinthisrelationshipwassubmittedtotheimmediatepresenceofGod.HereinwassymbolisedthefactthattheHolyOneandtheJust,WhohadthelawofGodwithinHisheart,shouldtastedeathforeveryman,andbysodoingshouldenablethemtoappearbeforeHimfromWhomtheir
p
210Atonement,Forgiveness,andAcceptance.[Ch,xn.
sinhadalienatedthem.ThiswastheatonementorshelterprovidedbyGodfortheworld.
Themercy-seatisnotonlyreferredtoasoneoftheLevitical'shadows'inHeb.9.5,butisidentifiedwiththeatoninofworkofChristinEom,3.25,whereweread,'Godhathsetforth(Christ)asapropitiation(Luther,'zweinemGnadenstuhl')throughfaithinhisblood.'
§4.WenowhavetonoticethatthewordCapharnotonlysetsforthGod'smercifuldispositiontoshelterthesinner(§2),andsymbolisestheprocesswherebythesheltershouldbeobtained(§3),butalsorepresentstheactofthePriestinmakingatonementforthesinsofthepeople.Anim-portant conclusionmaybedrawnfromthisfact,namely,thatthisdivinely-appointedofficer,whenmakingatone-ment, wasreallyrepresenting,notwhatmandoesinap-proaching God,butwhat'Godmanifestintheflesh'doesinshelteringman.Thepeoplemightbringthesacrifices,butitwasthepriestalonethatcouldtakethebloodandsprinkleitonthealtaroronthemercy-seat,andwhenhedidsohewassettingforthinadimandshadowyfigurethemercifulprovisionofGodforthepardonofthesinner.Atonement,then,wasnotsomethingdonebymantopacifyorgratifyGod;norwasitsomethingdonebyathirdpartywiththeintentionofrepresentingthesinnerbeforeGod,butitisessentiallytheproductofGod'spardoningmercy,exhibitedinfigurethroughtheagencyofthepriest'ssprinklingoftheblood,andfinallyembodiedintheworkofChrist.'GodwasinChristreconcilingtheworlduntoHimself,notim-puting theirtrespassesuntothem'(2Cor.5.19).
InaccordancewiththeteachingoftheOldTestamentonthissubjectwehavethedoctrineofthePriesthoodofChrist,theobjectofwhichwas'tomakeatonement(A.V.'re-conciliation ')forthesinsofthepeople,'plainlysetforthintheEpistletotheHebrews(2.17).
§5.]IdeassetforthbythewordAtoncniciit.211
§5.ThewordCaphar,inoneorotherofitsforms,isrenderedatoneoratonementinabouteightypassages,mostofwhichareintheLeviticallaAv.Allmenandallthingshumanarerepresentedinthelawasneedingthisprocesswhichwecallatonement.Evenwhenapriest,oranaltar,oratemple,wastobeconsecrated,theremustbeatonementmadefirst,notbecausethesethingsrepresentedman—fortheyweresymbolsofheavenlythings—butbecausetheywerethemselveshuman,orwereconstructedbyhuma.nhands,andmadeofearthlymaterials(seeEx.29.35,36,37;Ez.45.20).
Andhowwasatonementwrought?AspotlessvictimhadtobebroughtbeforetheLordtotakethepartofsinfulman.Itsdeath,afterthesinsoftheoffererhadbeenlaiduponitshead,representedthefactthattheinnocentmustsufferfortheguilty.Thencamethesolemnmystery.Thepriest,God'sagent,musttakethebloodofthevictimandscatteritoverGod'saltar.ThisprocesssetforththetruththatGodanddeathmustbebroughtintocontactthroughmeansofHimwhompriestandaltartypified.Thesymbolwascom-posite, ormany-sided,anditsvariousaspectscanonlyberealisedandputtogetherwhentheyareregardedinthelightofChrist'sdeathuponthecross.ItwasnotHislifethatmadeatonement,butHisdeath.OneoftheendsandobjectsofhispartakingoffleshandbloodwasthathavingtakenhumannatureuponHimself,Hemighttastedeath.ThepeopleofIsraelwerefrequentlyremindedthattheirhopelayinthedeathofarepresentative.ThisisbroughtoutveryclearlyinLev.17.11,'Thelife(orsoul)ofthefleshisintheblood:andIhavegivenittoyouuponthealtartomakeanatonementforyoursouls;foritisthebloodthatmakethanatonementforthesoul.'WhenthereforetheSonofGod'pouredouthissouluntodeath,'sheddingHislife-bloodinbehalfoftheworld,Hegavesubstanceand
p2
212Atonement,Forgiveness,andAcccptajice.[Ch.xn.
embodimenttotheDivinedispositionofmercywhicliwasforeshadowedintheLeviticallaw.'
Thefactthatthex^riestincertaincases(e.g.Lev.10.17),consumedthefleshoftheatoningsinoffering,mayhavesymbolisedtheidentificationbetweenpriestandvictimwhichwastoberealisedwhenChristofferedHimselfforom-sins.
Theapplicationofthefirewhichwascontinuallyburningonthealtar,togetherwithincense,tomakeatonementincertaincases(e.g.Num.16.46;Is.6.6,7),seemsintendedtoindicatethatthevirtueoftheatonementoncemadeiscontinuous,andapplicabletoallcases.
§6.Thewordreconciliationhasbeenadoptedbyourtranslatorsinsteadofatonement,andmustbeconsideredasidenticalwithitinLev.6.30,8.15,16..20;Ez.45.15,17,20;Dan.9.24.
TheformGopherhasbeenrenderedsatisfactioninNum.35.31,32,1Sam.12.3;bribe,inAm.5.12;sumofmoney,inEx.21.30;ransom,inEx.30.12,Job33.24('Ihavefoundaransom').Job36.18('Agreatransomcannotdeliverthee'),Ps.49.7('Noneofthemcanbyanymeansredeemhisbrother,orgivetoGodaransomforhim');alsoinProv.6.35,13.8,21.18,andIs.43.3.Theusage(©fthewordinthesepassages,manyofwhichwerenotceremonialorsymbolical,conveysanideaofcostlinessasanelementinatonement,andthusalliesitwithredemption.
§7.TheLXXhastranslatedtheverbCapharbys^l-XdaKOjjbai,andthenoungenerallybyIXaafxos,propitiation;occasionallybyKaOapia-pLos,cleansing;andbyXvrpov,ransom,insixpassages.Theprevailingideasetforth,bothintheLXXandinothertranslations,isthatatone-
'Thefreeofferingofthejewels'asanatonementforthesoul'bythose-whohadphmderedtheMidianiteswasaspecialcase,andmustnotberegardedaspointingtoanindependentmeansofatonement;moreover,itistobenoticedthatthegiftwasacceptedbythepriestsnotasanatonement,butasamemorial(Nu.31.50,54).
§9.]TheVicariousNatureofChrisfsSufferings.213
mentisthedoingawaywitliachargeagainstapersonbymeansofexpiation,propitiation,orotherwise,sothattheaccusedmaybereceivedintotheDivinefavour,andbefreedfromtheconsequencesofwrong-doing.Pacification,propitiation,andsuchwords,arebynomeansadequateforthepurposeofconveyingthedoctrineofatonement;theysavourtoomuchofheathenismandsuperstition,andleadtothesuppositionthatmanpacifiesGod,insteadofteachingthatGodsheltersman;butwhateverwordisused,themorecarefullytheScriptureisstudied,somuchthemorewilltheunity,thebeauty,andthegrandeurofGod'swayofmercycommenditselftothesoul.
§8.Theverbe^cXda-Ko/xaidoesnotappearintheN.T,,butbothIXaafiosandKaOaptcrixosareusedoftheatoningworkofChrist(see1John2.2,4.10;andHeb.1.3).ThewordXvrpovisalsoappliedbyChristtoHisowndeath,whichwas'aransomformany'[XvrpovuvrliroXXayv),Matt.20.28;andMark10.45.WehaveherestronglybroughtoutthetruththattheDivineinterpositiononbehalfofsinfulmanwasnotaworkwhichcostnothing;itcalledfornolessanofferingthanthepreciouslife-bloodofChrist,whowasa'lambwithoutblemishandwithouts]3ot.'Ifitwasanactofself-sacrificeontheFather'sparttogiveHisSonfreelytobearandsufferwhatHedidbearandsuffer,itwasanactofself-sacrificeontheSon'sparttodrinkthecupwhichHisFatherputintoHishands.
§9.ThetruthsetforthbyourLordintheabove-namedpassagesconcerningthecostlinessofatonementisfurtherillustratedbythewordsofSt.Paulin1Tim,2.5,6,'ThereisoneGod,andonemediatorbelongingtoGodandmen,ChristJesus(Himself)man;WhogaveHimselfaransomforall{avTLXvTpovvirspttuvtcov),tobetestifiedinduetime.'Theword/jlscittjsheretranslatedmediatorisnottobefoundintheLXX;itseemstoimplynotsomuchwhatis
214Ato7tement,Forgiveness,andAcceptance.[Ch.XII.
ordinarilymeantbyamediatorasamediumandsoacom-mon ground.JesusChristisaBeinginwhomGodheadandmanhoodmeet,sothatGodandmanaremadeoneinHim,andarerepresentedbyHim.Andthispointisbroughtoutthemoreclearlybytwofacts:first,thattheinflexionwhichtheA.Y.hasrendered'between'isliterallyoforbelongingto;andsecondly,thattheapostledoesnotsay'themanChristJesus,'but'manChristJesus,'or,asAlfordtranslatesit,'ChristJesus,Himselfman'—callingattentiontothenatureratherthantothePersonality.TheSonofGod,whoisOneinnatureandattributeswiththeFather,tooknotonlyahumanbodybuthumannature,sothateverychildofAdammayclaimHimaskinsman.ItisthisBeingwhogaveHimselfaransomforall.ButSt.Paul,notcontentwiththewordXvrpou,adoptsacompositewordtomakethepas-sage stillmoreemphatic,avTtkvTpovinrspttuvtcop,asubstitu-tionary ransomonbehalfofall.Whatmencouldnotdo,thatChristJesusdidforthem,insteadofthem,andintheirbehalf,bythewillofGod.TheobedienceofChrist,whichculminatedinHisdeath,wasthusdevised,wrought,andaccepted,byGodasasubstitutionfortherighteousobe-dience ofallmen.ItmaynotbeneedfultoassertthatHesufferedwhatallmendeservedtosuffer,butHecertainlydidwhatallmenwereoriginallyintendedtodo,viz.,HisFather'swillinallitsfulness;andthatwill,inHiscase,involvedthatHeshouldsufferdeathforthesinoftheworld,destroyingtherebythebodyofsin,whilstbyHisresurrectionHeopenedthekingdomofheaventoallbelievers.
§10.TheHebrewprepositionsrenderedbythewordforinconnectionwiththedoctrineofacceptanceandatonementdonotmeaninsteadof,buton,becauseof,oronaccountof.Theprepositionwhichmarkssubstitutionisneverusedinconnectionwiththewordcaphar.Tomakeatonementforasinisliterallytocoveroverthesin,thepreposition('al,^y)
§10.]TheReconciliation.215
beingconstantlyusedwithverbssignifyingtocover,e.g.inHab.2.14,'Astliewaterscoverthesea.'Ba'ad,becauseof,isusedinsomepassages,asinEx.32.30.Inonepassageonlydoesthestrictideaofsubstitution,asdis-tinguished fromrepresentation,appearintheOldTesta-ment, namely,inGen.22.13,wherewearetoldthatAbrahamoffereduparaminsteadofhisson.TheabsenceofthispeculiarmodeofexpressionfromtheLeviticallawissignificant;anditteachesustobecautiousintheuseoflanguagerelativetothetransferofsinsandofrighteousnesseffectedintheatonement.Inconnectionwiththispoint,thefollowingweightywordsfromArchbishopMagee'sworkontheAtonementdeserveconsideration:—'Theexpressiontobearthesinsofothersisfamiliarizedtodenotethesufferingevilsinflictedonaccountofthosesins.Iwillnotcontendthatthisshouldbecalledsufferingthei^unishmentofthosesins,becausetheideaofpunishmentcannotbeabstractedfromthatofguilt;andinthisrespectIdifferfrommanyrespectableauthorities,andevenfromDr.Blayney,whousesthewordpunishmentinhistranslation.Butitisevidentthatitis,notwithstanding,ajudicialinfliction;anditmayperhapsbefigurativelydenominatedlounishynent,iftherebybeimpliedareferencetotheactualtransgressor,andbeunderstoodthatsufferingwhichwasduetotheoffenderhimself;andwhich,ifinflictedonhim,wouldthentakethenameofpunishment.Innoothersensecanthesufferinginflictedononeonaccountofthetransgressionsofanotherbecalledapunishment;andinthislightthebearing-thepunishmentofanother'ssinsistobeunderstoodasbearingthatwhichinrelationtothesinsandtothesinneradmitsthenameofpunishment,butwithrespecttotheindividualonwhomitisactuallyinflicted,abstractedlyconsidered,canbeviewedbutinthelightofsuffering.'
Thesamewriterobservesthat'thosethatholdthe
216Ato7iement,Forgiveness,andAcceptance.[Ch.xn,
doctrineofavicariouspunishmentfeelitnotnecessarytocontendthattheevilinflictedonthevictimshouldbeexactlythesameinqualityanddegreewiththatdenouncedagainsttheoffender;itdepending,theysay,uponthewillofthelegislatorwhatsatisfactionhewillacceptinplaceofthej)unishmentoftheoffender.'Oncemore,heremarksthat'astrictvicarioussubstitutionorliteralequivalentisnotcontendedfor,nosuchnotionbelongingtothedoctrineoftheatonement.'
TosumuptheScripturalviewonthisdoctrine,wemaysaythatatonementsignifiesshelterhymeansofrepresenta-tion. Applyingthisgeneraldefinitiontothecaseofsin,itmaybeaddedthatshelterforthesinnerissecuredthroughhisbeingrepresentedbyChristbeforetheFather;andinorderthatheshouldbesorepresented,Christnotonlywroughtoutthatperfectrighteousnesswhichmanhasfailedtoattain,butalsoendureddeath,andmorethandeath—thehidingofHisFather'scountenance,whichwasthecurseduetosin.ThusHewhoknewnosinwasmade(ordealtwithas)sinforus,thatwemightbemadetherighteousnessofGodinHim.
§11.TheonlytimethatthewordatonementisusedintheAuthorizedVersionoftheNewTestamentisinRom.5.11.HereitstandsfortheGreekKaraXkayrj,whichoughttohavebeenrenderedreconciliationinaccordancewiththepreviousverse.ItistoberemarkedthatKaraWayr]isneverusedoftheatonementinthe0.T.TheverbkutoX-XdaacoisfoundinthefollowingpassagesinthesecondbookofMaccabees(1.5),'MayGodbeatonewithyou';(5.20),'ThegreatLordbeingreconciled';(7.33),'Heshallheatonewithhisservants';(8.29)'TheybesoughtthemercifulLordtohereconciledwithhisservants.'WhilethesefourApocryphalpassagesspeakofGod'sreconciliationtoman,intheNewTestamentwereadonlyofman'sbeingre-
§11.]OilReconciliation.217
conciledtoGod.TheministerofreconciliationliastobeseechmentobereconciledtoGod(2Cor.5.20),andinsodoingheisexpressinginwordsthatwhichChristexpressedindeeds.For'GodreconciledustohimselfthroughChrist'(2Cor.5.18),andtheprocessbywhichHedidit,namely,thedeathonthecross(Rom.5.10),isavailableforthewholeworld(2Cor.5.19;Eom.11.15).TheofferofpardonforsinthroughtheatoningdeathofChristonthecrossistheagencywherebyman'salienatedheartisopenedtowardshisGodandFather;andthusthegoodnessofGodleadsmentorepentance.
WhenwespeakofChristreconcilingHisFathertous,^wearenottopictureupanangryJudgebeingpropitiatedbyabenevolentSon—thiswouldbeanentiremisrepresenta-tion oftheChristianFaith.RatherweshouldregardtheSonassentbyHisFathertodieforthesinsoftheworld,inorderthatHemightremovethebarwhichhinderedthefreeactionofDivineloveontheheartofman.^AstheFatherhascommittedtheworkofjudgmenttotheSon,sohasHecom-mitted theworkofatonement;andtheSonofManisasmuchtheagentofHisFather'swillinthelattercaseasintheformer.
PassingfromthesubjectofatonementtoanotheraspectofGod'sgrace,namely,forgiveness,wemeetwiththewordSalach(n^o)?atermofgreatimportance,becauseitisreservedespeciallytomarkthepardonextendedtothesinnerbyGod,andisneverusedtodenotethatinferiorkindandmeasureofforgivenesswhichisexercisedbyonemantowardsanother.TheLXXsometimesrendersitbyacfitrj/jbi,,toforgive,buttheusualrenderingislXsmssI/moriXdaKo/jLai,topropitiate,thewordusedbythepublicanwhenhesaid,'Godbemercifultomeasinner'(Luke18.13).
'SeethesecondarticleoftheChurchofEngland.
^ThisissubstantiallythedefinitiongivenbyDr.LushingtoninhisjudgmentontheHeathcase.
2i8Atonement,Forgiveness,andAcceptance.[Ch.xii.
Salachistobefoundintliefollowingpassages:—
Deut.29.20,Withrespecttotheapostateandlicentiousman,itissaid,*TheLordwillnotsparehim,buttheangeroftheLordandhisjealousyshallsmokeagainstthatman,andallthecursesthatarewritteninthisbookshalllieuponhim,andtheLordshallblotouthisnamefromimderheaven.'Thus,undertheolddis-pensation, therewasaclassofwilfulheinoussinwhichdroveamanfromGod'sfavour,andlefthimwithouthope.
Exod.34.9,'IfnowIhavefoundgraceinthysight,0I,ord,letmyLordgoamongus;foritisastiff-neckedpeople;andpardonouriniqiiityandoursin,andtakeusfc'rthineinheritance.'ThisappealforpardoninbehalfofasinfulnationAvasmadebyonewhoclaimedtopossessacertainpositioninGod'sfavour.
Num.14.19,)'Pardon,Ibeseechthee,theiniquityofthispeople20,21,Jaccordingtothegreatnessofthymercy,andasthouhastforgiventhispeople,fromEgyptuntilnow.AndtheLordsaid,Ihavepardonedaccordingtothyword:ButastrulyasIlive,alltheearthshallbefilledwiththegloryoftheLord.'HereMosesclaimsthatthepeoplemaybereinstatedinGod'sfavour,appealingbothtotheattributesofhischa-racter andalsohispastdealings:God,onhispart,undertakestogranttherequest,butadministersaveryseverepunishmentatthesametime,namely,thatthedisobedientpeopleshouldnotenterCanaan.Pardonandchastisementmaythereforegotogether,thoughthechastisementinflicteduponapardonedpeoplecanbebuttemporary.
2Ki.5.18,'TheLordpardonthyservant,(that)whenmymastergoethintothehouseofEimmontoworshipthere,andheleanethonmyhand,andIbowmyselfinthehouseofRimmon..,theLordpardonthyservantinthisthing.'
2Ki.24.3,4,*SurelyatthecommandmentoftheLordcame(thispunishment)uponJudah,toremovethemoutofhissight,forthesinsofManasseh,accordingtoallthathedid;Andalsofortheinnocentbloodthatheshed:whichtheLordwouldnotpardon.'
§11.]OnReconciliation.219
Nell.9.17,'ThouartaGodreadytopardon'(lit.aGodofpar-dons).
Psalm25.11,'Forthynamesake,0Lord,pardonmineiniquity,foritisgreat.'
Isaiah55.7,'Letthewickedforsakehisway,andtheunrighteousmanhisthoughts:andlethimreturnuntotheLord,andhewillhavemercyuponhim;andtoourGod,forhewillabundantlypardon.'Trueconversionimpliesthereceptionofpardon,thoughitdoesnotbe-come themeritoriouscauseofpardon.
Jer.5.1,'Seekinthebroadplaces(ofJerusalem)ifyecanfindaman,iftherebeanythatexecutethjudgment,thatseekeththetruth;andIwillpardonit.'
Jer.5.7,'HowshallIpardontheeforthis?'
Jer.33.8,'Iwillcleansethemfromalltheiriniquity,wherebytheyhavesinnedagainstme;andIwillpardonalltheiriniqiiities,wherebytheyhavesinned,andwherebytheyhavetransgressedagainstme.'
Jer.50.20,'TheiniquityofIsraelshallbesoughtfor,andthereshallbenone;andthesinsofJudah,andtheyshallnotbefound:forIwillpardonthemwhomIre-serve.'
Lam.3.42,'Wehavetransgressedandrebelled:thouhastnotpardoned.'
Lev.4.20,'Thepriestshallmakeanatonementforthem(i.e.forthecongregationwhentheyhadsinnedthroughignorance),anditshallbeforgiventhem.'—Seealsover.ses26,31,35,andChap.5.10,IG,18.*
1Ki.8.30,39,'Whenthouhearest,forgive.'
Ps.86.5,'Thou,Lord,artgoodandreadytoforgive.'
Ps.103.3,'Whoforgivethallthineiniquities,andhealethallthydiseases.'
Ps.130.4,'Thereisforgiveness(oikaa/jioQ,thepropitiation)withthee,thatthoumayestbefeared.'
Jer.31.34,'IAvillforgivetheiriniquity,andAvillremembertheirsinnomore.'
Jer.36.3,'ItmaybethatthehouseofJudaliwillhearalltheevilthatIpurposetodountothem;thattheymayreturneverymanfromhisevilway,thatImayforgivetheiriniquityandtheirsin.'
Dan.9.9,'TotheLordourGodbelongmerciesandforgive-nesses, thoughwehaverebelledagainsthim.'
220Atonement,Forgiveness,andAcceptance.[Ch.xil.
Amos7.2,3,'Whenthegrasshoppershadmadeanendofeatingthegrassoftheland,thenIsaid,OLordGod,forgive,Ibeseechthee:bywhomshallJacobarise?forheissmall.TheLordrepentedforthis:Itshallnotbe,saiththeLord.'
§12.Itappears,onthewhole,thattheprocessrepresentedbythiswordSalach,istheDivinereceptionofanoffenderintofavour,whetherthroughhisownrepentance,ortheinter-cession ofanother.Thoughnotgenerallyconnectedinsomanywordswithatonement,thetwoarenearlyrelatedinGod'srevelation.Infact,thecoveringofthesinandtheforgivenessofthesinnercanonlybeunderstoodastwoaspectsofonetruth;forbothfoundtheirfulnessinGod'sj)rovisionofmercythroughChrist.Theapostlebringsatonementandpardoncloselytogetherwhenhesays,insummingupthesymbolicvalueoftheLeviticalsystem,'Withoutsheddingofblood(thepreliminarytoatonement)thereisnoforgiveness(a^so-ts),'Heb.9.22.
§13.Thewordsa<^iif](i,ianda<^z(TisareconstantlyusedintheN.T.todenotetheforgivenessofsins,whetherbyGodorbyman.OneofthechiefobjectsofthemissionofChristwasthatforgivenessofsinsmightbeproclaimedthroughHisname.SeeMatt.26.28;Mark1.4;Luke1.77,24.47;Acts2.38,5.31,13.38,26.18;Ep.1.7;Col.L14.Hisdeathuponthecrosshasbeenthemeansofobtainingit,andthefreebestowalofitbyGodisregardednotonlyasanaccomplishedfactinthehistoryofeverybeliever,butalsoasareasonwhyChristiansshouldfreelyforgiveoneanother.Somuchsoisthisthecase,thatwhereamanisfoundtobeunforgivingitistakeninScriptureasaproofthatheisnotforgiven,fortheDivinebestowalofforgive-ness isalwaysandnecessarilyaccompaniedwithamoralchangeandanewnessoflifethroughtheSj)irit,andwherethatlifeis,therelovemustbeatwork,andallthefruitsof
§14.]MeaningandUsageofNasa.221
lovewillbegintoshowthemselves,atfirstperhapsfeebly,butafterwardsinrichabundance.
§14.Nasa(js^i*:),tobear,thoughfoundinconnexionwiththeputtingawajofsin,isbynomeansconfinedtothispurpose.Itisusedveryfrequentlyofthebearingoftheark,alsoofanarmour-bearer;itimpliesfirstthelifting-up;secondly,thecarrying;andthirdly,thetakingaivayofaburden.TheusualGreekrenderingisalpco,but\aix/3dvo)isgenerallyusedinthephrase'Heshallbearhisiniquities.'Nasaisoftenusedoftheenduranceofpunishment,oroftheincurringofresponsibility.ThusinGen.4.13,Cainsays,'Mypunishment{orfault)isgreaterthanIcanbear';heretheLXXlesscorrectlyrenders'Myfaultistoogreattobeforgiven.'(SeealsotheVulgateandLuther).Wealsofrequentlymeetwiththeexpression,'Heshallbearhisiniquity,'i.e.heshallincurtheresponsibilityofhissin(e.g.Lev.5.1).ItisputinconnexionwithguiltinLev.5.17,'Heisguiltyandshallbearhisiniquity.'Insomepassagesthesternconsequenceofamanhavingtobearhisiniquityisplainlysetforth;thusinLev.19.8,Averead,'Heshallbearhisiniquity,becausehehathprofanedthehal-lowed thingsoftheLord;andthatsoulshallbecutofffromamonghispeople.'
Thewordnasa,however,isalsousedoftheundertakingtheresponsibilitiesorsinsofothersbysubstitutionorre-presentation. ThehighpriestwastobearthenameofIsraelbeforeGod,Ex.28.12.Thescape-goatwastobeartheiniquityofthepeople,Lev.16.22.InLev.10.17,theexpression,'Tobeartheiniquityofthecongregation,'isidentifiedwiththemakingatonementforthembeforetheLord.AdifferentHebrewwordChavalCpnn),'tobearaburden'ratherthan'tolift')isusedinIs.53.11,'Heshallbeartheiriniquities,'butinthefollowingversethewordnasaoccurs,'Hebarethesinsofmany.'HeretheLXX
222Atonement,Forgiveness,andAcceptance.[Ch,xn
hasthewordava<j)£pa),'Heliftedupsoastotakeaway.'Theexpressionisveryinstructive.Christdidnotdrivesinsaway—Heharethem.
Thetransitionfromthevicariousbearingofsintotheideaofpardonisverynatural,butitisremarkableandinterestingthatthistransitionshouldhavebeeneffectedasearlyasthedaysofthepatriarchs.Joseph'sbrethrenusedthewordnasawhentheysay,'ForgivethetrespassoftheservantsoftheGodofthyfathers,'Gen.50.17.Pharaohsays,'ForgiveIpraytheemysinonlythisonce,'Ex.10.17.MosessaystoGod,'Ifthouwiltforgivetheirsin.'AmongGod'sattributesitisrecordedthatHeforgivesiniquityandtransgressionandsin,Ex.34.7;Num.14.18.AgainMosesintercedes,'Pardontheiniquityofthispeople,']^um.14.19.JoshuassljsofGod,'Hewillnotforgiveyourtransgressionsnoryoursins'(Josh.24.19).Inthesepas-sages, however,theEnglishwordhearorputupwithmightpossiblyexpressthemeaningaswellasthewordforgive.NasaisalsousedinPs.25.18,32.1,5,85.2,99.8('ThouwastaGodthatforgavestthem,thoughthoutookestven-geance oftheirinventions');Is.2.9,33.24.
Inotherpassagesourtranslatorshaverenderednasabyspare,forget,orpardon.ThusGen.18.24;Ex.23.21,'Theangc-loftheLordwillnotpardon{vTroaTSLXrjTai),1Sam.15.25;Job7.21;Is.44.21,'Thoushaltnotbeforgottenofme.'SeealsoJer.23.39,andLam.3.17.
§15.TheideassuggestedbythewordnasaarefullyreproducedintheN.T.ThusinSt.Matthew(8.17),wereadthattheLordinhealingvariouspeoplethatcametohim,fulfilledthewordsoftheProphet,'Himselfbareourinfirmitiesandcarriedoursorrows.'TheGreekaa-dsvsiasrjixwvs\.aj3sisnotquotedfromtheLXX,butisatransla-tion oftheoriginalwordsinIs.53.4.
Fewpassagesaresolikelytoarresttheattentionofthe
§16.]Vario2isHebrewWordsrende^'edAcceptance.223
reader,whenlieentersuponthestudyofSt.John'sGospel,asthewordsoftheBaptist,'BeholdtheLambofGodthattakethawaythesinsoftheworld.'Thewordatpw,therepresentativeoftheHebrewnasa,ishereused,andimpliesthedoubleprocess,theliftinguportaking-aburdenupononeself,andconsequentlythedeliveringothersfromit.ThissentenceseemstobereferredtobythesameEvangelistinoneofhisEpistles,whenhesays,'Hewasmanifestedthathemighttakeawayoursins'(1John3.5).
Theworddva(f)spoywhichoccursintheLXX,aswehavejustseeninIs.53.11,isusedoftheofferingofsacrificesinHeb.7.27,13.15;James2.21;1Pet.2.5.Itisalsotwiceusedofthebearingofsin,i.e.thetakingoftheresponsibilityofthesinofothersupononeself;inHeb.9.28,'Christwasonceoffered[Trpoo-cpspo))tobear[dpacpspco]thesinsofmany';andagainin1Pet.2.24,'Whohimselfbareoursinsinhisownbodyonthetree,thatwebeingdead{d-jro'ysvofjbsvoi)tosins,mightlivetorighteousness.'
§16.SeveralwordsaretakentorepresentthedoctrineoftheDivineacceptanceofmaninitsvariousforms.InProv.21.3,weread,'TodojusticeandjudgmentismoreacceptabletotheLordthansacrifice.'HerethewordBachar(inn)signifiestochooseorselect,whetherforworkorforhonour.Thisisthewordusedofthe'chosenpeople,'andanswerstothewordi<\£/cT6s,'elect,'intheLXXandtheNewTestament.InsomejjassagestheLXXhasrendereditalperl^o}.Ithasbeenrendered'elect'inIs.42.1,45.4,and65.9,22,inallwhichpassagesthereisreferencetotheMessiahandtoIsrael.Inthetextsquotedabovethesenseisplain,viz.,thataceremonialreligion—adealingwithshadows,thesubstanceofwhichwasnotthenrevealed—wasnottoberegardedasinitselfsopleasingtoGodasthedoingofjusticeandjudgment.
InLev.10.19,'Shouldithavebeenacceptedinthe
224Atojicvient,Forgiveness,andAcceptance.[Cn.XII.
sightoftheLord,'wemightrender,'Shouldithavebeengoodorpleasing(nit:)inhissight?'Seechap.vii.§11.
Psalm20.3,'TheLord...rememberallthyofferingsandacceptthyburntsacrifice';here,aswereadinthemargin,thewordforaccept(pn)maysignifyeithermakefatorturntoashes,thelatterbeingthemostprob-able.
InEcc.12.10,"Thepreachersoughttofindoutaccept-able words,'theword(Chaphets)signifiespleasantordesirable.Seechap.v.§9.
Theacceptancebymanofanotherman'swordorrequestisreferredtoinEx.22.11;andJer.37.20,42.2;inthefirstofthesepassagesthewordusedsignifiestotake(np^),intheothertwo,tofall(!?S3).
In1Sam.26.19,DavidsaystoSaul,'IftheLordhavestirredtheeupagainstme,lethimacceptanoffering.'Herethewordtosmell(nn)isused,sothatthej)assagemaybecomparedwithothers,suchasGen.8.21,whereGodisdescribedassmellingasweetsavour,thatistosay,being-pleasedwiththeoffering,andhencewiththeofferer.
Nasa[a:^':),whichhasbeendiscussedabove,isfrequentlyusedtorepresentacceptance,withtheadditionoftheword'face'or'person'(d''Js)'ItoccursinGen.19.21,wheretheangelsaystoLot,'Ihaveacceptedtheecon-cerning thisthing';inGen.32.20,whereJacobsaysofEsau'perhapshewillacceptofme';andinJob.42.8,9,whenGodsaysofJob'himwillIaccept.'TheprayersofonewhoisacceptedinthesightofGodarehereregardedasofspecialvalue.Seealso1Sam.25.35;Job13.8,10,32.21,34.19;Ps.82.2;Prov.18.5;Mai.1.8.Insomeofthesepassages,however,theacceptanceofpersonsisusedinabadsense,asrepresentingfavouritismorpartiality,orasitismorecommonlycalled,'respectofpersons.'
§17.]Ratsah,itsMeaniiigandUsage.225
AnounformedfromtlieverbNasaisusedwithouttheadditionalword'face'or'person'inGen.4.7,'Ifthoudoestwellshaltthounotbeaccepted?'Thewholeverseisveryinterestincf,andhasbeeninterpretedindifferentways.Perhapstheword,whichishereusedinitssubstan-tival form,mightberenderedexcellency(asinthemargin)orsuperiority,ratherthanacceptance.Ourtranslatorshaverendered'dignity,'inGen.49.3;'ex-cellency, inJob13.11;and'highness,'inJob31.2-3.
§17.Themostimportantwordforacceptanceisratsah(n^*n),tobewellpleased(seechap.v.§10).ItisusedofGod'sacceptanceofAaron'sministrationsinbehalfofIsrael,Ex.28.38;Deut.33.11;andisappliedtotheDivineregardfortheoffererwhocomesbeforeGodintheappointedway.Thus,wereadinLev.1.4,'Heshallputhishandui)ontheheadoftheburntoffering,anditshallbeac-cepted forhim(1'?),tomakeatonementforhim.'Inthe3rdverseofthesamechapter,insteadofreadingwiththeA.V.'ofhisownvoluntarywill,'thereislittledoubtthatweshouldread'forhisacceptance';andsoinotherpassages.
Thefollowinginstancesoftheusageofratsahmayalsobegiven:—
Lev.7.18,19.7,'Ifit(thepeaceoffering)beeatenatallonthethirdday,itshallnotbeaccepted,neithershallitbeimputeduntohimthatoiferethit:itshallbeanabomination,andthesoulthateatethitshallbearhisiniquity.'
Lev.22.21,'Itshallbeperfect(i.e.soundandimblemished)tobeaccepted.'
Lev.23.11,'HeshallwavethesheafbeforetheLord,tobeac-cepted foryou.'
2Sa.24.23,'AndAraunahsaiduntotheking,theLordthyGodacceptthee.'
Ps.19.14,'Letthewordsofmymouthandthemeditationofmy
Q
226Atonement^Forgiveness,andAcceptance.[Ch.xn.
heartbeacceptableinthysight,OLord,my
strengthandmyredeemer.'Ps.69.13,*Asforme,myprayerisuntothee^OLord,inan
acceptabletime,'i.e.ataseasonagreeabletoThee.
Compai-eIs.49.8.Ps.119.108,'Accept,Ibeseechthee,thefreewillofferingsofmy
mouth.'Prov.10.32,'Thelipsoftherighteousknowwhatisacceptable.'Ecc.9.7,'GodnowaccepteththyAvorks.'Isaiah56.7,'Theirburnt-offerings,andtheirsacrifices,shallbe
accepteduponminealtar.'Isaiah58.5,'Wiltthoucallthisafast,andanacceptabledayto
theLord?'Isaiah60.7,'Theyshallcomeupwithacceptanceonminealtar.'Isaiah61.2,'ToproclaimtheacceptableyearoftheLord.'See
Luke4.19.Jer.6.20,'Yourburnt-offeringsarenotacceptable,noryour
sacrificessweetimtome.'Je.14.10,12,'Theyhavelovedtowander,theyhavenotrefrained
theirfeet;thereforetheLorddothnotacceptthem
...whentheyofferburnt-offeringandanoblation,
IAvillnotacceptthem.'Ez.20.40,41,'ThereshallallthehouseofIsraelserveme;there
AvillIacceptthem,andthereAvillIrequireyour
offerings...Iwillacceptyouwithyoursweet
savour.'Ez.43.27,'Upontheeighthday,andsoforward,thepriestsshall
makeyourburnt-offeringsuponthealtar,andyour
peace-offerings;andIwillacceptyou,saiththe
LordGod.'IIos.8.13,'Theysacrificefleshforthesacrificesofmineofferings,
andeatit,buttheLordaccepteththemnot.'Am.5.22,'Thoughyeoffermeburnt-offeringsandyourmeat-offerings, IAvillnotacceptthem;neitherwillI
regardthepeace-offeringsofyourfatbeasts.'W'A.1.10,'Ihavenopleasureinyou,saiththeLordofHosts,
neitherwillIacceptanofferingatyourhand.'Mai.1.13,'Yebroughtthatwhichwastorn,andthelame,andthe
sick;thusyebroughtanoffering:shouldIaccept
thisofyourhand?saiththeLord.'
TheLXXfrequentlyadoptsvjooKiw,tobewellpleased.
§18,]Acceptance,accordingtotheN.T.227
forratsah,especiallyinthePsalms.Wealsofindirpoa-Bs^o/jLULandhixpfiai,toaccept,inseveralpassages.TheadjectivalformisusuallyZsktos,andthesubstantiveissvhoKiaandOsXrjfia.
ItisevidentthatbytheDivineacceptanceistobeunder-stood thepleasurewithwhichGodwelcomesintopersonalcontactwithHimselfthosewhoapproachHiminHisownappointedway,andinaspiritcognatetoHisown.Anevil-doer,assuch,isnotacceptabletoGod.Hemustbeshelteredbyatonement,andmustthushavethegermatleastofaDivinelifeworkinginHimifHewouldbere-garded byGodwithpleasure.
§18.Inthesolemnutterancefromonhigh,'ThouartmybelovedSon,inwhomIamwellpleased,'whichisi-epeatedinsixpassagesintheN.T.inslightlydifferentforms,theremaybeanimpliedreferencetoIs.42.1('Mineelect,inwhommysouldelighteth'),wherethewordratsahisfound.Ifso,wemightgatherthatthepurportoftheannouncementAvasthatChristJesuswasacceptedbyGodastheministerofthetruesanctuaryandastheofferingforthesinsoftheworld.Itismoreprobable,however,thattheGreekwordhereusedanswersrathertotheHebrewchaphets,andsignifiesthatChristisoneinWhomGodtakespleasure.
TheverbTrpoaSsxofiatintheN.T.generallymeanseithertoexpectortoreceive.Itisusedinthepassage,'Thismanreceivethsinnersandeatethwiththem,'Luke15.2.InPhil.4.18,Christianserviceisspokenofas'anac-ceptable sacrifice'[OvataBskt/]).ThatwhichisacceptableinGod'ssightisspokenofassvBoKiainMatt.11.26,andLuke10.21,'Soitseemedgoodinthysight';comparealsoEph.1.9,'Accordingtohisgoodpleasure,whichhehathpurposedinhimself,'andPhil.2.13,'ItisGodthatworkethinyoubothtowillandtodoaccordingtohisgoodpleasure.'
Q2
228Atonement,Forgiveness^andAcceptance.[Cn.Xll.
InEph.1.5,thetwoGreekrenderingsofratsonarecombinedinonephrase^—'according-tothegood'pleasureofhiswill.^WithregardtoLuke2.14,ifweacceptthereading,'goodwilltowardsmen,'wemustunderstandthattheincarnationwasanexhibitionofGod'swillingnesstoacceptmenthroughHisSon;ifweread'towardsmenofgoodwill,'weoughtprobablytounderstandthatthepeaceonearthisablessingforthosewhocometoChristaccordingtothegoodpleasureofGod.
WithregardtothewordOsXTjixa,wehaveinthefirstplaceaquotationinHeb.10.7,fromthePsalms,whichrulesthemeaningofthewordinotherpassages,'Lo,Icometodothywill,0God.'HereOsXij/jcaanswerstoratson,thatwhichisacceptableinthysight.'Bythewhichwill,'continuesthewriter,'wearesanctified.'TorasmuchassacrificesofbullsandgoatsdidnotproveacceptabletoGod,theDivineSoncametodowhatwouldbeacceptable.HesubstitutedtheofferingofHimselfforthetypes,andthisofferingbeingacceptedbyGod,believersinHimweresanctifiedthereby.Inthe36thverseofthesamechaptertheresponsibilityofdoingthewillofGodistransferredfromtheMastertothedisciples;andsoinchap.13.21,wherewelearnthatwhatwedoiswroughtinusbyGod,andisacceptabletoHimthroughJesusChrist.CompareRom.12.1.
OnreviewingthepassagesoftheNewTestamentinwhichtheideaofacceptanceispresented,theywillbeseentoconfirmtheviewtakenoftheHebrewword,assignifyingthefavourableandpleasurablereceptiongiventoonepersonbyanother.God'sacceptanceofthemanwhobelievesinHisSonisnottoberegardedasamerefictitioustheory;itisasolidfact,aspiritualreality,thoughnotfullygraspedbyuswhilstweareclothedincorruptibleflesh.
Comparethecombination'weightoiglory'asrepresentingthetwomeaningsofcavod.
§18.]Acceptance,accordingtotheN.T.229
Justasmenherebelowhavepleasureinoneanotherundercertaincircumstances,sotheunseenAuthorofExistencetakespleasureinthosewhofearHim,drawsneartothemwhentheydrawneartoHim,andinthePersonofChrist'receivethsinnersandeatethwiththem.'Itisindeedamystery;butitisgloriouslytrue,andwillbemorefullyrealisedhereafter,whenthetabernacleofGodshallbewithmen.
230Cleansing,Washing,Spi'inkling,&c.[Ch.XIII.
CHAPTEEXIII.
CLEANSING,WASHING,SPRINKLING,ANDBAPTISM.
§1.God'sessentialpurity.—§2.Manimpurethroiighsin,—§3.Thaller,tocleanse;howtranslatedintheLXX.—§4.Modesofexpress-ing externalpurification.—§5.Thecaseoftheleper.—§6.Otherca.sesofcleansing.—§7.MoralapplicationofthewordTbab^r.—§8.Clean-sing, accordingtotheN.T.—§9."WordsforWashinginthe0.T.—§10.Cavas,towashgarments,andofRacbats,towashthebody.—§11.Moralapplicationofthesewords.—§12.Washing,accordingtotheN.T.—§13.Barar,tomakeclean.—§14.Wordsusedinthe0.T.tosignifyinternalpurity.—§15.HebrewwordsforSprinHing.—§16.Baptism;diflferencesastoitsnatureandmeaning.—§17.UsageofthewordintheLXX.—§18.UsageintheN.T.—§19.Conclusionsastothenatureandadministrationoftherite.
§1.OneoftlieessentialattributesofGodishispurity.TliistruthisconstantlysetforthinScripture,bothinplaindeclarations,andalsoinsymbolicalrepresentations.IntheremarkablevisionrecordedinEx.24.10,weread,'TheysawtheGodofIsrael;andtherewasunderhisfeetasitwerea(paved)workofasapphire-stone,andasitwerethebody^ofheaveninhisclearness.'WiththisdescriptionwemaycomparethevisionoftheDivineglorywhichSt.Johnhad,'Beforethethronetherewasaseaofglasslikeuntocrystal'(Rev.4.6);andagain,'Isawasitwereaseaofglassmingledwithfire,andthemthathadgottenthevictoryoverthebeast,andoverhisin^age,andoverthenumberofhisname,standingontheseaofglass,havingtheharpsofGod'(Eev.15.2).Whatiscomparedinthe
'Literallythe/toneofheaven,i.e.theveryheavenitself,TheHebrewsoftenusedtheword'bone'asweuse'marrow'fortheessenceofatiling.Ourwordhone\6literallyheonoressence.
§2.]ManimpurethroiLghSin.231
oneplacetothebrilliancyofthefirmament,^isdescribedintheotherasanoceanofblazingcrystal.ThatspotlesspuritywhichisthebasisoftheDivineaction,andtheatmosphereinwhichGodexists,cannotindeedbeade-quately picturedforthbyeitherofthesefigures.Eventheheavens,thoughtheydeclareHisglory,arenotpureinHissight.TheetherealsplendourofthenoondayisturnedtodarknesswhenconsideredincomparisonwithHimwhois'theFatheroflights.'SaulofTarsusknewwellthedazzlingbrightnessofanEasternsunatmid-day,butwhentheDivinegloryoftheSunofRighteousnessshoneroundabouthimhefoundittobe'abovethebrightnessofthesun'(Acts26.13).
§2.PurityisnaturalandessentialtoGod,butnot—now,atleast—toman.Thoserobesofwhiteness,thesymbolsofspiritualpurity,whichallwhodwellinGod'spresencemustwear,arenottobefoundonearth.Visionsofheavenlybeingscladinsuchrobeshavebeenattimesvouchsafed,andtheSaviouroftheworldonceduringHisearthlycourseassumedthemforabriefmomentthatthechosenfewmightrealisetheblessednesswhichHewaspurchasingforthembyHisdecease;buttheglorythusassumedforatemporarypurposesoonfadedaway.Thegarmentsofhumannaturearerepresentedas'filthy'(Zech.3.3-5),andeventhe'righteousnesses'ofmanarecomparedto'filthyrags'(Is.64.6).Strongasthisdescriptionis,notonlydoestheinspiredaccountoftheheartandconversationofmanfullyjustifyit,butalsoitisamplyconfirmedbythesorrowfulexperienceofeveryonewhohaslookedintothesecretspringsofhisownnature.ThereisafearfulgulfbetweenthepurityoftheDivineBeingandthatdefilementwhichistheinheritanceofeverychildofAdam.Howisthisgulftobespanned?Whoistherethatcanbringacleanthing
'LXXunrnepeloos(TTspew^utiTostoDohpavovrfiKadapirTjTi,
232Cleansing,Washing,Sprinkling,&c.[Ch.Xjn.
outofanunclean?OnlyOnecandothis.'Tkoughthouwashtheewithnitre,andtaketheemuchsoap,yetthineiniquityismarkedbeforeme,saiththeLordGod'(Jer.2.22).'IfIwashmyselfwithsnowwater,andmakemyhandsneversoclean,yetshaltthouplungemeintheditch'(Job9.30,31).GodhasreservedtoHimselftherightandpowerofopeningafountainforsinandforuncleanness,sothatHewhogloriethmustgloryonlyintheLord.
§3.TheprocesswherebymoralimpuritywastobedoneawaywastypifiedorshadowedforthbythepurificationsoftheLeviticalritual;andthewordwhichisingeneraluseintheOldTestamenttoexpresstheprocessisthah^r(nnt:),whichsignifies,inthePielorintensiveform,tomakeclear,bright,orshining,andhencetomakeorpronounceclean.Itisusedofclearnessinthepassagequotedatthebeginningofthechapter.Withtheexceptionofafewpassages,thewordhasbeenrenderedbyKadapL^o)intheLXX.Theexceptionsareasfollows:—In2Chron.29.16,18,and30.17,18,wefinddyvl^co;inthesepassagesreferenceismadetothecleansingorpurificationofthetempleandtheworshippersattheFeastofthePassover;acjjayvl^o)occursinNum.8.6,21,wherethecleansingoftheLevitesisspokenof;^ps)(WyinEz.22.24,wheretheprophetspeaksofthelandnotbeingcleansedwithrain;ayvsta,in2Chron.30.19;a<yvi(xixos,inNum.8.7;Slkulos,inProv.30.12;andBoKifu,6s,in2Chron.9.17.
§4.Externalpurificationwastakenataveryearlytimeasasymbolofinternalcleansing.ThusJacobsaystohishousehold,'Putawaythestrangegodsthatareamongyouandbeclean,andchangeyourgarments,andletusariseandgouptoBethel'(Gen.35.2).Thecleansingandthechangeofdresswereevidentlyintendedtosetforththeresolutiontoputawaythosefalsegodsbywhichtheirliveshadbeencontaminated.NorwerethepeopleofGod
§4.]Modesofexpressiiigextci'iialPurification.233
peculiarinthissymbolicalrite.Ithasbeenfoundinallagesandinalmostallcountries,especiallywherethereisahotclimate.Thewordwhichisadoptedforthepurifica-tions appointedbyGodisalsousedtoexpressidolatrouspurgationsinIs.66.17.Thepurificationinthegardenstherespokenofwassimplyabusedandmisdirectedsym-bolism.
AmongtheelementsusedforceremonialcleansingintheLeviticalsystem,threeareespeciallytobenoticed,namely,^re,water,andblood.Preciousmetalstakenfromidolatrousnationsweretobepassedthroughthefire;thisprocess,togetherwithanapplicationofwater,wasconsideredtohavepurgedthemoftheirdefilement.Clothing,andallthingsthatcouldnotabidethefire,weretobemadetogothroughthewater;andthepersonsofthosewhohadcomeincontactwiththeheathenweretobereckoneduncleanuntilthisprocesswasaccomplished(Num.31.23,24).Cleansingbybloodwasneededinvariouscasesofcere-monial defilement,hencethewriteroftheEj)istletotheHebrewstellsusthat'almostallthingsarebytheLawpurgedwithblood'(Heb.9.22).
§5.Noinstanceofceremonialcleansingismorefullydetailedormoreinterestingthanthatoftheleper.Herewehavetodistinguishbetweenthreeprocesses,eachofwhichAvascalledbythesamename.Therewasfirsttheactualcureofthedisease;secondly,theauthoritativepro-nunciation bythepriest;and,thirdly,theexternalwash-ings, offerings,andotherriteswhichsignedandsealedthesame,andgavethehealedmanadmittanceintothecongre-gation.
Withregardtothecleansingawayofthedisease,wehavenoexactaccountinScripture.Leprosyappearstohavecomeandgone,nooneknewhow.Itwasregardedasin-curable byhumanmeans,andwasconsideredtobeaspecial
234Cleansing,IVasJiing,SprinJding,&c.[Ch.XIIT.
visitationfromGod.Henceitwasoftendesignatedastheplagueorstroke.^ThecureofNaamanisthusdescribed,•Hisfleshcameagainlikeuntothefleshofalittlechild,andhewasclean'(2Kin.5.14).ItwaswithreferencetothisactualcurethatthelepersaidtoourSaviour,'Lord,ifthouwilt,thoucanstmakemedean'—aremarkableutter-ance, showingtheman'sconvictionthatJesushadDivinepoweratHiscommand,aconvictionborneoutbjthesequel.WhatthewatersofJordanwereappointedtodointheonecase,toindicatethatsalvationwasoftheJews,thewordandtouchofJesusofNazarethdidintheother,toshowthatsavingpowerwasvestedinHim.
Secondlycametheinspectionbythej)i'iest.'Go,showthyselftothepriest.'Ifhewassatisfied,bythepresenceofcertainsymptomsclearlydescribedintheLaw,thatthemanbeforehimwascured,or'clean'(inthefirstsenseoftheterm),thenhe'pronouncedhimclean,'literally,'cleansedhim.'Theofiicialandauthoritativedeclarationofthefactisthusidentifiedinlanguagewiththefactitself.2
'IntheopinionofsomescholarsleprosyisreferredtoinIs.53.4,wherevreread,'yetwedidesteemhimstricken,smittenofGod,andafflicted.'Jerome'stranslationis'etnosputaA'imuseumquasileprosumetpercussnmaDeoethumi-liatum,''weregardedhimasifhewereleprous,smittenofGod,andhumbled.'
-ThisidentificationinlanguageiswellworthobservinginconnectionwiththeformofAbsolutionintheServicefortheVisitationoftheSickintheChurchofEngland.IntheGeneralAbsolutionwereadthatGod'hathgivenpowerandcommandmenttohisministerstodeclareandpronouncetohispeople,beingpeni-tent, theAbsolutionandEemissionoftheirsins.'IntheVisitationService,afterthePriestorPresbyterhas'movedthesickpersontomakeaspecialconfessionofhissms,ifhefeelhisconsciencetroubledwithanyweightymatter,'he'shallabsolvehim(ifhehumblyandheartilydesireit)afterthissort:"OurLordJesusChrist,whohathleftpowertoHisChurchtoabsolveallsinnerswhotrulyrepentandbelieveinHim,ofHisgreatmercyforgivetheethineoffences;andbyHisauthoritycommittedtome,Iabsolvetheefromallthysins,inthenameoftheFather,andoftheSon,andoftheHolyGhost."'Herethewords'Iabsolve'seemtobeusedinadeclarativesense,andanswerto'Ideclaretheeabsolved.'Kepentanceandfaitharenecessaryconditionsofthedeclarationbeingvalid;buttheseconditionsofGod'spardoncannotbeinfalliblydetectedbythePres-byter :hisdeclarationthereforedoesnotcarrytheforceofasacerdotalact.
§G.JOtherCasesofCleansing.235
Inorder,however,tliattliemanthusdoubly'cleansed'mightbereceivedintothecong-regationandrestoredtothoseprivilegesfromwhichhehadbeendebarred,itwasneedfulthatheshouldoffercertaingiftsandperformsundryremarkablerites,includingthebeingsprinkledwithbloodandwashedwithwater(seeLev.chaps.13.and14.).Whenallthesethingswereaccomplished,hewasreceivedintofullcommunionwithhisfellowIsraelites,andtookpartinallthereligiousservicesfromwhichhehadbeendebarred.^
§(3.Afewotherleadinginstancesoftheuseofthecere-monial wordthah^rforpurificationmaybenoticed.Itisusedtodistinguishthecleanfromtheuncleanbeasts.Gen.7.2,8,8.20,Lev.20.25;toexpressthecleansingofthepriestsandLevites,Ezra6.20,Ez.39.12,14,16;thecleansingofthej)eople,thegates,andthewallsofJeru-salem, Neh.12.30,13.9,22,30;thepuregoldusedintheconstructionofthetabernaclevessels,&c.,Ex.25.;thepureperfume,Ex.30.35;thecleanplacewheretheashesoftheofferingswerecast.Lev.4.12,6.11;andcleanpersons,whoweretoperformcertainrites.Lev.7.19,10.10,11.32,&c.
§7.WhenweturntothePsalmsandtheProphets,wefindthaherusedseveraltimesinamoralandspiritualsense.Thefollowingarethemostimportantpassages:—
Ps.12.6,'ThewordsoftheLordarepure(orclean)words,as
silvertriedinanearthenfurnace,purifiedseven
times.'Ps.19.9,'ThefearoftheLordisclean,enduringforever.'Ps.51.2,'Washmethroughlyfrommineiniquity,andcleanse
mefrommysin.'verse7,'PurgemewithhyssopandIshallbeclean;washme,
andIshallbewhiterthansnow.'verse10,'Createinmeacleanheart,OGod,andrenewaright
spiritwithinme.'
'ItistobeobservedthatnoceremonialuncleannessdebarredamanfromthePassover.
236Cleansmg,WasJmig,Sprinkling,&c.[Ch.xill.
Prov.15.2G,'Thewordsofthepurearepleasantwords.'Prov.22.11,*Hetliatlovethpureness(orcleanness)ofheart.'Jer.13.27,'OJerusalem,wiltthounotbemadeclean?'|
Jer.33.8,*Iwillcleansethemfromalltheiriniquity,andIwilljpardonalltheiriniquities.'I
Ez.36.25,33,'ThenwillIsprinklecleanwateruponyou,andye,shallbeclean;fromallyourfilthiness,andfromall[youridolswillIcleanseyou;''inthedaythatIjshallhavecleansedyoufromallyouriniquitiesfIwillalsocauseyoutodwellinthecities.'Ez.37.23,'Iwillsavethemoutofalltheirdwelling-placeswherein,theyhavesinned,andwillcleansethem.'f
Mai.1.11,'Ineveryplaceincenseshallbeoffereduntomyname,
andapureoffering.'Mai.3.3,*Heshallsitasarefinerandpurifierofsilver,andhefshallpurifythesonsofLevi,andpurgethemasgoldandsilvei',thattheymayofferuntotheLordanofferinginrighteousness.'
Bymeditatingonsuclipassagesasthese,andviewingtheminconnexionwiththeLeviticalritesabovereferredto,thepiousIsraelitewouldbeledtohopethatGodwouldprovidesomeagencyfortheputtinganendtothatevilthroughwhichmanwasseparatedfromHim,andthatthosewhowerestainedbythepollutionofsinwouldhaveput;withintheirreachameansofbeingpurgedfromit.Suchjameanswasafibrdedtotheminthesubsequentdispensa-:tion.
§8.TracingtheGreekwordKaOapt^o),whichwehave;alreadyfoundtorepresenttheHebrewthaher,throughthe'NewTestament,wefindthattheLeviticalpurificationsmarkedbythiswordwerefulfilledinChrist.Hemade&KaOapia/jios,orpurgation,wherebyoursinsaredoneawaj(,Heb.1.3).Hisbloodcleanseth'usfromallsin(1Johi
ThesewordsoftensufferbybeingreadandreferredtowithouttheircontesTheyarethedependentclauseinapassageofgreatiniportance.Thesentencesawholemaybeunderstoodthus:'Godislight;ifweprofesstohavefellowshiwithHim,andwalkindarkness,ourprofessionishollow;ifwewalkintheligh'ourprofessionisreal,andthebloodofChristisindeedcleansingusfromallsin,
§8.]Cleansing^accordingtotheN.T.237
1.7).Consequently,'Ifweconfessoursins,Godisfaithfulandrighteoustoforgiveusoursins,andtocleanseusfromalliniquity'(1John1.9).ThebloodofChrist,whothroughtheEternalSpiritofferedHimselfwithoutspottoGod,purgestheconsciencefromdeadworks,sothatthepurgedpersonisinapositiontoserve{Xarpsvsiv)thelivingGod(Heb.9.14).ChristlovedtheChurch,andgaveHim-self forit,thatHemightsanctifyandcleanseitwiththewashingofwaterbytheword(Eph.5.26).HegaveHim-self forusthatHemightredeemusfromalliniquityandpurifyuntoHimselfapeculiarpeoplezealousofgoodworks(Tit.2.14).
Inconnectionwiththeseannouncementswehavethecor-responding exhortations,'Letuscleanseourselvesfromallfilthinessofthefleshandspirit,perfectingholinessinthefearofGod'(2Cor.7.1);'Letusdrawnearwithatrueheart,infullassuranceoffaith,havingourheartssprinkledfromanevilconscienceandourbodieswashedwithpurewater'(Heb.10.22).
TheofferingofChrist,then,istheappointedmeansofcleansingforallwhofeeltheirmoralpollution.Outofhisrivensidethereflowedthetwoelementswhichwerespeciallydevotedtoceremonialcleansingundertheolderdispensation—bloodandwater.Thedefilementofsininitsvariedaspectswastofinditscureinthatonegreatwork.NorwereitsbenefitsconfinedtoJews.Thedistinctionbetweencleananduncleanbeastswasdoneawaywith.WhatGodhadcleansedwasnottoberegardedanylongerIScommonorunclean.Themiddlewallofpartition:)etweenJewandGentilewasbrokendown.Godmadeno
adisdoingtheworkinuswhichitwasintendedtodo.'ThisEpistleaboundsithtestsofaman'sprofession,andisastrongcalltohimtowalkworthyofit,nditexactlyfallsinwiththeprincipleofSt.Paul,youare(byprofession)-lildrenofthelight,walkthenassuch,andletChrist'sbloodcleanseyourcon-sciences toservethelivingGod.
238Cleansing,Washing,Sprinkling,&c.[Cn.XIII.
difference;HewastheGodofboth;andHej)urifiedtheheartofbothbyfaithintheoneSaviour(Acts15.9).
ItisofimportancetonoticethatthecleaiisingthuseffectedthroughChristembracesalltbeaspectsoftheceremonialcleansingoftheO.T.:thereistheactualmoralchangeintheindividual,thecleanheart,therenewedspirit,thegodlylife;thereisthechangedsocialposition,member-ship inthebodyofChristbecomingareality;andthereisthebeingpronouncedandregardedascleaninthesightofGodthroughthemediatorialagencyoftheHighPriest.
§9.TheHebrewwordsforwashingdeserveattentionfromthefactthattheytooareusedceremoniallyandmorallyaswellasliterally.
Duach(nn),to'castoff,'andhencetopurgefromim-purity, isusedonlyfourtimesintheOldTestament.Twiceitisrendered'Avash,'viz.in2Chron.4.6,andEz.40.38;ineachoftheseplacesreferenceismadetotheputtingoffthepollutioncontractedbythepriestsandLeviteswhilepreparingtheanimalsforoffering.Thefirstofthesepas-sages maybethusunderstood:—'Hemadealsotenlavers,andputfiveontherighthand,andfiveontheleft,towashinthem;thedefilementcontractedbytheoperationscon-nected withtheburntofferingtheycleansedoffinthem;andtheseawasfortheprieststowashin.'TheLeviteswashedinthelavers,andthepriestsinthelargervesselcalledthesea.
DuachisusedinaspiritualsenseinIs.4.4,'Whenthe1LordshallhavewashedawaythefilthofthedaughtersofIZion,andshallhavepurgedthebloodofJerusalemfrom/themidstthereofbythespiritofjudgmentandbythespirit/ofburning.''
TheotherpassagewherethewordoccursisJer.51.o1.HeretheLord,identifyingHimselfwithHispeople,says,'Nebuchadnezzarhathdevouredme,...hehathcastm
rs,1oe^
§10.]Cavas,towashGarments.239
out,'i.e.hathtreatedmeasifIwerethe'off-scouring-'oftheearth.
Shathaph{^'^),toflood,overflow,orpourcopiously,isusedin1Kin.22.38,ofthecleansingofAhab'schariot;•inJob14.19,ofthedestructionofthesurfaceofthelandbyfloodsofwater;andinEz.16.9,ofthe'thoroughwash-ing 'whichrepresentedthecarewithwhichGoddealtwithHispeopleIsraelattheirfirstbeginning.
§10.WenowcometothetwowordswhichwereinmostordinaryuseamongtheJews,namely,cavas(d2d),forwhichtheLXXhasifkvvworairoirKyvw,whichwasappliedtothewashingofgarments;andrachats(]*n-)),generallyrenderedvi-niwor\ovw,butinsevenpassagesirKvva),whichrepre-sented thebathingorwashingofthebody.
Cavasisthetermappliedtothe'fuller,'andissupposedtoreferinthefirstplacetothetreadingwherebyclotheswerecleaned.Thiscleansingofgarmentswasanimportantceremonialaction.WehavealreadyseenitsmeaningunderaslightlydifferentforminGen.35.2,whereJacobtoldhishouseholdtoputawaytheirfalsegods,andtochangetheirgarments;evidentlythelatteractionwastakenastheexternalsymboloftheformer.Thissymbolicalrelationshipbetweentheouterclothingandtheinnerlife,whichbegansoearlyinthehistoryofthehumani-ace,andwhichoftengivesrisetocontroversyamongourselves,re-ceives itslastillustrationinthedescriptionoftheredeemedinglory,whoaresaidtobe'clothedwithwhiteraiment,'whichhadbeenmadewhiteinthebloodoftheLamb.Ofthe'diverswashings'oftheLeviticaldispensation,some
•DifferentHebrewwordsareusedforthewashingofAhab'schariot,andforthecleansingofhisarmour.Werethetwowashedatthesameplace?ThechariotwaswashedinthepoolofSamaria;butprobablyhisarmourwastakentobecleanedathispalaceatJezreel,anddoubtlessthedogslickedthebloodthatwasrinsedfromitatornearthepoolofJezreel,accordingtotheprophecyofElijah,whichotherwisewouldnothavebeenliterallyfulfilled.
240Cleansing,Washing,Sprinkling,&c.[Ch.XIII.
hadtodowitlithegarments,andaredescribedunderthewordcavas;whileothershadtodowiththeflesh,andarerepresentedbyrachats.Thefollowingcomeunderthefirsthead.TheceremonialcleansingofthegarmentsbeforethepeoplewereallowedtoapproachMountSinai(Ex.19.10,14);thecleansingofthegarmentsprinkledwiththebloodoftheoffering(Lev.6.27);thecleansingofmen'sclothingafterleprosyoraftercontactwiththatwhichwaspronouncedun-clean ;thecleansingoftheLevites'clothingfortheirservice(Num.8.7),whereitwasconnectedwiththesprinklingof'holywater'overtheirflesh.
Underthesecondhead(rachats,thewashingoftheflesh),comethewashingorbathingofthebody,thehands,andthefeetgenerally;thewashingofthesacrifices(Ex.29.17);ofthepriestsbeforetheirconsecration,andalsobeforetheirdailyministration(Ex.29.4,and30.19,21);andthewashingoftheelders'handsoverthebeheadedheifer(Deut.21.6).ThiswordisalsousedfigurativelyinJob29.6;andPs.58.10.Inthetriumphantexpression,'Moabismywashpot'(Ps.60.8,and108.9),theimageistakenfromthelaverforthecleansingofthebody,notfromthetroughforthewashingofgarments.
§11.Eachoftheseexpressionsisappliedtospiritualwashing.Thewordcavas,whichimpliesthecleansingofgarments,isfoundinthefourfollowingpassages:—Ps.51.2,'Washmethroughlyfrommysin';Ps.51.7,'WashmeandIshallbewhiterthansnow';Jer.2.22,'Thoughthouwashtheewithnitre,andtaketheemuchsoap,yetthineiniquityismarkedbeforeme,saiththeLordGod';Jer.4.14,'OJerusalem,washthineheartfromwickedness,thatthoumayestbesaved.'
Thewordrachats,whichsignifiesthewashingofthebody,isusedinaspiritualsenseinPs.26.6,'Iwillwashmyhandsininnocency';Ps.73.13,'Ihavewashedmyhands
§12.]WasJiing,accordingtotheN.T.241
ininnocency';Prov.30.12,'Thereisagenerationthatarepureintheirowneyes,andyetisnotwashedfromtheirfilthiness';Is.1.16,'Washyou,makeyouclean';Is.4.4,'WhentheLordshallhavewashedawaythefilthofthedaughterofZion.'
Theword■wasli,asappliedtothebody,isneverusedexceptwithreferencetowater,anditappearstosymbolisethepur-gation oftheinclinations,thecharacterandtheexternallife,frommoralpollution.ThepassagesabovecitedareaforciblecommentontheexhortationintheEpistletotheHebrews,'Letusdrawnearwithatrueheart,infullas-surance offaith,havingourheartssprinkledfromanevilconscience,andourbodieswashedwithj)urewater,'Heb,10.22.
§12.IntheNewTestamentv/tttwisusedofwashingtheface(Matt.6.17);thehands(Matt.15.2);theeyes(John9.7,11,15);andthefeet(John13.5,6,8,10,12,14;1Tim.5.10).Thew^ord\qvwisusedoftheliteralbathingofthebodyinActs9.37,16.33;and2Pet.2.22.InJohn13.10,weread'Hethatisbathed(XeXov/xEvos)needethnotsavetowash{vly\raa6aC)hisfeet,butiscleaneverywhit'{icadapos6\os).ItisevidentthatourLordherereferred,inthefirstinstance,tothewell-knownfactthatafteracom-plete bathamanneededonlytocleanseawaytheimj^uritywhichhecontractedinwalkingfromitifhewishedtobeaccountedentirelyclean;thesignificanceoftheacttothedisciplesseemstohavebeenthatwhereastheywereinameasurecleantliroiujhthewordwhichHehadspokenuntothem,therewasyetneedthatHeshouldhumblehimselfstilllowerintheirbehalf,inordertocleansetheminthesightofGod.TheactofwashingtheirfeetsymbolisedthehumiliationofHimwhotooktheformofaservant,anditsetforththenecessityofyieldingtoHiscleansingworkas
242Cleansing,Washing,Sprinkling,&c.[Ck.xill.
tlieonlymeansofhaving-partwithHiminHisfuturekingdom.
WashingwithwaterisconnectedwiththewordinEph.5.26.HerewereadthatChristgaveHimself(i.e.died)forHisChurch,thatHemightsanctifyandcleanseitwiththelaverofthewaterintheword(tcoXovrpwtovvSaro9svprjixaTt).Thelaver(Xovrpov)isusedasasymbolofregenerationinTit.3.5,moralcleansingisreferredtoinHeb.10.22,andintheEeceivedTextofEev.1.5,'Whowashedusfromoursinsinhisownblood.'OthersherereadXvaavrt(liberated)forXovaavTL(washed).
WiththesepassageswemayconnectActs22.16,'Ariseandbebaptisedandwashaway{aTroXova-ai)thysins':and1Cor.6.11,'Suchweresomeofyou,butyearewashed'{aTrsXovcraads).
ThewordttXvvco,whichisappliedtothewashingofgar-ments, isusedsymbolicallyinEev.7.14;alsointheoldestMSS.,togetherwiththeVulgateandtheversionsmadefromit,inEev.22.14,'Blessedaretheythatwashtheirrobesthattheymayhavearighttothetreeoflife.'
§13.Barar(-nn),literallytoseparate,andhencetomanifestormakeclean,issometimesusedinthesenseofcleansing.InDavid'shymn(2Sara.22.21,25,27;Ps.18.20,24,26),itisusedinrespectofthecleannessofhishands,i.e.hisfreedomfromevildeeds.Jobsays'IfImakemyhandsneversoclean,yetshaltthouplungemeintheditch'(9.30);herethewordismadethemoreemphaticbybeingusedwithZacac(onwhichseebelow);inPs.73.1,weread,'TrulyGodisgoodtoIsrael,eventosuchasareofacleanheart';thewordisusedintheexpression'Fairasthemoonandclearasthesun,'inCant.6.10;alsoinIs.52.11,'Beyeclean,thatbearthevesselsoftheLord.'Thesepassagesallrefertomoralpurity,nottoceremonialcleanness,inwhichsensethewordisneverused.Itevi-
§§14.15.]WordsforCleansifig.243
clentljappliestothethoughtsoftheheartaswellastotheoutwardactions,anditissometimesusedofthatmoralcleansingorpurgationwhichconsistsofseparatingtheevilfromthegood,thedrossfromtheore;seePs.24.4;Is.1.25;Ez.20.38;Dan.11.35,12.10.Thewordisusedof'apurelanguage'inZeph.3.9,whereperhapsclearnessorplainnessiswha.tisreferredto.
§14.TherearethreeI'ootscloselyconnectedtogether,whichallrepresentpurity,cleanness,orfreedomfrompollu-tion, namely(1),Zakak(ppf),whichisusedinPs.12.6,andMai.3.3;(2),Zacac(idt),whichisfoundinJob8.6,11.4,16.17('Myprayerispure');15.15('Theheavensarenotcleaninhissight');33.9;Prov.16.2,20.11,21.8;Lam.4.7('Purerthansnow');alsoEx.27.20,30.34;Lev.24.4,7;(3),Zacah(nsr),whichwefindinJob15.14,'Whatismanthatheshouldbeclean';25.4,'Howcanhebecleanthatisbornofawoman';Prov.20.9,'WhocansayIhavemademyheartclean,Iamj)urefrommysin';Ps.51.4,'Thatthoumightestbecleanwhenthoujudgest';73.13,'Ihavecleansedmyheartinvain';119.9,'Wherewithalshallayoungmancleansehisway?'Is.1.16,'Washyou,makeyouclean.'
Thesepassagesrefertomoralpurityandtransparencyofheart.Theypointtoacharacterfreefromtaintorsullyastheobjectwhichmanaimsat,butwhichhefailstoobtainbyhisowndevices;andevenatthebest,thatwhichseemsperfectlypureinhissightisprovedvilewhenseeninthelightofGod.
§15.TwoHebrewwordsarerenderedtosprinkleintheO.T.Zarak(ptr)occursthirty-fivetimes,andisalwayssorendered,exceptinIs.28.25,whereitistranslatedscatter,and2Chron.34.4,wherewefindstrow.ItiscuriousthattheLXXalmostalwaysrendersittt/joo-^hoj,to
B2
244Cleansing,Washing,Sprifikling,&c.[Cn.XIII.
pour,^givingtheideaofsheddingorscattering,ratherthanofsprinkling.Theactofsprink1ingsetforthbythiswordwasusuallyperformedbymeansofavessel,thenameofwhichwasderivedfromit,andwhichtheLXXrenders(f)laX7],aphialorvial.Itisprobablethattheprocessisbestdescribedbythewordaffusion,orperhapsscatter-ing.ItisfirstappliedtothescatteringoftheashesofthefurnaceinEx.9.8;thentothepouringofthebloodoftheofferingonthealtarandonthepeopleinEx.24.6,8;seealsoEx.29.16,20;Lev.1.5,11,3.2,8,13,7.2,14,8.19,24,9.12,18,17.6;Num.18.17;2Kin.16.13,15;2Chron.29.22,30.16,35.11.InNum.19.13,20,itisappliedtothesprinklingofthewaterofseparation;andinJob2.12,tothesprinklingofdustonthehead;inIs.28.25,tothescatteringcummin;andinHos.7.9,tothegreyhairswhicharehereandthere(marg.sprmJcled)onthehead.
Thewordisonceusedinaspiritualsense,namely,inEz.36.25,'ThenwillIsprinklecleanwateruponyou,andyeshallbeclean.'
Nazah(htj)occurstwenty-fourtimes,andisalwaysren-dered tosprinkle.Itisnotnecessarilyusedinaceremo-nial sense.TheLXXrendersitbypaivay,pavri^co,andtheircompounds.Itisappliedtothepriest'ssprinklingofbloodwiththefingerbeforethevail,oronthesideofthealtar,oronthemercy-seat,ontheoccasionofthesin-offeringinLev.4.6,17,5.9,16.14,15,19.Itisalsoappliedtothesprinklingofthebloodofthebirdontheleperwithhyssop,Lev.14.7,51;tothesprinklingthewaterofpurifyingandseparation.Num.8.7,19.21;andtothesprinklingofoilwiththefinger,Lev.8.11,30,14.16,27.ThewordisusedwithaspiritualsignificanceinIs.52.15,'Soshallhesprinklemanynations.'
'ThisverbisnottobefoundintheN.T.,butthenounderivedfromit(7rp({(Txv(rir)isusedinHeb.!!•28,ofthesheddingorsprinMingofthebloodofthepaschallambonthedoorposts.
§16.]Sprinkling,andBaptizing.245
Thesprinklings{pavriayuoi)speciallyreferredtointheEpistletotheHebrewsareoftwokinds,thatwhichwasperformedwiththeashesofaredheiferonpersonswhohadcontractedcertaindefilement(Heb.9.18);andthatwhichwasperformedwithbloodonthepeopleandtheBookinmakingtheoldcovenant;alsoonthetabernacleandvariousvesselsconnectedwiththesacredservice(Heb.9.19,21).ThesubstanceofwhichthesearetheshadowsiswroughtbythesprinklingwiththebloodofJesus,whichspeakethbetterthingsthanthatofAbel.'
St.Peterconnectsthis'sjjrinklingofthebloodofJesusChrist'withobedience,andbothofthesewith'sanctifica-tionofspirit'(1Pet.1.2).ThissprinklinghasitseffectbothinthesightofGod,whereitsignifiesreconciliation,andontheconscienceofman,whichitpurgesfromdeadworkstoservethelivingGod(Heb.9.14).Accordingly,theChristianisinvitedtoapproachGodwithatrueheartwhichshallhavebeensprinkledfromanevilconscience(Heb.10.22).
§16.ManyarethecontroversiesthathavegatheredaroundtheriteofBaptism.Questionshavebeenraisedastothemodeofadministration,astotherightageandconditionofthosetowhomitistobeadministered,astothepersonswhomayperformtheordinance,astotheprivi-leges andresponsibilitiesinvolvedinit,astotheexactbearingofthesymbol,andastothenatureofthenexuswhichexistsbetweenthesignandthethingsignified.Manyofthesetopicsdonotcallfordiscussioninthepresentwork;butthereisonequestionwhichmayrightlyfindaplacehere.
WhenourLord,immediatelybeforeHisascension,gaveorderstoHisfollowerstobaptize,didtheverywordwhich
'ThebloodofAbelcriedouttoGodforvengeance,whilstthebloodofChristcriesforgraceandmercy,pardonandjustification.
246Cleansing,Wasking,Sprinkli^tg,&c.[Ch.xm.
Heusedprescribetheexactmodein-whichtheordinancewastobeadministeredPorhaditalreadyarrivedatthatsecondaryortechnicalsenseinwhichundoubtedlyithasbeenlargelyusedinaftertimes?
Classicalauthorshavebeendiligentlysearchedbycon-tending partieswiththehopeoffindingsomesolutionofthequestion.Butthemoretheyhavebeenscrutinized,themoreclearlyhasitaj^pearedthattheword/^aTTTi'^o)hasbeenused•withverygreatlatitude,andthatitcanneitherbeconfinedtoitsprimaryuseofstainingordyeing,norberestrictedtothecaseofreligiousorceremonialactsofcleansing.
Theconclusionarrivedatbyawriter'whowashimselfa'Baptist,'thatis,onewhoholdstothepracticeofimmersion,isasfollows:—
'TheEnglishtranslatorsdidnottranslatetheword"bap-tize," andtheyactedwisely;forthereisnoonewordintheEnglishlanguagewhichisanexactcounterpartoftheGreekword,astheNewTestamentusesit,containingthepreciseideasoftheEvangelist,neitherlessnormore.Thediflfi-culty,orrathertheexcellency,ofthewordisthatitcon-tains twoideas,inclusiveofthewholedoctrineofbaptism."Baptize"isadyer'sword,andsignifiestodipsoastocolour.Suchasrendertheworddipgiveonetrueidea;butthewordstoodfortwo,andoneiswantinginthisrendering.ThisdefectisintheGermanTestament,Matt.3.1:"InthosedsijscameJohnclerTan/er"—JohntheDij)per;andtheDutch,"InthosedayscameJohnderDooper"—JohntheDipper.Thisisthetruth,butitisnotthewholetruth.TheAnglo-SaxonTestamentaddsanotherideabynamingJohnlefuUuJdere—thefuller;andtheIcelandiclanguagetranslatesBaptism,shim,washing.Theseconveytwoideas,cleansing
'Mr.E.Robinson,ofCambridge,quotedbyElihu(aBaptist)inhisvindicationoftheBibleSociety.
§16.]Baptism.247
bywashing,butneitherdotheseaccui-atelyexpressthetwoideasoftheGreekbaptize.'^
Asthequestionunderdiscussionconcernsaritetheper-formance ofwhichhasbeenheldessentialinallag-esofChristianity,itcertainlymighthavebeensupposedthatthisisoneofthecasesinwhichanexaminationoftheearlyver-sions woulddecidethematter,butthesearchhasledtonodefiniteresult.TheoldLatinversion,indeed,rendered^a-rr-Ti^wbytingo,tomoisten,bathe,dye,orstain;butJeromeadoptedhaptizo,aLatinisedformoftheGreekoriginal,feeling'nodoubtthatnoLatinwordcouldrightlyconveyitsmeaning;andfromtheLatinofJeromethesamewordspreadthroughtheinfluenceofthechurchtowhichhebelongedintotheItalian,Spanish,Portuguese,FrenchandEnglishlanguages.TheSyriacversionhasaverygoodwordfcrdipping,butneverusesitforbaptism,preferringawordwhichoriginallysignifiestostand,andwhichwasadoptedeitherfromthepositionwhichthecatechumentookwhenthewaterwaspouredoverhim,orfromthe'standing'whichhehenceforthoccupiedwithinthepaleofthechurch.IntheSclavonic,modernRuss,andkindredlanguages,atermisusedwhichanswerstoourEnglishwordchristen,representingtheobjectoftheriteratherthanitsmode.InArabicandPersian,asalsoinIcelandic,wefindwordswhichsignifywashingorcleansing;andinAnglo-Saxon,aswehaveseenabove,thewordisalmostthesame."Wickliffeusedwashandbaptizeindifferently;thusinMatt.3.w^eread'Iwaisheyhouinwatirintopennance,buthethatschalcomeaftermeisstrengerthani,whosschoonyamnotworthitohere,heschalhaptiseyouinthehoolyGoostand
'Ananonymouswriter,quotedinthepamphletfromwhichthispassageisabstracted,says,'toscrapeistheactionemployedwhenPaganiniplays;butsurelyhewouldbeoffendedifweweretousethathomelywordrespectinghisperformance.Inlikemanner,Ithinkitwouldbebadgrammar,andbadtaste,tosaydipinsteadofbaptise.'
248Cleansing,Washing,Sprinkling,&c.[Ch.Xin.
fire.'TheGermanandkindredlanguageshavebeencitedinfavouroftherenderingdip,butithasbeenshownbyDr.Hendersonthatthereisaslightdistinctionbetweenthewordsfordipandbaptizeintheselanguages;thustheGermanwordfordipisgenerallytauchen,butthewordforbaptizetaufen.Moreover,intheselanguagesthepreposi-tion followingtheverbisusuallynotin,whichwouldbeexpectediftheverbansweredtoourEnglishdip,butwith,showingthattheverbisusedinaceremonialratherthananetymologicalsense,fortheadministrationofacleansingrite.
ThusitmaybeseenthattheversionsoftheScriptureswillnothelpustoanydefiniteconclusionastothepointbeforeus,andwearethrownbackoncemoreupontheBibleitself.
§17.AlthoughtheEnglishwordhaptizedoesnotoccurintheOldTestament,yetonexaminingtheLXXwefindtheGreek^avri^a)usedtwiceinthecanonicalscriptures,andtwiceintheApocrypha.InJudith12.7,weread,'Shewashedorbathedherself{s/SaTTTi^eTo)atthefountainofwater';andinSirach34.25,wearetoldofonewhowas^aTTTitpfxsvosaiTovsKpov,i.e.washedorbathed,inordertobecleansedfromtheceremonialpollutionwhicharisesfromcontactwithadeadbody.InIs.21.4,theprophetsays'Fearfulnesshathaffrightedme,'whichtheLXXrenders77dvojjLia//,£jSaTrrl^ei.HerethewordstandsfortheHebrewBa'ath(nyn),andseemstobeusedfigurativelyofonewhowasflooded,overwhelmedwithevil.
Themostimportantpassage,however,inwhichthewordoccursisinthehistoryofNaamantheSyrian,in2Kin.5.14.ElishahadtoldtheSyrianthatifhewould'wash'seventimesintheJordanheshouldbecleansedfromtheleprosy.Accordingly,hewentand'dipped'[s^airricraTo)seventimesintheriver.TheHebrewverbinthispassageis
§17.]Baptism.249
thaval(^3to),todip.ItistliewordusedofJoseph'scoatwliicliwasdippedingoat'sblood(Gren.37.81;LXX/ioA.w&));ofthepriest'sfingerbeingdippedinblood,Lev.4.6,17,9.9;ofthelivingbirdwhichwasdippedinthebloodoftheslainbird,Lev.14.6;ofthefingerbeingdif)pedinoil,Lev.14.16;ofhyssopbeingdippedinwater,Num.19.18;ofthefeetofthepriestsdippedinthebrimofthewater,Jos.3.15;ofRuthdippinghermorselinthevinegar,Ruth2.14;ofJonathandippingtheendofhisrodinthehoneycomb,1Sam.14.27;ofHazaeldippingaclothinwater,2Kin.8.15;wealsomeetwithitinJob9.31,whereweread'IfIwashmyselfwithsnow-water,andmakemyhandsneversoclean,yetshaltthouplungemeintheditch.'Themeaningofthewordthavalinthesepassagesisclearandindubitable;itdoesnot,however,followthat/SaTrr/^o/xaisignifiestocZtpwhenadoptedbytheLXXin2Kin.5.14.Innoneofthepassagesabovecitedwasthedippingeffectedforthepurposeof-washingtheobjectdipped,insomequitethecontrary;butinthecaseofNaamantheorderwas'Go,vmsh,'wherethewordrachatsisusedtosignifythecleansingofthebody(see§10);henceinthispassagetheverbthavalwasusedtoexpressaprocessidenticalwiththeactofwashing.Moreover,innoneoftheotherpassagesistheword(SaTTTL^o)adoptedasarenderingofthaval;wealwaysfindeither[id-TTroy^orirapa^diTTw.Itmaybeconcludedfromthisfactthatthespecialword^airri^^owasusedinthepassageunderconsiderationinordertoshowthatNaaman'swashingintheriverJordanwastoberegardedaspartakingofthenatureofasymbolicalorceremonialobservance.
'Thewordfiainw,todiportinge,isusedonlyfourtimesintheN.T.InLiike16.24,itreferstothedippingthetipofthefingerinwater;inJohn13.26,itistwiceusedofthedippingtliesop;inRev.19.13,wereadof'avesturedipindinblood,'buthereitwouldbebettertorenderthewords,stainedwithhlood{^i^aufxivova'LjxaTi).TheVulgaterenderinginthispassageis'vestisasjxrsasanguine.'
250Cleansing,Washing,Sprinkling,&c.[Ch.XUI,
§18.Onthewholetheusageoftheword/BairTL^o)intheLXXcannotbesaidtodecidewhetherthewashingindicate)^byitmtistneedstakeplacebyaprocessofdi^^ping(thoughthisprocesswouldcertainlybemostinaccordancewiththepassagesreferredto),orwhetheritsrequirementswouldbesatisfiedbyhavingwaterpouredovertheperson.NordoestheNewTestamentfinallydecidethematter.ThewordwasusedbytheJewsinourLord'stimeofceremonialwash-ing, ratherthanofmeredi2^2^ing,aswillbeclearlyseenbyreferencetoMark7.4,andLuke11.38,wherethebaptizingofthepersonisregardedasasortofritualobservance,whilstinMark7.4and8,thebaptismofcupsandothervesselsisspokenofinthesameway.
The'divershaiAisTns'(A.V.'washings')spokenofinHeb.9.10,maycomprehendsuchobservancesasthosejustreferredto,buttheyratherseemtoindicatethevariousritesofpurificationwhichformedpartoftheLeviticalsystem.Theseriteswereoftwokinds;therewerethosewhichamanhadtoperformforhimself,andthosewhichothersweretoadministertohim.ItwouldbethelastclasswhichwouldbeprobablyreferredtobythewriteroftheEpistletotheHebrewsas'diversbaptisms';theywereperformedbypriestsor'cleanpersons,'whopouredorsprinkledoil,blood,water,orwaterimpregnatedwiththeashesofaredheifer,uponthepersonswhoweretobepurified.Theapplicationoftheword^aimaixoitotheseritestendstoconfirmtheviewalreadyindicatedthatwhatevertheetymologyandprimaryusageofthetermbaptizemayhavebeen,ithadpracticallycometobeusedofceremonialwashinginourLord'stime,andthatitwasnotexclusivelyappliedtodipping.Ifthetruerenderingoftheexpression^airTiaficovStSa'ynjsinHeb.6.2,benot'thedoctrineofbaptism,'astheA.V.hasit,but'cleansingsofteaching,'i.e.thepurgingfromoldprejudicesandsuperstitionsthroughtheteachingof
§18.]Baptism.251
thetruth,thenwehavefurtherconfirmatoryevidenceinthesamedirection.
TheexactmodeinwhichJohntheBaptistadministeredtheriteisnotdescribedintheN.T.ThewritersseemtotakeitforgrantedthatsnchadescriptionAvasnotcalledfor.Thosewhosubmittedtoitacknowledgedtherebytheirsorrowfortheirpastsins,andtheirdeterminationtoliveachangedlife,andtoprepareforthecomingofHimwhoshouldfulfilthepromisemadebyGodtotheoldfathers.Acleansingordinancewouldsuitablyindicatethechaugeofheartandlifethusenteredupon.
WhenourLordwasbaptizeditwasnotbecauseHeneededcleansing,butinorderthatHemightgiveapersonalsanctiontotheordinance,submittingtoitwiththesamehumilityasheevincedwhenfallinginwithotherJewishrites.ThedescentoftheSpirituponHimimmediatelyafterwardswasintendednotonlytomarkthatHewas'anointedtopreachthegospel,'butalsotoindicatethatitwasHewhoshould'baptize'withtheHolyGhost,whichHedidwhenHe'shedforth'theSpiritfromonhighlikefloodsuponadryground.Theusageofthewordinthisconnexionsuggeststhesymbolicalactionofsprinklingoreffusionratherthanofdipping.
ThesecondbaptismwhichourLordunderwent(Matt.20.22,23;Luke12.50),wasnoceremonybutasolemnreality;Hewastobeperfectedthroughsufferings,andthewavesoftroublewhichpoureduponHissoulweresignifiedoutwardlybythesweatwhichwas'asitweregreatdropsofbloodfallingdowntotheground'(Luke22.44).
Theusageofthewordbaptizeinthesej)assagesleadstotheconclusionthattheactofdippingcannotbeheldasessentialtoChristianbaptismimlessitisprovedtobesobytheadditionaluseof^dirrw,orsomesuchword,asanadjunctoranalternative.This,however,isconfessedlynotthecase.
252Cleansing,WasMjig,Spidiikling,<2fc.[Ch.xill.
Nordoesthesymbolicalteacliingconnectedwiththeritesuggestanyotherconclusionthanthatwhichwehavenowarrivedat.'Baptismispre-eminentlysymbolicalofclean-sing ;andsotheceremonialactisregardedbySt.Peterasanalogouswith'theputtingaivayofthefilthoftheflesh'(1Pet.3.21).Thebaptizedpersondoesnotcleansehimself;theordinanceisadministeredtohimbyanother,wherebyhesignifieshisinabilitytopurifyhimselffromcorruption,andgiveshimselfuj)toJesusChristwhodiedtowashmenfromtheirsins,andwhoroseagaintopouroutuponthemtheSpiritofLife.Whenabelieverorthechildofabe-liever isbaptized,wearetounderstandthat,byprofessionatleast,hehasbecomeadiscipleofChrist,andisonewithHimbyfaith;hediestosin,inunisonwiththeCaptainofSalvation;heisbui'iedwithHim(thoughevenimmersioncannotbetakenasasymbolofburial);hewalksinnewnessoflife;andheisadmittedintothesocietyorbodyofthosewhoaresimilarlycleansed.
§19.Ifthis,thedeathuntosinandthenewbirthuntorighteousnessbythequickeningpoweroftheSpiritthroughfaithinChristJesus,beindeedwhatissetforthintheriteofbaptism,andifthewordhasgraduallypassedintothistechnicalorceremonialsense,thenitmayfairlybegrantedthattheexactmodeinwhichtheriteisadministered,whetherbyimmersionoraffusion,isnotapointofprimaryimportance,andmaybeleftopentothatdiscretionwhichhasusuallybeenpermittedinnon-essentials.Immersionoughtnottoberigorouslyenforced;stilllessoughtittoberigorouslydenied.Theceremonialapplicationofcleanwatertothepersonasasymbolofthepurifyingefficacyof
'Anexceptionwillatonceoccurtothereader,namely,Col.2.12,wherebap-tism appearstobetakenasasymbolofburial.ButtheideaofburialstandshererelatedtotheutterrenunciationorputtingoiFofthesinsoftheflesh;andthisiswellsymbolisedbyacleansingrite,aswehaveseenintheearlierpai-tsofthischapter.
§.19]Baptism.253
Christ'sl)loodandofthequickeningpoweroftheHolySpirit,andthesubmissiontotheordinanceasamarkofdisciple-shiptotheFather,theSon,andtheHolyGhost,thesearethegrandpointstobeobserved;whilsttheexactmodeofadministrationisamatterofChurchorderanddiscipline,concerningwhichthereoughttobemuchforbearanceandalsoconsiderablelatitudeforthecarryingoutofpersonalconviction;andthisisthecasetheoreticallyintheChurchofEngland,aswellasinotherChurches.
254Justification,Innocence,andInipntatio7i.[Ch.XIV.
CHAPTERXIV.
JtrSTIFICATIOlSr,IKXOCENCE,ANDIMPUTATION.
§1.Ideascouiiectedwiththe-wordJustification.—§2.UsageoftheverbTsadakinitsvariousvoices.—§3.Sensetobeattachedtotheword.—§4.EeuderingsadoptedintheLXX.—§5.ExaminationofGen.15.6,andPs.106.30,31.—§6.OtherpassagesinwhichtliewordEighteous-nessoccursintlie0.T.—§7.Sacrificesofrighteousness.—§8.VariousaspectsofEighteousnessinthe0.T.—§9.ClassificationofitsmeaningsintheN.T.—§10.ThewordsElghteousandJustintheN.T.—§11.J^lstification,SiCcovAmgtotheN.T.—§12.UsageofWakab.tobeclean.—§13.Itsgeneralmeaning.—§14.UsageofCbashav,toimputeorreckon.—§16.Itstheologicalmeaning.—§16.ItsrepresentativeintheN.T.
§1.Sokeenandvitalhavebeentliediscussionsthathavegatheredroundthesubjectsofthepresentchapter,thatthebaresoundofthewordjustificationorimputationisenoughtosetthemindinacontroversialattitude.Fortu-nately, however,itisnotnecessaryheretoreviewpastcontroversies;ratheritisdesiredtobringtobearonthesubjectsunderdiscussionthatprincipleofinductiveenquiryintotheteachingoftheScripturewhichoughttofurnishmaterialsforajustdecision.
Theideaofjustificationappearstobeinsomemeasurelegal.ItisfrequentlytakeninScrij)turetobetheoppositeofcondemnation;andinsomeofitsaspectsitanswersfairlytoourwordacquittal.Butithasoftenbeenob-served thathumanlegalanalogiesareveryinadequateforthepurposeofrepresentingtherelationoftherestoredmantohisGod.Acquittalisthemagisterialdeclarationthatanaccusedmanisnotguiltyofacertaincrime,sofarasthe
§1.]Ideasco7incctcdwiththewordyiestijication.255
lawunderwhichhehasbeentriedisconcerned.Hemayhavecommittedtheoffence,buteitheritcannotbebroughthometohimbyadequatetestimony,orelsethelawunderwhichheistriedhasnotprovidedforthechargelaidagainsthim.Itmaybeacknowledgedthatthisisamostim23erfectrepresentationofGod'sworkinjustifying,asitleavesoutofsightthefactthatHislawisperfectandapplicabletowrongdoingofeveryshadeandcomplexion,alsothatnotestimonyofman'sguiltisnecessary,becauseGodisacquaintedwiththeverj^secretsoftheheart;and,whatisstillmoreimportant,itleavesoutofsightthetruthwhichistobegatheredfromScriptureasawhole,thattheprocessofDivineacquittalissoblendedwiththeentranceofspirituallifeintothepersonacquittedthat,thoughtheyaretheoreticallydistinct,onecannotbefullystatedorevencomprehendedwithoutreferencetotheother.Thecontro-versy betweentheChurchofRomeandvariousProtestantbodieshasarisen,inpartatleast,fromthecomplexityoftherelationshipwhichthusexistsbetweenGodandman.
Anotherdifficultyhasarisenfromthepovertyofhumanlanguage.Wehavenoonewordwhichcanconveytheideaofrighteousnessandthatofjustification,astheyareex-pounded inScripture;stilllesshaveourtranslatorsbeenabletomarkthefactthattheseideasarereallyblendedinoneinGod'sdealingswithman.Humanlanguageisnotconstructedforthepurposeofconveyingsuchadoctrine;itisarevelation,anddescendsfromheaven,thoughconveyedtoman'sintelligencethroughanimperfectmedium.Inthiscase,however,asinmanyothers,weseethewisdomofGodinselectingHebrewasthemeansofcommunicationwithHiscreatures,becauseheretheideasofrighteousness,justification,andacquittal,allclusterroundoneverbalroot,andareseentobepartsofonewhole.
§2.TheHebrewwordwhichexpressesthebeingjustor
256yiistijication^Innocence,andImputation.[Ch.xrv.
righteousisTsadak(pnv)?whichissupposedtoconveyorigi-nally anideaofstraightnessorstiffness.ItwillbereadilyunderstoodthattherearefewcasesinwhichitismoreimportanttonoticethepeculiarshadesofmeaninginherentinthevariousHebrewvoicesthaninexaminingtheusageofthisverb.
TsadakisonceusedintheHithpaelorreflexivevoice,namely,inGen.44.16,'Whatshallwespeak?orhowshallweclearourselves?'Asamatteroffact,Judahandhisbrethrenwereinnocent,butheaskedthisquestionundertheimpressionthattheywereguilty.ItisonceusedintheNiphalorj^cissive,viz.inDan.8.14,'Thusshallthesanctuarybecleansed.'Itappearsheretobeusedinasecondaryorderivedsense.FivetimesitoccursinthePiel,orintensive,viz.inJob32.2,'Hejustifiedhisownsoul,ratherthanGod';33.32,'Ifthouhastanythingtosay,answerme:speak,forIdesiretojustifythee';Jer.3.11,'Theback-sliding IsraelhathjustifiedhersoulmorethantreacherousJudah';Ez.16.51,52,'Thouhastmultipliedthineabomi-nations morethanthey,andhastjustifiedthysistersinallthineabominationswhichthouhastdone....Yea,bethoualsoconfounded,andbearthyshameinthatthouhastjustifiedthysisters.'TheconductoftheinhabitantsofJudahhadbeensomuchworsethanthatofSamariaorSodomthattheycausedthesenationstoappearrighteousincomparison.
TsadakisusedtwelvetimesintheHiphilorcausativevoice:
Ex.23.7,'Iwillnotjustifythewicked,'i.e.Iwillnotjustifyyouwhilstyoufollowsuchawickedcourseashasbeenpreviouslydescribed,viz.slayingtheinnocentandrighteous,wrestingthejudgmentofthepoor,&c.ThisprincipleoftheDivineactionislaiddownasanexampletobeimitatedbytheearthlyjudgeinDeut.25.1,'Thenshalltheyjustifytherighteousandcondemnthewicked.'
Job | 27. |
Ps. | 82. |
Prov. | 17. |
§2.]UsageoftheVerbTsadak.257
2Sam.15.4,'OhthatIweremadejudgeinthehand,thateverymanwhichhathanysuitorcausemightcometome,andIwoukldohimjustice!'ProbablyamoreHteralrendering,'Iwouldjustifyhim,'wouldbetterex-press Absalom'sthought.
1Ivi.8.32,and2Chr.6.23,'Condemningthewicked,tobringhiswayuponhishead;andjustifyingtherighteous,togivehimaccordingtohisrighteousness.'ThispassageisimportantasgivingafulnessofmeaningtothewordjustificationAvhichotherwisemightbemissed.Itisherenotonlyacquittal,buttheconse-quences ofacquittal.5,'GodforbidthatIshouldjustifyyou.'3,'Dojusticetotheafflictedandneedy.'15,'HethatjustifieththeAvicked,andhethatcoudemneththejust,eventheybothareabominationtotheLord.'
Isaiah5.23,'Woeuntothemwhichjustifythewicked
forreward,andtakeawaytherighteousnessoftherighteousfromhim.'
Isaiah50.8,'Heisnearthatjustifiethme;whowillcontendwithme?'
Isaiah53.11,'Byhisknowledgeshallmyrighteousservantjustifymany;anditishethatshallbeartheiriniquities.'Thispassageisusuallyexplainedasif'hisknowledge'meant'theknowledgewhichothersshouldiiavecon-cerning him;'butthereisnonecessitytofallbackuponthisexplanation.TheMessiahwastobe'ac-quainted withgrief;'naymore,hewastobearman'siniquities,andtheybecameinsomemysterioussenseevenidentifiedAvithHim.TheknowledgeofsinwhichAvasthusattainedAvhenHewhoknewnosinwas'madesin'foi-man,Avastobethemeansofjusti-fying many,sothattheymightbecome'therighteous-ness ofGodinhim.''
1'Noman,exceptChrist,haseveryetbeenahlerightlytodiscernthenatureandextentofsin;becauseonlyonewhosepenetratinggazecanapprehendthewholeofthegloryandworthofwhichGodcreatedhumanitycapable,thewholetenorofitsdownwardway,andthehighenditmayyetattain;nonebutJesushaseversoundedthewholeextentoftheaberrations,degradations,anddisorderofourrace.He,however,hassoundedallthesedepths,HishearthasbeenpiercedwithadequatesorrowforallthatdishonouringofGod'sholyname,ofwhichthebeings,AvhosebrotherHebecame,wereguilty;andconsequentlyHehasfullyapprehendedtherighteousseverityofDivinejusticeinconnectingsinAvitlideath
S
258yiistification,Innocence,andImputation.[Ch.XIV.
Dan.12.3,'Theythatturnmanytorighteousnessshallshineasthestarsforeverandever.'Thisisevidentlyanexceptionalpassage.Theprevioustextsshowthatthegeneralmeaningofjustifyis'■acquit,''hence,'■dojusticetoajierson;''biitinthispassageitmaysignifythepvittingapersonintothatpositioninwhichheisjustified(byGod).ComparethelastversesofSt.James'sEpistle.
Itremainstonoticethepassageswlieretlieverbisusedintheactivevoice.Theyareasfollows:—
Gen.38.26,'ShehathbeenmorerighteousthanT.'Job4.17,'ShallamortalmanbemorejustthanGod?'Job9.2,'HowshouldmanbejustbeforeGod?'
verse15,'ThoughIwererighteousIwouldnotanswer.'verse20,'IfIjustifymyself(lit.ifIberighteous),myown
mouthshallcondemnme.'Job10.15,'IfIberighteous,yetwillInotliftupmyhead.'Job11.2,'Shouldamanfulloftalkbejustified'(lit.be
righteous?)Job13.18,'Beholdnow,Ihaveorderedmycause;IknowthatI
shallbejustified'(lit.thatIamrighteous).Job15.14,'Whatishethatisbornofawoman,thatheshouldbe
righteous?'Job22.3,'IsitanypleasuretotheAlmightythatthouart
righteous?'Job25.4,'Howcanmanbejustified(lit.righteous)Avith
God?'Job33.12,'Beholdinthisthouartnotjust.'Job34.5,'Jobhathsaid,Iamrighteous.'Job35.7,'Ifthouberighteous,whatgivestthouhim?'Job40.8,'Wiltthoucondemnme,thatthoumayestbe
righteous?'Ps.19.9,'ThejudgmentsoftheLordaretrue,andrighteous
altogether.'
initsvariousforms.AndbecauseHehasmanifestedtherighteousnessandjusticeoftheDivinesentence,notinwordsonly,butpracticallybyHissilentandholyenduranceofitspenalty,HehasaccomplishedthepurposeofDivinepunishment,andhasterminatedit—onbehalfofwhom?onbehalfofallthosewhobyfaithappropriatethisHisholyenduranceoftheDivinejudgmentastheirown.'—EssayontheAtonement,byWolfgangFriedrichGess.
§3.]SensetobeattachedtotheWoi'd.259
Ps.51.4,'Thatthoumightestbejustified(lit.berighteous)
whenthouspeakest,andclearwhenthoujudgest.'Ps.143.2,'■Enternotintojudgmentwithtliyservant,OLord:for
inthysightshallnomanlivingbejustified'(or
righteous).Is.43.9,'Letthembringforththeirwitnesses,thattheymaybe
justified(orrighteous):orletthemhear,and
say,Itistruth.'verse26,'Declarethou,thatthoumayestbejustified'(or
righteous).Is.45.25,'IntheLordshallalltheseedofIsraelbejustified
(orrighteous),andshallglory.'Ez.16.52,'Theyaremorerighteousthanthou.'
§3.Onreviewing-thesepassages,wliichareallinwhichthewordoccurs,thereaderwillbeledtotheconclusionthat*tojustify'generallysignifiestogiveajudicialacquittal,whichliberatestheaccusedfromacharge,andconsequentlyfromthatpenaltywhichwouldhaveresultedifhehadbeencondemned.Itleavesopenthequestionwhetherhehasactuallybeenguiltyofacertainthingornot.Thejustifi-cation oracquittalofawrong-doerisnotuncommoninanearthlycourtoflaw,whetherthroughtheimpossibilityofgettingfaithfulwitnesses,orthroughthecorrnptionofavenaljudge;butifGod'justifiestheungodly'(Rom.4.5),itmustbefi-omsomereasonverydifferentfromthese.
Butitmustnotbeforgottenthatthepassageswhichhavebeencitedaboveshowthatjustificationisatermapplicabletosomethingmorethanthedischargeofanaccusedpersonwithoutcondemnation.Asinourcourtsoflaw,therearecivilaswellascriminalcases;soitwasinoldtime;andalargenumberofthepassagesadducedseemtorefertotrialsofthelatterdescription,inwhichsomequestionofproperty,right,orinheritancewasunderdiscussionbetweentwoparties.Thejudge,byjustifyingoneoftheparties,decidedthatthepropertyinquestionwastoberegardedashis.Applyingthisaspectofthemattertothejustification
s2
26oy^istijication,Innocence,andInipittation.[Cn.xr\\
ofmaninthesiglitofGod,wegatherfromScripturethatwhilstthroughsinmanistoberegardedashavingforfeitedlegalclaimtoanyrightorinheritancewhichGodmighthavetobestowuponHiscreatures,sothroughjustificationheisrestoredtohishighpositionandregardedasanheirofGod.
Alongsideofthosegraveannouncementswhichshowhowimpossibleitisformantojustify-himself,thereareothers,shininglikestarsinthenight,tellingmenthatjustificationisyetattainablethroughGod'smercy.Itcannotbeclaimedbyhimasaright,butitisextendedtohimasanactofDivinegrace;itdescendsfromheaven,andisbestowedwithoutclaimoneverybeliever.'ItisGodthatjustifieth.''IntheLordshallalltheseedofIsraelberighteous.'ThuswhilsttheScripturesoftheOldTestamenttookawayfromtheHebrewanyhopethathemighthaveinhimself,theyconcentratedhisexpectationsonthelivingGodwhohadsj)eciallyrevealedHimselftoIsrael.
§4.TheadjectivetsadikisalmostalwaysrenderedSUaios,righteous,intheLXX,andthesubstantivestsedekandtse-dakah,generallySf/catoo-ut-T/,righteousness.ThewordeXsoy,mercy,hasbeenadoptedinIs.56.1,'Mysalvationisneartocome,andmyrighteousnesstoberevealed.'Thisisaj)ointworthyofnoticeinconnexionwiththedoctrineof'therighteousnessofGod,'whichisbroughtoutintopro-minence invariouspartsoftheISTeAvTestament.TheaspectwhichGod'srighteousnesspresentstothefaithfulmanismercy.ThewordsXeosisalsoadoptedinEz.18.19,21,wherewereadofmandoing'Whatislawfulandright.'Therighteousnessofthelawwasspeciallymanifestedinmercy,sothattheGreektranslatorswererightinpointoffact,thoughincorrectintheirrenderinginthesepassages.
InseveralpassagestheLXXhasadoptedaXst-jixoavvr],awordwhichhaspassedfromitsoriginalmeaningasthe
§4.]RenderingsadoptedintheLXX.261
feeling-ofmercjorpitytotlieactivedevelopmentoftha.tfeelingineleemosynaryacts,oralms-giving.TliisistliecaseinDent.6.25,whereourtranslationis'Itshallbeourrighteousnessifweobservetodoallthesecommand-ments.' HeretheLXX,followedbytheYulgateandthetranslationsmadefromit,say'Thereshallbemercyforusifweobserve,'&c.Thepassageliterallytranslatedwouldbe'Thereshallberighteousnessforus,'&c.PerhapstheLXXhaspreservedthetruemeaningofthepassage,andcertainlyitisinaccordancewiththegeneraltenorofGod'sWord.
Again,inDeut.24.13,whereweread'Itshallberighte-ousness untotheebeforetheLordthyGod,'theLXXgivestheinterpretation'ThereshallbemercyfortheebeforetheLord.'SimilarlyinPs.24.5,'HeshallreceivetheblessingfromtheLordandrighteousnessfromtheGodofhissalvation,'theLXXinterpretstherighteousnessasmercy.ThesameisthecaseinPs.33.5,whereweread'Helovethrighteous-ness andjudgment';inPs.103,6,'TheLordexecutethrighteousnessandjudgment';inIs.1.27,'Zionshallberedeemedwithjudgment,andherconvertswithrighteous-ness ';inIs.28,17,'JudgmentalsowillIlaytotheline,andrighteousnesstotheplummet';Is.59.16,'Hisarmbroughtsalvationuntohim,andhisrighteousnessitsustainedhim';inDan.4.27,'Breakoffthysinsbyrighteousness,andthineiniquitiesbyshowingmercytothepoor';andinDan.9.16,'OLord,accordingtoallthyrighteousness,Ibeseechtheeletthineangerandthyfurybeturnedaway.'
TherenderingoftheLXXinthesethirteenpassagesisinteresting,becauseitbringsoutthelessonwhichallScriptureteachesus,thatmercytowardourfellow-manisthegrandtokenofrighteousnessinthesightofthatGodwhomanifestsHisownrighteousnessespeciallybyshowingmerc}^andgoodness.
262y2istification,Innocence,andImputation.[Ch.xr^
TheverbtsadacisrenderedSiKaioco,tomakerighteousortoacquit,almosteverywherebytheLXX;butthevariousvoicesinwhichthewordisusedwerenotcapableofbeingaccuratelydistinguishedintheGreek.Thisdifficulty"hasreappearedinatleastonepassageintheNewTestament.InRev.22.11,thewords'Hethatisrighteouslethimhe7-ighteousstill,'are,ifliterallyrendered,'Hethatisrighteouslethimbejustifiedstill,'—arenderingAvhichwasadoptedbytheLatinVulgate,andistobefoundinmostifnotalltheversionsmadefromthatvenerablework.Thisliteralrenderingiscertainlyverybeautifulandinstructive,thoughtheusageoftheLXXaffordsourtranslatorssomepleafordepartingfromit.
§5.Althoughthenatureofrighteousness,orconfor-mity totheDivinelaAvoflove,hasbeenpointedoutinapreviouschapter,^somefurthernoticeofitiscalledforheresinceitissomuchblendedwithjustificationinScripture,theworditselfbeingformedfromtheroottsadac,andbeingconnectedwithitateveryturn.
Thefirstaj)pearanceoftheword'righteousness'isinGen.
15.6,^AbrahambelievedGod,anditwasreckonedtohim
(for)righteousness.'Inthispassagethreewordsenterupon
thesacredpagesforthefirsttime—belief,righteousness,
andreckoningorimputation—wordswhichweredestined
toi^layaconspicuouspartinChristianterminology.That
elementofAbraham'sfeelingandconducttowardsGodwhich
weusuallycallbelief,faith,orfaithfulness,^wasput
downtohisaccountasareasonwhyheshouldberegarded
asrighteousorjustified.Notonlydoesallrightaction
springfrombeliefintheWordofGod,butalsoourHeavenly
Fatherjustifiesoracquitsthosepersonswhoexerciseit.
Abraham'sfaith,accordingtotheHebrewtext,'was
reckoneduntohimrighteousness;'buttheLXX,followed
•SeeChap.ix.§o.^Seechap.ix.§8.
§o.]RightcoiLsness.263
bySt.Paul,interpretsthispliraseasmeaning''for''[sis),not'as(ft)s)righteousness.'^ItwouldfollowthatthepassagedoesnotteachusthatAbraham'sfaithwasregardedorestimatedbyGodasifitivererighteousness—theonequalitybeingtakenfortheother—butthatowingtothefactthathehadfaithinthepromises,Godacceptedhim,acquittedIrimfromthechargeofsin,pronouncedhimrighteous,andconferredonhimaninheritance.Thus,asSt.Paulsays,Abrahamwasjustified(byGod,whoalonejustifies)byfaith{sKTTiarews),i.e.owingtothefactthathehadfaith.ThegroundonGod'sj)art,andthemethodofjustification,arenottouchedbytheword.ItsimplypointstotheaspectinwhichtheJudgeofalltheearthregardsthebeliever,andthewayinwhichHedealswithhiin.
ItisnotalittleremarkablethattheprivilegethusgrantedtoAbrahamwasaccordedtoanotherpersoninexactlythesameterms,butapparentlyonadiflPerentground.InPs.106.30,31,weread,'ThenstoodupPhinehasandexecutedjudgment:andtheplaguewasstPoyed.Andthatwascounteduntohimfor^righteousnessuntoallgenerationsforevermore.'Whenweturntothehistory(Num.25.)onwhichtheseversesareacomment,wefindthatPhinehaswaszealousforGod'ssakeagainstthosewhowerecommittingwhoredomandidolatry,goingsofarastoslay'aprinceofachiefhouseamongtheSimeonites,'togetherwiththedaughterofthe'headoverapeopleandofachiefhouseinMidian.'Whatwasitthatj^romptedhimtothisboldanddecidedaction,whichatonedforthesinsofthepeo]3le'?TheprophetMalachianswers,speaking
'Thisimportantdistinction,whichhassometimesbeenneglectedincontro-versy, hasbeenobservedintheVulgate{adjustitiam);soLutherhas'^urG-erechtigkeit';DeSacy,'ajustice';D'Almeida,'^jorjnsti^'a.'BezamadeamistakeinputtingjjrojustitiainEom.4.3,&c.
-TheHebrewprepositionfor(7)isinsertedhero,justifyingtheinterpretationoftheLXXinthepassageprevioiislydiscussed.
264yiistijication.Innocence,andImputation.[Ch.XR^
inGod'sname,'Hefearedme,andwasafraidbeforemyname.Thelawoftrntliwasinliismonth,andiniquitywasnotfoundinhislips'(Mai.2.5,6).He'saiduntohisfatherandtohismother,Ihavenotseenhim;neitherdidheac-knowledge hisbrethren,norknewhisownchildren'(Deut.33.9).HehadrespecttotheunseenGod,anddespisedthefearofmanandthetiesofkindred;inotherwords,hehadfaith,andhisdeedisofaclasswithmanyofthosewhicharerecordedinthe11thoftheHebrews.Itwashiscon-viction ofthetruthofGod'sWordthatcausedhimtobeloyalwhenawholenationseemedtobedriftingintocar-nality andidolatry;andso'itwasreckonedtohimforrighteousness.'
§6.ThesecondpassageinwhichthesubstantivalformoftsadakoccursisinGen.18.19,whereGodsaysofAbraham,'Iknowhim,thathewillcommandhischildrenandhishouseholdafterhim,andtheyshallkeepthewayoftheLord,todojusticeandjudgment.'Herejusticeorrighteousnessseemstomarkacourseofactionincon-formity withthegrandprincipleofright,thelovingGodwithallone'sheart,andone'sneighbourasoneself.Thisrighteousnesswasnotabsolute,i.e.suchaswouldcommendAbrahaintoGodasarightfulclaimantoftheinheritanceofsonshij),because,inthatcase,hewouldnothavebeensaidtohavebeenjustifiedbyfaith;itwasthereforerelative,andwasderivedfromGod'sgrace,whichworksintheheartandlifeofeveryjustifiedman.
JacobappealstothisrelativeandpracticalprincipleinGen.30.33,withreferencetohisdealingswithLaban(whetherfairlyornot),wherehesaj^s,'Soshallmyright-eousness answerformeintimetocome,whenitshallcomeformyhirebeforethyface.'Heimpliesthathehadbeenhonest,andmorethanhonest,thathehadbornelosseswhichmightfairl}^havegonetotheaccountofLaban.'
§0.]Righteousness.265
Thisrighteousnessissomethingmorethanwhatweordi-narily meanbythewordjustice;itisnotthedoingtoothersastheyhavedonetous,butthedoingtothemwhatwewouldlikethemtodotousifourrespectivejDositionswerechanged.Itexceeds'therighteousnessoftheScribesandPharisees'whichconsistedindoinggoodonlywhereareturnwastobeexpected.
AnothernoteworthypassageisDeut.9.4,5,6,wherethepeopleofIsraelwereguardedintheplainesttermsfromthesujipositionthattheywerebeingbroughtintoCanaanfortheirownrighteousness.Theywerethustrainedintheideathattheinheritancewasnottoberegardedasarewardforhumanmerit,butwastobereceivedasagiftfromthecovenant-keepingGod.
Ininterpretingsuchpassagesas2Sam.22.21,'TheLordrewardedmeaccordingtom.yrighteousness,^wenmstbearinmindthatthewriterwasunderinspiration,andwasusingwordswhichwereonlypartially,ifatall,applicabletohisowncase;their'fulness'remainedinabeyanceandun-explained untilHecamewhowasatthesametimeboththerootandalsotheoffspringofDavid,thespringandsourceofhissentiments,andyethischild,andoneofhislineage.Neverthelessitistrueevenofhumanrighteousness,ifreal,thoughimperfect,thatitbringsitsrewardinthisworld.
Withregardtotheexpression,'0Godofmyrighteous-ness,' whichisoccasionallyfoundinthePsalms,as,forexample,inPs.4.1,somecriticssupposethatitmeans,'OGod,whoartmyrighteousjudge,'others,'0God,whojustifiestme.'Butperhapsitsexplanationismoresimple.As'thetempleofGod'sholiness,'inPs.138.2,signifies'God'sholytemple,'^sothephrase'Godofmyrighteous-ness 'maymean'myrighteousGod,'whilstitisinharmonywiththedoctrinethatGodbestowsonmanthatrighteous-ness whichliepossessesinfulnessHimself.
'DeSacyrenders,'Dieu,quiestIcprincipedemajustice.'
266yiistification,Innocence,andInipittation.[Cn.XIV.
§7.InPs.4.5,weread,'offerthesacrificesofrighteous-ness.' Somecommentatorsregardthosewordsassignify-ing 'berighteous,andletyourrectitudetaketheplaceofsacrifices';butitseemsbettertounderstandthePsalmistassaying'offerrighteoussacrifices,'i.e.donotletyoursacrificesbeformalorimpure,butbringtheminarightspirit,inlovingconformitywithGod'slaw.TheexpressionisfirstfoundinDeut.33.19,intheremarkableblessinggiventoZebulon,'Theyshallcallthepeopleuntothemountain;theretheyshalloffersacrificesofrighteousness:fortheyshallsuckoftheabundanceoftheseas,andoftreasureshidinthesand.'Astotheformoftheex-pression, itisexactlyparalleltothatwhichtheA.V.trans-lates 'justbalances'(lit.balancesofrighteousness)inLev.19.36,Job31.6,andEz.45.10.
ThatthisistherightinterpretationofthepassagemaybeconfirmedfromareferencetoPs.51.19,where,aftersaying,'Thoudesirestnotsacrifice;elsewouldIgiveit:thoudelightestnotinburntoffering,'andagain,'ThesacrificesofGodareabrokenspirit:abrokenandacontriteheart,OGod,thouwiltnotdespise,'the-Psalmistlooksforwardtoastateofthingswhensacrificesshouldbeoncemoreacceptable,'BuildthouthewallsofJerusalem;thenshaltthoubepleasedwiththesacrificesofrighteous-ness, withburntofferingsandwholeburntofferings;thenshalltheyofferyoungbullocksuponthinealtar.'WiththispassagewemaycompareMalachi3.3,wherewearetoldthattheangelofthecovenant'shallpurifythesonsofLevi,andpurgethemasgoldandsilver,thattheymayofferuntotheLordanofferinginrighteousness.'Inallthesepassagesthespiritoftheofferingratherthanitsnatureisdescribedbythequalifyingword'righteousness.'ThepiousoffererofasacrificeamongtheJewsoughttohavehadthesamespiritwithwhichtheChristiandevoteshislifetohis
§8.]AspectsofRighteousnessintheO.T.267
mastei''sservice—athankful,dependent,loving-andloyalspirit.Itmustbeunderstood,therefore,thatneitherthesenoranysimilarpassagesv^ereintendedtothrowdiscreditontheLeviticalsystem.
§8.InsomepassagesinwhichGod'srighteousnessisappealedto,itappearsthatitsmercifulaspect,asreferredtosooftenbytheLXX,isinthePsalmist'smind.Thushesays,'Leadme,OLord,inthyrig-hteousness,'Ps.5.8;'Deliverme,inthyrighteousness,'31.1.InthesepassagestheAvriterthrowshimselfupontherevealedcharacterofGodascontainingsomethingmorethanabstractjustice;thereisinHimanelementofpityforthesuffering,andofmercyforthefallen;theremusthe,fortheseprincipleshavefoundexpressioninthelawwhichHehasprescribedformen'sdealingswithoneanother.
InProv.10.2(•Righteousnessdeliverethfromdeath')wehaveoneofaclassofpassagesverycommonintheOldTestament,pointingouttheblessingswhichasamatteroffactfollowfromconformitytothewillofGod.WhentheprophetEzekielsays(18.20),'Therighteousnessoftherighteousshallbeujjoyi[siri)him,andthewickednessofthewickedshallbeuponhim,'heteachesthatamanisdealtwithbyGodaccordingtohisownpersonalcharacterandcourseofaction,andthathemustnotdeludehimselfwiththeideathathecanpossessanyhereditaryimmunityfromevil.
Lastly,wereadinMai.4.2,ofaBeingwhoisdescribedastheSunofRighteousness,whoshouldrisewithhealinginHiswingsforthemthatfearthenameofGod.Justasthematerialsunintheheavensgivesforthlightandheat,andbecomesacentreofattractionforallotherbodiesthatcomewithinitssphere,sofromtheMessiahtherewastoissuehealingpowerwhichshouldbecomeanefficientremedyforallspiritualdiseasesandforphysicalcorruption.
268yiistification,Innocence,andImputation.[Cn.XIV,
§9.Turning-nowfromtheOldTestamenttotheNew,itisnoticeablethattheword'righteousness'israreintheGospels.St.Markneveremploysit;St.Lukeonlyonce(fourtimesintheActs);St.John,twice;andSt.Matthew,eighttimesatmost.Thepassagesgivenusbythelast-namedEvangelistareofgreatimportance.JesusChriststateshisdeterminationto'fulfilallrighteousness';anditcannotbedeniedthatHedidso;noflawwaseverfoundinHischaracter,norwasthereinHisinnerintercoursewithspecialfriendstheremotestindicationthatHehadatallfailedtoliveincompleteconformitywiththelawofGod.HislifeanddeathweretheworkingoutofthefulnessofDivinelove.Christalsopromisedablessingtothosewho,discontentedwiththeirownrighteousness,desiresomethingbetter.HeurgedthemtoseekthekingdomofGodandmisrighteousness.
§10.IntheEpistlesofSt.Paul,thewordrighteousnessisusedsixty-sixtimes,andoccupiessuchanimj^ortantposition,thatitmaybewelltodrawoutthevariousaspectsinwhichitisemployed.
(i.)Thereisoneabsoluteandeternalstandardofright,whichisoftheessenceofthenatureofGod,sothatwesaywhateverHedoesmustberight,becauseRightissummedupinHim.'WithrespecttothiselementinthecharacterofGod,St.Paulspeaksofourownrighteousnesscommend-ing God'srighteousness(Rom.3.5).ItisobservablethatthisistheonlypassageinSt.Paul'sepistlesinwhichthewordsareputinthisorder,QzovhiKaioavvr];inalltheothershe—nodoubtwithapurpose—wrotehiKaioavvr]6sov.
'Thequestionissometimesasked,IsathingrightbecauseGoddoesit?ordoesHedoitbecauseitisright?Thisisametaphysicalqueryfarbeyondthelimitsofthepresentwork.SufficeittosaythatifGodhasdoneathing,itiscertaintoberight,andifathingiscertainlywrongwemaybesurethatGoddoesnotapproveofit.Godandright,theLaw-giverandthelaw,are,sofaraswecanunderstand,nottwo,butone.
§10.]ThewordsRigJitcousandJlistinN.T.269
(ii.)IfwecouldobtainathorougliconformitywithtliisDivinestandardbythespiritualobservanceofthevariousprinciplesandpreceptscontainedinthelaw,weshouldberighteousevenasHeisrighteous;butinthissense'Thereisnonerighteous,no,notone'(Rom.3.10).
(iii.)Nevertheless,somehavesoughttoestablishtheirownrighteousnessbyattemptingtofulfiltheletterofthelawofMoses.ThiswasthecasewithmanyoftheJews(Rom.10.o),andithadbeentheaimofSt.Paulhimselfinhisearlydays;sofar,infact,hadhesucceededthathecouldsay,'astouchingtherighteousnesswhichisofthelaw,'Iwas'blameless,'i.e.nofaultcouldbefoundinmebythosewhomeasuredmebytheletterofthelaw.Yetwdienthecommandmentscontainedinthelawwereopenedouttohimintheirapplicationtothethoughtsofhisheart,^hefoundthatsin,thoughrepressed,wasnotconquered,'Sinrevived,andIdied'(Rom.7.9).
(iv.)OneBeing,however,haspartakenofhumanna,ture,ofwhomGodcouldsayinthefullmeaningofthewords,'Thouhastlovedrighteousnessandhatediniquity,'Heb.1.9.JesusChristisemphaticallycalled'therighteousone'(A.V.the^natone).He,inhumannature,liveduptotheperfectstandardoftheDivinelaw,sothatHisrighteousnesswasofthesamecomplexionandcharacterastherighteous-ness ofGod.Nay,further,forasmuchasHewassentfromGod,andistoberegardedasonewiththeFatherfrometernitytoeternity,therighteousnessofChristmusthavebeeninrealityneithermorenorlessthantheperfectmani-festation oftherighteousnessofGod.
(v.)ButJesusChristis,ofGod,maderighteousnessuntous(1Cor.1.30).Hencewereadthatthose'whoreceive
'AstudentofLuther'sworkswillprobablybeledtotheconclusionthatthere■\viisnopointinwhichhewasmorestrong,moreclear,andmoreexcellent,thanintheapplicationofthelawofGodtothewholemaninsteadofconfiningittoexternalactionsandso-calledreligiousobservances.
270Jiistification,Innocence,andImputation.[Ch.XIV.
abundanceofgraceandoftliegiftofrighteousnessshallreigninlifebyJesusChrist,'Rom.6.17.
(vi.)Thisgiftismadeavailabletous—sofarasGod'spartisconcerned—byChrist'satoningdeathuponthecross.GodmadeHim,whoknewnosin,tobesin(i.e.dealtwithHimassinshouldbedealtwith),thatwemightbecometherighteousnessofGodinHim,'2Cor.5.21.
(vii.)ThegiftofGod'srighteousnessisavailabletous—sofarasourpartisconcerned—throughfaith.Wemustyieldtoit,Rom.10.3.Itisconferred'uponallthemthatbelieve.'Theyarethen'justifiedfreelybyhisgrace,throughtheredemptionthatisinChristJesus,whomGodhathsetforthasamercy-seatorpropitiation,throughfaithinhisblood,'Eom.3.22,24,25.Henceitiscalledtherighteousnessoffaith.
(viii.)Bytheterm'therighteousnessofGod,'St.PaulimpliesgenerallythatrighteousnesswhichcomesuptoGod'sstandard,andwhichflowsfromGodtomanwhenherestsonChristcrucifiedashisatonement,andisunitedwithChristrisenashislife.
(ix.)Lastly,thepossessionofitnecessarilyleadsamanintopracticalconformitywiththewillofGod,becauseitsetshisheartintherightdirection,andmakeshimapartakeroftheDivinelifewhichflowsintohimthroughtheagencyoftheHolySpiritofGod.TheChristianbecomesinapracticalsense'therighteousnessofGodinChrist,'2Cor.5.21;beingmadefreefromsinheismadeservanttorighteousness,Eom.6.18;andhewhohasbeenhungeringandthirstingafterrighteousnessisfilledoutofthefulnesswhichisinChristJesusourLord,
Thewordrighteousorjust{hinaLos)isalmostalwaystakenintheN.T.torepresentthatuprightandmercifulcharacterinconformitywithlawwhichwehavealreadymetwithintheO.T.;andthisisthecasewhethertheword
§11.]yiLstiJicatlon,accordingtotheN.T.271
isappliedtoGod,tlierighteousJudge,toJesusChrist'theliolyoneandthejust,'andtothosewhoshallriseat'theresurrectionofthejust.'
IntheopeningoftheEpistletotheRomans,St.PaultakesashistextthewordsofHabakuk,'arighteousmanshalllivebyfaith.'FromthispassageheteachesthatDivinelifeisnotgrantedtoarighteousmanasarewardforhisjusticeandobediencetoGod'slaw,butitaccruestohimbyvirtueofthatfaithfulnesswherebyhetakesholdofChrist,andmakesuseofthegraceandrighteousnessofGod.Inthissensealsoarewetounderstandthewords'bytheobedienceofonemanyshallbeconstitutedrighteous,'Rom.5.19;itisnottheirownobediencewhichcauseththemtoberighteousinGod'ssight,butthroughtheworkofChrist,whowas'obedientunto(or,xij)to)death,'theyareaccountedrighteousbeforeGod.
§11.LittleneedstobeaddedconcerningtheN.T.usageofthewordjustify.Wehaveseenthatitsignifiesadecisioninaperson'sfavour,andthatitinvolvesaconse-quent freedomfrompenalty,andaclaimtoaninheritance.St.PaulsumsupthewholematterveryterselyinhisspeechatAntioch,wherealonethewordoccursintheActs(13.39):'Beitknownuntoyouthatthroughthis(Jesus)isre-mission ofsinsproclaimedtoyou;andeveryonewhobelievesinHimisjustifiedfromallthings,fromwhichjecouldnotbejustifiedunderthelawofMoses.'Neitherchargenorpenaltyexistsforthebeliever.Heisnowjustifiedin'Christ'sblood,Rom.5.9.Hisfaithinthesaci-ificeofChristisofsuchanatureastoidentifyhimwithChristinhisdeathtosin,^andthus'hethatisdead(i.e.
'ItisoftenliardtogiveanexactrenderingtotheprejiositioneV(in),espe-cially inSt.Paul'sEpistles.Itmarksposition,relationship,orunion.Theex-pression 'inClirist'usuallysigniiies'byvirtueofunionwithChristbyfaith.'
^Christdiedtosinonce.Hewascrucifiedbysinners,andslainbywickedhands.ThesinwhichslewHimwasthesinoftheworld,summedupinoneact
-/-
yiistification,Innocence,andImputation.[Ch.XR*
deadintliissensewithChrist)isjustifiedfromsin'(Rom.6.7(margin).
Weseethattobejustified,tobeaccountedrighteous,andtohavethegiftoftherighteousnessofGod,arethreeaspectsofoneandthesamething,andsetforthmostforciblysomeofthebenefits-whichweobtainthroughfaithinChrist'sofferingofhimself.
§12.ThewordNakah.(-,152),literally(inthepassive),tobecleansedormadefreefrompollution,isoneofverygreatimportance.Itsignifies,notonlythatamanprofessestobeinnocentwithrespecttoaparticularchargeAvhichhadbeenmadeagainsthim,butalsothathisinno-cence isestablishedinthesightofothers,sothatthechargefallstotheground.ThefirstpassageinwhichitoccursisGen.24.8,41,'Thoushaltbeclearfromthismyoath.'Abraham'sservantwouldbeacquittedofthechargewhichmisrhtbemadeagainsthim,thathehadnotfulfilledhisswornpromisetobringIsaacawifefromthelandofhisfathers.
ItissaidoftheLordGodinEx.34.7,andNum.14.18,that,'Hewillbynomeansclear(theguilty).'Thesewords,comingastheydoaftertherepresentationofGodas'forgivinginiquityandtransgressionandsin,'axeveryre-markable. Theyareexplainedandillustratedbythefol-lowing clause,'visitingtheiniquityofthefathersuponthechildren,anduponthechildren'schildren,untothethirdandtothefourth(generation).'Theyimplythat,thoughGodisreadytopardonsin,Hebynomeansignoresordis-regards it.ThesinnerisregardedasguiltyinGod'ssightuntiltherevealedwayofremovingthatguiltisfoundand
ofintensehatredofGodandofgoodness.Hewasconstituted'accursed'tinderthela-wofMoses,notby•wrongdoing,butbybeingfastenedtoacross,andwasfurtheridentifiedwithsinnersbybeingcrucifiedbetweentwothieves.Allthiswasforeordained.HeenduredthecrossanddespisedtheshamebecauseHeknewthatHe,theinnocent,wasdyingforaguiltyworldbythewillofGod.
§12.]UsageofNakah,tobeclean.273
appealedto.Thistruthisalsotaughtinthefollowingpas-sages :—
Job10.14,'IfIsin,thenthoumarkestme,andthouwiltnotacquitmefrommineiniquity.'Everysinconsti-tutes adistinctchargeagainstamaninthesightofGod,anditmustbedealtwithassuch.
Joel3.21,'■IwillcleansetheirbloodwhichIhavenotcleansed,''
i.e.Iwillblotoutthechargeagainstthemwhichinvolvestheminthepenaltyofdestruction,andwhichhithertohasbeenleftuponthem.
Ps.24.4,'Hethathathcleanhandsandapureheart.'Cleanhandsarethosewhichareinnocentofblood-guiltiness.PilateillustratedtheexpressionwhenhetookwaterandwashedhishandsbeforetheJews,saying,'Iaminnocentofthebloodofthisrigliteousperson.'
Nah.1.3,'TheLordisslowtoangerandgreatinpower,andwillnotatallacquit(thewicked).'ThesewordsareanechoofthosealreadyquotedfromExodus,andsetforththesametruth.
Ex.20.7,Deut.6.11,'TheLordwillnotholdhimguiltlessthattakethhisnameinvain.'ThisdeedwouldconstituteaseriouschargeinthesightofGod.
Num.5.31,'Thenshallthemanbeguiltlessfrominiquity,'i.e.shallbeacquittedfromthechargeofwrongdoing.
Num.32.22,'ThenafterwardsyeshallreturnandbeguiltlessbeforetheLordandbeforeIsrael.'Thetwoandahalftribeswouldnotbeopentothechargeofhavingneglectedtheirshareofduty.
Jos.2.19,'Hisbloodshallbeuponhishead,andwewillbe
guiltless,'i.e.withrespecttotheoathmadetospareRahab'skindred.Compareverse17,wherethesamewordisrendered'blameless.'
1Sam.26,9,'WhocanstretchforthhishandagainsttheLord's
anointedandbeguiltless?'
2Sam.3.28,'IandmykingdomareguiltlessbeforetheLordfor
everfromthebloodofAbner,thesonofNer.'Sam.14.9,'ThewomanofTekoahsaiduntotheking,Theiniqiiitybeonmeandonmyfather'shouse;andthekingandhisthronebeguiltless.'1Kin.2.9,David'sinstructionstoSolomonwithrespectto
T
274yiLstification,Innocence,andImputation.[Cn.XIV.
Shimei,'Nowthereforeholdhimnotguiltless;forthouartawiseman,andknowestwhatthououghtesttodountohim;buthishoarheadbringthoudowntothegravewithblood.'
SomeotherrenderingsoftheAvordNakahmaybenoticed.Sucharethefollowing":—
Gen.44.10,'Hewithwhom(thecup)isfoundshallbemyser-vant;andyeshallbeblameless.'
Jud.15.3,'AndSamsonsaid(whenheheardthathiswifehadbeengiventoanotherman),NowshallIbemoreblamelessthanthePhilistines(or'notopentoanychargefromthePhilistines')thoughIdothemadispleasure.'
Gen.20.5,'Intheintegrityofmyheartandintheinnocencyofmyhandshave'Idonethis.'AbimelechthusclearshimselfbeforeGodofhavingdoneevilinthematterofAbrahamandSarah.
Ex.23.6,7,'ThoushaltnotAvrestthejudgmentofthypoorinhiscaure;keeptheefarfromafalsematter;andtheinnocentandrighteousslaythounot;forTwillnotjustifythewicked.'
Dent.19.9,10,'Thoushaltaddthreecitiesmorefortheebesidesthesethree,thatinnocentbloodbenotshedinthyland,andsobloodbeuponthee.'Ifthosewhohadnotdonethingsworthyofdeath,andcouldbeplainlyprovedinnocent,eventhoughaprimafaciecasewasagainstthem,weretobeslain,theirinnocentbloodwouldbeachargeupontheland.
Dfut.19.11-13,'ButifamanhatehisneighbourandlieinAvaitforhim,andriseupagainsthimandsmitehimmortallythathedie,andtieetliintooneofthesecities;thentheeldersofhiscityshallsendandfetchhimthence,anddeliverhimintothehandoftheavengerofbloodthathemaydie.Thineeyeshallnotpityhim,butthoushaltputaway(theguiltof)innocentbloodfromIsrael.'
Dour.21.8,9,'LaynotinnocentbloodtothechargeofthypeopleIsrael....Soshaltthouputaway(theguiltof)innocentbloodfromamongyou.'
§12.]UsageofN^akah,tobeclean.275
Deut.27.25,'Cursedbehethattakethrewardtoslayaninnocentperson.'
1Sam.19.5,'WhereforethenAviltthousinagainstinnocent
blood,toslayDavidwithoutacause?'
2Kin.21.IG,'Manassehshedinnocentblood.'See24.4.
Job4.7,'Remember,Ipraythee,whoeverperislied,being
innocent?'SeealsoJob9.23,23,17.8,22.lU,30,27.17.
Ps.10.8,'Piedothmurdertheinnocent.'SeePs.94.21,106.38;Prov.1.11,6.17;Is.59.7;Jer.2.34,7.6,19.4,22.3,17,26.15;Joel3.19;Jonah1.14.
Ps.15.5,'Xortakethrewardagainsttheinnocent.'
Ps.19.13,'Keepbackthyservantalsofrompresumptuous(sins);letthemnothavedominionoverme:thenshallIbeupright,andIshallbeinnocentfromthegreattransgression.'
Ps.26.6,'Iwillwashmyhandsininnocency:sowillIcompassthinealtar.'
Ps.73.13,'Verily,invainhaveIcleansedmyheartandwashedminehandsininnocency.'
Prov.6.29,'Whosoevertoucheth(hisneighbour'swife)shallnotbeinnocent.'
Prov.28.20,'Hethatmakethhastetobericlishallnotbeinno-cent.'
Jer.2.35,'Yetthousayest.BecauseIaminnocent,siu-elyhis
angershallturnfrumme.'
Hosea8.5,'Howlongwillitbeeretheyattaintoinnocency.'
Prov.11.21,16.5,'Thoughhandjoininhand,thewickedshallnotbeunpunished.'Theirwickedne.><sisachargeagainstthemwhichGodmustdealAvitli.
Prov.17.5,'Hethatisgladatcalamitiesshallnotbeunpun-ished.'
Prov.19.5,9,'Afalsewitnessshallnotbeunpunished;andhethatspeakethliesshallnotescape.'
Jer.25.29,49.12,'Shouldyebeutterlyunpunished?Yeshallnotbeunpunished.'
Jer.30.11,46.'2^6^'Iwillcorrecttheeinmeasure,andwillnot,leavetheealtogetherunpunished.
§13.TheabovearealloralmostallthepassagesinwhichthewordNakahoccurs.Itgenerallyappearsto
T2
276ynstification,Innocence,andImputation.[Cn.XIV.
signifyprovedinnocencefromspecifiedcharges,whetherthosechargesarebroughtbyGodorman.Theoffences,ifcommitted,werepmiishable;butwhentheyhavenotbeencommitted,ifthatinnocencecanbemadeclear,thepersonagainstwhomthechargeismadegoesofffreefromblameandaccusation.ThisistheconditioninwhichamanoughttobewithrespecttomanandGod.Questionsofpardonorofceremonialpurificationdonotenterhere.Thepointtobedecidediswhetheramanhasorhasnotcom-mitted acertainoffence;howtheoffenceshallbedealtwithifthemanbeguiltyisanafterquestion.Itisevidentthattheinnocenceimpliedbythiswordisfromonepointofviewnotsuchaperfectstateaswhatiscalledjustification;forwhilsttheformerleavesoneinthenegativepositionofnothavingdonecertainthings,thelatteradvancesastepfurther,andconstitutesoneuprightinthesightofGod.Ontheotherhand,aman'sjustificationasamatteroffact(thoughnotfromtheworditself),impliesthatheisasinner,butaman'sbeingclearofachargedoesnot.
InthePielformthewordisonlyusedinnegativesen-tences, withtheexceptionofPs.19.12,'Cleansethoumefrommyhidden(faults),'i.e.holdmeguiltless.PerhapsitmaybesaidthatwhereNakahisused,manisregardedasclearfromacharge;whereTsadacisused,manisregardedashavingobtainedaverdictinhisfavour,andasbeingthusentitledtoacertaininheritance.
TheLXXrendersNakahbyaOoco,KaOapi^w,KadapossI/jli,and,inafewpassages,byavaiTiosandSUaios.
§14.Withtheexceptionof1Sam.22.15,wherethewordSoum(di::'),signifyingtoset,place,orappoint,isused,theideaofimputationisalwaysrepresentedbyChashav(3t;'n).Thiswordislargelyused,andinslightlydifferentsenses.Ourtranslatorshaverendereditbytheword'think'thirty-seventimes;'imagine,'twelvetimes;'devise,'
§14.]UsageofChashav,toimputeorreckon.277
thirtytimes;and'purpose,'tentimes.Henceitmaybegatheredthatitsignifiesamentalprocesswherebysomecourseisplannedorconceived.Thus,itisappliedtothe'cunning'workmenwhocontrivedthevariouspartsofthetabernacle,andrefers,notsomuchtotheirskillinmanipu-lating theirmaterialsastotheirinspiredgeniusindevisingthearrangements.Itisrendered'findout'in2Chron.2.14,wherewereadofacertainpersonemployedonthetemplewhowasskilfultograveanymannerofgraving,andto'findout'—i.e.pictureupintheimagination—'everydevicewhichshallbeputtohim.'ItisusedinGen.50.20,whereJosephsaystohisbrethren,'Godmeantit(i.e.plannedit)forgood,tobringtopass,asitisthisday,tosavemuchpeoplealive.'InDan.11.24,25,thewordisre-peated inordertogiveitemphasis,whereweread,'Heshallforecasthisdevicesagainsttli£strongholds;....theyshallforecastdevicesag-ainsthim.'Asimilaruseofthewordinits.doubledformisinJer.49.30,'ThekingofBabylonhathtakencounselagainstyou,andhathcon^ceivedapurposeagainstyou.'
Itiseasytoseethatawordwhichrepresentsthisprocessofthethoughtorimaginationmaybeaj^pliedinvarioussenses.Thusitisrenderedregard^i.e.-'payattentionto,'inIs.13.17,'Theyshallnotregardsilver';andIs.33.8,'Hehathdespisedthecities,heregardethnoman.'Itisalsousedtoexpresstheestimationinwhichonepersonisheldbyanother.ThusJobsays,'Whereforearew^ecountedasbeastsandreputedasvileinthysight'(18.3)"P'Whereforehidestthouthyface,andboldestmeforthineenemy'(13.24)?Job19.15,'Theythatdwellinmyhouse,andmymaids,countmeforastranger';verse11,'Hecounteththeeuntohimasoneofhisenemies';33.10,'Hecountethmeforhisenemy;''Heesteemethironasstrawandbrassasrottenwood'(41.27);'Dartsare
278yustijication,Innocence,andInipittation.[Cn.XIV.
countedasstubble'(verse29);'Surelyyourturningofthingsupsidedownshallbeesteemedasthepotter'sclay'(Is.29.16);'Thefruitfulfieldshallbeesteemedasaforest'(verse17),;'Hewasdespisedandweesteemedhimnot'(Is.53.3);'Wedidesteemhimstricken,smittenofGodandafflicted'(verse4);'TheprecioussonsofZion,comparabletofinegold,howaretheyesteemedasearthenpitchers,theworkofthehandsofthepotter'(Lam.4.2).TheAnakims'wereaccountedgiants';theland'wasaccountedalandofgiants'(Dent.2.11,21);silver'wasnothingaccountedofinthedaysofSolomon'(1Kin.10.21;2Chron.9.20);'Ceaseyefromman,whosebreathisinhisnostrils-;forwhereinishetobeaccountedof(Is.2.22)?
Itisevidentthatinthesepassagesthewordsignifiesamentalestimationofapersonorthing,leavingopenthequestionastotheaccuracyofthatestimation,orastothegroundonwhichitisbased.
Thefollowingpassagesmaybeadducedinfurtherillus-tration ofthemeaningoftheword:—
Gen.31.15,'AreAvenotcountedofhimstrangers,forhehathsoldus,andhathquitedevouredalsoourmoney?'HereLaban'sdaughtersgathertheirfather'sfeeline:orregardfromhisdeaUngs.
Lev.25.31,'Thehousesofthevillageswhichhavenowallsshallbecountedasthefieldsofthecountry,'i.e.shallbedealtwithonthesameprincipleasthefields.
Num.18.27,'YourheaveofferingshallbereckoneduntoyouasthoughitAverethecornofthethreshing-floor,andthefulnessofthewinepress.'verse30,*Whenyehaveheavedthebestthereof,thenitshallbecountedimtotheLevitesastheincreaseofthethreshing-floor,andastheincreaseofthewine-press.'
Jos.13.3,'FromSihoruntothebordersofEkron,whichiscountedtotheCanaanite.'
2Sum.4.2,'BeerothalsowasreckonedtoBenjamin.'
§14.]UsageofC/iaskav,toimputeorI'eckon.279
2Sam.19.19,'Letnotmylordimputeiniquityuntome,neitherdothourememberthatwhichthyservantdidper-versely.' ShimeihopedthatDavidwouldnotesteemhimasanevildoer,butthattheoffencemightpassoutofhismind.'Neh,13.13,'Theywerecountedfaithful'Ps.44.22,'Wearecountedassheepfortheslaughter.'Ps.88.4,*IamcountedAviththemthatgodownintothepit.'Prov.17.28,'Evenaioolwhenheholdethhispeaceiscounted
wise.'Prov.27.14,'Hethatblessethhisfriendwithaloudvoice,itshall
becountedacursetohim.'Is.5.28,'Theirhorses'hoofsshallbecountedlikeflint.'
Is.32.15,'Thefruitfultieeshallbecountedforaforest.'
Is.40.15,17,'Thenationsarecountedbyhimasthesmall
dustinthebalance...theyarecountedlessthannothing,andvanity.'Hos.8.12,'Ihavewrittentohimthegreatthingsofmylaw,buttheywerecountedasastrangething.'
Illallthesepassagesamentalprocessisinvolvedwliereb}-acertaintiling-oracourseofactionissubjectedtoasortofestimationastovalueorposition.Itisnotanartificialproceeding,amerefancy,butadistinctjudgment",foundedeitherupontlienatureoftilingsoruponthemindofhimwhoispassingcertainthingsunderreview.
Sometimesthewordisusedinourordinarysenseofreckoning,thatistosay,torepresentthearithmeticalprocessofcountingup.Thefollowingareinstancesofthisusage:—
Lev.25.27,'Lethimcounttheyearsofthesalethereof,'i.e.lethimreckonupinhismindwhattheoverpluswouldbe.Soverse52,'It"thereremainbutfewyearsuntotheyearofjubilee,thenheshallcountwithhim;andverse50,'Heshallreckonwithhimthatboughthim.'
Lev.27.18,'Thepriestshallreckonuntohimthemoneyaccord-,ingtotheyearsthatremain.'Seealsoverse23.
Num.23.9,'Thepeopleshalldwellalone,andshallnotbe
28oyustijication,Innocence,andImputatio7i.[Cn.xn^
reckonedamongthenations,'i.e.shallnotbecountediipwiththem.2Kin.12.15,'Moreovertheyreckonednotwiththemenintowhosehandtheydeliveredthemoneytobebestowedonworkmen.'
§15.Afewpassagesremaintobenoticed,andtheyareimportantfromtheirtheologicalmeaning.Itistobere-membered that,inapplyingwordsusedofmentalprocessestoGod,wearegivinganearthlyandfiniteaccountofHimwhosewaysarepastfindingout;butsofaraswedothisinhumilityandinaccordancewiththeteachingofScripture,wecannotbedoingwrong.TheestimateinwhichGodholdsthesinnerevidentl}^variesaccordingtotheanswertobegiventoonegrandquestion.Hastthoufaith?Wherethisfaithistobefound,Godregardsthesubjectofitasrighteous;inotherwords.Hejustifieshim;whereitisnotfovmd,thechargeofwrongdoingandunfaithfulnessliesattheman'sdoor.
Thepassagesinquestion,twoofwhichhavealreadybeendisciissed,areasfollows:—
Gen.15.6,Abraham'believedintheLord,andhecountedittohimforrighteousness.'InHisgraceandmercyGodreckonedhimasoneonwhomrighteousnessmightbebestowed,onthegroundofhisfaith.Thiswastheestimatewhich(humanlyspeaking)GodformedofHisfaithfulservant.
Lev.7.18,'Itshallnotbeaccepted,neithershallitbeimputed.'Theofferingshallnotbereckonedashavingbeenmade,ifpartofthefleshofthepeace-offeringwasre-tained tillthethirddaytobeeaten.
17.4,'Bloodshallbeimputedtothatman;hehathshedblood;andthatmanshallbecutoff"fromamonghispeople.'Thiswasthecaseofamanwhoofferedafamilysacrificeataplaceotherthanthatwhichwasappointed.
§15.]ItstheologicalMeaning.281
ItwouldberegardedbyGodsimp]}^asthetaking-awayoflife,andwastobedealtwithassuchbythecongregation.
Ps.106.31,'ThenstoodupPhinehasandexecutedjudo--ment(P.B.prayed),andthatwascounteduntohimforrighteousness.'ThefaithofPhinehascausedGodtoregardhimasHeregardedAbraham.
Ps.32.2,'BlessedisthemanuntowhomtheLordim-putethnotiniquity,andinwhosespiritthereisnoguile.'Thisnon-imputationofiniquityisregardedbySt.Paulasidenticalwithimputationofrighteousness,Rom.4.6.
§16.ThewordChashavisgenerallyrenderedXo'yi^o^aLintheLXX,andtheuseofthiswordintheN.T.exactlyaccordswithwhatwehavegatheredfromtheOld.Thereareseveralsamplesoftheordinaryuseoftheword.Thus,inEom.6.11,weread,'Reckonyourselvesdeadindeedtosin,'thatis,regardyourselvesinthisaspect.InMark15.28,thewords,'hewasreckonedamongtransgressors,'arequotedfromIs.53.12,where,however,theHebrewwordisnotchasav,butmanah,tonumber.In1Cor.13.5,thewords,'charitythinkethnoevil,'mightperhapsberendered'dothnotimputeevil,'thatistosay,'dothnottakeaccountofinjuriesdonetoit.'Afewversesbelowweread,'Ithoughtasachild,'bywhichwearetounder-stand, 'Itookaccountofthingsasachilddoes.'InPhil.3.13,theapostlesays,'Ireckonnotmyselftohaveattained,'thatis,'Idonotregardmyselfashavingattained.'
InthemoredistinctlydoctrinalsensewehaveinRom.2.26,'Iftheuncircumcisionkeeptherighteousnessofthelaw,shallnothisuncircumcisionbereckonedascircumcision'{sisTTsptrofirjv)?
2Cor.6.19,'GodwasinChristreconcilingtheworlduntohimself,notimputingtheirtrespassesuntothem.'
InRom.4.3,thewordsconcerningAbrahaminGen.
282Justification,Innocence,andImpntation.[Cn.XIV.
15.6,areintroducedanddiscussedatsomelength,thejiassag-efromthe32ndPsahnbeingalsoquotedinconfir-mation oftheApostle'sargument.InthefourthversestressisespeciallylaidonthefactthatthereckoningofAbraham'sfaithforrighteousnesswasnotamatterofjusticeduetoAbraham,butwasaworkofgracespringingoutofGod'sfreelove.
Weseethereforethattoreckon,toimpute,andtoaccount,areoneandthesamething,andthatthewordisusedinScripturetoindicatethefactthatmenarenotjustifiedasamatterofcourse,andasitwerebjalawofnature,butthateachman'scaseisdealtwithbyGodthroughthemediumofwhatmaybecomparedtoamentalprocesswherebytheloveandmercywhichexistsintheDivinenature,andwhichwasembodiedinChrist,isbroughttobearuponthecaseofeveryindividualwhobelievesintheEevealedWord.
§1.]UsageandmeaningofKadash.28
o
CHAPTERXV.
SANCTIFICATION,HOLINESS,CONSECKATION,ANOINTING.
§1.UsageandmeaningofKadash.—§2.TheM'ordasapjiliedtoGod.—§3.Variousexpressionsinwhicliitisused.—§4.WordsmarkingConsecration,Dedication,^nd^Ordination.—g5.Usageofa7taf'cointiieN.T.—§6.OtherformsofthewordintheN.T.—§7.JVSascIiach,toanoint.—§8.Christ,theAnointedKing.—§9.Anoint-ing, asappliedtoCliristians.—§10.Theanointingofthesick.
§1.FewreligiouswordsaremoreprominentintlieHebrewScripturesthanKadash(j^np),wliicliisusedinsomeformorothertorepresentthebeingsetapartfortheworkofGod.ItgenerallyanswerstotheGreekcu^iaC^wandiv^lo^.PerhapstheEnglishwordsacredrepresentstheideamorenearl}'-thanholy,whichisthegeneralrenderingintheA.V.Thetermssanctificationandholinessarenowusedsofre-quently torepresentmoralandspiritualqualities,thattheyhardlyconveytothereadertheideaofpositionorrelations!dpasexistingbetweenGodandsomepersonorthingconse-crated toHim;yetthisaj^i^earstobetherealmeaningoftheword.'
(a).ThewordKadashisappliedtoplaces,e.g".tothecampofIsrael(Dent.23.14j;tothehillofZion(Ps.2.6,&c.);tothegroundwhereGodmanifestedHimselfto
'Inaccordancewiththeaboveview,Dr.HendersonrendersJer.1.(),thus:'BeforethouearnestforthfromthewombIseparatedthee';andinhisnotehesays,'Wh«nJehovahdeclaresthatHehadsanctifiedtheprophetbeforehisbirth,themeaningisnotthatHehadcleansedhimfromthepollutionoforiginalsin,orthatHehadregeneratedhimbyHisSpirit,butthatHehadseparatedhiminHiseternal'CounseltotheworkinwhichHewastobeengaged.'TheApostlePaul,headds,useslanguageverynearlyparallelwhenhesaysofGodthatHeseparatedhim{atpoplffas)fromhismother'swomb.
284Sanctification,Holiness,Consecration,&c.[Ch.XV.
Moses(Ex.3.5);tothecityofJerusalem(Neli.11.1,com-pare Matt.4.5);toheaven(Ps.20.6);toMountSinai(Ps.68.17);tothe'HolyLand'(Zech.2.12);tothewallsandgatesofJerusalem(Neh.3.1);tothetabernacle(Ex.29.43);tothetemple(1Kin.9.3);totheinnerpartofthetempleortabernaclecommonlycalledthesanctuaryortheHolyofHolies,i.e.themostsacredplace(Ex.25.8);totheking's'chapel'(Amos7.13);tothealtar(Ex.29.36);andconsequently,asourLordremindedtheJews'tothegifts(Ex.28.38)andofferings(Ex.29.27)whichwereplacedthereon;alsotoahouseorfieldsetapartforGod(Lev.27.14,16).
(6).Thewordisappliedtotimes,e.g.totheSabbath(Gen.2.3,Ex.20.8,11);toadaysetapartasafast(Joel1.14);tothefiftiethyear(Lev.25.10).
(c).Itisappliedtopersons,e.g.tothefirstborn(Ex.
13.2);tothepriests(Ex.28.41);tothepeople(Deut.7.6);totheassemblyofthepe|ple(Ps.89.7,Joel2.16);toamanofGod(2Kin.4.9);toJeremiah'sanctified'inthewomb(Jer.1.5);totheguestsatasacrificialfeast(Zeph.1.7,margin);andtothesaintsorpeoplededicatedtoGod,whetherangelsormen(Job5.1,15.15;Ps.16.3,34.9;Is.4.3;Dan.4.13,7.18,21,22,25,27,8.13,24;Zech.
14.5).
Whenweproceedtoinvestigatethemeaningofthesanc-tificationofplaces,times,andpersonsmoreclosely,wefindthatthepointinvolvedineverycaseiscontactwithGod.ThustheSabbathdaywasholybecauseGodrestedthereon,anditwastobesetapartbyIsraelasapledgethatHehadsanctifiedorsetapartthepeopletoHimself(Ex.31.13);themountainoftheLordwastobecalledholybecauseHewoulddwellthere(Zech.8.3);the'sanctuary'wastobemadethattheLordmightdwellamongthepeople(Ex.25.8);
>Matt.23.17.
§2.]TheWordasappliedtoGod.285
thefirst-born,bybeingshallowedorsetapart,wereregardedbyGodasHisown(Num.3.13);andeventhecensersinwhichsinfulmenofferedincensetoGodbecame'hallowed'bythatveryact(Num.16.38).
§2.GodHimselfwasregardedaslioly,i.e.asaBeingAvhofromHisnature,position,andattributesistobesetapartandreveredasdistinctfromallothers,andIsraelwastoseparateitselffromtheworldandthethingsoftheworldbecauseGodwasthusseparated;theyweretobeholyasHewasholy,Lev.11.44,19.2,20.7,26,21.8.TheLordwasnottobelookeduponasoneofaclass,butwastobeworshippedasthesoleauthorofexistence,andtobethoughtofasaBeingwhowasseparatefromthingsmaterialandfreefromtaintofevil.HewasjealousoftheslightestdeparturefromthisviewofHisnature;accordingly,Joshuasays,'YecannotservetheLord,forheisanholyGod(i.e.aGodsetapartanddistinctfromallotherbeings);heisajealousGod,hewillnotforgiveyourtransgressionsnoryoursins;ifyeforsaketheLordandservestrangegods,thenhewillturnanddoyouhurtandconsumeyou'(Josh.24.19).Inaccordancewiththisteaching,theLordwastobe'sanctified,'i.e.regardedasoccupyingauniquepositionbothmorallyandasregardshisessentialnature.ThuswereadinLev.10.3,'Iwillbesanctifiedinthemthatcomenighme';1Sam.6.20,'WhoisabletostandbeforethisholyLordGod';Ps.111.9,'Holyandreverendishisname';Is.6.3,'Holy,holy,holyistheLordofHosts';Is.8.13,14,'SanctifytheLordofHostshimself,^andlethimbeyourfearandlethimbeyourdread,andheshallbeforasanctuary';Is.29.23,'Theyshallsanctifymyname,andsanctifytheHolyOneofJacob,'i.e.theBeingwhomJacobsanctifiedorsetapartashisGod.Inharmony
•Thispassageisqiiotcdin1Pet.3.lo.ComparealsothewordsoftheLord'sPrayerMatt.6.9),'Hallowed(orsanctified)beThyname.'
286Sanctijication,Holiness,Consea'ation,&c.[Ch.XV.
withthispassagewefindtheLordseveraltimesdescribedas'theHolyOneofIsrael,'i.e.theBeingtowhomaloneIsraelgavespecialandpeculiarhonoui',2Kin.19.22;Ps.71.22;Is.10.17,49.7.InEz.11.16,theLordsays,'AlthoughIhavecastthemfaroffamongtheheathen,andalthoughIhavescatteredthemamongthecountries,yetwillIbeuntothemasasanctuar}^foralittletime(A.V.asalittlesanctuary)inthecountrieswhithertheyshallcome';tha,tistosay,'althoughtheywillhavenotempleforalittlewhile,yetIwillbewiththem,andtheyshalllearntoreverenceme';thusGodHimselftooktheplaceofthe'sanctuary'builtbySolomon(1Chron.22.18,19).TheholytempleoftheLordrepresentedHisPresence,butthatPresencecouldgowiththepeopleintoca^ptivityeventhoughthetempleweretobedestroyed.
TheSpiritofGodiscalledHolyinPs.51.11,'TakenotthyholySpiritfromme';Is.63.10,11,'Theyrebelledandvexedhisholyspirit...Whereishethatputhisholyspiritwithinhim';comparetheexpression'Thespiritoftheholygods,'Dan.4.8,9.
InallthesepassagesitisimpliedthatHewhomIsraelwastoworshipwastoberegardedasentirelyseparatefromallotherbeings,andalsoaspurefromeverythoughtanddeedofevil.Whatacontrastwiththetheologyofheathendom!
§3.TheprocessofsettingapartforsacreduseswhicharedescribedbythewordsdedicationandconsecrationisalsorepresentedbyKadash.SeeforexampleJud,17.3;2Sam.8.11;2Kin.10.20;1Chron.18.11;2Chron.31.6.Henceitwasusedtodenotethesettingaj)artofcertainpeopleforwarfare,asinJer.61.27,'Preparethenationsagainsther';Joel3.9,'Preparewar';Micah3.5,'Theyevenpreparewaragainsthim.'
In2Sam.11.4,Kadashisrenderedpurify,tosignifythe
§3.]Vai'ioiLSExpressionsinzuhichitisitscd.287
doingawaywithceremonialdefilement.ButthesamewordisalsousedinDeut.22.9,whereweread,'Thoushaltnotsowthyvineyardwithdiversseeds;lestthefruitofthyseedwhichthouhastsownandthefruitofthyvineyardbedefiled';andinJob36.14,'Theirlifeisamong-theun-clean.'InthesepassageswehavesamplesoftheuseofthewordKadash.inv/hatisapparentlyanoppositesensetothatwhichhasbeenalreadynoticed.
Thefamiliarexpression'beautyofholiness'isfoundin1Chron.16.29;Ps.29.2,andPs.96.9,wherethemarginalrenderingoftheA.V.is'Theglorioussanctuary.'InPs.93.5,weread'Thytestimoniesareverysure:holinessbecometh(ordwellethin)thinehouseforever';again,inPs.97.12,wehave,'Givethanksattheremembrance(ortothememorial)ofhisholiness.'InthesepassagesreferenceseemstobemadenotsomuchtotheplaceofworshipastothespiritwithwhichoneoughttoapproachthatBeingwhoistobeworshipped.
InEx.28.06;Jer.31.40,andotherpassageswemeetwiththeexpression'HolinesstotheLord,'orasitissometimesrendered,'HolinessoftheLord,'or'HolytotheLord.'ThisexpressionprobablyindicatesthattheobjectthusinscribediscompletelydedicatedtoGod.
ThewordholyissometimesopposedtotheunholyorprofaneCpn?l3s/3r]\os),asinLev.10.10,andEz.44.23,wherethelatterwordsignifiesthatwhichisdevotedtoordinaryuses.ItalsooccursinconnexionwiththeseparationoftheISTazariteinNum.6.5,8;andofthe'holyseed'ofIsraelascomparedwiththeCanaanites(Ezra9.2).ItwassetforthasofthegreatestimportancethatIsraelshouldregardthemselvesasasejoaratepeople.InthisrespecttheISTazaritefromthedaysofJosephonwards(Gen.49.26)wasatypeofthewholenation.Theywere'apeculiartreasure'
288Sandification,Holiness,Consecration,&c.[Ch.XV.
(Ex.19.5;Deut.14.2,26.18;Ps.135.4),'redeemedbyGodforHisownpurposes(Ex.33.15,16);ordainedtokeepHislaw(Lev.20.7,8);andtolivetoHispraiseandglory(Lev.20.24-26).
§4.Withregardtothemodeinwhichceremonialsancti-ficationwasaccomplished,wefinditvaryingaccordingtothecircumstancesofthecase.WhenAaronandhissonswere*sanctified'forthepriesthood,'MosestookoftheanointingoilandofthebloodwhichwasuponthealtarandsprinkleduponAaronanduponhisgarments,anduponhisson'sgarmentswithhim.'TheconsecrationofthepriestwasadifPerentprocess.Itwasliterallythefillingofthehand,partofthesacrificebeingputintothehandandwaved,andthenbornetothealtar.TheA.V.,however,hasren-dered Kadash'consecrate'insteadof'hallow'inEx.28.3,30.30;Josh.6.19;2Chron.26.18,29.33,31.6;Ezra3.5.
ThewordusedinNum.6.9,12,isNazar(itj),toseparate,andisrightlyusedoftheNazariteorseparatedperson.Anotherformofthiswordisrenderedcrowninseveralpassages,perhapsbecausethewearingacrownwasaspecialmarkofdistinctionorseparation.ItisusedofthegoldenplateontheHighPriest'smitre,onwhichthewords'HolinesstotheLord'werewritten,Ex.39.30;andofthe'Crownoftheanointingoil'whichseparatedhimfortheworkofGod,Lev.21.12;itwasthemarkoftheanointedking(Ps.89.38,39,132.17,18);andinZech.9.16,wearetoldthattheLord'speopleshallbe'Asthestonesofacrownliftedupasanensignonhisland.'Inmostofthepassagesinwhichthiswordoccurs,theLXXrendersita-ylaafjbu,whichperhapsmightberendered'markofsepara-tion.'
'Notpthatthewordthusrendered'peculiar'(n^JD)istranslated'jewelsinthestrikingpromisecontainedinMai.3.17.Therewas,asitwere,atreasurewithinthetreasui-e.
§5.]Usageo/ayia^cointheN.T.289
FortheuseofthewordCharam(oin),inconnexionwithconsecrationanddedication,seechap.xxv.§9.
Chaiiac("i^n),to'initiate,'isusedinISTum.7.10,11,84,88,ofthededicationofthealtar;in1Kin.8.63,2Chron.7.5,9,ofthededicatingofthehouseoftheLord;inEzra6.16,17,withreferencetothere-builttemple;inNeh.12.27,ofthewallofJerusalem;andinDan.3.2,3,ofthededicationoftheimagewhichNebuchadnezzarsetup.ThiswordisappliedtothetrainingordedicationofchildreninProv.22.6;seealsoGen.14.14.
ThewordordainoccursseventeentimesintheOldTes-tament, andrepresentselevendifferentHebrewwords.Insomeofthesepassagesthereisareferencetotheappoint-ment ofrites,andofreligiousorsecularofficers,butnothinginthewordsusedindicatesanypeculiaritiesinthemodeofappointment.
§5.WenowturntotheNewTestamentinordertotracetheusageofthewordcv^iaQM,theGreekrepresentationofKadash.ThesanctificationandconsecrationoftheSonbytheFatherisreferredtoinJohn10.36;whilstourLordspeaksofHisself-consecrationinJohn17.19,'LitheirbehalfIsanctifymyself,'i.e.setmyselfapartforthespecialworkofGod.Weoughttointerpretthesepassagesinthelightofthesanctificationofthepriest,thealtar,andalltheholythingsoftheolderdispensationwhichweretheshadowswhileChristwasthesubstance.TheLordwas'setapart'fromthefoundationoftheworldfortheworkofredemption,andHisincarnation,temptations,andsufferingsweretheprocesseswherebyHisatoningdeathwaspreparedforandrenderedvalid.
ThesanctificationofChristiansisreferredtoastheworkoftheFatherinJohn17.17,'Sanctifythemin(orhy)thetruth';seealsoJude1,and1Thess.5.23.ButwhilsttheFatheristhesource,theSonistheagent,forHeproceeds,
u
290Sanctification,Holiness,Consecration,&c.[Ch.XV.
'ThyWordistruth';andHisobjectinsanctifyingHim-self wasthatthejalsomightbesanctifiedbythetruth.ChristiansarethereforedescribedassanctifiedhyorinChristJesus(1Cor.1.2);andtheLordissaidtohavegivenHimselffortheChurchthatHemightsanctifyit(Ep.5.26).InHeb.2.11,wereadofChristandChristians,that'Bothhethatsanctifiethandtheythataresanctifiedareallofone'(i.e.fromonesource),'Forwhichcauseheisnotashamedtocallthembrethren.'
ThemeanswherebytheChristianissanctifiedisthebloodofChrist(Heb.9.14),orinotherwords,theofferingofChristbythewillofGod(Heb.10.10);andthatoneofferinghas]3erfectedorconsecrated'foreverthemthatarebeingsancti-fied ^(Heb.10.14).
InonepassageonlyistheagencyoftheHolySpiritdirectlymentionedinconnexionwithsanctification,namely,inRom.15.16;andinthispassagereferenceismadenottotheprocesswhichtakesplaceintheheartsoftheconverted,buttothepowerwherebySt.Paul'sministrationswereeffectiveinpreachingtotheGentiles,andpresentingthemasanofferingtoGod.
In2Tim.2.21,themanwhoispurgedfrominiquityiscomparedtoasanctifiedvessel.Thesanctificationoffood,i.e.itsbeingregardedasfreefromceremonialpollution,isreferredtoin1Tim.4.5,asaccomplishedbymeansofthewordofGodandprayer.In1Cor.7.14,wearetoldthat'Theunbelievinghusbandissanctifiedbythewife,andtheunbelievingwifeissanctifiedbythehusband;elsewereyourchildrenuncleanbutnowaretheyholy.'Accordingtothispassage,wearetounderstandthatthemarriagetieextendssanctityorsacrednessfromthehusbandtothewife,orfromthewifetothehusband,andsotothechildren.
'TheGreekwordreAetdo)issometimesusedinthesenseofconsecrate.Seechap.viii.§8.
^Tovsayla^olievovs,notrovs7]ytacrntyovs.
§6.]FormsoftheIVordintheN.T.291
Thissanctity,thoughinthefirstplaceofanexternalorceremonialrelationship,affectingthepositionandus^eratherthanthenatureofthattowhichitrefers,practicallyinvolvesagreatdealmore,forifamanishallowedforGodhislifeoughttobededicatedtoHim.
Theprepositionwhichisgenerallytheconnectinglinkbetweentheobjectsanctifiedandthatwhichsanctifiesit,isnothyorivitli,butin.Thisseemstoimplythatsanctifica-tiontakesplacethroughthecontactofoneobjectwithanother.Thegiftbybeingplacedonthealtarbecomesinaceremonialsenseonewithit.Thewifebecomesinamysticalandinalegalsenseonewithherhusband.TheChristianissanctifiedbybecomingonewithChrist,faithinHisbloodbeingthatwhichmakesbothone;andChristissanctifiedinthatHeisonewiththeFather.Wefindtheprepositionkvwitha<yidt,winthefollowingpassagesoftheLXX:Ex.28.43;Lev.10.3;Num.20.13;Deut.32.51;Ez.20.41,28.22,25,36.23,38.16,39.27,and44.19.
§6.ThenoundjiaafiosoccurstentimesintheNewTes-tament, andwouldbestberendereds.anctification.Thepassagesareasfollows:—
Rom.6.19,'Yieldj'ourmembersservantstorighteousnessuntoholiness,'i.e.withaviewtosanctification.
Rom.6.22,'Yehaveyourfruituntoholiness,'orsanctifica-tion.
1Cor.1.30,'ChristJesus...ofGodismadeuntouswisdom,andrighteousness,andsanctification,andre-demption.'
1Thess.4.3,4,7,'ThisisthewillofGod,evenyoursanctifica-tion, thatyeshouldabstainfromfornication,thateveryoneofyoushoiddknowhowtopossesshisvesselinsanctificationandhonour...forGodhathnotcalledusuntouncleanness,butinsanctification.'TheA.V.,byrenderingthislastexpression'untoholt?iess,''obscuresthecon-nexion oftheverses.
TJ2
292Saiictificatioii,Holiness,Consecration,&€.[Cu.XV.
2Thesri.2.13,'Godhathchosenjoiitosalvationinsanctificationofspirit.'•
tTim.2.15,'Iftheycontinueinfaithandcharityandsanctifi-cation withsobriety.'
Heb.12.14,'Followaftersanctification,withoutwhichnomanshallseeGod.'
1Pet.1.2,'Insanctificationofspirit.'^
Thesepassagesleadtoanimportantconclusion,namely,thatthetruesanctificationwhichistheantitypeoftheOldTestamentholinessinvolvestheseparationofthespiritfromallthatisimpureandpolluting,andarenunciationofthesinstowardswhichthedesiresofthefleshandofthemindleadus.ThispointwasstronglyimpresseduponthechildrenofIsrael,butitcomesoutmuchmoreclearlyintheN.T.
WhilstarfiaGfxosmayberegardedastheworkofsanctifica-tion, ar^iorrjsandar^iwavvr]arerathertheresultoftheprocess.Theformeroccursin1Cor.1.30,andHeb.12.10;thelatterinEom.1.4;2Cor.7.1,and1Thess.3.13.Thesepassages,ifexamined,willshowthatthequalityofholiness,orperfectfreedomfrompollutionandimpurity,isessentialtothenatureofGod,wasexhibitedbyHisSonJesusChrist,andisimpartedtotheChristian.
Thewordwyvsla,whichisfoundinGal.5.22(insomeMSS.);alsoin1Tim.4.12,and1Tim.5.2,answersverywelltoourwordpurity,initsdoublesenseofchastityandfreedomfromwrongmotives.
Theverbdyul^sivisusedwithreferencetoceremonialpurificationsinJohn11.55;Acts21.24,26,and24.18.Itisalsotisedinaspiritualsenseinthreepassages,namely,James4.8,'Purifyyourhearts,yedouble-minded';1Pet.1.22,'Seeingyehavepurifiedyoursoulsinobeyingthe
'ThereisnoarticlehereintheGreek,sothattheexpressionprobablysignifiesthesanctificationofaman'sownspirit,orinageneralsensespiritualsanctifica-tion, asopposedtothatwhichisexternalorceremonial.
§7.]Mashach,toanoinf.293
truththrough,thespirituntounfeignedloveofthebrethren,loveoneanotherwith,apureheartfervently';1John3.3,*HethathaththishopeinHim(i.e.notinhimselfbutinChrist)purifiethhimselfevenasHeispure.'
Theadjectivew^vosoccurseighttimesintheN.T.inthesenseofmoralchastityandpurity,andar^vcm^s,whichisderivedfromitandwhichispeculiartotheN.T.,isfoundin2Cor.6.6,and,accordingtosomeMSS.,in2Cor.11.2,whilsttheadverbdyvwsoccursinPhil.1.16.
Themostgeneralformoftheword,however,intheIST.T.istheadjectiveayLos,h.o\j.ItisusednearlyahimdredtimeswithreferencetotheHolySpiritofGod—thatSpiritwhichwasinChristwithoutmeasure,andwhichisnowimpartedtoallthattrustHim.Again,whetherinconse-quence oftheindwellingoftheHolySjDirit,orbecauseoftheirprofessedseparationfromevil,anddedicationtoGod,allChristiansareregardedasa7iotyholyorsaints.Thewordisthusappliedseveraltimes,especiallyintheEpistles.ItisalsoappliedtoChrist,whowastheholyoneofGod,andourLordappliesittoHis'holyFather,'andtothe'holyangels.'WefinditusedinamoreceremonialsenseoftheholycityJerusalem(Matt.27.53);andtheholyplace(Matt.24,15);oftheCovenantwithAbraham(Luke1.72);oftheScriptures(Rom.1.2);ofthelawandcom-mandment (Rom.7.12);ofakiss(Rom.16.16);andoffoodwhichwasseparatedfromordinaryusesandwasthere-fore nottobecasttothedogs(Matt.7.6).
§7.InconsideringtheceremonialanointingoftheOldTestament,wehaveonlytodowithoneword,viz.Mashach(riuno),!fromwhichthenameMessiahisderived,andwhichisalmostalwaysrenderedXP^^^^^^^®LXX.Otherwords,indeed,areused,butnotinaceremonialsense;amongpassageswheresuchoccurtwomaybenoted:thefirstisIs.10.27,'Theyokeshallbedestroyedbecauseofthe
294Sanctijication,Meliness,Co7tsecratt07t,&c.[Cn.XV.
anointing,'orliterally,'Fromthefaceoftheoil,'AvithrespecttowhichexpressionthecommentatorsgiveButlittlelight.TheotherisZech.4.14,'Thesearethetwoanointedones(literally,sonsofoilorbrightness)thatstandbytheLordofthewholeearth';hereagainthereistobefoundawiderangeofinterpretation.
TurningnowtoMashach,wefinditfirstusedoftheanoint-ing ofthepillaratBethel,Gen.28.18,31.13,anditdoesnotoccuragaintillEx.25.6,where'theanointingoil'isspokenof.WenextmeetwithitinconnexionwiththeconsecrationandsanctificationofAaron,Ex.28.41.TheanointingcameaftertheoiferingofatoningvictimsinAaron'scase,asinthecaseofthealtar,Ex.29.36.Thetabernacle,theark,thetableandvariousvesselsweretobeanointed,Ex.30.26-28.Theywerethenregardedassanctifiedorsetapart,andwhatevertouchedthemhadthissanctificationcommunicatedtoit.Theunleavenedwafersandsome©theirmeatofferingsweretobeanointed(Lev.2.4).Inallthesecasestheunctionwasthemodeofsettingapartorsanctifying.
TheanointingofakingisfirstmentionedintheparableofJotham,Jud.9.8,15.ItnextoccursintheinspiredhymnofHannah,1Sam.2.10,'Heshallgivestrengthuntohisking,andexaltthehornofhisanointed.'SaulwasanointedcaptainoverGod'speople,thathemightsavethemoutofthehandvofthePhilistines(1Sam.9.16).VariousreferencesarefoundtotheLord'sanointed,thatistosay,theking,bothintheHistoricalandPoeticalBooks.Thefollowingarethemostimportant:Ps.2.2,'TherulerstakecounseltogetheragainsttheLordandagainsthisanointed';Ps.18.50,'Heshowethmercytohisanointed,toDavid,andtohisseedforevermore';20.6,'NowknowIthattheLordsavethhisanointed';45.7,'Godhathanointed
§7.]Mashack,toanoint.295
theewiththeoilofgladnessabovethyfellows';92.10,'Ishallbeanointedwithfreshoil.'
ThereferenceinPs.105.15,'Touchnotmineanointed(ones)anddomyprophetsnoharm,'isthoug-httobetothepriests.Themeaning-ofthephrase'Anointtheshield,'Is.21.5,isdoubtful.InIs.45.1,CyrusiscalledtheLord'sanointed,becausehewasapj)ointedkingforaspecialpurpose.InIs.61.1,thewordreceivesalargerandfullermeaning,andaswereaditwebegintoseethattheholyoilwherewiththepriestandkingandthevesselsofthetaber-nacle wereanointedwasasymboloftheHolySpirit.Forweread'TheSpiritoftheLordGodisuponme,becausehehathanointedmetopreachgoodtidingsuntothemeek.'
InEz.28.14,thekingofTyrusisdescribedas'theanointedcherub';someheretranslatetheword'ex-tended 'insteadofanointed;butcompareitsusageinIs.45.1.InDan.9.24,wearetoldthatseventyweeksweredetermined...toanointtheMostHoly.'Isthis,theMostHolyBeing,thetrueMessiahPordoesitrepresenttheMostHolyP^ace—thetruetabernaclewhichtheLordpitchedandnotman?
InAmos6.6,weshouldnotexpecttofindthisword,foritappearstobeusedofpersonaldecorationwithoil,andnotoftheceremonialanointing.Ifthisbethecase,itistheonlyplaceinthewholeOldTestamentinwhichthewordissoused.Possiblythereisareferenceheretotheabuseofholythings,aviewwhichwouldbemostinaccordancewiththeaccusationsimpliedinthetwopreviousverses.
TheonlyotherpassagetobereferredtoisHab.3.13,'Thouwentestforthforthesalvationofthypeople,evenforsalvationwiththineanointed,'orrather'forthesalvationofthineanointedone.'ThepeopleofIsraelareherere-garded asanointedandsetapartforGod,justasSt.Paul
296Sanctification,Holiness,Consecratioji,&c.[Cn.XV.
describesthemas'BaptizedtoMosesintheseaandinthecloud.'
§8.Theverb%p/£ii'isusedfivetimesintheN.T.InfourofthesepassagesitreferstotheanointingofChristbyHisFather,viz.Luke4.18,whichisquotedfromIs.61.1;Heb.1.9,quotedfromPs.45.7;Acts4.27,whereitisusedwithspecialreferencetothequotationfromthesecondPsalm,whichimmediatelyprecedesit;andActs10.38,wherewearetoldthatGodanointedJesuswiththeSpirit.WhatthenistheideawhichweoughttoconnectwiththenameChristorMessiah?DoesitnotsignifythatJesusofNazarethishingbyDivineauthority,andthatGodhassetHismarkuponHimbygivingHimtheHolyGhostwithoutmeasure?Alsoitteachesthattheministrationsofthepriest,altar,andtabernaclewithallitsvessels,wereshadowsoftheworkwhichHewastoaccomplish.
TheanointingofChristiansisspokenofin2Cor.1.21,wherewearetoldthat'HewhohathanointedusisGod';andinaccordancewiththisfact,St.JohnthreetimesinhisfirstEpistleremindsthosetowhomhewritesthattheyhaveachrismorunctionfromtheHolyOne(chap.2.20,27).ThischrismistheindwellingandworkingpresenceoftheHolyGhostwhichtheChristianreceivesfromtheFatherthroughtheSon.Asnotonlytheatoningofferingbutalsotheanointingoilwasnecessaryforceremonialsanctification,sotheChristianmustneedsbebothcleansedbythebloodofChristandalsoenergizedbythepersonaloperationoftheSpiritthathemaybefittedforGod'sservice.
§9.TheanointingofthesickisdescribedbyadifferentGreekword,namely,aXet'^tu.Itwasamedicalratherthanaceremonialact,andwasperformedbyfrictionorrubbing,notbypouring.Thesamewordisusedoftheanointingoftheheadandofthebodyforpurposesofdecorationorpre-servation.
§1.]yewiskOfferingstypicalofSalvation.297
CHAPTEEXVI.
OFFEEINGS,SACEIFICES,ANDALTAR.
§1.TheJewislaofferingstj'picaloftheworkofsalvation.—§2.Korban,oroffering:itsoriginalnipaning.—§3.Othermeaningsoftheword.—§4.Ifag-ash,todrawnear.—§5.EepresentativesofthesewordsintheN.T.—§6.'Olah,tlieascending-offering.—§7.ItsmeaningillustratedfromtheN.T.—§8.IVXincliali,themeat-offering.—§9.Zevach^thesacrifice,orcammunionfeast.—§10.Thealtar.—§11.SacrificeandaltarintheN.T,—§12.EemarksonHeb.13.10.—§13.'Asab,toofferordo.—§14'.RelationoftheLord'sSuppertotheSacrificeofthePassover.—§15.Sliachath,toslay.—§16.Fasacli,thePassover.—§,17.Shelem,therestitution-offering.—§18.Chattah,thesin-offering.—§19.ThesameintheN.T.—§20.Asliam,thetrespassorguilt-offering.—§21.Ishah,thefire-offering.—§22.ITesec,the-drink-offering.-—§23.Incense.—§24.Thefree-willoffering.—§2o.Thewave-andtheheave-offering.
§1.FewelementsintheJewishdispensationaremoreinterestingtotheChristianstudentthanthesystemofofferingsthereinprescribed.Theprincipleofslayinganimalsforareligiouspurposeappearstohavebeencalledintoexistenceataveryearlystageofhumanhistory,buttheJewishsystemwaselaboratedunderDivinedirectionduring,thesojourninginthewilderness,,andthatwithafulnessofdetailwhichmustarresttheattentionofeveryreader.Ifitbetruethateveninearthlymatters'coming-eventscasttheirshadowsbefore,'muchmoreisittobeexpectedthatiftheAuthorofallexistencewereabouttomakeaspecialinterventionintheaffairsofmensoastorestorethemtothatpositionwhichtli^yhadlost,HewouldnotonlyintimateHispurposetosomeofthosewhomHewasabouttobenefit,butwouldalsoprefigurethecourse
298Offerings,Sacrifices,andAltar.[Ch.XVI.
whichinHiswisdomHehaddeterminedtoadopt.ThesystemofofferingsappointedtoIsraelmaythusberegardedasabookofpictures,sketchedinshadowyoutline,indi-cating toGod'speopletheworkwhichwastobeaccom-plished byDivinegracewhenthefulnessofthetimeshouldcome.
Thereisafurtherreasonforapatientandaccurateex-amination ofthissystem.Amongthecontroversiesofthepresentday,fewhavegivenrisetosuchvehemenceandacrimonyasthequestions,HowfartheLeviticalsystemofofferingsis,oroughttobe,reproducedinthesacramentoftheLord'ssupper,andwhethertheriteinquestionisasacrifice,theholytableanaltar,andtheministerapriest.AclearideaoftheteachingoftheOldTestamentoughttobehelpfultothestudentwhowishestodeciderightlyontheseimportantquestions.
§2.ThewordKorban,withwhichwearefamiliarfromitsoccurrenceintheNewTestament(Mark7.11),isoneofthewordsmostcommonlyusedfortheofferingintheOldTestament.Itisnotappliedtoanysacrificeinparticular,butrepresentsthe'Olah,theMinchah,andthevariousformsofZevach,inwhichtheoffererfoundawayofapproachandacceptance.Wemightalmostrenderitawayofapproach.TheverbKarav(mp),whenceitisderived,signifiestoapproach,ordrawnear,andisoftenusedofman'sentranceintothepresenceofthelivingGod.Itisnoordi-nary nearnessthatisrepresentedbyit,butratherthatoftheclosestandmostintimatekind.Theverywordjustused('intimate')remindsusofthemeaningofthewordinoneofitsforms(^li^),asappliedtotheinnermostpartofthebody;whilstinanotherform(nnp)itsignifiesanearneighbourorakinsman.Itisremarkablethatthewordshouldalsobeusedofclosehandtohandconflict,andhenceberenderedbattleorwarinninex^assagesinthe0.T.
§3.]MeaningsofKorban.299
§3.BesidesthenumberofplacesinwhichKorbanisnsedforoffering,itisrenderedsacrificeinLev.27.11,andobla-tion tentimesinLeviticus,andtwiceinNumbers.Itwouldbebettertohaveauniformrendering-inthesepassages.TheverbisrenderedoffermorethanfiftytimesinLeviticus,andtwenty-fivetimesinNumbers;italsooccursinJud.3.18,wherewereadofEhud'sofferingapresenttoEglon;itisfoundin1Chron.16.1,and2Chron.35.12;insixpassagesofEzraandNehemiah;inPs.72.10('ThekingsofShebaandSebashalloffergifts');eighttimesinEzekiel;andinHag.2.14.Theverbmightbestbetrans-lated inmostpassagestopresent.InJob3L37,theverbisusedoftheintimateapproachofonepersontoanother,'Asaprince/voouldgonear(i.e.presentmyself)untohim';inPs.65.4,itisusedofGod'schoosingmen,andcausingthemtoapproachHimthattheymaydwellinHiscourts;soinNum.16.9,itisappliedtothetribeofLevi,whichwasseparatedfromthecongregationandbroughtneartoGodtodotheserviceofthetabernacle.WemeetwithitalsoinJer.30.21,inaprophecyofremarkableinterestwhichseemstorefertotheMessiah.
TheLXXrenderstheverb(Karav)£77/^^,Trpoa^spco,irpoaspxpi.iaL,TrpoaAyoo;andthenounKorbanalwayshoipov.
§4.TheverbNagash(::'J2)hasmuchthesamemeaningasKarav,andisappliedtothepresentationofoficringsinAm.5.25;Mai.1.7,8,11,12,and3.3.ThiswordiscoupledwithKaravinJer.30.21,abovereferredto,whichrunsthus:'Theirnoble(A.V.nobles)shallbefromthemselves,andtheirrulershallissuefromamidstthem,andIivillcausehimtodrawnear(Karav),andheshallapproach(Ifagash)untome.'
§5.Wefind577itajusedonceintheN.T.insomewhatofaceremonialsense,namely,inHeb.7.19,'Thebringinginofabetterhope,bywhichivedraivnearuntoGod.'
Theword'Trpoacpspooisusedoftheofferingofgiftsof
300Offerings,Saadfices,andAItar.[Cn.X\l.
manykinds.ThuswemeetwithitinMatt.2.11,withrespecttotheofferingsmadebytheWiseMen;inMatt.5.23,oftheofferingorgiftuponthealtar,wherereferenceisevidentlymadetotheordinaryofferingsprescribedunderthenameinLeviticus.InMatt.8.4;Mark1.44,andLuke5.14,itisappliedtotheofferingtobemadebythecleansedleper.InJohn16.2,weread,*WhosoeverkillethyouwillthinkthatheofferethreligiousservicetoGod*{XaTpsi'av'rrpoacjispsivtu>Osm).TheonlyepistleinwhichthewordoccursisthatwhichwasaddressedtotheHebrews,inwhichitisfoundtwentytimes,and,withoneexception,'alwaysinasacrificialorreligioussense.ThusitissaidofourLordthatHeofferedHimselfwithoutblemishtoGodthroughtheEternalSpirit(Heb.9..14),.tobearthesinsofmany(9.28).
ThewordTrpoasp^o/xaLisusedofthesinner'sapproachtoGodonthebasisofanofferinginHeb.4.16,7.25,10.1,22,and11.6.Thereisoneremarkablepassageinwhichirpoadrystvisused,namely,1Pet.3.18,'Christdied,thejustfortheunjust,thathemightbringustoGod.'HeretheVulgaterenderingisstriking,'thathemightofferustoGod,'theofferingbeingthemeansofthesinner'sapproach.
Thenounirpoaw^yT],derivedfromthisverb,isusedoftheaccessorwayofapproachwhichtheChristianobtainsthroughChrist,inRom.5.2;Eph.2.18,and3.12.
InSt.Matthew'sGospelwefindScopovforasacrificialgiftseveraltimes;andSt.MarkinonepassagespeciallyinterpretsKorbanbythisword.IntheEpistletotheHebrewsthiswordisputsidebysidewithdvalai,sacrifices.
ThegenerallessonwhichwegainfromthefrequentandremarkableuseofthewordKorban(intheLeviticallaw),
'Namely,Heb.12.7,'Goddealswithyou(u^7cirpo(T<\>epiTai)aswithsons.'ThewordishereintheMiddleVoice,andsignifiestheentranceintoacertainrelationship.
§0.]'Oiak,theascending-offering.301
andofitsGreekrepresentatives,isthatawayofaccesstoGodismadeopen,nottliroug-htheeffortsofman,butthroughthegoodwillofourheavenlyFather,whohascausednstocomeneartoHimselfinandthroughHisSonJesusChrist.
§6.Thewordgenerallyrenderedburnt-offeringintheA.V.is'Olah(n'py).Theverb'Alah,whenceitisde-rived, isrenderedtoburninEx.27.20,Lev.2.12,24.2,andtoofferinafewotherpassages;buttheoriginalmeaningofthewordintheActiveVoiceistoascend,henceintheCausativeVoiceitsignifiestomaketoascend,ortocausetogoup.Somescholarshaveheldthatthebestrenderingfor'olahwouldbealtar-offering,becausetheofferingwasliftedupandplaceduponthealtar.Thisinterpretation,however,hasnotbeengenerallyaccej)ted.TheVulgaterendering(derivedfromtheGreek)holocausta,thatwhichiswhollyburnt,andtheGermanBrandopfer,burnt-offering,fallinwithourownrendering,buttheyarenot,properlyspeaking,translations.Thefactthatflameascends,andthat'thesparksflyupwards,'furnishesuswiththetruesolutionofthename.The'Olah,whenturnedintoacloudofvapourbytheactionofthefire,ascendedintotheheavens,andwasgraduallydispersedamidsttheupjoerair;andwhilstbeholdingthisS'trikingsight,theofferer,whohadidentifiedhimselfwiththevictimbythepressureofhishands,realizedhisacceptancebyGod,whodwellethintheheavens.Thebestrenderingofthewordwouldbeawascendingoffering.AriasMoutanusrendereditascensio.
Thewordisusedlargely,bothintheaccountoftheLeviticalritualandinthehistoricalbooks.Itsfirstoccur-rence isinGen.8.20,whereNoahissaidtohaveoft'eredburnt-offeringsonthealtar.WenextmeetwithitinGen.22.2-13,whereAbrahamistoldtoofferuj)Isaacasaburnt-offering.ItisalsousedinJob1.5,and42.8,
302Offerings,Sacrifices,andAltar.[Ch.XVI.
wherethepatriarchisdescribedasofferingforhissons;andwherehisfriendsareorderedtomakeanoffering.Inthesepassagesitisfoundinageneralsense,andisappliedasmuchtoasin-offeringastoaburnt-offering.TheLeviticallaw,however,drewaclearerdistinctionbetweenthetwo.ThewordisfirstusedinconnexionwiththepeopleofIsraelinEx.24.5.InthisimportantpassagewearetoldthatMoses*sentyoungmenofthechildrenofIsrael,whichofferedburnt-offeringsandsacrificedpeace-offeringsuntotheLord,'thefirstkindbeingwhollyburnt,andthelasteaten;anditwaswiththebloodoftheseoffer-ings thatthepeopleandtheBookoftheCovenantweresprinkled.Itmayherebenotedthatthiswholetransactionwasprevioustotheappointmentofthepriesthood.ThemakingoftheCovenantwasanational,notasacerdotalwork;moreover,ithadnothingtododirectlywitlisin,forneitherthe'olahnorthepeace-offeringweresin-offerings;theyrepresentedatonementratherthanpardon.^
Passingbythehistoricalbooks,wefind'olahusedinafewotherpassages,viz.Ps.51.19,66.15;Is.67.6,66.3;Ez.43.18,24;andAm.5.22.
Themostgeneralrenderingsfortheverb'alahintheLXXaredva^aivco,avacfispas,ava/Bi^d^o),anddvdyo);thenoun'olahisalmostalwaysrenderedeither6\oKavTQ)fx.a,orokoKav-TftXTty,i.e.,thatwhichiswhollyburnt.
§7.OnexaminingtheNewTestamentwedonotfindthesubstantiveapplieddirectlytoChristthroughitsGreekrepresentatives,buttheideaofascendingorgoingup,fromwhichtheburnt-offeringreceiveditsHebrewname,andwhichissofullysustainedintheGreekverbsabove-mentioned,reappearsinrelationtotheLord'sworkinvariousways,whichmaybebrieflynoticed.
Withregardtotheworddva/Saivo),itmaybedeemed
'Thoughthesewerecloselyrelated.Seechap.xii.§5.
§7.]TheAscending-OfferingintheN.T.303
fancifultorefertoourLord'sexpression,'BeholdwegouvtoJerusalem'(seeMatt.20.18;Mark10.32,33;Luke18.31,and19.28),becauseitwastheordinaryandnaturalphrasetousewhendescribingajourneytothatcitywhichwastheCrownoftheHolyLand.YetitmaybenoticedthatnositecouldbemoreaptlymarkedoutasthealtarofearthonwhichtheGreatOfferingshouldbeconsummated.IthadprobablybeenthesceneofsacrificeasearlyasthetimeofAbraham;itlies'beautifulforsituation,thejoyofthewholeearth,'2,400feetabovetheMediterraneanwhichwashesthewesternshoreoftheland,and3,700feetabovetheDeadSea,whichliesinleadensolitudeinacleftbetweenthetorridmountainsofJudahandthelong-j)urplewallofMoab.
OurLord'sAscensionor*goingup'toHisFatherinheavenisdescribedbytheworddva^aivw,inJohn20.17,andEph.4.9,10.Havewenotinthisascensionasublimecommentonthefactthattheofferingascendedintheflame?
Thesacrificialwordava^ipwisalsousedofourLord'sbeing'carriedup'intoheaveninLuke24.51;whilstitisappliedtoHisofferingofHimselfinHeb.7.27.Itisalsoadoptedwithreferencetotheoffering-upofasacrificeofpraise(Heb.13.15),andofspiritualsacrificeswhichareac-ceptable toGodthroughChrist(1Pet.2.5).
Theworddvar/oiisusedonlytwiceintheEj^istles,namely,inEom.10.7,andHeb.13.20;inbothofwhichpassagesitisadoptedtoexpressthebringingofChristupfromthedead—anessentialelementintheLord'satoningwork.
Itmaybegatheredfromthesepassagesthat,whilsttheslayingoftheanimal,whichwastobeamalewithoutblemish,representedChrist'sdevotionofHimselftodeath,andwhilethepouringforthoftheblooduponthealtarforeshadowedtheatonementwroughtbyvirtueofhisdeath.
304Offerijigs,Sacrifices,andAItar.[Cn.XVI.
theascentoftheslainanimalintheformofacloudofsmokeintotheheavenstypifiedthebringingofChristupfromthegrave,andHisascensiontotherighthandofGod.Butsincetheofferer,bypressinghishanduponthevictimbeforeslayingitinthepresenceofGod,identifiedhimselfwithit,hemustbeconsideredassymbolicallygoingthroughthesameprocessasithadtoundergo.SoalsotheChristian,identifyinghimselfwithhisSaviourbyfaith,is'crucifiedwithChrist,'dieswithHim,isburiedwithHim,riseswithHimundertheinfluenceofthespiritoflife,andisseatedwithHiminheavenlyplaces,hislifeofdevotionbeinganofferingmadebyfire,anodourofasweetsavouruntoGod.
§8.Minchah(nn^o)isthegeneralHebrewwordforagift,whethertoGod(Gen.4.3),ortoman(Gen.32.13);itisalsothewordwhichourtranslatorshaverenderedmeat-offering—'meat'beinghereusedinitsoldsenseof'food,'andnotsignifying'flesh.'TheLXXhasQvaia(sacrifice),foritin140places;andSojpov(agift),in32places.*MinchahisthewordusedoftheofferingsofCainandAbelinGen.4.3,4,5,inwhichpassageitisnotrestrictedtoitsLeviticaluseasanunbloodysacrifice;itisfirstrendered'meat-offering'inLev.2.1,whereitisde-scribed asamixtureofflour,oil,andfrankincense—theflourbeingtheessentialpart,theoilandfrankincensebeingaddedthatitmightburnwithasweetsavour.Thewordisusedofthe'jealousy-offering'inNum.5.15,18,25,26.Itisalsotobefoundinthefollowingpassages:—
Num.16.15,'Respectthounottheiroffering.'
1Sam.2.17,'MenabhorredtheofferingoftheLord.'
verse29,'Whereforekickyeatmysacrifice,andatmineoffering.'
'TheLXXalsooccasionallyreproducestheoriginalM-ordintheformfiavad.TheVulgateadoptsmunusandoblatioasrenderings;andLutherhasOpfcrandSpeisopjcr.
§8.]Minchah,themeat-offering.305;
1Siini.3.14,*TheiniquityofEli'shouseshallnotbepurgedwithsiicrificenorofferingforever.'
1Sam.26.19,'IftheLordhavestirredtheeupagainstme,lethimaccept(orsmell)anoffering.'
1Chron.16.20,Ps.96.8,'Bringanoffering,andcomebeforehim.'
Ps.20.^^,'Kememberallthyofferings.'
Is.43.23,'Ihavenotcausedtheetoservewithanofferiu"-.'
Is.66.20,'Theyshallbringallyourbrethrenforanoffering
untotheLordoutofallnations...asthechildrenofIsraelbringanofferinginacleanvesselintothehouseoftheLord.'
Jer.41.5,'TherecamecertainfromShechem,fromShiloh,andfromSamaria,evenfourscoremen,havingtheirbeardsshaven,andtheirclothedrent,andhavino^cu.tthemselves,withofferingsaiidincenseintheirhand,tobringthemtothehouseoftheLord.'
Am.5.25,'Haveyeoffereduntomesacrificesandofferingsin
thewildernessfortyyears?'
Zeph.3.10,'FrombeyondtheriversofEthiopiamysuppliants,eventhedaughtersofmydispersed,shallbrin<Tmineoffering.'
i\lal.L10,13,2.12,13,'NeitherwillIacceptanofferingatyourhand.'verse11,'Ineveryplaceincenseshallbeoffereduntomynameandapureoffering.'
Mai.3.3,4,'HeshallpurifythesonsofLevithattheymav
offeranofferinginrighteousness.ThenshalltheofferingofJudahandJerusalembepleasantuntotheLordasinthedaysofold.'
MinclialiisrenderedgiftinPs.45.12,'ThedaughterofTyreshallbetherewithagift';sacrificein1Kin.18.29,36,'Thetimeoftheofferingofthe(evening)sacrifice';'Ps.141.2,'Letmyprayerbesetforthbeforetheeasincense;andtheliftingupofmjhandsastheeveningsacrifice';oblationinIs.1.13,'Bringnomorevain
'Thewordeveningisinsertedinitalicsbothhereandelsewhere.Compare2Ki.16.15;Ps.141.2;Ez.9.4,5;Dan.9.21,wheretheexpressionoccurs.Referenceissupposedtobemadetotheofferingofalambeveryevening,pre-scribed inNum.28.8.ThelambitselfM'asan'olab,butnodoubtitwasaccompaniedbyamincbab.
X
3o6Offerings,Sacrifices,andAltar.[Ch.XVI.
oblations';19.21,'TheEgyptiansshalldosacrificeandoblation';66.3,'Hethatofferethanoblation(isasifheoffered)swine'sblood';Jer.14.12,'Whentheyofferburnt-offeringandoblationIwillnotacceptthem';Dan.2.46,Nebuchadnezzar'commandedthattheyshouldofferanoblationandsweetodoursunto'Daniel;9.21,'Aboutthetimeoftheeveningoblation';verse27,'Heshallcausethesacrificeandtheoblationtocease.'
Theminchah,whichwascloselyconnectedwiththe'olah,mustberegardedasatokenoflove,gratitude,andthanks-giving toGod,whoisHimselfthegiverofallgoodgifts.Itwasanacknowledgmentonthepartofmanthat'theearthistheLord'sandthefulnessthereof.'Partofitwasburntwithfire,andtherestwastobeeatenbythepriestandhisfamily,notbytheofferer.
§9.WenowcometothewordZevach(nnr),whichisgene-rally renderedsacrificeintheEnglish,anddvaia,6vw,andBvcrtd^cointheLXX.Onapproachingthestudyofthisword,thestudentcannotbutfeeldeeplyimpressedwiththedesirablenessofgreateruniformityofrenderingfortheLeviticaltermsthanwepossessatpresent.Ifthewordsacrificehadbeenconfinedtothezevach,insteadofbeingalsooccasionallyappliedtotheminchah,thekorban,theisheh,thechag,orfeast(Ps.118.27,andIs.29.1),thetodahorpraise(Jer.17.26,and33.11),andtheverbs'asehandkathar,presentcontroversiesmighthaveassumedaverymuchmilderform.
Theideaofasacrificeisinstinctivelyconnectedinourmindswiththatofapriest;'butthisisamistake.Theverbzavachproperlymeanstoslayananimalforthepurposeoffood,andaccordinglyitisrenderedkillorslayinDeut.12.15,21;1Sam.28.24;2Chron.18.2;andEz.34.3.
■'IntheFrenchtranslationsoftheBibleapriestisusuallycalledsacri-ficateiir.
§9.]Zevach,theSacrifice,07^ComimuiiouFeast.307
Altlionghtlieverbhasbeenalsorenderedtoofferinthirty-sevenpassages,usuallywherethekindredsubstantiveisfoundwithit,yetinthesepassagesitdoesnotrepresenttheactofthepriestassuch,buttheactofthelayman,theheadofthefamily,whopresentedandslewtheanimalbeforeGod'stabernacle.Thewordisgenerallyusedincon-nexion withasacredfeast,inwhichthefamilyornationwhichofferedthesacrifice(throughtheirheadsorrepre-sentatives) proceededtopartakeofthefleshofthevictims,enteringtherebyintocommunionwithGod.Thusthezevachorsacrificewasutterlydistinctfromthe'olahorascension-offering,whichwaswhollyburntorturnedintovapour,andfromthesin-offering,whichwasj)artlyburntandpartlyeatenbythepriest.
Thevariousceremoniesconnectedv;iththesacrificeorcommunion-feastaredescribedinLev.17.5-7,andotherpassages.ThemanwhowishedtothrowahaloofreligionroundhisfestivitiesbroughtanunblemishedanimaltothedoorofthetabernacleofGod,pressedhishandsonitshead,andslewit.Thepriest,whointhisandallotherthingsactedonGod'sbehalf,tookthebloodwhichrepre-sented thelifeoftheanimal(andthereforethelifeoftlieofferer),andsheditforthuponthealtarasanatonement.Healsoburntthefat—torepresentthefactthattherich-ness orgoodnessoftheanimal(andoftheofferer)i^ro-ceededfromGod,andwasduetoHim.Acertainfixedportionofthefleshwasthengiventothepriest,tobeeatenbyhimselfandhisfamily,andtherestwaseateubytlieoffererandhishouse.Whetherthefeastwa,spublicorprivate,andwhethertheanimalwasofferedbytheeldersofthenationorbytheheadofafamily,theseceremonieswereappointedinordertosymbolisetheimionbetweenmanandGod,whowerethusmadepartakersofthesamefood.Ifitwasimpossibletoperformthefullritesconnectedwiththe
X2
o
08Offerings,Sacrifices,andAliar.[Cn.xvi.
sacrificethroughdistancefromthetabernacleofthecon-gregation, onepointatanyratewastobeobserved—thebloodoftheslainanimalwastobepouredupontheearthandcoveredwithdust(verse13).
Theportionofthezevachwhichwastobegiventothej)riestisdescribedinDeut.18.3,as'theshoulder,thetwocheeks,andthemaw.'Seealso1Sam.2.13,wheretheconductofEli'ssonswithrespecttotheseandotherportionsisdescribed.
TherecanbelittledoubtthattheritesconnectedwiththezevachweregraciouslydesignedtoproduceamoraleffectuponthechildrenofIsrael.EverytimethattheyslewanunblemishedanimalforfoodtheywereremindedofGod'smercifuldispositiontowardsthem;theywerethusstimulatedtoliveinconformitywithHislaw,andtodealmercifullywiththeirpoorerbrethren.ISTorcanitbedoubtedthatthedeathoftheanimal,followedbythesprinklingofthebloodandthesburningofthefat,wouldimpressthepiousIsraelitewitharecollectionofthefactthatsinbroughtdeathintotheworld,andthathehimselfhadsinned.HewouldthushavewhattheScripturecalls<a,hroJcenspirit,'Ps.51.17;andhissacrificewouldbeastrongcalltorighteousness(Ps.4.5).,"toobedience(1Sam.15.22),tojo^(Ps.27.6),andtomercy(Hos.6.6).Wherethesacrificehadnotthisspirit,wemaygatherfromthepas-sao-esjustreferredtothattheceremonyhadlostallitsvalueandsignificance.
TheconnexionbetweenthezevachandthemakingacovenantisbroughtoutinvariouspartsofScripture,thesharino-infoodbeingasymboloftheonenessoftheeaters.See,forexample,Gren.31.54,andPs.50.5.ThePassoverandthePeaee-offering,whichwerespecialkindsofzevach,arereferredtobelow.
§10.TheHebrewnameforanaltar(Mizbeach)isderived
§10.]TheAltar.309
fromzavach,andisrenderedOvaiacrTijpLovintheLXX,exceptwhereaheathenaltarisreferredto,andthentheGreekword^wfjiosisadopted.'TheprimaryideawhichaHebrewwouldattachtoanaltarwoulddependuponhisviewoftheAvordzavach;accordingtoLeviticalusage,itwouldbetheappointedplaceonwhichthebloodofslainbeastswastobesj^rinkledandtheirfatburnt.Inashortbutinteresting-essajontheJewishaltarbyDavidMill,'-itisnoticedthattheRabbinicalwritersusedtoregarditnotonlyasGod'stable^(seeMai.1.7),butalsoasasymbolofmediation;accordingly^theycalleditaParaclete(n'pp-;^,UapoKXriTos)i.e.anintercessor;itwasregardedasacentreformediation,peace-making,expiation,andsanctification.WhateverwasburntuponthealtarwasconsideredtobeconsumedbyGod,aguaranteethattheoffererwasacceptedbvHim.
Itseemspro^iablefromthegeneraluseofMizbeach(PlaceofSlaughter)foranaltar,thatinthePatriarchalagetheanimalswhichwereofferedtotheLordasburnt-offeringswerelaidouthealtarandsacrificed(i.e.slain)there.Theaccountoftheburnt-offeringsinGen.22.exactlyfallsinwiththissupposition.Inthismatter,however,asinmanyothers,thelawofMosesdepartedfromtheearlierpracticewhileretainingtheprincipalfeaturesofthesystem,whichhadbeennodoubtestablishedbyDivinecommand.
§11.ThewordOva)isusedintheN.T.bothwithrespecttotheslayingofthePassoverLambandtothekillingofanimalsforthepurposeoffood,e.g.Luke15.23;Acts10.13.
'Thewordariel(Is.29,1,2;Ez.43.1.5,26),issupposedbyBometomean'altarofGod,'anArabicrootakintotheLatinarabeingproducedinsupportoftliotranslation.
-DavidMillwasEeland'ssuccessorasOrientalProfessoratUtrecht,wlierehisDissertaUonvsScJcctcBweropublished.
^Thetable,however,servedadifferentpurposefromthealtar.Theanimalwasslainandcutuponthetable,butitsbloodwassprinkled,itsfatburnt,and,intheeaseofthe'olab,allthepieceswereburntonthealtar.SeeEz.40.39
310Offerings,SacjHJices,andAltar.[Cn.XVI.
ThenounQvaiaoccursseveraltimesintheN.T.withre-ference toLeviticalrites,e.g.1Cor.10.18;totheChristianlifeofself-sacrifice(Rom.12.1;Phil.2.17,4.18;Heb.13.16;and1Pefc.2.5);andtothesacrificeofChristonthecross(Ep.5.2;Heb.9.20,10.12).
Thealtar,BvcriaaT/jpLov,ismentionedinabouttwentypassages,inmostofwhichtheJewishaltarisreferredto.In1Cor.10.18,St.PaulremindstheCorinthiansthatinthecaseofIsraelthosewhoeatthesacrificesbecomeinsodoingpartakerswiththealtar.Bythisheevidentlymeansthatwhilethealtar(whichrepresentedGod)hadpartofthevictim,thesacrificerhadanotherpart;thusthesacrifice,beingcon-sumed parti}'byGod(throughmeansofthefireonthealtar)andpartlybyman,formsabondofunionbetweentheoneandtheother.
§12.InHeb.13.10,thewriterpointsoutthattherewerecertainofferingsofwhichneitherpriestnorofferermighteat.Theywerenotburnt,i.e.turnedtovapour,onthealtar—aprocesswhichwouldhavemarkedtheiracceptancebyGod,butwereentirelyconsumed,'sothattherewasnocommu-nion withthealtarorwithGodinthecaseoftheseofferings.'WeJews,'saysthewriter,*haveanaltarwithwhichneithertheofferernorthepriestswhoministerinthetaber-nacle havearighttoshare.Wherepartofthebloodofthe
'Itisimportanttonoticethattlu'oiighoiTttheLeviticalritualtwodistinctwordsareusedtorepresentburning.Katliar(")t3p),whichproperlymeanstoturninfosmolceorvnpour,isusedoftheburningofthe'olab,ofthememorialpoi-tioBoftheminchali,andofthefetofthezevacSi,allofwhichwerein-tended asofferingsforGod'sgoodpleasure,andnotforsin.Thisburningtookplaceonthealtaratthedoorofthetabernacle.Sa,raph(fl~)^')'toconsumeorburnup,isusedoftheburningofthebodiesofthesin-offeringsabovementioned.NothingissaidoftheirsmokeascendingasasweetsavourtoGod,becausetlieyrepresent'thebodyofsin,'anobjectwhichisbynomeanspleasinginHissight.Thisatleastistheaspectofthematterpresentedbythesin-offeringwhichthepriestofferedforliimself,andstillmoreemphaticallybytheofferingofthegoatforthesinsofthepeopleontheGreatDayofAtonement.Othermoreordinarysin-offeringswereeatenbythepriest.
§13.]'Asa//,appliedtooffering.311
victimwasbroughtintotheHolyplaceasasin-ofFeringbytheHighPriestontheGreatDayofAtonement,itwasputonthehornsofthealtarofincense,andwiththisaltarnoonehadashare,fornoneofthebodywaseaten,thewholebeingutterlyconsumedinacleanplaceoutsidethecamp.'HethenappliesthisfeatureintheLeviticallawtotheChristiandispensation.Christ'sbloodispresentedintheH0I3'Placenowasanatonementforus.Hisbody,there-fore, istobedevotedtoconsumptionoutsidethecamp.ButwhatisHisbody?WeChristians,heimi^lies,arethebodyofChrist;andasHiscrucifixionliterallyhappenedoutsidethecitywalls,sowearetogoforthtoHimbearingHisreproach,sharingtheill-treatmentHereceived,beingmockedandjeeredatbytheworldasitpassesby,havingnocon-tinuing cityhere,butseekingthatcitywhichistocome{Trjv/xeXXovaav).
§13.Theword'Asah(nCJ'j/),todo,whichusuallyalliesitselfinmeaningwiththewordswithwhichitstandscon-nected, hasamongstitsextendedsignificationsanapplica-tion toofferings.Itisrenderedofferinfortypassages,mostofwhichareinLeviticusandNumbers,e.g.Lev.5.10,'Heshallofferthesecondforaburnt-offering,accordingtotheordinance,andthepriestshallmakeanatonementforhim.'Sometimesitreferstotheserviceofthepriest,andsometimestotheactionofhimwhobringstheofferingandappointswhatparticularanimalhewilloffer.Naaman,theSyrian,isrepresentedasusingthewordin2Kin.5.17;anditisusedofJehu'sofferinginthehouseofBaal,2Kin.10.24,25.WealsofinditinPs.66.15,'Iwillofferbullockswithgoats.'
ThewordfirstoccursinthissenseinEx.10.25,whereMosessays,'Thoumustgiveusalsosacrificesandburnt-offeringsthatwemaysacrificeuntotheLordourGod.'InEx.29.36,itisregularlyintroducedintotheLevitical
312Offerings,Sacrifices,andAltar.[Cn.X\T
system:'Thoushaltoffereverydayabnllockforasin-oiFeringforatonement';verses88,39,'Thoiishaltoffer...twolambsofthefirstyeardaybydaycontinually.Theonelambthoushaltofferinthemorning;andtheotherlambthoushaltofferateven.'SeealsoLev.14.19,30,
16.15,30,23.12,19;Num.6.11,16,17,15.3,14,24,28.4,8,20,21,23,24,31.Thewordisusedof'preparing,'orarrangingtheanimalormeat-offeringordrink-offeringinNum.15.5,6,8,12;Jud.13.15,16;Ez.43.25,27,45.
17,23,24,46.7,12,13,14,15.Itmaybeaddedthat'AsahisusedofthemakingorordainingoffeastsinJud.14.10;1Kin.3.15,12.32;Ezra3.4,6.19;Neh.8.18;Esth.2.18,5.8.
TheGreekrenderinginthesepassagesisinvariablyttolsiv,todo,ormake^;theYulgateusuallyhas/acere,butsometimesoffen-e;andLutherusuallyhasmachen,butoccasionallyopfey^n.
§14.IthasbeensupposedbysomecommentatorsthatourLordusedthewordttoiso)inasacrificialsensewhenHesaid'dothisinremembranceofme,'Luke22.19.
Itseemsmostreasonabletosupposethattheword'do'istobetakenhereinthatreligiousorceremonialsenseinwhichitisconstantlyfoundintheO.T.,bothintheHebrewandintheLXX.Thequestion,however,remainstobeasked,towhatspecialreligiousritewastheLordreferring?WhenHesaid'Dothis,'Hemaycertainlyhavemeant'Keepthisrite';butdidHemean'Offerthisbreadandwineasanoffering?'orwastheresomeotherMosaicritetowhichthewordswouldbearaspecialre-ference ?InansweringthisquestionitmustberememberedthatourLordwasapproachingHisdeath,andwasinstitutinganordinancewhichboreadirectrelationshiptoit,sothatwheneveritisdulyobservedwe'showforththeLord's
•ThisuseofthewordTroteaimustnotbeforgottenintheinterpretationofsuchapassageas2Cor.5.21,'Hemadehim(tobe)sinonourbehalf.'
§14.]TheLord'sSlipper.313
death.'AlsoitmustbegrantedthatthegivingupoftheSaviour'slifeuponthecrosswaspre-eminentlyvicariousandredemptive,andthatinitalltheofteringsoftheolddispen-sation hadtheirfulfilment.Whatobjection,therefore,canlieagainsttheconclusionthattheLordmeant,'Performthissacrificialrite,'andthatwhilethebloodofbullsandgoats,togetherwithvariousmeatanddrink-offeringsfre-figuredtheLord'sdeath,thesim^Dleelementsofbreadandwineweretotaketheirplaceforalltimetocomeasmemo-rials ofthesame?Probabl}^ageneralassentwouldbegrantedtothisviewofthematterbyallstudentsofScrip-ture, thoughconsiderabledifferencesofopinionwouldariseastotheclassofofferingreferredto,andastohowfarthereoughttobeanyexactanalogybetweentheritualperformanceintheonecaseandintheother.
Butevenifwewentfurtherandadoptedtheexpression'offerthis'asarendering,wouldthisimplythattheoffererwasinanysenseapriest?Certainlynot;becausetheHebrewandGreekwordsfor'do'areusedofthefeo'pUaswellasofthej)riests\seeforexamplesofthisusageLev.23.12,19;Deut.12.27;1Kin.8.64;2Kin.5.17;2Chron.7.7;Ps.66.15.Again,wouldtheexpression'offerthis'giveadditionalforcetotheargumentsbywhichthetheoryoftransubstantiationisupheld?Certainlynot.Onthecontrary,thoughtheofferingsimdertheolddispen-sation foreshadowedtheLord'satoningofferinginitsvariousaspects,yettheywerenotidenticalwithit,sothattheChristianoffering(ifsuchanexpressionmaybepermittedforthesakeofargument)wouldbyanalogybeatmostarepre-sentation ofthesame,thebreakingofthebreadsettingforththelacerationofthebody,andthepouringoutofthewinesettingforththesheddingoftheblood."^
'Wineiscalled'thehlooilofgrapes'inGen.49.11;andthismetaphoricaluseofthewordbloodwouldmakeourLord'swords•thisismyblood'muchmoreintelligiblethanwesometimesimagine.
314Offerings,Sacrifices,andAliar.[Cn.XXI.
Ithasbeenobserved,however,thatwherevertheworddoisusedinasacrificialsenseinthe0.T.,thereliesinthecontextsomenounsubstantivewhichindicatesthenatureoftherite.This,then,wemustlookforintheNewTestamentwheninvestio'ating-theceremonialsignificanceoftheex-pression beforeus.
OurLordwasataPassoverSupper;andatthetablewerethelamb,alsothebreadandwine,whichweretheregularadjunctsofthefeast.'Itwasnotthelamb,however,whichHetookasthebasisofHisnewrite;ifithadbeenso,thentheremighthavebeenaclearerconnexionbetweenthsLord'sSupperandtheOldTestamentanimalsacrifices;thougheventhennoargumentwouldbegainedforwhatiscalledsacerdotalism,becauseitwasnotthepriestbuttheheadofthehouseholdthatsleworsacrificedthelamb.ItwastheunleavenedbreadandthewinewhichHetookinHisholyhands,callingtheoneHisbodyandtheotherHisblood.WemayhencegatherthatitwasthenutritiousefiicacyofHissacrificetowhichtheLordwasspeciallyreferringwhenHeinstitutedHisSupper:'Thestrengtheningandrefresh-ing ofoursoulsbythesacrificeofthedeathofChrist,asourbodiesare(strengthenedandrefreshed)bythebreadandwine.'ItmaythereforebeinferredthatwhentheSavioursaid'Dothis,'Hedidnotmean'Offerthisatoningvictim,'but'Keepthismemorialfeast.'
ThatthisisajustviewofourLord'swordswillbeseenmoreclearlywhenitisconsideredthatthekeepingofthePassoverFeastwasconstantlyspokenofintheOldTesta-
'Theauthoroncehadtheprivilegeofbeinginvitedasa'stranger'toaPass-over SupperatJerusalem,andwitnessedthewholeofthatmostvenerableandimpressiveceremony.
ThefactthattheLastSupperwasintheeveningmaynotunreasonablybecitedasaprecedentforeveningcommunion;whilsttheequallynotablefactthatourLorddidnotutterthewords'takeandeat'toeachdiscipleindividually,buttoallasabody,justifiesasimilarmodeofadministrationinthepretientday.
§14,]TheLord'sSupper.315
mentasadoing,thewords'Asahandttoiewbeing'invariablyiisedwithrespecttoit.Instancesareasfollows:—
Ex.12.48,'WillkeepthepassovertotheLord.'Num.9.2,'LetthecliildrenofIsraelalsokeepthepassover.',,,,3,'Yeshallkeepitinhisappointedseason.'
,,,,4,'Thattheyshouldkeepthepassover.'
,,„5,'Andtheykeptthepassover.'
„„6,'Thattheycouldnotkeepthepassover.'
„„10,'Yetshallhekeepthepassover.'
,,„11,'Ateventheyshallkeepit.'
,,,,12,'Accordingtoalltheordinancesofthepassoverthey
shallkeepit.',,,,13,'Forbearethtokeepthepassover.'
„„14,'Ifastrangershallsojourn...andwillkeepthe
passover.',,,,14,*Accordingtotheordinanceofthepassover...so
shallwedo,'2Chron.30.1,2,5,'Tokeepthepassover.',,,,3,'Theycouldnotkeepit.',,„13,'Tokeepthefeastofunleavenedbread.',,35.18,'NeitherdidallthekingsofIsraelkeep.suchapass-overasJosiahkept.'Ezra6.19,'Andkeptthefeastofunleavenedbread,'
InallthesepassagestheworddoorkeepanswerstothatwhichourLordusedwhenHesaid"^Dothis.'Itcanhardlybedoubted,then,thatHiswordshaddirectreferencetothePassoverFeast.Theinstitutionwasnecessarilyproleptic,andanticipatedHisdeath.ThePassoverLambwastobeslain;thesacrificeuponthecrossfulfilledthispartofthepaschalcelebration.ThenceforwardthedeathofChristuponthecrosswastobenotonlythemeansofatonementandpar-don, butalsothesourceofspiritualsustenance.Christianlifewastobeacontinualfeast;maliceandwickednessweretobenomorethefoodofthesoul;theheartofmanwasnolongertoseekthefulfilmentofitsownlusts;theirplacewastobetakenbysincerityandtruth.'TheSpiritwhich
>1Cor.5.8,
316Offerings,Sacrifices,andAliar.[Cn.XVI.
ChristmanifestedinHislifeandteachingwastobeimpartedbyHisdeathtoallwhotrustHim,leadingthemtodeny"ungodlinessandtocrucifythefleshwithitsaffectionsandlusts,causingthemtobedeadtosinandalivetoGod,promptingthemnolongertoseektheirown,buteverymananother'swell-being;inaword,implantinginthemthatspiritofDivineself-sacrificewhichwasexhibitedinallitsplenitudeonthecross.
AsthefeastofunleavenedbreadkeptaliveintliememoryofeveryfamilyinIsraelthewonderfuldeliveranceofthefirst-bornthroughtheinterventionofthebloodofthelamb,sotheLord'sSupperbringsthesavingefiicacyofChrist'sdeathmostvividlybeforethemembersofthegreatfamilyforwhomHewaswillingtobebetrayedandtosufferdeathuponthecross.Moreover,thefaithfulrealisationandthepersonalappropriationofthisfactisGod'sappointedmeansforsustainingandstimulatingintheheartthatDivineLifewhichflowsfromGodtothebelieverandenableshimtowalkevenasChristwalked.Thusthememorialisarealfeastyandtheordinancefurnishesaspecialoj^portunit}^forfeedinguponChristintheheartbyfaith,asameansofrenewingspirituallifeinallitsaspects.
§15.Shachath(nn'tr),tokillorslay,isrenderedofferinEx.34.25,'Thoushaftnotofferthebloodofanysacrificewithleaven.'Itistheregularwordfortheslayingofani-mals forsacrifice.ItisfirstfoundinGen.22.10,'AndAbrahamstretchedforthhishandandtooktheknifetoslayhisson.'TheonlyotherplaceinGenesiswhereitoccursisinchap.37.31,'AndtheytookJoseph'scoatandkilledakidofthegoats,anddippedthecoatintheblood.'ItisusedofthekillingofthePassoverLambinEx.12.6,&c.,andinthedirectionsforsacrificesitcons,tantlyoccurs.
InJud.12.6,Shachathisappliedtotheslaughterofmen,anactof'butchery'asw^eshouldsay;asalsoin1Kin.18.
§1(3.]Pasack,thePassover.3r7
40,wheretlieslaugliterofthepriestsofBaalisreferredto;seealso2Kin.10.7,14,25.7;Jer.39.6,41.7,52.10.InIs.57.5,theslaughterofchildreninthevalleyswasprobablysacrificial,topropitiatefalsegods,asinEz.23.39,andperhapsHos.5.2.
ThegeneralrenderingforthewordintheLXXisa-^d^w,butinafewpassageswefindOvw.
AccordingtotheReceivedTextinRev.5.6,wereadofalamb,asitwere,slain{sa^a'yixsvov);thefruitsifnottheout-ward marksofsacrificeabidingintheexaltedSaviour;com-pare alsoRev.5.9,12,13.8.
§16.Pasach(noa),givesitsnametothePaschaorPassoverFeast.'ItisusedoftheangelpassingoverthehousesofIsraelinEx.12.13,23,and27,anditoccursperhapswithsignificantreferencetothegreatdeliverancefromEgyptinIs.31.5,'Asbirdsflying,sowilltheLordofhostsdefendJerusalem;defendingalsohewilldeliverit;andpassingoverhewillpreserveit.'Itisnotalittleremarkablethatthewordmeansnotonlytoleap,andhencetopassover,butalsotolimp.Itistheonlywordrendered'lame'inthe0.T.,andisalsofoundtwicein1Kin.18.—inverse21.Elijahusesitwhenhesays,'Howlonghaltyebetweentwoopinions';andinverse26itoccursinthePielorIn-tensive VoicewithreferencetothepriestsofBaal'leaping'onthealtar.
ThePaschalEeastisirdayaintheGreek,exceptintheBooksofChronicles,wheretheformcfiaasKisadoj)ted.
WhilethewholeGrospelnarrativepointstotherelationshipbetweenChristandthePaschalLamb,thereisonlyonepassageintheNewTestamentwhichdefinitelyassertsit,butthatsinglesentenceisclearenough,'Christourpassoverissacrificed(i.e.slain)forus'1Cor.5.7.
'Dr.Geddesgravelyproposedthatthiswordshouldbetranslatedskip-offering.Butleap-offeringwouldbemoreexact;comparethewordleap-year.
318Offerings,Sacrifices,andAlta7\[Cn.X^T
§17.ThePeace-oferingisalwaysShelem,fromShalam[rhz^).Ithasbeennoticedinapreviouschapterthatthiswordhasvariousmeanings(seechap.viii.§3).Itconveystheideaofcompletenessorperfection,andalsoofcompensation,aswellasthatofpeace.TheverbisusedofthepaymentofvoivsandpraisestotheLord,e.g.inPs.60.14,56.12,76.11,116.14;Is.19.21;Jonah2.9;Nahum1.15,andthisfactmaygiveacluetotherealnatureoftheSlielem.ItwasaspecialkindofZevachorsacrifice,occasionedbysomeparticulareventinfamilylifewhichcalledforathankfulacknowledgmentofGod'sgoodness,andarenderingsuchcompensationtoHimaswasdue.Itmightberenderedrecompense-offering,orvotive-offering.TheceremonialofferingofZevachoftheShelem(A.V.sacrificeofthepeace-offering)beingordainedbyGodsoastounitereligiousworshipwiththeenjoymentofdomestichappiness.TheLXXrendersShelembysiprjVLKaandOuaiaacoTTjpiov.
§18.Thesin-offerinrjisalwaysChattath(ni^LSn)forwhichtheLXXhasirsplajjiaprias.TheverbChatha,whenceitderivesitsname,signifiestosin,butinthePielVoicetocleanseovpurge,ortoofferforsin,asinLev.6.26,and9.15;alsoinPs.51.7,'PurgemewithhyssopandIshallbeclean.'ItisusedofpurificationinNum.19.9,17;seealsoJob41.25.Themainpeculiaritiesofthesin-offeringhavebeenreferredtoabovein§6,butitmaybeaddedasworthyofnoticethatwhilstthe'Olah,whichwasanofferingofdevotion,wentupwards,boththebloodandthefleshbeingliftedonthealtarandturnedtovapour,thesin-offering,whichwasmysticallyidentifiedwithsin,Aventdownwards—thebloodwaspoureddownatthesideofthealtar,theanimalwasburntontheground,andastherewasnothingpleasingtoGodinthesinwhichitrepresented,thesmokeisnotde-scribed asrisinguptoGodasasweetodour.Guidedby
§19.]TheSin-OjferingintheN.T.319
theNewTestament,wemig-htsaytliatthesin-offering-representedChristdyingforman,whilstthe'Olahrepre-sented Christrisingandascendinginandxvitliman.
§19.TheidentificationofChristAviththesin-offering{■nzpiajxapTLas)seemsclearfromKom.8.3,wherewearetoldthat'Grodsendinghissoninthelikenessofsinfulflesh(oroffleshwhichistheseatofsin)andforsin(i.e.asasin-ofi'er-ing)condemnedsinintheflesh.'ThejjointofthispassageissometimeslostbyneglectofthefactthattheapostledoesnotsaythatGodcondemnedthesinwliichwasintheflesh,butthatGod[manifest)inthefleshcondemnedsin.ThefleshwhichhadbeentheseatofsininallotherpersonswastheseatofrighteousnessinChrist.Inallthej^ointsinwhichSt.Paulhadshownthefleshtobewanting(inthepreviouschapters)Christprovedmorethanconqueror.Hismemberswereinstrumentsofrighteousness.Hisfeetwereswifttogoonerrandsofmercy,Hiswordsweresweeterthanhoneyandthehoneycomb.Hisheartwaspurefromalltaintofsin.HencetheforceofHisownquestion,'Whichofyouconvincethmeofsin[irspla/xapTLas)';andhencetheefficacyofHisbeingasin-offering[irsplafxaprias).Hislifeinthefleshwasapracticalcondemnationofsinandavictoryoverit;andHisdeathasasin-offeringwasbythewillofGodthemeansofimpartingthatvictorytoallwhoareonewithHimbyfaith.
In2Cor.5.21,weread,inconfirmationofthei^assagejustcommentedon,God'madehimwhoknewnosintobesinforus.'GodidentifiedHimwithsin,dealtwithHimassindeservestobedealtwith,andthusfulfilledinHimthatofwhichthesin-offeringoftheOldTestamentwasatyj^e.
ThephraseirspXafxapTiasorTrsp^aixapricovisalsousedwithreferencetothetypeorantitypeinGal.1.4;Heb.10.G,12,18,26,13.11;1Pet.3.18;1John2.2,4.10.
320Offerings,Sacrifices,andAltar,[Cs.XVI.
§20.Thetrespass-offering^isAsham(d:;\s).Here,asintliecaseofthesin-offering,theoffenceandthesacrificeareidenticalinname.Theexactnatureofthetrespassindicatedbythiswordhasakeadybeendiscussed(seechap.vi.§14).Thetrespass-offeringofthePhilistines,mentionedseveraltimesin1Sam.6.iscalled^daavos,testortorment,intheLXX;butthegeneralrenderingisTrXrj/ji/jbsXela,amistake.InIs.53.10,wheretheA.V.reads*Thoushaltmakehissoulanofferingforsm,'Ashamisused,anditwouldhavebeenwelltohaverenderedthewordatrespass-offering,thusextendingtheefficacyofChrist'ssacrificetotheclassofsindesignatedbytheHebrewword.TheLXX,however,rendersthewordingirsplaixaprias.ItalsooccursinProv.14.9,'Foolsmakeamockatsin.'Thesewordshavereceivedvariousrenderings.Wemighttranslate'Foolsscornthetrespass-offering,'orbetter,'AsforfoolsGodscorneththeirtrespass-offering,butamongtheuprightthereisacceptance.'
§21.TheofferingmadebyfireisIsheh(nc'x)fromesh,fire.ItisusuallyrenderedKaoTrco/jia,fruitoroffering,intheLXX,butsometimesokoKavTw^xa,orthatwhichiswhollyburnt.Inonepassage,Ishehisusedwithreferencetoasacrificewhichwasnotburntatall;seeLev.24.7,9.
§22.Thedrink-offeringisnesec(idj),fromnasac,tofourout.TheLXXalwaysrepresentsitbyo-ttouSt],TheuseoftheverbnasacinPs.2.6,isremarkable—'Ihavepouredout(asadrink-offering?)mykinguponmyholyhillofZion.'CompareProv.8.23,wherewisdomisdescribedas*Pouredoutfromeverlasting.'ThewordsetadoptedbytheA.V.isintelligible,buthardlyadequate.Theverb
'IftrespassistherightwordforAsham,thewordguiltshouldbechanged;tutifonthewholeguiltgivesthebestidea,itwouldbebesttorenderthewordheretheguilt-offering;otherwisetheEnglishreaderlosestheconnexionbetweentheoffenceandtheoffering.
§2;3.]Incejise.321
cnrivhoixatistwiceusedbySt.Pr.ulofhimselfasreadytobelioiircdforthasanoffering,Phil.2.17;2Tim.4.6.
§23.ThebiirningofperfumeorincenseisalwaysexpressedbythewordKathar{y^P),tohumorturnintovapour,theincensebeingcalledKethoreth.IntheHipliil,theverbisusedoftheburningofanimalsacrifices(seep.310,note).InthePielvoiceitisrenderedoffer,inconnexionwithin-cense, inNum.16.40;1Chron.6.49;Jer.11.12,17,32.29;andAm.4.5.Theworddvfitdo}isgenerallyadoptedforitintheLXX.SeeEev.5.8,8.3,4,18.13,fortheuseofthiswordintheN.T.
§24.Thefreewill-offeringisalwaysthatwhichisgivenwillingly,bountifully,liberally,orasaprincewouldgive.ThewordNedavah(nmj),refersnottothenatureoftheofferingortotheexternalmodeinwhichitisoffered,buttothemotiveandspiritoftheofferer.ThemostusualrenderingintheLXXissKouaios.TheverboccursinEx.35.29,'ThechildrenofIsraelbroughtawillingofferinguntotheLord';36.3,'Theybroughtyetuntohimfreeofferingseverymorning.'^InLev.7.16,itiscalled'Avoluntaryoffering.'InJud.5.2,9,inDeborah'ssongthepeoplearepraisedforofferingthemselveswillingly.Againthewordoccursin1Chron.29.6,9,14,17,.withreferencetotheofferingsmadefortheconstructionofthetemple;alsoin2Chron.17.11;Ezra1.6,2.68,3.5,7.15,16;Neh.11.2.'Freeofferings'arealsoreferredtoinPs.64.6,110.3,119.108;Amos4.5.ItisusedoftherainasafreegiftofGodinPs.68.9;andofHisfreeloveinHos.14.4.
§25.Thewave-offering,Teniiphah(nDl^n),wassup-posed tobeshakentoandfro,whilsttheheave-offering,Terumah(nnnn),waselevated.TheLXXusuallyhas
'ItisimportanttonoticethatwheninLev.1.3andelsewheretheA.V.reads,'Heshallofferitofhisownvoluntarywill,'anentirelydiiferentwordisnsed.Thesepassagesoughttoberendered,'Heshallofferitforhisacceptance'Seechap.xii.§17,wherethewordinqiK-slioiiisdiscussed.
Y
322Offerings,Sacrifices,a7idAltar.[Ch.XVI.
aipalpsfia,a(f)6pt(Tfxa,orsTTiOsfUiforthewave-offering,andairapxy],firstfruits,fortheheave-offering.TheverbwhichgivesthenametothefirstisrenderedtowavewhereverthiswordisusedintheA.V.;in2Kin.6.11,NaamanexpresseshissuppositionthatElishawould'Strikehishandovertheplace,'orasourmarginhasit,'movehishandupanddown.*Thepassingofthehandtoandfrothushintedat,givessomeideaofthewavingoftheoffering.ThewordisalsousedtorepresentthemotionofthearmsinsiftinginIs.30.28,wherewereadofGod's'siftmgthenationswiththesieveofvanity.'ItisrenderedshakeeighttimesinIsaiahandonceinZechariah;thefirstinstancehasreferencetothebackwardandforwardmovementofthesaw,Is.10.15;inIs.10,32,11.15,13.2,19.16,andZech.2.9,thewavingofthehandortheshakingittoandfroinathreateningmannerisreferredto.ThesameisthecaseinJob31.21,whereitisrenderedlift.ThewordisfoundinPs.68.9,'Thoudidstsend(i.e.siftoutfromtheclouds),agraciousrainuponthineinheritance.'InDeut.23.25,themovingofthesickleincuttingcornisrepresentedbythesameword;inEx.20.25,Deut.27.5,andJos.8.31,theliftingup(orratherthemovementtoandfro)ofthegravingtoolisspokenof.
ThewordhasbeenrenderedofferinEx.35.22,'EverymanthatofferedgaveanofferingofgolduntotheLord.'Inchap.38.24,29,thisofferingisgiventhesamename,sothatthegoldandbrassgiventothetabernaclewasre-garded asawave-offering.InNum.8.11,13,15,21,theLevitesarealsorepresentedasbeingofferedbyAaronforawave-offeringbeforetheLord.
Withregardtotheheave-offering,itistobenoticedthattheverb(di"))fromwhichthewordisderivedismostcommonlyappliedtoanythingwhichisexalted,liftedup,orsetonhigh.Thewordisrenderedoblationin2Chron.31.11,'TodistributetheoblationsoftheLord';Is.40.20,
§25,]TheWaveandtheHeave-offering.323
'Hethatissoimpoverishedthathehathnooblation';Ez.44.30,'Thefirstofallthefirstfruitsofall,andeveryoblationofall,ofeverysortofyouroblationsshallbethepriest's.'ThewordhasbeenrenderedinthesamewayseveraltimesinEz.45.and48.,wherereferenceismadenotonlytoofferingsorgifts,buttoaspecialpartofthelandwhichwastobeconsideredanoblation,sacredorholytotheLordandforthebenefitofthepriests.Terumahisalsorenderedsimply'offering'inEx.25.2,3,30.13,14,15,35.5,21,24,36.3,6,andseveralotherpassages.
Y2
324Word,Law,andCovenant.[Cn.XVII.
CHAPTERXVII.
WORD,LAW,COMMANDMENT,CHARGE,COVENANT.
§1.EevelationregardedastheWordoftlieLord.—§2.ModesofexpressingtheWordinHebrew.—§3.Thesame,accordingtotheN.T.—§4.HebrewnamesfortheLcm;§5.forCommandments.—§6.VariousmeaningsofPakadasbearingonthewordEpiscoijus.—§7-Combinationoftermsusedinthe119thPsalm.—§8.TheLaw,ac-cording totheN.T.—§9.OtherwordsrehitingtoCommandmentsintheN.T.—§10.Variousaspectsofthewordsem'fr/coTrojandfiriffKuirriintheN.T.—§11.ThewordsforCovenantinthe0.andN.T.
§1.ItwasobservedbythelateDr.McCaul'that*whetherwetaketheHebrewScripturesastrueornot,itisanin-controvertible factthatthefundamentalideaoftheHebrewreligionisthatJehovahisaGodwhorevealsHimselftoHiscreatures;thatHehasnotleftthehumanracetogropetheirwaytotheregionsofreligionormoralityastheybestcan,butthatfromthebeginningHehastakenHischildrenbythehand,caredfortheirwelfare,madeknowntothemHiswill,andmarkedoutforthemthewaytohappiness.'Inaccordancewiththisundeniablefact,theDivineBeingisrepresentedasspeakingbywordofmouthwithHiscreatures.ThefacultyofspeechwithwhichmanisendowedisregardedasasubstantialimageoftheDivuiepowerofcommunicatingknowledge.TheutterancesofGod'smindarepresentedtoman,throughtheinstrumentalityofpro-I)hets,inthatforminwhichtheyweremostintelligible,whiletheirpreservationinwritinghasmadethemavailableforallpeopleandforalltime.
'SeehisEssayon'Propliccy'inAidstoFaith.
§1.]RevelationregardedastheWordoftheLord.325
Underthegeneraltitle'theWordoftheLord'intheOldTestamentwefindnotonlythelawofthetencommand-ments (literally,ilietenwords)utteredbytheDivineVoiceonMountSinai,butalsoallthepromises,warnings,pre-cepts, prophecies,revelationsoftheDivinecharacter,andmessagesofmercy,whichproceededfromGodthroughthem.ediumof'holymenofold.'InthePsalmsandpropheticalbooksthewholebodyofrevealedtruth,includingallhis-torical manifestationsofGod'srighteousandmercifulrule,appearstobereferredtoastheWordoftheLord,Occa-sionally theutteranceofspeechonGod'spartistakenasidenticalwiththeexertionofHispower,aswhenwereadthat'BytheWordoftheLordweretheheavensmade,'Ps.33.6;andagain,'Mandothnotlivebybreadalone,butbyeverywordthatproceedethoutofthemouthofGod,*Deut.8.3;andagain,'Hesenthiswordandhealedthem,*Ps.107.20.ThroughoutScriptureadistinctionisdrawnbetweentheWillofGodandtheexpressionofthatwillortheWordofGod.Hewasnotcontentwithwillingthatthereshouldbelight,butHesaid,'Lettherebelight,'andtherewaslight;thuswithouttheWordwasnotanythingmadethatwasmade.SeeJohn1.3.
ThemodeoftransmittingthemessagefromGodtomanwasbynomeansuniform.GodsaidtoMoses,'Whohathmademan'smouth?orwhomakeththedumbordeafortheseeingortheblind?havenotI,theLord?nowthereforego,andIwillbewiththymouth,andteachtheewhatthoushaltsay*(Ex.4.11,12).AlittlefurtherwelearnthatMoseswastotransmittheDivinemessagetohisbrotherAaron,andthathewastopassitontothepeople;thusMoseswastobetoAaronintheplaceofGod.Thiswouldimplythesuggestionofthesubstanceofwhatwastobesaid,thoughnotneces-sarily thedictationofthewords.LitheremarkableinstanceofJeremiah'sprophecy(Jer.36)Godspokethewordsto
*y3
o
26IVoi'd,Lazv,andCovenant.[Ch.xvn.
Jeremiali,andhedictatedtliemtoBarucli,wliowrotetliemdown.InthevisioninwhichEzekielreceivedhisspecialappointmentasamessengerfromGodtoIsrael,heisdirectedtoeattherollonwhichthewoestobeinflicteduponthepeoplewererecorded.Havingthusmadethemessagehisown,hewastogoforthwiththewords'ThussaiththeLord.'
AdiscussionwasraisedsomeyearsagoastothequestionwhetheritwasrighttosaythattheScripturesarethewordofGod,orwhetherweshouldbemoreaccurateifwesaidthattheycontainthatword.Whenwetakeintocon-sideration thefactthatallGod'sdealingswithmenmayberegardedastheexpressionsofHiswill;andthattheScrip-tures containjustsuchaselectionofnarratives,prophecies,lettersandhymnsasseemedtoGod'swisdomthemostsuitableforthepurposeofinstructingtheworldinHisways,weshallprobablyfeelnodifficultyinsayingthattheBiblenotonlycontainsbutalsoisthewordofGod.
§2.ThemostordinaryHebrewtermssettingforththeDivineutterancesareamar("los),tosay,anddavar(nm),tospeak,thelatterreferringrathertothesubstanceoftherevelation,theformertothemodebywhichitisimparted.Milah(nbo)hasalsobeenrenderedwordinthirtypassages,nineteenofwhichareinJob,andseveninDaniel.Itisusedin2Sam.23.2,'ThespiritoftheLordspakebyme,andhiswordwasinmytongue';Ps.19.4,'Theirwordsuntotheendoftheworld.'IntheLXXtheverbamarisgenerallyrendereds-nwandXg^w,andthenounp?7//,aand'Xo'yLQv;davarisgenerallyrenderedXaXiw,andthenounge-nerally Xo7oy,sometimespr^fia,andinthirty-fivepassagesirpdyfjia.MilehisrenderedX070Sandpr}/ia;andNam(dnj),toutterorassert,isrenderedXsyco.Peh(ns),mouth,isrenderedwordinGen.41.40,andfourteenotherpassages.
§3.IntheNewTestament'thewordofGod'issome-
§4.]HcbreivNamesfo7'theLaw.327
timestakeninthegeneralsensewliichhasbeenabovenoted;buttherearealsotwootherwaysinwhichitisused.TheGospel,thestoryofthelife,death,resurrection,andascen-sion ofChrist,bearingasitdoesontheeternaldestiniesofman,andcarriedoutbyDivineappointment,wasconstantlyspokenofas'theword.'This,infact,isthesenseinwhichtheexpressionismostgenerallyusedintheNewTestament.
ButChristHimselfiscalled*theWord,'bothatthebeginningofSt.John'sGospelandelsewhere;andthoughitisusuallysupposedthatthistitlewasgiventoHimbytheEvangelistwithespecialreferencetosomeofthephilo-sophical theologywhichwascurrentinhistime,itmaybesufficienttopointoutthattheusageoftheOldTestamentisquiteenoughtojustifyandtosuggestit.IfJohnwroteunderconvictionthatJesuswastheDivineSonmanifestintheflesh,andthatthisBeinghadbeenpresentwiththeFather,andhadcarriedouttheFather'swillatthecreationoftheworld,thenhecouldnotdobetterthanopenhisGospelwiththesublimeannouncement,'InthebeginningwastheWord,andtheWordwaswithGod(orexistedinrelationtoGod)andtheWordwasGod.'Hewastheem-bodiment ofHisFather'swill,developingHisFather'spur-poses, givingutterancetoHisFather'sthoughts,firstinthecreationoftheworld,andsecondlyinitsredemption.
§4.ThegeneralwordforLawisTorah(niin)?bywhichthelawofMosesisuniversallydescribedamongtheJewstothisday.Theverb(m'-),whencethiswordisderived,signifiestoproject,andhencetopointoutorteach.ThelawofGodisthatwhichpointsoutorindicatesHiswilltoman.Itisnotanarbitraryrule,stilllessisitasubjectiveimpulse;itisrathertoberegardedasacourseofinstructionfromabove.ItisgenerallyrepresentedintheLXXbythewordvofios.
Torahhasbeenrenderedlawinallplacesbutone,namely,
328Word,Law,andCovenant.[Ch.xvil.
2Sam.7.19,'Themannerofman,'literally,'Thelawoftheman.'Intheparallelpassagetor(iin),whichisevi-dently thesameword,isrendered*estate.'Seechap.iii.§5.
ThewordDath(m),anedict,isusedinDeut.33.2,'Fromhisrighthandwentafierylawforthem.'ThesametermisfrequentlyadoptedinEzra,Esther,andDaniel.Chok(pn),adecree,isusedinthefollowingpassages:—
Geu.47.2G,'JosephmadeitalawoverthelandofEgyptuntothisday.'
Gen.49.10,*ThesceptreshallnotdepartfromJudah,noralaw-giver (i.e.onewhoissuesordersordecrees)frombetweenhisfeet,untilShilohcome.'
Num.21.18,*Theprincesdiggedthewell,thenoblesofthepeoplediggedit,by(thedirectionof)thelaw-giver.'
Deut.33.21,'Heprovidedthefirstpartforhimself,becausethere,inaportionofthelaw-giver,washeseated.'
lChron.16.17,Ps.105.10,'HeconfirmedthesametoJacobforalaw,andtoIsraelforaneverlastingcovenant.'
Ps.60.7,108.8,'Judahismylaw-giver'(apassageinterest-ing inconnexionwithGen.49.10,citedabove).
Pa.94.20,'Shallthethroneofiniquityhavefellowshipwiththee,whichframethmischiefbyalaw?'
Prov.31.5,'Itisnotforkingstodrinkwine...lesttheyforgetthelaw,andpervertthejudgmentofanyoftheafflicted.'
Is.33.22,'TheLordisourjudge,theLordisourlaw-giver,
theLordisourking;hewillsaveus.'
ThemostusualrenderingsofChokintheLXXareBiKalcDfjua,TTpoaTaj/j^a,andvo/xtfjuov.
InIs.49.24,'Thelawfulcaptive'isliterally'Thecaptivityoftherighteous';inJer.32.11,awordisusedwhichsignifies'commandment';inEzra7.24,'lawful'means'permissible';whilst'judgment'istheliteralrenderinginLev.24.22,'Yeshallhaveonemanneroflaw(i.e.onemodeofjudicialadministration)aswellforthestrangerasforoneofyourowncountry';judgmentis
§5.]HebrewwordsforCoinmandme7its.329
alsotheliteralrenderinginPs.81.4;Ez.18.5,19,21,27,33.14,16,19('lawfulandright').
§5.Themostgeneralwordforcommandorcommand-ment istsavah(niv),whichappearstosignifyliterallytosetuj)orapi)oint.ThegeneralGreekrenderingsarehvriXKeiJbai,irpocrrdTTco,andsvto\i'].
Amar(-i»s),tospeak,isrendered*command'inEx.8.27,andforty-fourotherpassages.WhatisspokeneitherbytheLordorbyanyoneofhighauthorityisnaturallylookeduponasacommandment.WithGodtospeakistocommand;andwithman,tohearoughttobetoobey.^AmarisusedinJob9.7,wherewereadthatGod'com-mandeththesunauditrisethnot'—thelawsofnature,theircontinuance,andtheircessation,beingequallyre-garded astheutteranceoftheDivineword.SoGod'com-mandethandraiseththestormywind,'Ps.107.25;'Hesendethforthhiscommandmentuponearth,hiswordrunnethveryswiftly,'Ps.147.15.
Davar(nn),tospeak,isalsorendered'command'twentytimes.ThefirstpassageisEx.1.17,whereperhapsitisimpliedthatPharaohpersonallyurgeduponthemid-wivesthecrueltaskofdestroyingthemalechildrenoftheIsraelites.ItoccursinPs.103.20,'BlesstheLord,yehisangels,thatexcelinstrength,thatdohiscommandments,hearkeninguntothevoiceofhisword.'HereagaindirectpersonalcommunionbetweentheLordandHismessengersseemstobeimplied.
Peh(ns),mouth,isrendered'commandment'inGen.45.21;Ex.17.1,andthirty-twootherpassages.ItispossiblyanEgyptianidiom,andmaybecomparedwiththeuseofthe'mouth'assignifyingselfinCoptic.ItoccursinJob39.27,'Doththeeaglemountupatthycommand,'in
'TheordinarywordforobedienceintheOldTestamentliterallysignifiestohear.
330Word,Law,andCovenant.[Ch.xvn.
Prov.8.29,'Hegavetotheseahisdecreethatthewatersshouldnotpasshiscommandment';Ecc.8.2,*Keeptheking'scommandment';Lam.1.18,*Ihaverebelledagainsthiscommandment.'
OtherwordssimilarlyrenderedareDath(m),animperiallaworedict,Esth.3.14,8.13;Chok(pn),adecree,Am.2.4,*TheyhavedespisedthelawoftheLordandhavenotkepthiscommandments';Pekud(nips),achargeorstatute,Ps.103.18,'ThemercyoftheLordisonsuchaskeephiscovenantandonthosethatrememberhiscom-mandments todothem';Ps.HI.7,*Allhiscommand-ments aresure.'ThreeotherwordsareusedinEzraandDaniel,namely,tha'am(oytD),anorder;Melah(n^o),aword;andshim(d^:>>),anappointment.
§6.ThewordPekud,above-named,callsforfurthernotice.ThegeneralrenderingsoftheverbaresTnaKiirTW,tovisit,s/chiKsw,toavenge,andKaOiaTrj/jbi,toappoint.Itisusedofvisitation,whetherforpurposesofmercyorforpurposesofchastisement.Thesubstantive(answeringtokirla-Ke^LsorsirKTKoirr))isfoundintheformersenseinJer.27.22;butinthelattersenseinIs.10.3,29.6;Jer.6.15,8.12,10.15,11.23,23.12,48.44.Inthesecasesthecontextplainlydecidesthematter;andthoughitisnoticeablethattheinstancesofthenounbeingusedofjudgmentpreponderate,ifthepassageswheretheverbisusedwerealsocitedthiswouldnotbethecase.
Butthewordhasafarthersense.ItisoftenrenderedsvrokriandBiKuioyfia,andsignifiesacharge.Sometimesitdenotestheoversightorcarewhicharesponsiblepersonisenjoinedtotake.ThuswereadinNum.4.16,thatEleazarhadthe*oversight'{siria-KOTTrj)ofallthetabernacle.Itwasputinhischarge,andhewasresponsibleforitssafekeeping.InPs.109.8,weread,'Letanothertakehisoffice'{eTTLaKOTTT])i.e.letanotherperformthedutieswhich
§7.]CombmationofTermsusediii\\<^thPsalm.331
arelaiduponhim.ItisapitythatthispassagehasnotbeentranslatedmoreliterallywhereitisquotedintheNewTestament,inActs1.20,whereweread,'Hisbishoprickletanothertake.'Themarg-inhereveryproperlyhas*oiSce'or'charge.'Whilstitistruethata'bishoprick'isaniTTidKo-nr]notonlyetymologicallybutreally,yetitdoesnotfollowthatansiriCKorrriisa(modern)'bishoprick.'
WefindsTrlaKOTTos,whencethemodernwordbishopisderived,answeringtoanotherformofthewordpakad,toindicatethepersonswhohaveachargeorresponsibilitylaiduponthem.Thefollowingareamongthepassagesinwhichitoccurs:—Num.31.14,'Moseswaswrothwiththeoffi-cers ofthehost';Jud.9.28,'IsnotAbimelechthesonofJerubbaal?andZebulhisofficer';2Chron.34.12,'Themendidtheworkfaithfully;andtheoverseersofthemwereJahathandObadiah';verse17,'Theyhavedeliveredthemoneyintothehandoftheoverseers,andtothehandoftheworkmen.'SeealsoNeh.11.9,14.
ItisplainfromthesepassagesthatthewordsirlaKOTrosdenotesapersonputinresponsiblechargeofothers,whetherformilitary,civil,orreligiouspurposes.
§7.Everyonewhohasreadthe119thPsalmcarefullymusthavebeenstruckwiththeconstantrecurrenceofvari-ous titlesbywhichGod'srevelationofDutyisdescribed.InthefirstnineverseswefindeightdifferenttitlesgiventothetruthofGod.^Theyareasfollows:—
(1).ThelaworTorah.
(2).Theword.
(3).Thecommandments.
(4).Thestatutes.Thewordchok(pn)representsthem,
'ComparePs.19.7,8,9,inwhichfivewordsareusedtodesignateGod'slaw,namely,decree,testimony,statutes,commandments,andjudg-ments.
332JVord,Laze,andCove7iant.[Cn.xvn.
andisgiveninEx.15.25,andelsewheretotherehgiousandcivilinstitutionsoftheMosaicLaw.
(5).Theprecepts,pekudim(onipa).Thesearereferredtotwenty-onetimesinthisPsalm.Thewordimplies,aswehaveseen,achargeortrustimposedonapersonbyahigherauthority,andthusitsusepointstoman'smoralresponsibilityasafreeagentunderGod.
(6).Theways.ThewordusedthroughoutthisPsalmfor'way'isorech(mN),acourse,journey,orpilgrim-age; whilstinotherpartsoftheScripturederec(i"n),apath,istheexpressionused.Eitherwordimpliesthatman'scourseoflife,thought,anddesireoughttobebroughtintoharmony,andmadecoincidentwithGod's.
(7).Thejudgments.Thiswordmishpath(t2£"'D)isusedtwenty-onetimesinthePsalm,andseemstopointtotherulesoftheDivineadministration,anditsreiterateduseimpliesthatGod'smodesofgovernmentasrevealedintheLawofMosesthroughtheprophetsarenotonlyjustinthemselvesbutcallforjustdealingonthepartofmen.
(8).Thetestimonies.ThewordwhichisusedfourteentimesinthisPsalm,andinvariousotherpartsoftheOldTestament,for'testimony'isderivedfrom'od(niy),tobearwitness.ThelawofGodisHistestimony,becauseitisHisownaffirmationconcerningHimself,andconcerningHisnatureandattributes.
Withexquisitebeautyandwithinspireddepthofthoughtthewriterofthe119thPsalmdrawsouttheseeightvariedaspectsoftheDivineTruth,andpresentsthelawofGodmeverylightinwhichtheexperienceofagodlymancanregardit.CertainlynostudentofthePsalmscandoubtthatthepiousIsraelitefoundtherevealedwillofGodanythingbutaheavyburdenoranintolerableyoke.SotlialwithtrustintheMostHigh,helearnedtotakepleasureinGod'scommandments,andtorealisetheirbreadthand
§8.]TheLaw,accordingtotheN.T.^c-^
spirituality,andhewastliusenabledtoloveGod'slawaswellastolongforHissalvation.
§8.WenowhavetotakeupthevariousGreekwordsbywhichtheLXXrepresentGod'slawandcommandments,andtonotetheirusageintheN.T.
Thewordvoyio^isveryfrequentlyusedofthelawofMoses,whichisregarded,bothintheOldandNewTestaments,uione,thoughcontainingmanyhvrc.alorspecifiedcommand-ments (seeMatt.22.36).ThislawisalsocalledthelawoftheLord,because,thoughitwasgivenbyMoses(Jos.1.17),andbythedispositionofangels(Acts7.53),itreallyrepre-sented thewilloftheLordGod(Luke2.23).
InthefourGospelsandActsthelawisreferredtofiftytimes,andgenerallyinthesensenowmentioned;insomepassages,however,itspeciallydesignatesthebooksofMoses,accordingtotheordinaryJewishmodeofdividingthe0.T.
InEom.2.14,wehaveanothersenseofthewordintro-duced. Theheathennationshavenot[the']law;butifitbefoundthattheybedoingthethingsofthelaw(i.e.actingonthoseprincipleswhichlieattherootofthewholeMosaiclegislation),then,thoughtheyhavenot[the]law,theybecomealawtothemselves,inasmuchastheyshowforthintheirouterlifetheresultswhichthelawaimedatproducing,andwhichithadwrittennotindeedonexternaltables,butontheirhearts;moreover,then'consciousnessandtheirinmostconvictions,whichleadthemtodisapproveofonecourseofactionandapproveofanother,willbearwitnesswiththeseoutwardresultsintheDaywhenGodshallformajudicialestimateofthesecretsoftheheart.
Withregardtothepersonsthusdescribed,St.Paulsaysagain,inverses26,27,thattheuncircumcision,i.e.the
'Thereisnodefinitearticlehere,andhencesomecriticshavedoubted-whetherthereferenceismadetothelawofMoses,orwhethertheprincipleoflawintheabstractistobeunderstood.
334Word,Law,andCovenant.[Ch.XVII.
Gentileswhoaccomplislithelaw,willbereckonedastrueJews,andwilljudgethoseJewswhohavetheletterofthelawandcircumcision,butwhoneverthelessaretransgressors.TheseGentileswilljudgetheJewishtransgressorsinjustthesamesenseasthemenofNinevehwillriseupinjudgmentwiththeJewsofourLord'stime,andwillcondemnthem.Theresultsobtainedundervaryingcircumstanceswillbethestandardbywhichmenwilleither*comeuphigher,'or*beginwithshametotakethelowestplace'ontheGreatDay.^
InEom.5.14,St.Paulsaysthat'Uptothetimethatthelawwasgiven,i.efromAdamtoMoses,sinwasintheworld(andamongtheheathennationswhichhavenotheardofChrist'ssalvationsinisstillintheworld;nordidthecommandthatallmeneverywhereshouldrepentgoforthtilltheDayofPentecost);butsinisnotreckonedwherethereisnolaw;andyetdeath,thefruitofsin,reignedallthistime,evenonthosewhosesinswerecommittedunderfarlessaggravatedcircumstancesthanthetransgressionofAdam.Hencewearelefttoimplythatthereissomelawwhichalltheheathenhavetransgressed,andthatinallthechildrenofmentherehasbeensuchade-parture fromGodashasjustifiedHimininflictingdeath.Sinwasinthem,thoughnotintheformofrebellionagainstlawssupernaturallyrevealedfromheaven.Itlaycompara-tively dormant,bythewillofGod,untilthedaycamewhereinChrist'sgospelwasheard.
WethusfindthesignificanceofthewordlawconsiderablyextendedbySt.Paul;forfirstitisappliedtothecaseofconvertedGentiles,whodotheworksofthelawthoughnotcircumcised;andsecondly,itisappliedtothecaseofaUthenationsoftheworld,thewholefamilyofAdam,withrespecttowhomPaularguesthattheymusthavebeenundersottielawbecausetheywereunderdeath.
'Seeforafui-thcrdiscussionofthisiuterestiugtopic,DiesIrco,chaps,iv.audv.
§8.]TheLaw,accordingtotheN.T.335
Inotherpassagesthewordvoyuosrathersignifiesorderorprinciple.Thisissometimesthecasewithdavar,word,intheO.T.,asinthefamiliarsentence,*ThouartapriestforeveraftertheorderofMelchizedek.'^InEom.3.27,St.Paulasks,'Onwhatprinciple(A.Y.bjwhatlaw)isamanaccountedrighteous?ontheprincipleofworks?no;ontheprincipleoffaith.'SoagaininEom.8.2,'ThebindingprincipleofthespiritoflifeinChristJesushathmademefreefromthebindingprincipleofsinanddeath.'
InEom.7.2,thewordisusedintwosenses,'Themarriedwomanisboundbylaw(i.e.bythelawofMoses)toherlivinghusband;butifthehusbanddiessheisliberated^fromthebondortiewhichhadexistedbetweenthetwoparties.'So,carryingouttheparallel,wemayunderstandverse6,'Nowweareliberatedfromthebondwhichcon-nected uswiththeflesh,sin,andtheletterofthelaw,forweharebeenidentifiedthroughfaithwiththedeathofChrist—adeathwherebysinwasovercome,thefleshwasmadeaninstrumentofgoodinsteadofevil,andtheletterofthelawhaditscompletefulfilmentandconsequentabolition.'
WhenSt.Paulsaid,'Iwaslivingwithoutthelawonce'(Eom.7.9),heseemstobereferringtoapartofhisprevioushistoryduringwhichsinlaydormantinhim.Hedoesnotmeanthathewaslivingastheheathenwhohavenotthelaw,butthatthoughhewasunderthelaw,itdidnotsopressuponhimastocausehimtofeelitsburden.Butwhenthecommandmentcame—i.e.somespecialcommandmentofthelawwhichwentagainstPaul'smanneroflifeandnatural
'8omerenderthesewords,'aftermyword,0Melchizedek.'^ThewordKar-npyhraiisnotaneasywordtotranslate.Itsignifiesacompleteabolitionofthatrelationshipwhichhadpreviouslyexisted.'Tilldeathusdopart,'thisisthetermofmarriedlife.Hereafter'theyneithermarrynoraregiveninmarriage.'
336Word,Law,andCovenant.[Ch.xvn.
dispositions—sinburstfortliintoanewlife,'wliilstIdied,i.e.trespassedandsobroughtdeathonmyself,andthecom-mandment inquestionwhichifIhadkeptitwouldhavekeptmeinthewayoflife,provedpracticallyameansofleadingmetodeath.Forsin,receivinganimpetus{a<^opixr]v)fromthecommandment,deceivedme(asitisthewayofallsintodo,seeGen.3.13;1Tim.2.14;James1.14),andmadeuseofthelawofGodtoslayme.PerhapsPaul'sreferencetoapointofhispasthistoryinGal.2.19,maybeexplainedinthesameway,*IthroughthelawdiedtothelawthatImightlivetoChrist,'i.e.thelawtaughtmemysinfulnessandledmetobelieveinChrist,andaccordinglyIdidwhatallconvertedJewsmustdo—Idiedtothelaw,identifyingmyselfwithChristinHisdeath,thatImightlivenolongertomyselfbuttoHimwhodiedforme.Thewordshiavojjiovmight,however,beexplainedbyasimilarphraseinEom.2.27[Ziajpa/xfiaTos),as'althoughIhadthelaw.'
§9.WefindSiKaiwjiiatentimesintheN.T.Insevenofthesepassagesitevidentlysignifiesrighteousordinance,viz.,Liike1.6;Eom.1.32,2.26,8.4(A.V.therighteous-ness ofthelaw);Heb.9.1,10;Eev.15.4.InEev.19.8,weareobligedtorendertheword'therighteousnessesofthesaints';soinEom.5.16,'Thegiftisofmanyoffencesuntorighteousness(A.Y.justification);verse18,*byonerighteousness'(A.Y.bytherighteousnessofone).ThelawofGodwaswithintheheartofChrist,insuchasenseasjustifiedtheapostleindescribingtheLord'sobediencebythewordwhichproperlysignifiesGod'sordinance;andwhatistrueofChristbecomesinacertainsensetrueof'thesaints.'
''AviQr)ae,re-vived;this-wordseemstoimplythathehadfeltitspowerbefore,butthathehad,ashethought,quiteovercomeit.sotliathesupposeditwasdead,liehadbroughthimselfintocompleteharmonywiththelawasheimagined,butsuddenlyaspecialcommandmentinthelawwaspresseduponhisattention,andbroughtouttheoldAdaminrenewedvigour.
§10.]Commandments,intheN.T.
OJ,
Thewordtrpoararrrw^toorder,isgenerallyusedintlieN.T.withreferencetothelawofMoses;itisalsousedtwice(Acts10.38,48),byCorneliuswithrespecttothemessagewhichPeterwaschargedtodeliverfromtheLord;andagainPeteradoptsitwhenhegivestheordertobaptizethecenturionandhishouse,anorderwhichprobablyhadtobegivenwithsomeshowofauthoritysoastoinsureitsbeingcarriedout.Intwootherpassages(Matt.21.6,andActs17.26),thereadingisdoubtful.
ThewordsivTiXXsadatandivTo\7]areusedconstantlyofthechargescontainedinthelaw,whichwerespokenofbyourLordasthecommandmentofGod;thesewordsareappliedtotheordersgivenbyChristHimself,thenewLaw-giver; seeMatt.28.20;John15.14,17;Acts1.2,13.47.ThelatterclassofpassagesshowsthattheLordlaidgreatstressonthekeepingofHiscommandments.ThesutoXtjspokenofinvariousversesofPom.7,wasdoubtlesssomeportionoftheMosaiccommandments;butthe'holycom-mandment' of2Pet.2.21,mustbereferredtothechargelaiddownbyourLord;seealso2Pet.3.2.
§10.TheverbImaKsirTOfiaLisusedtentimesintheN.T.,andgenerallyifnotalwayssignifiesvisitationforpurposesofmercy.ThekindredtermsincrKOTrstvisusedinHeb.12.15,and1Pet.5.2,anddenotesresponsibilityandwatchful-ness ratherthanrule.TheLordiscalledtheShepherdandWatcheroveroursoulsorlives,1Pet.2.25.Theapostleshadachargeofthesamekind,thoughmorelimited.Acts1.20;andtheEphesianeldersaretoldtotakeheedtotheflockoverwhichtheHolyGhosthadappointedthemaswatchers,Acts20.28.ThewordsTria-KoTros,whichisfoundinthesetwoplaces,graduallyassumedamoretechnicalsense,andstoodforthevjlioleoffice,ofwhichthiscarefulwatchingwasonlya^Jart(1Tim.3.1,2,andTit.1.7).'
'ithasbeensaidthat'intheincumbentofalargeLondonparish,with
Z
338Word,Law,ajtdCovenant.[Cn.XVII,
ThewordsinaKOTri]occursinLuke19.44,wheretheLordspokeofthedoomwhichwascomingonJerusalem,becausesheknewnotthetimeofhervisitation.ThiswasthevisitationofGod'smercyandgraceinthePersonofChrist,ofwhomitissaidthat'Hecameuntohisown(property)andhisown(people)receivedhimnot.'CompareLuke1.68,78,withJohn1.11.Thereisanotherdayofvisitationyettocome,inwhichthemercyofGodinChristwillbemoregloriouslymanifested.Thisisreferredtoin1Pet.2.12,wherewereadthattheGentilenationswhobecomeimpressedthroughthegoodworksoftheChristiansshallgiveglorytoGodintheDayofVisitation.
§11.TheHebrewwordtorcovenantisalwaysBerith(nnn).ThiswordisrenderedBiaOt'jKr)intheLXXineverypassagewhereitoccurs,exceptDeut.9.15,whereitisrenderedfiaprvpiov,testimony,and1Kin.11.11,whereitisrenderedivToXt],commandment.
ThewordBia6i]Kr]isconfinedtothisoneuseintheLXX,withtheexceptionoffourpassages,viz.,Ex.31.7,andLev.26.11,whereitmayrepresentadifferentHebrewreadingfromthatwhichwenowpossess;alsoDeut.9.5,whereitstandsfordeber,aword;andZech.11.14,whereitisusedofthe'brotherhood'(nins)betweenJudahandIsrael.
TranslatorshavefoundmuchdifficultyingivingauniformrenderingtothewordberithevenintheOldTestament.Expressionsansweringtothewordsalliance,bond,com-pact, covenant,disposition,treaty,havebeenresortedto,butafteraUithasbeenfeltthatnoneofthemareper-fectly satisfactory,andforthisreason,thatwhiletheydo
curates,Scripturereaders,districtvisitors,layagents,andSundayschoolteachers,dependentonhispiety,zeal,vigour,ability,andforceofcharacter,fordirection,stimulus,encouragement,superintendenceandtone,weseemtohavethebestrepresentativenowinexistenceofthePrimitiveBishop.'See'ChurchMissionaryIntelligencer'forApril,1871;andonthewholesubjectofthePrimitiveChristianministryconsultDr.Lightfoot'sEssayinhis'CommentaryontheEpistletothePhilippians.'
§11.]Beritk,orCovenant.
OJ^
verywelltorepresentthenatureofacovenantbetweenmanandman,noneofthemareadequateforthepurposeofsettingforththenatureofGod'sgraciousdispositiontowardsman,whicharedescribedbythewordberith.ThetranslatorsoftheLXXevidentlyfeltthedifficulty,andinsteadofusingarvv6i]Ki],whichwouldbethenaturalwordforacovenant,used8ia6)]Ki],whichmeansaDisposition,andhenceaTestament.TheSpanishtranslatordeReyna,afterdis-cussing inthePrefacetohisBiblethewordsConcierto,PactoyandAllianQa,comestotheconclusionthatnoneofthemaregood,becausewhatisneededisawordwhichsignifiesanagreement*madeinconjunctionwiththeceremonialdeath'ofananimal'{hechoconsolemneritodemuertedealgunanimal).Onthewhole,however,hethoughtitbettertonseawordwhichwasanimperfectrepresentationofberiththantoreproducetheword,andthusconveynosenseatall.Thedifficultywhichtranslatorshavefound,fromthedaysofJeromedownwards,inadoptingauniformrenderingof8iad/]K7],isagravemisfortune.Grantedthatthereisnoconnexionbetweenourideaofacovenantandthesheddingofthebloodofanimals,yetitwouldbefarmorelikelythatthetruemeaningofthewordwouldbeobtainedfromthecontextifitwerealwaysuniformlyrendered,thanisthecasenowforexampleintheA.V.,wherewesometimesreadofanewTestamentjsometimesofanewCovenant.IfTestamentisonthewholethebestword,thenitoughttobeappliedtoberithaswellastoBiadyjKr];fortheJewishCovenant,aswellastheChristian,wasconfirmedinDeath.ThewordDispositionwouldbethebest,wereitnotusednowoftheinclinationsofthemindaswellasofthearrange-ment ofone'sproperty.DispensationanswersrathertoocKovofjbiathantoSiadTjKr].Aswassaidabove,anadequate
'TheideaofbloodsheddinginconnexionwiththeAbrahamiccovenantwassustainedinthememoryofIsraelbytheriteofcircimicibion.SeeActs7.8.
z3
340Word,Law,andCovenant.[Ch.XVir.
word"willbelookedforinvain,becausehumanlanguageisconstructedforhumanaffairs,andwecanfindnoparallelinourtransactionswithoneanotherforthewonderfulandgraciousmodeinwhichGodhassetforthhisloving-kindnesstothehumanraceintheCovenantconfirmedinChrist.Inthis,asinmanyothercases,thestudentofScripturegradu-ally learnstoattachanewandsacredmeaningtothewordswhichheuses,andheisthuspreparingforthedaywhenlinguisticdifiicultiesshallhavepassedaway,andwhen*thetongueofthestammerershallbeloosed.'
TheMessiahwassetforthinthe0.T.astheembodimentoftheDivineCovenant.Hewasgiven*asacovenant,'Is.42.6,49.8,54.10;Ez.34.25,37.26;Heis(apparently)theangel(i.e.theagent)oftheCovenant(Mai.3.1;comparechap.2.4);andallitstermsarefulfilledinHim(Jer.31.32,33,32.40;andEz.16.59).Heisthusitsmediator,thatistosay,themediumwhereintheDispositionofGodiscarriedintoeffect,whetherasregardstheindividualortheraceasawhole(Heb.8.6,9.15,and12.24).Theinheri-tance whichwasgivenby'promisetoChrist(Gal.3.16),Avasconveyedbycovenant(throughHisatoningwork)toallbelievers(Gal.3.17,29),whoaremadeonewithChristbyfaith;anditisthisunion,first,ofGodwithmaninatone-ment ;secondly,ofmanwithGodinfaith,whichissummedupinthewordberith.
§1.]Variouswo7^dsnsedforWorship.341
CHAPTEEXVIU.
"WORSHIP,PRAY,PRAISE,PREACH,TEACH.
§1.VariouswordsusedforWorship.—§2.Shachah,toprostrateoneself.—§3.NoteonGeu.47.31.—§4.Otherinstuncesoftheuseoftheword.—§5.TheworshiprenderedtoChristintheN.T.^—§6.OtherreferencestoWorshipintheN.T.—§7.HebrewwordswhichexpressPrater.—§8.Prayer,accordingtotheN.T.—§9.HebrewwordswhichexpressFraiseandBlessing.—^10.Thesame,accordingtotheN,T.—§11.Basilar,toevangelise,andXCara,toproclaim.—§12.VarioussensesandGreekrenderingsofKara.—§13.Ecclesiastes,orthePreacher.—§14.PreachingandEvangelisingiutheN.T.—§15.HebrewwordsusedtoexpressTeaching.
§1.Twoclassesofwordsareputtogetherinthischapter.First,therearethoseadoptedinScripturetosetforthman'spublicandprivateexpressionofhisdependenceonGod,andofhisgratitudetowardstheBeingwho'givethtoallmenliberallyandupbraidethnot.'PrayerandpraiseareuniformlyregardedinScriptureasactionswellpleasingtoGodftheyarebasedonanacknowledgmentofHisPerson-ality, ofHisgreatness,andofHispowerandwillingnesstointerfereinthetemporalandspiritualaffairsofmen.Secondly,therearethewordsbywhichtheJews,actinginaccordancewithScripture,setforththemodeofconveyingtruthfrommantoman.Ineachcasethereissomethingofthatpictorialpower,towhichattentionhasbeencalledinpreviouschapters,andthereisaforceintheoriginalwordswhichmusthavegivenmuchinstructiontothepiousJew.
ThewordworshipisthegeneralrepresentativeoftheHebrewShachah[nn^),andoftheGreekirpoaKwzlv.Thefollowingaretheonlyexceptions:—TheChaldeanwordSegid
342Worship,Pray,Praise,Preach,Teach.[Cn.XVIII.
(ijd)isusedinDan.2.4G,wherewereadthatthekingprostratedhimselfbeforeDaniel,andcommandedthattheyshouldoffersweetodoursandanoblationuntohim;itisalsoreadthroughoutthethirdchapterfortheprostrationorworshipwhichwastobeofferedtotheimageofgold.'Atsav(n^'y)?isfoundinJer.44.19,whereitappearstosignifythefashioningofcakesasimagesof'thequeenofheaven.'Thewords'didwemakehercakestoworshipher,'mightberendered'didwemakehercakestorepresenther?'In2Kin.10.thewordusedfortheworshippersofBaalis'Eved,whichsignifiesaservantorslave.
§2.Skachahoriginallysignifiedprostrationasamarkofrespect,andisappliedinScripturenotonlytoGodandtofalsegods,butalsotomen,justastheEnglishword'worship'isusedofthehusband'sreverenceforhiswifeinthemarriageserviceoftheEnglishChurch,andisretainedasatitleofrespectforacivilmagistrate.ShachahisalsorenderedintheA.V.bythewordsbow,stoop,crouch,falldown,beseechhumbly,makeobeisance,anddoreverence.ItisusedofAbraham'sreverentprostrationbeforehisthreevisitorsfromanotherworld,Gen.18.2;andofhisobeisancebeforetheHittites,Gen.23.7,12;itoccursintheblessingwhichIsaacgavetoJacob,'Letnationsbowdowntothee:letthymother'ssonsbowdowntothee'(Gen.27.29);JacobhimselfbowsdownorprostratesseventimesonmeetingEsau,Gen.33.3,6,7;Josephdreamsthathereceivesthisworshipfromhisparentsandbrethren,Gen.37.10;andhedoesreceiveit,Gen.42.6.
§3.InGen.47.31,wereadthatIsraelbowedhimself(worshippedorprostrated)onthebed'shead,or,accordingtotheLXX,asquotedintheEpistletotheHebrews,onthetopofhisstaff.Variousexplanationsaregivenofthisstatement.ThedifferencebetweentheLXXandtheHebrewdependsnotupontheletters,butuponthevowel
§4.]Othe7^instancesoftheUseoftheWord.343
points.OncomparingthepassagewithothersinwliichthesameverbisusedwiththesameprepositioninHebrewandintheLXX,itwillbeseenthatthetopoftherodwasnotthatwhichheleanedupon,asmightseemtobeimpliedbytheitalicsintheA.V.,butthatwhichhetouchedwithhisforeheadintheactofprostration;andtheonlyquestionremainswhethertheworshipthusofferedwasdirectedtoJoseph,infulfilmentofthedreamandinreverenceforhishighoffice,orwhetheritwasdirectedtoGod,inaccordancewithwhosepromiseheexactedanoathfromJosephcon-cerning thetransmissionofhisbonestoCanaan;orfinally,whetherbyfaithhesawinJosephatypeorforeshadowingofthetruedelivererofthepeople.DeSacyinhisFrenchversion,givesaninterpretationtowhichCalvinisverymuchinclinedalso.BearinginmindtheEgyptiancustomofcarryingastaffofauthority,suchasmaystillbeseengravenonthewallsoftheancienttemples,heholdsthatJacobbowedtothestaffwhichJosephboreinhishand,andtherebyrecognisedhisson'ssecularauthorityandful-filled thedreamofJoseph.
§4.InGen.48.12,wefindJosephworshippingorpros-trating beforehisfather,andin49.8,Judahhasthepromisethathisfather'schildrenshallworshiphim—arepetitioninfactofthepromisemadebyIsaactoJacob.InEx.11.8,MosessaystoPharaoh,'Allthesethyservantsshallcometomeandshallhoivdownthemselvestome(orworshipme).'OtherinstancesofthissecularbutreverentialworshiparetobefoundinthehistoryofEuthandBoaz(Ruth2.10);ofDavidandJonathan(1Sam.20.41);ofDavidandSaul(1Sam.24.8);ofNathanandDavid(1Kin.1.23);andofthesonsoftheprophetandElislia(2Kin.2.15).
TurningtothemoredirectlyreligioususeoftliewordShachah,itmaybeobservedthattheworshipofGodwastobecarriedoutbythepeoplethemselves,andwasnotdone
344Worship,Pray,Praise,Preach,Teach.[Cn.XVHL
forthembythepriest.Itwasnotonlytoconsistofoutward
prostration,suchastheyofferedasamarkofreverenceto
oneanother,orsuchastheheathenofferedtotheirfalse
gods,butwastobeaccompaniedbythedevotionofthe
heart.Inafewpassagesitisreferredtoinconnexionwith
thetabernacleortemple.Theannualkeepingofthethree
feastswasconsideredamarkofworship(1Sam.1.3).Saul
worshippedtheLordincompanywithSamuel(1Sam.15.25),
beforethepeople;David*cameintothehouseoftheLord
andworshipped'(2Sam.12.20);Hezekiah(accordingto
theaccountofEab-Shakeh)saidtotheJews'Yeshall
worshipbeforethealtarinJerusalem'(2Kin.18.22);the
Psalmistsays'AsformeIwillcomeintothyhouseinthe
multitudeofthymercy,andinthyfearwillIworship
towardthyholytemple'(Ps.5.7);'WorshiptheLordinthe
beautyofholiness'(29.2);'Wewillgointohistabernacles,
wewillworshipathisfootstool'(Ps.132.7);'Iwillworship
towardsthyholytemple'(Ps.138.2);they'Shallworship
theLordintheholymountatJerusalem'(Is.27.13).
AllthesepassagesshowclearlyfirstthattheworshipoftheJewundertheOldTestamentwaspersonal,notvicarious;andsecondly,thatitwasoftenconnectedwiththetabernacle,thetemple,orsomepledgeofthepresenceofGodwithhispeople;moreover,itconsistednotinexternalprostrationsonly,butintheexpressionofallegianceanddevotiontoGod,whetherbyprayerorotherwise.
ItisthisreverentworshipwhichwastobeofferedtotheMessiah,asseemsevidentfromPs.22.27,'Allthekindredsofthenationsshallworshipbeforethee';verse29,'Alltheythatbefatuponearthshalleatandworship;alltheythatgodowntothedustshallbowbeforehim';Ps.45.11,'HeisthyLord;andworshipthouhim';Is.49.7,'ThussaiththeLord...tohimwhommandespiseth,tohimwhomthenationabhorreth,toaservantofrulers,kings
§5,]WorshiprenderedtoChristintheN.T.345
shallseeandarise,princesalsoshallworship,becauseoftheLord.'
Withregardtotheheathen,theprophet'sassuranceisnotonlythattheiroldworshipisevil,butthat'MenshallworshipGod,everyonefromhisownplace,evenalltheislesoftheheathen,'Zeph.2.11.Eachman,whetherinthismountainorinthat,wastorendertrueallegiancetoGod.AndthispredictionisfullyconsistentwithotherswhichspeakofallgoinguptoJerusalemandtothetempleoftheLordtoworship,asinIs.66.20-23;Ez.46.2-9;Zech.14.16,17.TheheavenlyJerusalemandthetruetempleare'notfarfromanyoneofus.'
§5.ThewitnessoftheN.T.isveryinterestingincon-nexion withthepropheticpassagescitedabove.Wefind,forinstance,thatourLordreceivedworshipfromtheMagi,Matt.2.8,11;fromtheleper.Matt.8.2;fromtheruler,Matt.9.18;fromHisdisciplesafterHehadcalmedthestorm.Matt.14.33;fromtheCanaanitishwoman.Matt.15.25;fromSalome,Matt.20.20;fromtheblindman,John9.38;andfromHisdisciplesafterHisresurrection.Matt.28.9,17.
Ithasbeenthoughtthatthiswasonlycivilworship,andthatitwaspaidtoJesusasamarkofrespectorgratitude.Butifitwassoinsomecases,doesitfollowthatitwassoinall?DidnotthemanwhoseeyeshadbeenopenedbyJesusChristmeansomethingmorethanmerecivilworshipwhenheprostratedhimselfbeforetheLordonhearingthatHewastheSonofGod?DidnotthedisciplesmeansomethingmorethancivilworshipwhentheybowedbeforetheirrisenLord?Andifthisisthecase,asitmustbeallowedtobe,itmaybefairlyaskedwhethertheLordwouldhaveper-mitted suchDivinehomagetobepaidtoHimunlessHewereworthytoreceiveit?Surelynot.Hewouldhavesaid,asPeterdidtoCorneliuswhenhefellat*hisfeetandworshipped,'Standup,forIalsoamaman,'Acts10.26.
346Worship,Pi-ay,Praise,Preach,Teach.[Ch.XVin.
Hewouldhavesaid,astlaeangeldidtoSt.John,whenactinginthesameway,'Seethoudoitnot,forIamthyfellowservant:worshipGod,'Rev.19.10,22.9.
Inreceivingworshipfrommen,theLordJesusChristwasassumingtoHimselfthatrightwhichhadbeengrantedinastillhigherformtotheFirstBegotten,ofWhomtheLordhadsaid,*LetalltheangelsofGodworshiphim,'Heb.1.6.Moreover,inEev.5.11-14,weseeamanifestreferencetoamorecompletefulfilmentofthisannounce-ment, forGodtheFatherisnotthererepresentedasthesolitaryrecipientofthepraiseandadorationofallcreatedbeings;onthecontrary,theyaresaidtohaveascribed*BlessingandhonourandgloryandpowerforeverandevertohimthatsittethonthethroneandtotheLamb.''
§6.VariousinstancesofworshiporadorationarefoundintheN.T.inadditiontothepassagesnowreferredto.WhenSatantemptedtheLordtofalldownandworshiphim,theanswergivenfromDeut.6.13,was,'ThoushaltworshiptheLordthyGod,andhimonlyshaltthouserve.'Evidentlystressisherelaidonthewordworship,andyetwhenweturntotheHebrewandtotheLXXinthepassageinques-tion, wefind'Thoushaltfear,'&c.Worship,then,isregardedbyourLordastheexponentofreverentialfear;andwhatSatancalledforwasrecognisedbytheDivinewisdomofthetemptedOneasanactofthatkindwhichshouldonlybeofferedtoGod.
InourLord'sconversationwiththewomanofSamaria,thewordirpocKvvstvoccursninetimesinthecourseoffiveverses,andoneofthegrandprinciplesuponwhichallworshipoftheFatheristobebasedareclearlyenunciated.ThespiritualityofDivineworshipwasnotintendedtosupersedeallexternalformsinreligion,asmaybeshownbythefactthattheworshipofGod,asmanifestedinoutwardprostration,isreferredtoinlatertimes;see1Cor.14.25;
§7.]HebrewzvordswhichexpressPrayer.347
Eev.4.10,6.14,19.10.Themovementsofthebodymaythereforestillbeallowedtorepresentoutwardlythefeelingsofthespirit.Externalceremonialisnotdoneawaywithinthepresentdispensation,thoughitscomparativeimportanceisconsiderablyreduced.
InRev.9.20,wehavereferencetotheworshipofdemonsandidols;andinEev.13.4,8,wereadofworshipbeingofferedtothemysticdragon,andthebeast,andhisimage,objectswhichassumetheplaceandrightsofGod,andattractavastnumberofthedwellersuponearth.Thecontrastbetweenthetrueandthefalseisreferredtoinchap.14.7-10.
Thereisalowerworshiporcivilprostrationreferredtooccasionally,e.g.thatofaslavetohismaster,inMatt.8.2.SotheLordsaystotheangeloftheChurchinPhiladelphia,concerningcertainfalseJews,'Theyshallcomeandworshipbeforethyfeet.'Thispassage,however,wouldnotjustifythesubstitutionofanycreatedbeingforthePersonofGodasanobjectofworship.
Adifferentword(Sofa)isusedinLuke14.10,wheretheA.V.has'Thoushalthaveworshipinthepresenceofthemthatsitatmeatwiththee.'ThisrenderingisasoldasCoverdale,butTyndale'srendering'praise'isbetter,and'glory'wouldbestillmorehteral.
§7.TwelveHebrewwordshavebeenrenderedbytheEnglishword'pray'intheO.T.Twoareinterjections,namely,ana(k3X),andna{•^^)^theformerofwhichisfoundinGen.50.17,andthelatterinGen.12.13,18.4,andJud.9.38.Chanan(pn),tobegracious,whenusedinthere-flexive orcausativesense,signifiestoseekthefavourofanother;see,forexample,2Chron.6.37.
Falal('?'?d))ii^tl^ereflexive,'tocauseanothertoarbitrateinone'scase,'isfoundveryfrequently,andisgenerallyrepresentedbytheGreekTrpoasv^o/xai.Thiswordconveys
348Worship,Pray,Praise,Preach,Teach.[Ch.xvni.
averyobjectiveideaaboutprayer.Itshowsthatmenwerenotinthehabitofprayingmerelyasarelieftotheirfeelings,butinordertoaskanotherBeing,wiserandmightierthanthey,totakeuptheircause.
InJob22.27('Thoushaltmakethyprayeruntohim'),and33.26('HeshallprayuntoGod'),theword'atar(-iny),toentreat,isused.InJob21.15,adifferentwordisused,namely,paga(yjs),whichsignifiestomeet,'Whatprofitshallwehaveifwemeet'him'(tosupplicatehismercy).InIs.26.16,weread,*Lord,introublehavetheyvisitedthee,theypouredoutaprayerwhenthychasteningwasuponthem.'Herethewordlachash(ti^n'p),towhisper,isused,inordertoconveytheideaofthesecretandsorrowfulsighingoftheoppressed.Thiswordisusuallyrenderedenchantment.
Shaal{^a^),toask,whetherinthesenseofenquiryorpetition,whencethenameof8aulisderived,occursinPs.122.6,'PrayforthepeaceofJerusalem';Sichah(nn''tJ>),mediationorcomplaint,isusedinJob15.4,'ThourestrainestprayerbeforeGod';Ps.55.17,'EveningandmorningandnoonwillIprayandcryaloud';Ps.64.1,'Hearmyvoice,OLord,inmyprayer.'
InEzra6.10,wefindTsala(x'?v),torequest;inDan.6.11,Ve'ah(nj?n)toseek;andinDan.9.13,acompositephraseisadoptedwhichprobablymeanstoconciliatethefaceofaperson,andhencetopraywithsomeprospectofsuccess.
§8.WithregardtotheactofprayerasrepresentedbythewordirpocTsv^ofjuaiintheN.T.,itmaybenoticedinpassingthatitisnevermentionedinSt.John'sGospelorEpistles.Prayerwastobeoffered'inspirit,'Eph.6.18.^Itappears
'ThiswordisusedinIs.47.3,'Iwillnotmeet(theeas")aman';Is.64.5,'Thoumeetesthimthatrejoieeth,'AlsoinIs.53.6(Hiphil),'TheLordhathlaid(margin,'madetomeet')onhimtheiniquityofusall';andinverse12,'liemadeintercessionforthetransgressors';Hewasasitwereacom-mon meeting-groundbetweenGodandthesinner.
'A.V.'intheSpirit.'ThereisnoarticleintheGreek,thewordstherefore
§9.]WordswhichexpressPraiseandBlessing.349
tohavebeengenerallydirectedtoGodtlieFatlier.TheonlyplamexceptionisActs1.24,wherethedisciplesareevidentlydescribedasprayingtotheirAscendedMaster.CompareActs7.59,wJiereStephenaj)pealedtotheSonofGod.
§9.ThepraisesofGodaresetforthverylargelyintheOldTestament,andarerepresentedbytwoorthreewords.ThemostgeneralisHallal(^^n),whencecomesthewordHallelujah,^'PraisetheLord.'Itsoriginalmeaningistoshine,thentomakeclear,andafterwardstoexclaiminaloudtone.Itisperhapssomethingmorethanacoinci-dence thattheGreekSo^d^o),toglorify,whichisoftenusedofthepraiseofGod,andtheHebrewHallal,shouldbothreferinthefirstinstancetothemakingclear,bright,orshining.TheLXXrenderingforHallal,however,isnotBo^d^Q),butalvsco,£7raiv£(o,or/cav^do/j-at.
AnotherwordlargelyusedinthePsalms,andfromwhichtheHebrewnameforapsalmisderived,isZamar(not),tosingpraisetoGod.WiththeexceptionoftheBookofPsalms,itisonlyfoundinJud.5.3,and2Sam.22.50.Thiswordisrendered-ylrdWcointheLXX,whencetheEnglishpsalm.ItoccursintheN.T.inEom.15.9;1Cor.14.15;Eph.6.19;andJames5.13.
Barac(iii),tobless(whencethenameBeracahin2Chron.20.26),literally,tokneel,istranslated'praise'inJud.5.2,andPs.72.15('DailyshaUhebepraised');anditistobenoticedthatblessingsignifiesnotonlytheactofasuperiortoaninferior,butalsotheexpressionofgratefulpraiseproceedingfromtheinferiorandascend-ing tothesuperior.TheusualGreektranslationofthiswordissvXoyso).
seemanexactparalleltoourLord'sdescriptionofworship,thatitistobe'inspiritandintruth.'ButseeJude20.
'Thiswordissometimesspeltalleluiainmodernhymnbooksinimitationofthemodeofspellingwhiclifoundfavourinolddays.TheletterHoughtcer-tainly toberestored.
350Worship,Pray,Praise,Preach,Teach.[On.XVIII.
Baracisthewordusedintlieimportantpromise'Intliyseedshallallthefamiliesoftheearthbeblessed.'Thispromisewasutteredonfivedifferentoccasions;onthreeofthese(Gen.12.3,18.18,and28.14),theverbisusedintheNiphalorpassivevoice,asweshouldexpect;intheothertwo,however,viz.Gen.22.18,and26.4,theHithpaelorreflexivevoiceisadopted,sothatwemightsaj'Inthyseedshallallthenationsoftheearthblessthemselves.'ThesameisthecaseinDeut.29.19;Jer.4.2jPs.72.17;andIs.65.16.But,afterall,thedifferenceisnotsogreat,fora/whilstthepassivesignifiesthattheblessingisagiftofGod,theHithpaelappearstosignifythattheblessingreceivedfromGodproducesfruitinthelife;andthosewhoblessthemselvesinGodindicatebythisexpression,thattheyacknowledgetheirblessingstobesummedupinHim.
Yadah{r\^'^^tosetforth,orconfesspublicly,whetherinthewayofpraiseorotherwise,whencethenameJudah,isfoundinagreatmanypassages,thefirstinstancesbeinginGen.29.35,and49.8.ItoccurschieflyinthePsalms.Theverbisgenerallyrendereds^ofioXoj^a)intheLXX,thenounalvsats.
TheonlyotherwordtobenoticedisShavach{n^^),topraiseandcommend,whichisusedfourtimesinthePsalms,onceinEcclesiastes(4.2),andfivetimesinDaniel.
§10.TheverbalveayisonlyusedintheN.T.withrefer-ence tothepraiseofGod;butthecompoundsiraivstoisnotsorestricted.TheverbKavxao/naioccursveryfrequentlyinSt.Paul'sEpistles,butisnotfoundinanyotherbookoftheN.T.,exceptinJames1.9,and4.16.Whenusedinagoodsense,itsignifiesthatsortofboastingorrejoicingwhichmanifestsitselfingivingpraisetoGod.Whilst£vxapi<TTiaistherenderingofthankstoGod,svXorylagenerallysignifiesintheN.T.thebestowingofblessingonman.Thereis,how-ever, acloserelationshipbetweentheseacts.WhenourLord
§11.]Blessing,accordingtotheN.T.351
brokethebreadanddistributeditthroughthedisciplesamongthefivethousand,Hegavethanhs{svxapK^n'jaas),John6.11;butSt.Matthewtellsusthatonthesameocca-sion HeMessed{eu^oyrjas),Matt.14.19.Again,attheLastSupper,wereadthatwhenHehadgiventlianhs.Hebrokethebread,Luke22.19;1Cor.11.24,andalsotakingthecupwhenHehadgiventlianhsHegaveittothem,Mark14.23;butwearealsotoldthatHeblessedandbrakethebread,Mark14.22;andthecupisdescribedasthecupofblessingwhichwebless,1Cor.10.16.ThusthegivingofthankstoGodisthemeansofconferringablessingonmen.Itistruethatthewordbless,whenusedwithGodasitsobject,signifiesthepraisingHimorspeakinggoodofHisname,butstilltherelationshipjustpointedoutrealljexists,andmayfairlybegatheredfromtheword.
ThewordsvXoryijTos,ble-ssed,isonlyusedofGodandofChrist,butsvXoyrjfMsvosisusedmoregenerally.TheverbisoftenusedtoexpresstheblessingpromisedtoAbrahamandconveyedtothefaithfulinChrist.
Thewoi-di^o/xoXoysli'isusedintheN".T.ofanopenorpublicconfession,whetherofsins,'Matt.3.6;Mark1.5;Acts19.18;Jam.5.16;orofthepraiseofGod,Matt.11.25;Luke20.21;Rom.14.11,15.9;Phil.2.11;Eev.3.5.TheuseofthewordinLuke22.6,impliesthatJudasmadeanopenavowalbeforetheprieststhathewouldbetraytheLord.
§11.ThewordPreachmeanseithertotellgoodtidingsortoproclaim.ThefirstideaisrepresentedbytheGreek
'OnlythreekindsofconfessionarerecognisedinScripture,—secretconfessiontoGod,whichisfollowedbypardonfromHim;confessiontoourneighbourwhenwehareinjuredhim;andpublicconfessionbeforethecongregationwhereapublicoffencehasbeencommitted.Inthelapseoftimeitwasfoundthatthesepublicconfessionssometimescreatedscandals,andprivateconfessionswereallowedtotaketheirplace;butthesehavegraduallygrownintoasystem,called,indeed,theconfessional,butwhichisnot,properlyspeaking,somuchconfessionascross-examination,asystempregnantwithinnumerableevils.
352Worship,Pray,Praise,Preach,Teach.[Cn.xvni.
£i^a77HXi^o/iat,toevangelise,andbjtlieHebrewBashar(iK'a);thesecondbjtheGreekKr^pvacroiandtheHebrewKara(s-ip).BasharisusedinIs.61.1,'Topreachgoodtidingstothemeek';andinthesameverseKaraisren-dered 'proclaim'—'Toproclaimlibertytothecaptives.'Basharisrenderedpreachinoneotherpassage,viz.Ps.40.9,'Ihavepreachedrighteousnessinthegreatcongrega-tion.' Heretheuseofthewordisimportant.Itwasnotamereproclamationofrighteousness,buttheannouncingofgoodtidingsconcerningrighteousnessthatthePsalmistrefersto;andthispointisconfirmedandexpoundedbythefollowingverse,whereweread'Ihavenothidthyrighteous-ness withinmyheart,Ihavedeclaredthyfaithfulnessandthysalvation,Ihavenotconcealedthyloving-kindnessandthytruthfromthegreatcongregation.'ItwastheGospelthatwastobeannounced,therighteousnessofGodasexhibitedtowardsthemthatbelieve.
Thiswordistranslated'publish'in1Sam.31.9,and2Sam.1.20,wherereferenceismadetothenewsofSaul'sdeathbeingannouncedamongthePhilistines;alsoinPs.68.11,whereweread'TheLordgavetheword,greatwasthecompanyofthosethatpublishedit'(PrayerBookversion,'Greatwasthecompanyofthepreachers').Thewordishereinthefemininegender,andreferenceisdoubt-less madetothebandsofwomenwhoproclaimedthegoodtidingsofavictory.Aninstanceofthiscustommaybefoundin1Sam.18.6,7,wherewereadthat'ThewomencameoutofallcitiesofIsraelsinginganddancing,tomeetKingSaul,withtabrets,withjoy,andwithinstrumentsofmusic;andthewomenansweredastheyplayed,andsaid,Saulhathslainhisthousands,andDavidhistenthousands.'
Thesamewordisusedin1Cliron.16.23,andPs.96.2,'SinguntotheLord,alltheearth;shewforthfromdaytodayhissalvation.'Thewholeofthismagnificentsong
§]2.]BasilarandKa7'a.353
isacalltopreachthegladtidingsofsalvationtotheutter-most partsoftheearth.WearefurnishedwithapropheticparalleltothisexhortationinIs.60.5,6,wherewereadofthewholeGentileworldbeinggatheredtogetherintothefoldofthetrueIsrael,'AndtheyshallshowforththepraisesoftheLord.'
Basilarisonceusedwhereeviltidingsweretobegiven,viz.in1Sam.4.17,wherewereadthat'Themessengeransweredandsaid,IsraelisfledbeforethePhilistines.'Butthisisanexceptiontothegeneralrule.Agoodinstanceoftheordinaryusageofthewordisin2Sam.4.10,whereDavidsays,'Whenonetoldme,saying,BeholdSaulisdead(thinkingthatheliadbroughtgoodtidings),ItookholdofhimandslewhiminZiklag,andthatwastherewardIgavehimforhisgoodtidings.^Otherinstanceswillbefoundin2Sam.18.19,20,25,26,27,31,wheretheannouncementofthedestructionoftheking'senemiesisspeciallyreferredtoas'tidings,'i.e.goodtidings,soastocoverthef^ictofAbsalom'sdeath.Seealso1Kin.1.42;2Kin.7.9;1Chron.10.9;Is.40.9,'0thouthattellestgoodtidingstoZion,'41.27,52.7;Jer.20.15;Nah.1.15.
§12.Kara,tocallorproclaim,isrendered'preach'inNell.6.7,'Thouhastappointedprophetstopreach(i.e.proclaim)oftheeatJerusalem,saying.ThereisakinginJudah';Jonah3.2,'Arise,gountoNineveh,thatgreatcity,andpreachuntoitthepreachingthatIbidthee.'Itisusuallyrenderedtocall,cry,name,bid,invite,j^ro-claim,publish.Italsosignifiestoreadaloud,theonlykindofreadingeverreferredtointheOldTesta-ment. Inthissenseitisusedmorethanthirtytimes.HencethenameKaraite,asappliedtothatsectofJewswhichconfinesitsteachingtothatwhichmaybegainedfromthereadingoftheOldTestament;andKeri,thewordwhichsignifieswhatistobereadasopposedtowhatis
AA
354Worship,Pray,Praise,Preach,Teach.[Cn.XVIII.
written(Chetib)intheHebrewScriptures,wheremanuscriptsdiffer.AnothersenseinwhichthewordKaraisfrequentlyusedistomarkinvocation,orcallinguponthenameoftheLord.SeeforexampleGen.4.26,whichourtranslatorshaverendered'ThenbeganmentocalluponthenameoftheLord'(margin,'TocallthemselvesbythenameoftheLord').Lutherhashere,'ThenbeganmentopreachconcerningthenameoftheLord.'*
ItiswellworthobservinghowoftentheLXXhasre-tained thedistinctionbetweenthesetwoaspectsoftheverbKara,whichanswerstotheGreekTrpoa-KaXsco.IntheActiveandPassivevoicesthisGreekwordisalwaysusedfortonameandtobenamed;butintheMiddlevoiceitsigni-fies tocalluponaperson,ortoappealtohim.InstancesoftheformersensewillbefoundinNum.21.3,'HecalledthenameoftheplaceHormah';Deut.15.2,'ItiscalledtheLord'srelease';Is.43.7,'Everyonethatiscalledbymyname';Dan.9.18,'Beholdthecitywhichiscalledbythyname';Am.9.12,'Alltheheathenthatarecalledbymyname.'TheotherpassagesforwhichtheGreekmiddlevoiceisadoptedwillbeg-atheredfromthefollowingpassages:—Gen.12.8,'HebuildedanaltaruntoJehovah,andcalleduponthenameofJehovah';Deut.4.7,'WhatnationistheresogreatwhohathGodsonighuntothemasJehovahourGodisinallthingsthatwecalluponhimfor';Prov.21.13,'Whosostoppethhisearsatthecry(orlamentation)ofthepoor,healsoshallcry(orappeal)himselfandshallnotbeheard';Is.55.6,'SeekyeJehovahwhilehemaybefound,callyeuponhimwhileheisnear';64.7,'Thereisnonethatcallethuponthyname';Jonah1.6,'Arise,calluponthyGod';Zech.13.9,'TheyshallcalluponmynameandIwillhearthem.'
*'supredigenvondesHerrnNamcn.'TheLXXherehasiiriKaXitaOai.
§§13.14.]Ecclesiasles,orthePreacher.355
In1Kin.8.48,wefindtliewordusedinbotliitssenses.*Heartliouinlieaventhydwelling-place,anddoaccordingtoallthatthestrangercallethtotheefor,thatallthepeoplesoftheearthmayknowthynametofearthee,asdothypeopleIsrael;andthattheymayknowthatthishousewhichIhavebuildodiscalledhjthyname.'
Thedistinction,however,nowreferredtoisnottobefoundintheHebrew;atanyrate,accordingtotheopinionofourtranslators,forthe}^renderthesamevoiceofKarabothtocalluponanamebywayofappeal,andtogiveaname.Theirruleappearstohavebeenthis:thatwhenthenameofGodisreferredtotheyhavetakenitasinvokedforpurposesofprayer,butwhenanyothernameisreferredtotheyhaveconsideredthattheverbsignifiestoentitle.ThecontextandthegeneralsenseofScriptureshowsthatthiswasagoodprincipletoadopt;atthesametime,itmustbeobservedthatthereisacloseconnexionbetweenbeingcalledbyGod'snameandcallinguponHisname:theoneinvolvesoroughttoinvolvetheother.
§lo.ThewordrenderedPreacherintheBookofEccle-siastesisKoheleth(n^np),whichisrenderedifCKXTjaidarrjsintheLXX,whencewehavederivedthenameofthebook.Itisgenerallysupposedtosignifyonewhoconvokesanassem-bly, fromKahal,awordwhichisdiscussedinChap.XIX.§6.Thenounisinthefeminineform,perhapstomarkdignityoroffice.Somecritics,however,connectthewordwithacognateArabicroot,andtranslateitthePenitent.
§14.TheverbKrjpvaao),toproclaim,isfoundaboutsixtytimesintheN.T.,andKrjpvyfiaeighttimes.ItisusedofthepublicreadingoftheLawofMoses(Acts15.21),andofthedeclarationoftheGospelofChrist.Wherethiswordisusedmorestressislaidonthepublicityofthepro-clamation thanonthenatureofthenewsitself.Ithasbeenobservedthatitisthisword,notsvajjeXi^o),whichis
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356Worship,Pray,Praise,Preach,Teach.[Ch.XMll-
foundin1Pet.3.19,apassagewliicliisusuallyconsideredtorefertotlienotificationofthefulfilmentoftheDivinepurposesinChrist,madetoaspecialportionofthespiritsofthedeparted.'
Thewordpreach,whilstitanswersfairlytoKaraandKrjpvao-siv,ishardlystrongenoughtoconveytheideaoftellinggoodtidings.Evangelisehasneverthoroughlyadapteditselftoourlanguage,andthereisnosinglewordinourlanguagewhichanswerstotheverb,thoughwehavethegoodcompoundnomigospel.AmongpassagesspeciallytobenoticedinwhichthewordoccursthereisHeb.4.2,'Weareevangelisedaswellasthey'(i.e.thechildrenofIsrael);Heb.4.6,'Theythatwereformerlyevangeliseddidnotenterinbecauseofdisobedience';Acts14.15,'Wetellyougoodtidings,thatyouaretoturnfromthesenonentitiestoservethelivingGod.'Thegoodtidingsinthiscaseweretoconstitutetheturning-point.ItwasnotamereproclamationofdutywhichSt.Paulbusiedhimselftoutter,butatellingofthegoodnewsofGod'sloveinChrist,whichformedanattractingpowerfortheheartofall,andledmentorepentance.Ifitbeaskedwhatwerethegladtidingswhichwereproclaimed,wemustanswerthatthenewsvariedatdifferenttimesandunderdifferentcircumstances.ThenewstoIsraelinthewildernesswasdifferentfromthatpreachedbyJohntheBaptist,whilsthismessagewasthrownintotheshadebytheGospelofPeacepreachedbythedisciplesoftheRisenLord,Acts10.36;Rom.10.15;Eph.2.17,6.15.
§15.TwelveHebrewwordsareusedtoconveytheideaofteachingintheOldTestament.InDeut.6.7,'Thoushaltteachthemdiligentlyuntothychildren,'thewordShanan(pc)?"towhetorsharpen,isused.Heretheideaseems
'If1Pet.4.6,referstothesameevent,thenitistobenoticedthatwehavethewordtiiayyeKi^coused.SeeAlford'snotesonthesemysteriousannouncements.
§15.]HebrewwordsusedtoexpressTeaching.357
tobenotsomuchthesharpenmgofthechildren'sunder-standing- astheplyingoftheDivinestatutestoandfrointheirhearts,andthesettingforthGod'struthinallitsaspects.In2Chron.30.22,wherewearetoldthattheLevites,'TaughtthegoodknowledgeoftheLord,'thewordSacalCpatr),'tomakewise,''isused,tomarkthefactthattheLeviteswerenotcontentwithsuperficialteach-ing. ThesamewordisfoundinProv.16.23,'Theheartofthewiseteachethhismouth.'InIs.43.27,'Thyteachershavetransgressedagainstme,'themarginalren-dering 'interpreters'isprobablythebest,referencebeingmadetotheexpositorsofthelaw.InProv.31.1,andEz.23.48,Yasar("iD"'),'tochasten,'isused,awordwhichanswerstotheGreekvratSeuw,bywhichitisusuallyren-dered, theinstructionofteninvolvingchastisement.InPs.105.22,wefindChacam(Qsn),awordoftenheardinamodernJewishschool,andcognatewiththeArabichakim,awiseman.InEx.18.20,thewordusedisZahar(inr),toillu-minate, andhencetowarn.ThustheanalogyofspiritualandintellectuallightwassetbeforeIsraelatthebeginningoftheirhistory.ThisisthewordrenderedshineinDan.12.3.
Alaph(p]^x),averbformedfromthefirstletteroftheHebrewalphabet,isfoundinJob33.33,'Ishallteachtheewisdom,'and35.11,(God)'teachethusmorethanthebeastsoftheearth,andmakethuswiserthanthefowlsofheaven.'Itisalsofoundinchap.15.5,'Thymouthuttereth(marginteacheth)thineiniquity.'ThesimpleActiveformoccursinProv.22.25,'Lestthoulearnhisways.'Evil,likegood,hasitsalphabet.Davar(nm),to
'Thisword,whichisalmostalwaysusedintheHiphilvoice,seemstosignifysometimesthereceivingandsometimesthegivingofinstruction.InDan.12.3,thewords'theythathewise'mightberendered'theythaiteach.'Sacalhassometimesbeenrenderedprosper,asinJer.23.5,'Akingshallreignandprosper';butitmayheresignifydowisely,orgiveinstruction.
358Worship,Pray,Praise,Preach,Teach.[Ch.x:\Tn.
speakortobroachasubject,isusedinJer.28,16,and29.32,'Tbouhasttang-htrebellionagainsttheLord.'Theso-calledprophetic"utterancesofHananiahhadreallybeenrebelliouswords.Bin(pa),'tomaketounderstand,'isfoundin1Chron.25.8,wheretheteacherisputincontrast,orratherincompany,withthescholar;italsooccursin2Chron,35.3,andNeh.8.9,withreferencetotheteachingoftheLevites.Yada'(yT^),'Tomaketoknow,'isusedinDeut.4.9;Jud.8.16,'HetaughtthemenofSuecoth,'i.e.gavethemalessonwhichtheywouldnotreadilyforget;2Chron.23.13,'Suchastaughttosingpraise';Ezra7.25,'Teachyethemthatknownot';Job32.7,37.19;Ps.90.12,'Soteachustonumberourdaysthatwemayapplyourheartsuntowisdom';Prov.9.9,andIs.40.13.
Lamad(io|?),whencethenameTalmiadisderived,isfre-quently used;itsignifiestochastise,andhencetoteach,andisrenderedSiSda/cayandfiavddvco.AlsoYarah(ht),tocastforth,hencetoguideordirect,isappliedtoteachingseveraltimes.Itiscuriousthatthiswordanswerstothreedistinctthings,thelaw(torah),instruction,andpraise,eachofwhichisaprejectingorsettingforthoftruth.
ThemasterandthescholarinMai.2.12,areliterallytheawakenerandtheanswerer.Itistheteacher'sbusinesstoawakenthoughtintheheartofthepupil,anditisthescholar'sbusinesstoanswertothetesttowhichhisunderstandingisput.
§§L2.]HebrewwordsforTempleandSanctuary.359
CHAPTEEXIX.
TEMPLE,TABEENACLE,CONGREGATION,CHURCH.
I1.Symbolicalrelatioashipbetweenworshippersandtheirplaceofassembly.—§2.Ilebi-ewwordsforTempleandSanctuari/.—§3,WordsfortheTabernade.—§4.TheFeastofTahernachs.—§5.Examinationofsomepropheticalpassages.—§6.Kahal,ortheAssemblyofIsrael.—§7-Samplesofitsusage.—§8.'ikdab,tlieCongregationorTestimony.—§9.TheTabernacleoftheCongregation.—§10.TheHolyConvoca-tion.—III.TheTempleandTabernacle,accordingtotheN.T.—§12.TheEoclesiaandSynagogue^accordingtotheN.T.—§13.PrimitiveChurchoi'ganisation.—§14.OthersensesofEcclesiaintheJS".T.
§1.TheidentificationinnamebetweenabuildingsetapartforsacredpurposesandtheworshipperswhomeetthereinmaybetracedbacktothedaysofMoses.NotonlyarebelieversdescribedintheNewTestamentasbeingbuiltupintoaholytemple,whichshallbeahabitationfortheLordGod,butalsoIsraelwasdesignatedasaspiritualhouse.
Asthetabernaclepreparedthewayforthemoremagni-ficent anddurabletemple,sotheLeviticalworshipwastopreparethewayforthepresentdispensation;andjustasthetempleitselfwasbutanimperfectrepresentationofthedwelling-placeofHimwhofillsheavenandearthwithHisPresence,sothepresentageembodiesonlythegermofthatwonderfulplanwhichwillbefullydevelopedhereafter.
§2.TheordinaryHebrewnameforthetemplewasHaical('pavi);thisword,however,doesnotnecessarilydenoteasacrededifice.ItistranslatedpalaceinEzra4.14;Ps.144.12;Dan.4.4,29;2Kin.20.18;Ps.45.15;Is.13.22,39.7,44.28;Dan.1.4,5.5,6.18;1Kin.21.1;Prov.30.
o
60Temple,Tabernacle,Congregation,&c.[Ch.xix.
28;andNali.2.6.ItoughtalsotoliavebeensotranslatedinHos.8.14,wherewereadintheA.V.,'Israelhathfor-gotten hisMaker,andbuildethtemples';thecontextshowsthatpalacesareherereferredto.InthesepassagestheLXXusuallyadoptstherenderingoIkos,house.TheHaicalwasevidentlyregardedasaking'shouse,thedwelling-placeofOnewhoishighlyexalted.Themoregeneralwordforapalace(pmx)isneverusedofthetemple,asitrathersignifiesafortressthanadwelling-place.ThetabernaclewassometimescalledHaical(1Sam.1.9,3.3;2Sam.22.7),thoughacurtainedtentmightseemunworthyofsuchatitle.ThegeneralGreekrenderingforthewordHaical,whenappliedtothetemple,isvaos.
AnotherwordrenderedtempleisBeth(n''2),ahouse.ThisistheonlywordusedforahouseintheOldTesta-ment, exceptinPs.83.12,wherewefindthewordNaoth(nisj),whichsignifiespasturesorpleasantplaces;andinJobl.3,wherenotahouse,butahouseholdofservants(may),isreallyspokenof.Bethisrenderedtemplein2Kin.11.10,11,13;1Chron.6.10,10.10;2Chron.23.10,35.20.Weareveryfamiliarwiththesoundofthisword,fromitsappearanceinsuchcompoundnamesasBeth-el,thehouseofGod,andBeth-lehem,thehouseofBread.
ThesanctuaryisHterallythatwhichisholy{cnp),or,inotherwords,thatwhichissetapartforsacreduses;seechap.XV.§1.
§3.TheusualwordforatabernacleisOhel{hna),whichproperlymeansatent.OtherwordsrenderedtentareMishcan(ptJ'D),adwellingplace,whichisfoundinCant.1.8,'Besidestheshepherds'tents';Kubbah(nnp),adomeorvault(comparethemodernArabickubbet),whichisfoundinNum.25.8,whereweread,'HewentafterthemanofIsraelintothetent';Sucah(nriD),abooth,whencethenameSuccothisusedbyDavidin2Sam.11.11,wherehesays.
§§4.5.]TheFeastofTabernacles.361
'Theark,andIsrael,andJudah,abideintents.'ThewordMachaneh(n:nD),acamp,orcompany(whencethenameMahanaim,thetwohostsoftheLord),istranslated'tent'inNum.13.19;1Sam.17.53;2Kin.7.16;Zech.14.15;andalsoin2Chron.31.2,whereitisappliedinthepluralformtothetempleofGod.
TheLXXhasvariousrenderingsforOhelwhenitreferstothetabernacleofIsrael,butthemostgeneralarea-K7]vr],aK7]v(t}fj,a,andolnos.Mishcan,adwelling-place,whichhasthesamerenderingsintheGreek,isrenderedtaber-nacle inaboutahundredandtwentypassagesintheA.V.
§4.WheretheFeastofTabernaclesisreferredto,Sucahisused.Itprobablymeansaplaceofshadeorshelter,henceabooth,tent,orpavilion.TherenderingcottageinIs.1.8,ishardlyaccurate.InJob36.29,weread,'Cananyoneunderstandthespreadingsoftheclouds,orthenoiseofhistabernacle?'Herereferenceismadetotheheavens,eitherasGod'splaceofshelter—hishiding-place—ortothecloudsasashadefortheearth.^ThewordisusedagaininPs.76.2,'InSalemishistabernacle,andhisdwelling-placeinZion.'Thesewordsillustratethefirstofthetwomeaningsgiventotheprecedingpassage.
InIs.4.6,afterareferencetoGod'sbeingacloudtoHispeoplebydayandafirebynight,theprophetproceeds,'Andthereshallbeatabernacleforashadowintheday-time fromtheheat,andforaplaceofrefuge,andforacovertfromstormandfromrain.'Theimagesherewereprobablytakenfromthefamiliarhistoryofthepeople'slifeinthewilderness.
§5.InAm.5.26,'YehavebornethetabernacleofMoloch,'theremaybereferencetoamovabletentinwhich
'Compareitsusein2Sam.Z2.12,'Hemadedarknesspavilionsroundaboutliim';alsoPs.18.11,'Hispavilionroundabouthimweredarkwatersandthickcloudsoftheskies.'
362Temple,Tabemiacle,Congregation,&c.[On.xrx.
theimagesoffalsegodswereplaced;orperhapsthemarginalrendering,'Siccuthyourhing,^maybereceived.Thefirstseemsthebestviewofthepassage.ItisacceptoobytheLXX,authorisedbythequotationinSt.St(^phen'sspeech(Acts7.43),andconfirmedbytheimpliedcontrastwithanothertabernacleofwhichwereadinAmos9.11,wherethesamewordisused,'IwillraiseupthetabernacleofDavidthatisfallendown,andwillcloseupthebreachesthereof.'WiththispassagemaybecomparedthecomplaintofJeremiahconcerningthetempleatJerusalem:God'hathviolentlytakenawayhistabernacle{a-K-ijucofia).,asifitwereagarden:hehathdestroyedhisplacesofassembly;theLordhathcausedthesolemnfeastsandsabbathstobefor-gotten inZion.'Thewordfor'tabernacle'here,Sak{y:-)ythoughspeltdifferently,isfromacognateroot.Somerenderithedgeorfence,butperhaps,itsignifiesshelter,orcovering,andsoisapplicabletothe*tabernacleofDavid.'
InthepropheticreferencetothefuturekeepingoftheFeastofTabernacles(Zech.14.16,18,19),thewordSucahisconsistentlyused,torepresentastateofbeinginwhichthosewhohaveenteredintoasolidanddurableabodeshallkeepalivetheeventfulperiodoftheirformerpilgrimage,whilstrejoicinginthepossessionofacitywhichhathfoundations,whosebuilderandmakerisGod.
§6.ThegeneralwordforcongregationisKahal('?nD)«Itproperlysignifiesanassemblyorassemblage,andisappliedtoallsortsofgatherings,whetherforwar,forcom-plaint, forlisteningtoinstruction,orforanysimilarpur-pose. TheLXXtranslatesthewordinvariousways,butthemostgeneralrenderings,andthoseatthesametimewhichweregardwithgreatestinterest,are<Tvvaryooy7]andBKKXrjaia,whichgivenamestotheJewishsynagogue,andtotheChristianecclesia,orchurch.
§6.]Kahal,01^theAssemblyofIsrael.363
ThefirstpassageofspecialinterestinwliiclithewordKahaloccursisGen.28.3,whereIsaacsaystoJacob,'GodAhnightyblessthee,andmaketheefruitful,andmultiplythee,thatthoumayestbeamultitudeofpeople'(?tsGvvajw'yassOvSiv).InGen.35.11,thisblessing-isrepeatedbyGodHimself,'IamGodAlmighty:befruitfulandmultiply;anationandacompanyofnationsshallbeofthee';andJacob,whenanoldman,citedthewordsoftheblessinginhisconversationwithJoseph,'Iwillmakeoftheeamultitudeofpeoj)le'(48.4).ThusJacoborIsraelrepresentedinhisownperson,byDivinea})pointment,acongregationofpeoplesornations.
ThecongregationorassemblyofIsrael,whichissooftenspokenofintheOldTestament,issometimesreferredtoas(rvva-^wyi],sometimesasi<K\r]ala,intheLXX.Once,wherethejudicialfunctionofthecongregationisreferredto,theLXXrendersthewordawshpiov,Sanhedrim,viz.inProv.26.26,'Hiswickednessshallbeshowedbeforethecongre-gation.'
ThewordKahalissometimesusedofevilgatherings,e.g.ofthepeopleagainstMoses,Ex.32.1;Num.16.3,19(wheretheLXXhas<Tvvia7i]ixiineachcase).InNum.20.2,theLXXhasavvadpoi^co,tomarkthetumultuousnatureofthegathering;inthefourthversethecongregationisawa-rycoyy];andintheeighththeverbsfCKXrjaid^o)isused,whilsttheHebrewwordisthesamethroughout.GatheringsforwickedpurposesarereferredtoinGen.49.6;Prov.5.14;Ps.26.5.
TheassemblyorcongregationofIsraeliswelldefinedinJos.8.35,'TherewasnotawordofallthatMosescom-manded, whichJoshuadidnotreadbeforeallthecongrega-tion ofIsrael,withthewomen,andthelittleones,andthestrangerswhichwereconversantwiththem.'Thecongre-gation, then,properlymeantallthemaleadultsofthe
364Temple,Tabernacle,Congregation,&c.[Ch.XIX.
nation.InEzra2.65,'thewholecongregation'wasnumberedat42,360,exchisiveofmen-servantsandmaid-servants. Inchap.10.1,wereadof'acongregationofmen,women,andchildren.'InNeh.8.2,wearetoldof'acongregationbothofmenandwomen.'InJoel2.16,theprophetsays,'Gatherthe]3eople,sanctify(i.e.callwithsacredsolemnity)thecongregation,assembletheelders,gatherthechildren,andthosethatsuckthebreasts.'
Itisimportanttonoticethefulnessoftheapplicationofthewordasindicatedinthesetexts.Israelwasregardedasavastcompactedfamily,thechildrenforminganintegralportionofit,andnoneexcludedexceptthroughwilfuldis-obedience ofthelawofMoses,or(foratime)throughceremonialuncleanness.Thisgreatfamilywasaddressed,bothbyMosesandtheproj^hets,inthesincjularnumber,asiftheymightberegardedasone,inspiteoftheirdiversitiesofage,circumstances,anddwelling-places.ThisfactisexplainedtosomeextentintheNewTestament,wherewefindthattherewasindeedOnePersonwhoconcentratedinHimselfthefulfilmentofmuchthathadbeenspokentoIsraelinitscorporatecapacity,andbecameinturnacentreofunitytoaspiritualIsrael,gatheringtogetherinoneallthechildrenofGodthatwerescatteredabroad(John11.52).
ThefirstgreatassemblyofIsraelwasatthegivingoftheLawatMountSinai.ThereferencetoitinDent.18.16,isinterestingfromitsconnexionwiththeprophecyconcern-ing Himwhowastobuildupanewecdesia,'TheLordthyGodwillraiseupuntotheeaProphet,fromthemidstofthee,ofthybrethren,likeuntome;untohimyeshallhearken.AccordingtoallthatthoudesiredstoftheLordthyGodinHorebinthedayoftheassembly{sKKXrjaia),saying,LetmenothearagainthevoiceoftheLordmyGod,neitherletmeseethisgreatfireauymorelestIdie.A.ndtheLordsaiduntome,Theyhavewellspokenthat
§6.]Kahal,ortheAssemblyofIsrael.365
wliiclitlieyhavespoken.IwillraisethemupaProphetfromamongtheirbrethrenlikeuntothee,andwillputmywordsintohismouth,andheshallspeakuntothemallthatIshallcommandhim.'Theassemblyontheoccasionherereferredtowasarepresentativeassembly,butthewholeofIsrael,evenalltheirgenerations,wereregardedaspledgedbywhatwasthentransacted.Thisisbroughtoutclearly,bothinExodusandDeuteronomy.Thus,inDeut.4.10,weread,'TheLordsaiduntome.Gathermethepeopletogether,andIwillmakethemhearmywords,...andyecamenear,andstoodunderthemountain';andinDent.5,22,afterrecapitulatingthecommandments,Mosessays,'ThosewordstheLordspakeuntoallyourassemblyinthemount....Anditcametopass,whenyeheardthevoice...thatyecamenear,evenalltheheadsofyourtribesandyourelders.'Whattherepresentativesdidwasevidentlyre-garded asdonebythewholepeople,andnotbyonegenera-tion only,forinthesamechapterandthe3rdversewearetoldthat'theLordmadenotthecovenantwithourfathers,butwithus,evenus,whoareallofusherethisday';andyettheactualgenerationofmenwithwhomthecovenantwasoriginallymadehadpassedaway.Theprinciplehereimplied,viz.thatallthegenerationsofIsraelwereregardedasonebody,isacteduponthroughoutthewritingsoftheOldTestament,andreappearsintheNewTestamentinrespectofGod'sdealingswiththeChristianecelesia.
Thusweseethat,althoughtheoretically*thecongrega-tion ofIsrael'signifiedthewholepeopleofIsrael,yetinsomecasestheywererepresentedbyelders.Otherexamjileswillbefoundin1Kin.8.1,2,3,and2Chron.5.2,3.Thesamewasprobablythecaseinthegathering(Kahal)ofallthecongregationatthedoorofthetabernaclefortheob-servance ofspecialnationalceremonies.SeeLev.8.3,4.
InLev.4.13,14,21,thewholecongregationisdescribed
366Temple,Tabernacle,Congregation,&c.[Cn.XIX.
assinning;anationaloffencehasbeencommitted,andanationalsin-offering-istobeoffered.Accordingly,tlieeldersofthecongregationintheirrepresentativecapacitylaidtheirhandsontheheadofthebullockwhichwastobeoffered,tosignifythetransmissionofthenation'sevildeedtotheatoningvictim.
§7.Thebeing*cutofffromthecongregationofIsrael,'andthebeingforbiddentoenterit(Num.19.20;Deut.23.1),seemtohaveimpliedseverancefromtheprivileges,religiousandsocial,whichthenationassuchenjoyed.Insomeplaces,however,itwassynonymouswithdeath.InProv.21.16,wereadof'thecongregation{avva'ywy')^)ofthedead,'astrikingpictureofthatvastgatheringwhichisbeingdailyenlargedasmenare'gatheredtotheirfathers,'andwhichremainsanintegralportionofthefamilyofman.
Inthefollowingpassagesagatheringforjudicialorreligiouspurposesisreferredto:—•
Job30.28,'Istoodupandcriedinthecongregation,'i.e.inanassemblyofelders.
Ps.22.22,'Iwilldeclarethynameuntomybrethren;inthemidstofthecongregation(ickAj/ff/o)willIpraisethee.'verse25,'Mypraiseshallbeoftheeinthegreatcongrega-tion: Iwillpaymyvowsbeforethemthatfearhim.'
Ps.26.12,'InthecongregationswillIblesstheLord.'
Ps,35.18,'IAvillgivetheethanksinthegreatcongregation:Iwillpraisetheeamongmuchpeople.'
Ps.40.9,10,'Ihavepreachedrighteousnessinthegreatcon-gregation [eKK\T]fjia)....Ihavenotconcealedthylovingkindnessandthytruthfromthegreatcongregation(trvroywy//).'HerethePsalmistprobablyreferstothegatheringwhichtookplaceatoneofthegreatreligiousfeasts,
Ps.68.26,'BlessyeGodinthecongregations,eventheLordfromthefountainofIsrael.'
§8.]'Adah,theCongregation07^Testimony.367
Ps.107.32,'Letthemexalthimalsointhecongregationofthepeople,andpraisehimintheassemblyoftheelders.'
Ps.149.1,'Singhispraiseinthecongregationofthesaints.'
InPs.58.1,whereweread,'Doyeindeedspeakright-eousness, 0congregation,'tliewordusedisAlam(d'ps),whichsignifiestobind,andhencetohedumborsilent;perhapsreferenceismadetothesuppressionofthatwhichisrighteous.CompareSt.Paul'sdescriptionofthosewho'hold,'or'holddownthetruthinunrighteousness'(Rom.1.18).ThewordAlam,however,isalsoappliedtoasheafofcornboundtogether,whichwouldpresentaverysuitablesvmbolofacongregation.
InPs.68.10,thePsalmistsays,'Thycongregationshalldwelltherein';andin74.19,'Forgetnotthecon-gregation ofthepoorforever.'Heretheword(nTi)meansalivingbeing.Translatorshavenotbeenagreedastoitsmeaninghere,butourversiongivesafairsense.Inmanyversionsweherefindthesingularrendering,'Thybeastsshalldwelltherein.'
§8.BesidesKahal,whichmightbegenerallyrenderedassemblyorassemblage—awordnotconfinedtoatechnicaluse—thereisanotherwordwhichoccursaboutahundredandfiftytimesintheOldTestament,withalmostthesamewidthofmeaning,namely,'Adah(niv)-ThiswordfirstappearsinEx.12.3,andisalmostalwaysrenderedcongregation.Itisnoteasytodrawadistinctionbetweentheseterms.Thereissomereasonfortakingthefirst(Kahal)asgenerallyreferringtothereiyresentativegathering,whilstthesecond('Adah)oftensignifiesanin-formal massingofthepeople.'AdahisusedofthecompanyofKorah(Num.16.5;Ps.106.17);inJud.14.8,itisusedofaswarmofbees;inPs.68.30,ofamultitudeofbulls.Itonlyoccursthreetimesintheprophets,namelyinJer.6,
368Temple,Tabernacle,Congregation,&c.[Ch.XIX.
18,30.20,andHos.7.12;whilstKahaloccurstwenty-twotimes,chieflyinEzekiel.TheLXXusuallyhasavvar/wyrjasarendering-for'Adah.
Thiswordnotonlysignifiescongregation,butalsowitnessortestimony,andinitsfeminineform'Aduthitisusedof*thearkofthetestimony.'ThischestwassocalledbecauseitcontainedthetablesoftheLawwhichtestifiedtoGod'scharacterandattributes(Ex.25.21,22).Thesameform,'Aduth,isusedofthetentwhichcontainedtheark,andwhichwasconsequentlycalledthetentortabernacleofthetestimonyorofwitnessinEx.38.21;Num.1.50,58,10.11,17.7,8,18.2;and2Chron.24.6.'§9.Whereverwereadof'thetabernacleofthecongre-gation,' thewordmo'ed(njjio)isused.Itisgenerallysup-posed thatthiswordisderivedfromya'ad(ny),toappoint,andinthepassive,tomeetormakeanappointment.ThisverbisusedofGod'smeetingMosesandcommuningwithhimfromabovethemercy-seatinEx.25,22;andinEx.29.42,43,itisapparentlyadoptedtoexplainthetruemeaningofthewordmo'ed,forwehereread,'Thisshallbeacontinualburnt-offeringthroughoutyourgenerations,atthedoorofthetabernacleofthecongregationbeforetheLord,whereIwillmeetyoutospeakthereuntothee,andthereIwillmeetwiththechildrenofIsraeland[thetaber-nacle (or)Israel]shallbesanctifiedbymyglory.'SeealsoEx.30.6,36,wherethesameHebrewwordsareusedinthesamerelationship.The'tabernacleofthecongregation'wasthereforetheappointedplaceofmeetingbetweenGodandIsrael;theywerebroughtneartogetherinthatHolyPlace,justasGodandmanaresaidtobebroughtnearto-gether intheBodyofChrist,whichisthetrueTabernaclenotmadewithhands.
TheLXXhasalmostalwaysrenderedthisexpressionbythewordsff/cT^vj^rovfiaprvpicv,'thetentofwitness,'thus
§10.]TheHolyConvocation.369
connectingthewordmo'edwith'adah,whichhasbeendis-cussed above.Thereisagooddealtobesaidinfavourofthisviewofthematter,fortherootsofthewordsarecognate,ifnotthesame.
Thewordmo'edisalsousedtorepresentseasons(Gen.1.14),appointedtimes(Gen.18.]4),feasts(Lev.23.2),andsolemnities(Deut.31.10).Inalltheserenderings,whichfrequentlyrecurintheOldTestament,thereisanideaofsometinneorflaceappointedbyGod.
What,then,wasthetabernacleofthecongregation?NotthetentorcollectionoftentsinwhichthecongregationofIsraeldwelt,butthetentortabernacleinthemostsacredpartofwhichthearkofthetestimonywasplaced,andwhichwassetapartasthedwelling-placeofGod,thecentrewhenceissuedthepromises,warnings,andcommandsoftheMostHigh.
TheaKijvT]rovfiapTvplovismentionedinActs7.44,andinRev.16.5,inbothofwhichplacesthewordsarerenderedtabernacleofwitness.ThisrenderingmightbepermittedintheOldTestamentalso;oriftheotherviewofthewordmo'adbemaintained,itwouldbebettertorendertheex-pression the'tentofmeeting,'or'tentofappointment,'soastoindicatethatitwastheappointedmeeting-placebetweenGodandman,ratherthantoretainthepresentrendering,whichtendstoconfoundtwoverydifferentthings,namely,thegatheringofthepeopleofIsrael,andthetentinwhichtheLordmanifestedHisPresence.
§10.Thewordusedintheexpression'aholyconvoca-tion' isMikra(mpo),fromkara,tocallorconvoke.TheLXXusuallyhasKXrjrr}ajLu,which,accordingtoNewTestamentusage,mightberendered'calledtobeholy';comparethekXijtoIayloiofSt.Paul'sepistles(A.V.'calledtobesaints').Thesabbathsandfeastdayswerecalledbythisname,whichhasbeenrenderedassemblyinIs.1.lo,
BB
370Temple,Tabernacle,Coiig7'egation,&c.[Ch.XIX.
and4.5.Perhapsitisimpliedthatassemblieswereactuallyconvenedonthesedaysforpurposesofpublicworship,orforthereadingandexpositionoftheLaw.Itmaybe,however,thatthewordanswerstoourwordinstitutionorsolemn-ity, andsignifiedthatthedayssodesignatedwereintendedtobekeptfreefromsecularwork,andtoberegardedassacredbyDivinecommand.Whetherthisviewofthewordbetakenornot,therecanbelittledoubtthatallpiousIsraeliteswouldgladlyavailthemselvesofsuchadayforspecialactsofworshipandforgrowthinknowledgeofthelawoftheLord,whichwastosomeofthem'sweeterthanhoneyandthehoneycomb.'
§11.Themostnotablewordsthatwehavebeenconsider-ing reappearintheNewTestament,butgenerallywithamorespiritualsignificance.Thus,whilsttheliteralvaosortemplewasbuiltbySolomon,itwasreservedforChrist,thetrueSonofDavid,tobuildthespiritualvao^,whichiscom-posed oflivingstonesbaseduponHimastheirfoundation.ThefirsthintintheN.T.thatthereshouldbesuchaspiritualtemple,isinJohn2.19,wheretheLordsays,'Destroythistemple,andinthreedaysIwillraiseitup.'Hesj)oke,however,astheEvangelisttellsus,ofthetempleofHisbody;butHisbodywasitselfafigureofthatorgani-sation ofwhichallChristiansformapart,sothatHisresur-rection wasregardedastherisingoftheHead,theEirst-fruits,whilsttheBodyistoberaisedhereafter.ThisideaofthelivingTempleistoucheduponbySt.Paulseveraltimes(see1Cor.3.16,17,6.19;2Cor.6.16;Eph.2.21);eachChristianisregardedasadwelling-placeoftheHolyGhost,and,whenviewedinconnexionwithothers,hpisdescribedasaliving'stoneinthegreattemple,ofwhich
'Itseemsunfortunatethatthewordtranslatedlivingintheoneverseshouldberenderedlivelyintheother,theveryobjectoftheApostlebeingtoshowtheonenessofnaturebetweenChristandbelievers.
§12.]EcclesiaandSynagogue,accordingtothcN.T.371
Christisthefoundationandthechiefcornerstone(1Pet.2.5),EveryChristian,whetherJeworGentile,whetherbondorfree,isbuiltupand'fitlyframed'inharmonywiththerest;andeachcommunityofChristiansmayberegardedasachamber{Karoi/crjTijpiov,Epb.2.22)inthegreatedifice.
IntheEpistletotheHebrews,theoKrjv^ortabernacleoftheMosaicdispensationiscomparedtothatwhichtheLordpitched,ofwhichChristwastheminister,Heb.8.2;andinEev.21.3,weread,withrespecttothesameheavenlytaber-nacle, thathereafteritshallbesetupamongmen.
Thea-Ktjvco/jiaistwicementionedbySt.Peterasasymboloftheearthlybody,ordwelling-placeforthesoul(2Pet.1.13,14).InthissenseSt.PaulusestheformcrKrjvosin2Cor.5.1,4,wherehespeaksof*ourearthlyhouseofthistabernacle'beingdissolved.
Besidesthereferencestothetempleasthehouse(^oIkos)ofGodintheN.T.,wehavetheidentificationoftheChurch,i.e.theBodyofbelievers,withtheHouseofGodm1Tim.3.15,and1Pet.4.17;whilstinHeb.3.acomparisonisinstitutedbetweenthefaithfulnessofMosesasaservantoverhishouse,i.e.thehouseofIsraelwhichwascommittedtohischargebyGod,andthefaithfulnessofChristtheSonofGodintakingchargeofthosewhobelieveinHim,andwhothusconstituteHishouse.InHeb.10.21,heiscalledaHighPriestoverthehouseofGod,—notamaterialbutaspiritualhouse;see1Pet.2.5.
§12.Theworda-wayoyy)]intheN.T.isgenerallyusedofthebuildingratherthanofthosethatassembleinit;thereare,however,afewpassagesinwhichthesynagoguemeantthejudicialandreligiousassembly.See,forinstance,Mark13.9;Luke21.12;andActs13.43.InJames2.2,thewordisapparentlyappliedtotheChristianplaceofmeeting,wheretheywerenottoforsaketheassemblingofthemselvestogether(Heb,10.25).
BB2
372Temple,Tabernacle,Congregaliojz,&e.[Cn.XIX.
TotheChristianthewordsKKkyjaiaisfarmoreimportantthanavva<yu>'yrj.OnexaminingtheGospelswefindthewordonlyinMat.16.18,and18.17.Theformerpassagere-vealed Christ'sintentiontosupersedetheecclesia•oftheOldTestamentdispensationbyonewhichshouldbepecu-liarly Hisown;whilstthelatterpointstothefunctionswhichthisnewbodywastoexerciseinaccordancewithHisword.
WhenwepasstotheActsandEpistles,wefindthatChristiansareformedintoecclesice,ororganisedbodies,ineverytowntowhichtheApostleswent,whilstallthesesmallerorganisationswereregardedasbranchesofagreatwhole,theHeadofwhichwasexaltedtotherighthandofGod(Eph.1.22).
§13.SomuchcontroversyhasgatheredroundthiswordChurchorecclesia,thattheideaofit,aspresentedintheNewTestament,needstobeexaminedwithgreataccuracy.BelieversinChristareuniversallyregardedasoneBody.TheyhaveoneLord,onefaith,onebaptism,oneGodandEather.TheyarerepresentedascontinuingsteadfastintheApostles'doctrineandfellowship,andinbreakingofbreadandinprayers(Acts2.42).Bythiswearetounder-stand thatformembershipintheChurch,itwasregardedasnecessarythattheauthorityoftheApostlesasteachersshouldberecognised;thattheirexpositionoftheOldTesta-ment andofthehistoryofourLord'slife,death,resurrection,andascensionshouldbeaccepted;thattheGospelpreachedbythemshouldbereceivedandbelieved,bothasameansofpardonandasawayoflife;thatthereshouldbenoSi;;^©-
'TherehavebeenTariouscoutrorersiesastotherightrenderingofthisword.InmanyTersionsithasbeenreproducedwithoutanyattemptattranslation.Others,likeourselves,havetakenthewordKvpiaK-q,theLord'shousehold,tore-present it.Tyndalerightlytranslatedthewordcongregationorassemhh/,thusretainingtherelationshipbetweentheOldTestamentandtheNew.Luther'swordGenuine,community,isaverygoodone.
§13.]PrimitiveClnirchOrganisatio7i.373
(TTaalaorseparationfromtheApostoliccommiinity(3John9.10),that'breakingofbread'asabondofsocialbrother-hood, andasasacramentalriteordainedbyChristHimself,shouldbepractised,thatthereshouldbeonecommonworship,which,whiletakingvariousforms,shouldbebasedontheprinciplesinculcatedbyChristandHisaccreditedmessengers.Inalltheserespects.ChristiansweretoacttogetherunderthedirectionoftheAj^ostles.Theremightbedifferentarrangements,differentplacesofmeeting,'diversitiesofadministrations,'butthewordoftheApostolicbody,asre-presenting theteachingofChrist,wastobesupreme.
Andthisunitywastoembracenotonlybeliefbutalsolife.Ifanyonepreachedafalsegospel,hewastobere-garded asanathema,i.e.asanoutcastfromtheBody;andifanyonedidnotlovetheLordJesusChrist,hetoowastoberegardedasanathema.ThosethatlovedGodandtheirbrethren,andwalkedworthyoftheirprofession,weretrulybornofGod,andwerereallymembersoftheonebody,theSpiritofChristdwellinginthem;butthosewhosereligionconsistedonlyofprofessionandtalk,andwhodidnotdenythemselvesfortheirbrother'sgood,wereregardedashavinganametolive,whilstreallydead.
ThisbodywascalledtheecdesiaofChrist,becauseitansweredtotheecdesiaoftheOldTestamentdispensation.TheChristianbodyistheantitypeofwhichIsraelwasthetype.Theyarechildrenoffaith,andthereforechildrenofAbrahamandheirsofthepromise;theyhavebeendeliveredoutofabondageworsethanthatofEgypt;theyhaveaLeadergreaterthanMoses,aPriesthigherthanAaron,anatoning-offeringmorepreciousthanthebloodofbullsorofgoats,atabernaclemorelastingthanthetabernacleofwitness;theyhavethetrueMannaorBreadofLifetoeat,andthetrueKocksuppliesthemwiththeWaterofLife;fromthehandsofOnehigherthanJoshuatheyhopeto
374Temple,Tabernacle,Cofigregation,&c.[Ch.XIX.
receivetheirpromisedinheritance,andOne^^eaterthanDavidistheirKing-.Intheseandotherrespects,weseethatthehistoryofIsraelforeshadowedthehistoryoftheChristianbody,whichwasthusverysuitablydesignatedasacoTujregationorecclesia.Itisdividedintomanygenera-tions, anddistributedthroughallpartsoftheworld,yetitisone;andwhereverChristislovedandhonouredasSaviourandLeader,whereverHeistrustedasPriestandSacrifice,whereverHeisobeyedasKing,andhopedinastheGiverofaneverlastinghabitation—therearemembersoftheonegreatecclesia,theHolyCatholicChurch.Thousandshavepassedaway,andthousandsmaybeyetunborn;butallareregardedasOneinChrist,byHimwhoseeththeendfromthebeginning.
Besidesthisonevastcongregationorecclesia,whichisdescribedintheBookoftheEevelationastheBrideofChrist,wealsoreadintheNewTestamentoftheformationofvariouscommunitieswhichmightberegardedasnurseriesforthosewhoformpartofthegreatBody.AnecclesiawasfirstformedinJerusalem,andafterwardsineverylargetowntowhichtheGospelcame.Eachecclesiahaditselders,whomayberegardedaccordingtotheanalogyoftheOldTestament,asitsrepresentatives,andwho,liketheeldersoftheJewishChurch,hadtoexercisespiritualandprophetical,thoughnotsacerdotalfunctions.^ThevariousecclesiiBformedthroughtheRomanworldwereconfederateChurches,boundtogetherbythecommontiesofApostolicteachingandunityofspirit.Theremightbemanyplacesofmeet-ing orecclesiwinonecity,buttheywerenotindependentofoneanother;suchaneventasthearrivalofanAjjostlewouldbringthemalltogetherasonebrotherhood.AstheWordofGodgrewandmultiplied,itextendedintothemoreoutlyingcountrydistricts,andtheChurchesthus
'Seechap.xx.§9.
§14.]OtherSensesofEcelestaintheN.T.375
formedwereaffiliatedwith,thecitycommunities,andthuswhatwemavcalldioceseswereformed,allhoweveractinffinharmonywiththedirectionswhichemanatedfromtheApostolicbodyatJerusalem.Whenthisvenerablecitywasdestroyed,thelocalcentreofunityvanished;atthesametimetheApostlesandtheircoadjutorspassedaway;buttheylefttheirwritingsbehind,andtheselettersandauthorisednarrativesofourLord'shistorywerereceivedastheutter-ances oftheSpiritofChrist,andtookthesameplaceintheChristiansystemwhichtheScripturesoftheOldTestamenthadoccupiedintheJewishChurch.
How,inthelapseofages,RomegraduallyassumedtoitselfboththeauthorityoftheApostlesandthelocaldignitywhichorig-inallybelongedtoJerusalem,isamatterofhistorywhichneednotherebetouchedupon.Itmaybeobserved,however,thatallschismsinthevariousChurches,orfromthem,arosepartlyfromthefactthat,asgenerationspassedaway,theChurcheslostsomethingofthatvitalholdofsimpleApostolictruthwhichth«yoriginallypossessed,andpartlybecauseitdoesnotseem,humanlyspeaking,possiblethatthereshouldbeuponearthanythingapproachingtoaperfectChurch.Therehavealwaysbeenoffences,heresies,falseteachers,andfalseprofessors,andtherewillbetotheendofthisdispensation.EveryattempttoformanewcommunityontheApostolicmodelhasendedinthesameway.Arootofbitternesshassprungupinspiteofallpre-cautions ;andmenhavelearntoverandoveragainbysadexperiencethattheymustbecontenttoputupwithanim-perfect organisationandwithindifferentteachers,whilsttheyharebeenalsoledtoseethat,,amidstallhumanimperfec-tions, thetrueHeadoftheChurchremains*thesameyesterday,to-day,andforever,'ministeringgracetoallthatloveHiminsincerityandtruth.
§14.Thewordecclesiaisusedinothersensesbesides
37^Temple,Tabernacle,Congregation,&c.[On.XIX.
thatnowdiscussed,inafewpassagesoftheN.T.Thus,inActs19.32,39,41,acivilassemblyiscalledbythisname.In1Cor.14.,theecclesiaappearstobetheassemblyofChristiansforDivineworship,answeringtooneofthesensesofavvaycoyi]notedabove.InHeb.12.23,wereadofthesfCKkTjcrlaofthefirstborn,whosenamesarewritteninheaven.ReferenceisheremadeperhapstothetrueIsraeloftheolddispensation,tothoseofthecongregation'orecclesiainthewildernesswithwhomGodwaspleased,^tothosewhodidnotbowthekneetoBaal,andtothose*whofearedtheLord,'and*spakeoftenonetoanother.'OtherssupposethattheecclesiaofChristisherereferredto;theyholdthattheChurchisarepresentativebody,andthattheworldatlargewillreapthefruitofthefaithandloveofthespiritualfirstborn.
'Acts7.38.TheA.V.heremostunfortunatelyrenders6KK\i,<riachurch,insteadofcongregatioji.
*Heb.3.16,'SonveduXprovoke...butnotall.'TherewasaChurchwithinaChurch,JewswhowereJewsinwardlj',Israelitesindeed,remnantsaccordingtotheelectionofgraceEom.2.29,11.4,5;Mai.3.16.IsraeliscalledGod'sfirstborninEx.4.22.
§1.]HumanAgencyinRevelation,2)77
CHAPTERXX.
PROPHET,PEIEST,ELDER,MINISTER.
§1.HumaninstrumentsusedtoaccomplishtheDivinepurposes.—§2.HebrewnamesforaProphet.—§3.Chozeb,ortheSeer.—§4.Prophecy,accordingtotheN.T.—§5.Cohen,orthePriest.—§6.ThePriest,accordingtotheN.T.—§7.Zacen,ortheElder.—§8.The'Ancients.'—§9.ChTistianPresbi/ters.—§10.Sberetb,ortheMinister.—§11.TheMinister,accordingtotheN.T.—§12.'Eved,ortheServant.—§13.ThesameintheN.T.
§1.IthasalwaysbeenpartoftliesystemoftheDivinegovernmenttoemploy'menasinstrumentsfortheconvey-ance ofheavenlytruthandblessingtotheworldatlarge.WhetheritbeastheannouncersoftheRevealedMessage,asthewritersoftheinspiredScripture,astheoflicialrepre-sentatives ofGodinmattersrelatingtotheatonement,orasteachersandguidesofthepeople,humaninstrumentshavebeenemployed,humanvoiceshavebeenheard,'thepenofaman'hasbeenused,theagenthasbeen'takenfromamongmen,'thetreasurehasbeenconveyedin'earthenvessels.'Therehasbeenaconstanttendencyinthosethathavebeenselectedfortheseimportantservicestoconstitutethemselvesintoacaste,andtoassumetothem-selves powersandrightswhichGodnevergavethem;andbyanaturalreaction,manypersons,resentingsuchclaims,havethrowndiscreditonsacredoffices,andhavesoughttobreakthroughthedistinctionswhichGodHimselfhasmarkedout.
Thepracticaladvantagesofasettledorderofministryaredeniedbycomparativelyfew;buthowmanytherearewho
378Prophet,Priest,Elder,Minister.[Ch.XX.
differ,andthathotly,concerningthenames,relativeposi-tions, andspiritualpowersoftheministry!Metaphysicalquestionshavehereintrudedthemselves,toaddtotheen-tanglement. ISTotonlyhasthenatureofthespecialpropheticgiftsoftheOldandNewTestamentboonearnestlyinvesti-gated, butsuchpointsasthefollowingareraised:—DoesthegraceofGod'sSpiritcomedirecttoeachmemberoftheChurch,oronlythroughcertainprivilegedpersons?DoesthespiritualefficacyofbaptismandtheLord'sSupperdependuponthepresenceandsuperintendenceofapersonwhohasreceivedspecialgiftsbythelayingonofhands?ArethegiftsreferredtointheNewTestamenttransmittedthroughEpiscopalconsecration?oraretheyvestedintheHolyCatholicChurchasabody,tobeexercisedthroughsuchrepresentativesasmaybeappointedfromtimetotimebytheChristiansofeachlocality?Isathreefoldorderofministry—bishops,presbyters,anddeacons—essentialtotheexerciseofsuchgifts?IshereditarysuccessionfromtheApostles'days,byacontinuousla^dngonofhands,necessaryinordertoconstituteatrueBishop?
Theanimosityraisedbysuchquestionsisendless,andweneedoverandoveragaintoberemindedthatthegreatobjectoftheministryisnotthatmenshouldsetthemselvesupasaprivilegedcaste,butthattheyshouldleadotherstoChrist;whilsttheobjectofChristindispensingHisgiftstomenistomakethemconformabletothewillofGod.What-ever helpsforwardthatconformity,whetheritbethefaith-ful useoftheLord'sSupper,thereadingandmeditatingonScripture,publicprayerandpreaching,orprivatespiritualintercoursebetweenmanandman,thatistoberegardedasagij't,andasameanswherebythelifeofGodpenetratesthesoul./
§2.ThegeneralnameforaprophetintheO.T.isNabi(nu:).Theoriginalmeaningofthiswordisuncertain;
§2,]Hebi'ezvnamesforaProphet.379
someconnectitwitlinabath,tobehold;butitisgenerallysupposedtosignifytbebubbling-upoftlieDivinemessage,aswaterissuesfromabiddenfountain.Itisusedbotliofprediction,properlysocalled,andoftliean-nouncement ofaDivinemessagev^ithregardtothepastorpresent.Itissometimesappliedtotheutteranceofsongsofpraise,tothosewhoprofessedtobemessengersoffalsegods(e.g.'theprophetsofBaal'),andalsoamanwhoactsasthemouthpieceofanother,aswhentheLordsaystoMoses,'Aaronthybrothershallbethyprophet.'Theprophet,then,wastherepresentativeofGod,theproclaimerofHiswillandpurposes.ThefirstpassageinwhichthewordoccursisGen.20.7,whereitisusedofAbraham.InDent.18.15,18,thetitleisappliedtotheMessiah,whowastohaveGod'swordsinHismouth,andwhothusbecametheMediatoroftheNewCovenant,takingapositionanalogousinsomerespectstothatofMoses.TheLXXalmostalwaysadoptstherendering7rpocp't]T£v(oandirpo-(p7]TrisforNabi.
InMicali2.6,11,thewordnatliaph(rjto:!),todrop,isused.Somecommentatorssupposethatitisadoptedasawordofcontempt.Itisused,however,ofadiscoursedis-tilling indropsinthefollowingpassages:—Job29.22,'Myspeechdroppeduponthem';Prov.5.3,'Thelipsofastrangewomandropasanhoneycomb';Cant.4.11,'Thylips,0myspouse,dropasthehoneycomb';5.13,'Hislips,likelilies,droppingsweet-smellingmyrrh';Ez.20.46,'Dropthywordtowardsthesouth';21.2,'Dropthywordtowardstheholyplaces';Am.7.16,'DropnotthywordagainstthehouseofIsaac'
ThewordMasa(xc'd),aburden,isusedinProv.30.1and31.1,wheretheA.V.rendersit'prophecy.'Byaburdenwearetounderstandthemessagelaiduponthemindoftheprophet,andbyhimpressedontheattentionof
380Prophet,Priest,Elder,Minister.[Ch.XX.
tliepeople.ThemessageoftheLordoughtnottohavebeenregardedasaburdenbythepeople(seeJer.23.33-38);butitcouldnotfailtoberealisedassuchbytheprophets,whoattimesfeltheavilyladenwiththeweightoftheirmessage.SeeJer.20.9;andcompareNah.1.1;Hab.1.1;andMai.1.1.
InHos.9.7,theprophetisdescribedasthe'manofthespirit,'orthe'spiritualman,'anexpressionwhichremindsusofSt.Peter'sdeclarationthat'holymenofoldspakeastheyweremovedbytheHolyGhost.'
§3.AnotherwordusedwithreferencetoprophecyisChozeh(nin),onewhoseesavision,notwiththeeyeofsense,butwiththespiritualandintellectualfaculties.Thistermisusually(butnotalways)foundinpassageswhichrefertovisionsvouchsafedbyGod.
Chozehisrendered'prophet'onlyonce,namely,inIs.30.10,'Whichsaytotheprophets,Prophesynotuntousrightthings,speakuntoussmooththings,prophesydeceits.'Acognatenounisusedofvisionsinalmostallpassagesinwhichtheyarementioned.Theverbisfrequentlyfoundinthesamesense,asinEx.24.11,'TheysawGod,'whereitexplainsandsomewhatmodifiesthefactrecordedinthepreviousverse,inwhichtheordinarywordforsightisused.Again,itisusedinNum.24.4,16,whereBalaamspeaksofhimselfas'seeing-the-visionoftheAlmighty,falling(intoatrance),buthavinghiseyesopen.'In2Sam.24.11,itisusedofGad,David's'seer';alsoof'seers'in2Kin.17.13,1Chron.21.9,25.5,29.29,2Chron.9.29,33.18,19,35.15.
Theverbisfoundinthefollowingpassages,relatingtospirituala])prehension,intheBookofJob:24.1,'Why,seeingtimesarenothiddenfromtheAlmighty,dotheythatknowhimnot^seehisdays?'27.12,'Behold,allyeyourselves
'Thisrenderingisalittleambiguous.Thequestionmeans,'"Whydonotthoyseehisdays,sincethey(professto)knowHim?'
§4.]Prophecy,accordingtotheN.T.381
haveseenit,'i.e.theworkoftlieAlmiglity;34.32,'ThatwhichIseenotteachthoume';36.25,'Everymanmayseeit,'i.e.theworkofGod.
InPs.63.2,twowordsareused,thefirstbeingthemoregeneralone,thesecondthatwhichwearenowconsidering,TliePsalmistexpresseshislongingtosee(raah)God'spowerandgloryashehasseen(Chazah)Godinthesanc-tuary. HewishedtoseefacetofacethatBeingwhomnowheonlysawthroughaglassdarkly.
ChazahisusedinIs.13.1,andsimilarpassages,oftheburdenorvisionwhichtheprophetsaw.ItoccursinIs.33.17,'Thineeyesshallseethekinginhisbeauty,'andimpliesthattherewouldbesomethingmoreinthatbeatificvisionthanwhatwouldbepresentedtotheoutereye.ItisusedoffalsevisionsinEz.13.6,7,8,9,16,whereitmustimply,eitherthattheprophetsprofessedtohavevisionswhichtheydidnothave,orelsethattheirvisionswerewroughtbytheagencyoflyingspirits;see1Kin.22.22.
Danielusesthesamewordofhisremarkablevisioninchap.7.2,7,13.ItisalsousedbyAmos,Micah,andHabakkukoftheirvisions.
Insomepassagesthewordisfoundinamoregeneralsense,asinPs.58.8,10;Prov.22.29,24.32,29.20;Cant.6.13;Is.48.6,and67.8.ItisalsoadoptedtorepresenttheobjectswhichpresentedthemselvesindreamsinDaniel,chaps2.3.4.and5.
ThemoregeneralwordRoeh(nx"i),tosee,isusedofpro-phetic orspiritualsightinafewpassages,twoofwhichhavebeenalreadyreferredto.Itrepresentsthe'visions'mentionedinGen.46.2;Num.12.6;1Sam.3.15;2Chron.26.5;Is.28.7;Ez.1.1,8.3,4,11.24,40.2,43.3;andDan.8.16,27.
§4.Thewordsrnrpo(f)7]rr]sand7rpo<pi]Tsv(oareusedintheN.T.,notonly-withrespecttothei)rophetsoftheOld
382Prophet,Priest,Elder,Minister.[Ch.XX.
Testament,butalsowith,referencetothosepersonswho'prophesyinChrist'sname'(Matt.7.22),underthenewdispensation.TheprophecyofZacliarias(Luke1.67),isaninspiredhymngatheringtogetherthe0.T.predictions,andannouncingthattheywereabouttobefulfilledinChrist.TheprophecyofCaiaphas(John11.51),wasanutterancecapableofameaningfurtherthanthatwhicliwasinthemindofthespeaker,anditwasintendedbyHimwhoover-rules allthingstohavethisdoublesignificance.WhentheJewsblindfoldedtheLordandsmoteHimwiththeirhands,theysaid,'Prophesytouswhosmotethee'(Mat.26.68;Mark14.65;Luke22.64),implyingthatprophecyistheutteranceofthatwhichcannotbediscoveredbysuchmeansofknowledgeasareordinarilyavailable.AmongthespecialgiftsofPentecost,wefindthatbotlimenandwomenshouldprophesy(Acts2.17),andtheutteranceofthewonderfulworksofGodissaidtoliavebeenafulfilmentofthepre-diction.
PeferencestothiscontinuanceoftbisgiftaretobefoundinActs19.6,21.9;Eom.12.6;1Cor.11.4,5(wherepro-phesying iscoupledwithpraying);1Cor.12.10,14.passim.SeealsoEev.10.11,11.3.TheThessaloniansweretoldnottothinkslightinglyofprophesyings(JTbess.5.20).Wegatherfrom1Tim.1.18and4.14,thattherewerespecialprophesyingsconnectedwithbisbeingsetapartfortheministry.
BothJohntheBaptistandtheLordJesuswereregardedbymanyamongtheJewsasprophets(Matt.21.11,26,46),andrightlyso,forJohnwas'morethanaprophet,'whilsttheLordwas'theProphetwhoshouldcomeintotheworld'(John6.14;Acts3.22,23).TheApostlesarecoupledwithprophetssentbyChrist,inLuke11.49(compareMatt.23.34,whereluisemenaresubstitutedforApostles).NewTestamentprophetsarereferredtoinActs11.27,13.1,15.32,
§5.]Cohen,orthePriest.383
21.10;1Cor.12.28;Epli.2.20,3.5,4.11;1Thess.2.15;Eev.18.20,22.9.'
Insomeofthecasesherereferredto,theprophetsutteredpredictionsandannouncementsoftheDivinewillwiththeformula,'ThussaiththeLord.'ItisevidentthereforethatthereisnoofficeintheChurchatthepresenttimeanalogoustotheirs.Thepropheticgift,insomeofitsaspects,mustbeclassedalongwithotherswhichwerecalledintoexistencebythewillofGodforaspecialtimeandpurpose,itsobjectbeingthedirectingandstrengtheningofthefaithoftheinfantChurch,whichwasthusprovidedfortemporarily,aseverynew-bornchildis,untilGodsawfittoleaveHispeopletothoselessobtrusivebutmorepermanentoperationsoftheSpiritwhicharereferredtoinsuchpassagesasGal.5.22,23,andtowhichthenameprophecyisonlyapplicableinasecondarysense.
§5.TheHebrewnameforapriestisCohen(|nD)throughouttheOldTestament,withtheexceptionofthreepassages,whereawordderivedfromCamar(103),whichprobablymeanstohum,orm,ake,liot,isused,viz.2Kin.23.5;Hos.10.5;andZeph.1.4(chemarims).Inthesepas-sages idolatrouspriestsarereferredto.
TheoriginalmeaningofthewordCohenislostinobscurity.In1Kin.4.5,theA.V.rendersit'principalofficer'(comparethemarginalrenderingofverse2);in2Sam.8.18and20.26,ithasbeenrendered'chiefruler'(margin,'princes').David'sownsonswerethusdesignated,butitseemsimpossiblenowtodecidewhatdutieswereinvolvedunderthisname.InJob12.19,itisrendered'princes,''Heleadethprincesawayspoiled,andoverthroweththemighty.'Possiblytheusageofthewordinthepassages
'InthisremarkablepassageSt.John,themostprivilegedoftheN.T.prophets,findsthatthegloriousbeingwhoisconductinghimfromonescenetoanotherisnotDivine,butisafellow-servant—adepartedsaint—onewho,likeStephen,hadbeenfaithfuluutodeath.
384Prophet,Priest,Elder,Minister.[Ch.XX.
nowquotedisaremnantofitsoriginalsignification,atatimewhenonemancombinedinHimselftliepriestlyandthekinglyoffice.Atanyrate,itisplainthattobeaCohenwastooccupyanhonourableandresponsibleposition,andtohaveachargeoverothers.Andsuch,nodoubt,willbeitsmeaningthroughouteternity.
TheFrench,andotherna,tionswhichhavetranslatedtheword*Sacrificer,'havemadeamistake,becauseitisnotthebusinessofthepriesttosacrifice.Thepeoplearethesacri-ficers,i.e.theslayersofthevictim;whilstthepriest,ac-cording totheLeviticalsystem,sprinkledthebloodofatonementonthealtar,andturnedthepiecesintofragrantsmoke;andthistheydidasrepresentativesofthemercyofGod.ItneedhardlybesaidthatnoprocessansweringtothispeculiarriteisexercisedbytheChristianministry.TheGreekIspsvsandtheLatinsacerdosarefarbetter(be-cause moreindefinite)renderingsofCohenthaneithertheFrench'sacrificateur'ortheEnglish'priest,'whichlastconfusestwothingskeptcarefullydistinct,bothintheOldTestamentandintheNew.Thepriestoffered(Heb.8.3,4),thegiftsandsacrificeswhichthepeoplepresented.Hemightthereforebecalledanoff'erer,thoughnotasacrificer;buttheprocessherecalledofferingwasinrealitysymbolicalofChrist'sdeath,resurrection,andascension.
TheverbCahan,*toministerinthepriest'soffice,'isusedseveraltimesinScripture.Inonepassageitisrenderedto*deck';thebridegroomdeckshimselfwithornaments,asthepriestclotheshimselfwithhisspecialrobesofoffice(Is.61.10).TheLXXisveryuniformintheuseofispBvsforthenounandIspaTsvsivfortheverb.OnlyonceisXeiTovpr/siv,tominister,usedforit,viz.in2Chron.11.14.
ThewordCohenisnotconfinedasatitletothepriestsoftheLeviticalorder.ItisappliedtoMelchizedek,toPotipherah(Gen.41.45),tothepriestsofMidian(Ex.3.1),
§G.]ThePriest,accordingtotheN.T.385
andtotliepriestswhoconductedidolatrousworshij).ItisnoticeablethatMosesisincludedamongGod'spriestsinPs.99.6;thisisinaccordancewiththetrueideaofapriest,asbeinganofficialexponentoftheDivineloveandmercy—onewhorepresentedGod,thoughactmgintheinterestsofman.
§6.TheverbispaTsvaisonlyusedonceintheN.T.,namely,whereZachariasisdescribedas'executingthepriest'soffice,'Luke1.8.Inthefollowingverse,ispaTsiaisfound;anditoccursagaininHeb.7.5.In1Pet.2.5,9,wemeetwithispdrsv/jia,whichisusedofChristians,re-garded asaholypriesthood,andalsoasaroyallyriesthood,thelastexpressionbeinganadaptationofthetitlegiventoIsraelinEx.19.6,wherethewords'kingdomofpriests*arerendered'royalpriesthood'intheLXX.Comp.Rev.1.6,5.10,20.6.
ItisremarkablethatthewordIspsvsoccursnowherethroughthewholerangeoftheEpistles,exceptintheEpistletotheHebrews,wherethecontrastbetweenChrist'spriestlyworkandthatofAaronisdrawnout.Theargu-ment ofthisEpistlemaybethusstated:ChristgaveHimselfasanofferingforthesinofman,accordingtoGod'swill,sheddingHisbloodfortheredemptionofthetransgressionswhichwereunderthefirstcovenant.HisresurrectionwasGod'scalltoHimtobecomeaHighPriest,anofficeforwhichHishumansufferingshadperfectedHim.WeChristianspresentourselves(Heb.10.22),asofferingstoChrist,andinHim—i.e.identifyingourselveswithHimbyfaith—wedrawneartoGod,whomHerepresentsandembodies;wethushave,notonlyasenseofpardon,butalsoaconsciencecleansedfromdeadworkstoservethelivingGod.
IftheministryoftheChristianChurchwereintendedtooccupyapositionatallanalogoustothatoftheLevitical
Cc
386Prophet,Priest,Elder,Minister.[Ch.XX.
priesthood,canitbedoubtedthattheEpistletotheHebrewswouldhavecontainedsomenotificationofthefact?Butwhilstundertheolddispensationeveryactionofthepriestwascarefullydetailed,sothatthepeople,bywatchingwhathedid,weretaughtwhattheworkofGodmanifestinthefleshwouldbe,intheNewTestamenttheministeriscompa-ratively keptoutofsight(exceptwheremattersoforderwereconcerned),andattentionisconcentratedonOnewhocannotbeseenwiththeoutwardeye,butwhoisouroneandonlyHighPriest,actinginourinterests'withintheveil.'Theministerrepresentsthefeoigle,justastheeldersrepresentedthecongregationofIsrael;butHedoesnot,byvirtueofHisministerialfunctions,representGodinthesenseinwhichthepriestdid,thoughinanothersensebothministerandpeoplearetobepriests,settingforthGod'sloveintheirdailylifeandconversation.ThatsacerdotaltermsshouldhavebeenfreelyusedoftheministryintheearlyagesoftheChurchisnottobewonderedatwhenwerememberthattoGreeksandRomanssacerdotalismwasalmostidentifiedwithreligion.TheirusagedoesnotimplyanyrealanalogybetweentheJewishandtheChristianministry,thoughitdoesimplythatthelattertooktheplaceoftheheathenpriesthood.
§7.TheelderisalwaysZacen(jpr),literallyanoldman,andisrepresentedintheLXXbyTrpsa^vrspos,Pres-byter, Thewordisfrequentlyusedineachlanguagetoexpressoldage,forwhichintheLXXirpsa^vTqsisalsoused;butgraduallyitreceiveditsofficialsense.ThefirstintimationofsuchasenseisinGen.50.7,wherewereadthat'Josephwentuptoburyhisfather,andwithhimwentupalltheservantsofPharaoh,theeldersofhishouse,andalltheeldersofthelandofEgypt.'Theofficewasinthosedaysanatural,social,andcivilone.InEx.17.5,theeldersareagainreferredtoasrepresentatives—layre-
§7.]Zacin,ort?ieElder.387
I)resentativesoftliepeople.SoagaininEx.18.12,19.7,24.1,9.
InNum.11.16,tlieLordsaystoMoses,*GatheruntomeseventymenoftheeldersofIsrael,whomthouknowesttobetheeldersofthepeople,andofficersoverthem,andbringthemuntothetabernacleofthecongregationthattheymaystandtherevs^ithme.'ThesemenrepresentedthevarioustribesofIsrael,andwerequitedistinctfromtheLevitesandpriests(Josh.24.1;1Kin,8.1-3).TheyactedonbehalfofIsraelongreatoccasions,whethercivilorreligious,andinthefirstinstancetheirappointmentwassanctionedbyanoutpouringoftheSpirituponthem,aswereadinNum.11.25,'AndtheLordcamedowninacloud,andspakeuntoMoses,andtookofthespiritthatwasuponhim,andgaveituntotheseventyelders:anditcametopass,that,whenthespiritresteduponthem,theyprophesied,anddidnotcease.'Itwasontheoccasionnowreferredtothatthereremainedtwoofthemeninthecamp,EldadandMedad;'andthespiritresteduponthem;andtheywereofthemthatwerewritten,butwentnotoutuntothetabernacle:andtheyprophesiedinthecamp.'WhenJoshuainhiseagernesswishedMosestoforbidthem,tlielawgivergavethatnobleandremarkableanswer,'Enviestthou(i.e.artthoujealous)formysake?WouldGodthatalltheLord'speoplewereprophets,andthattheLordwouldputhisspirituponthem.'ThispassageimpliesthattheoutpouringoftheSpiritonthepresbyterscausedthemtobecomeprophets,constitutingthemaspiritual,thoughnotasacerdotalorder.
Theimportanceofarightjudgmentofthepositionandfunctionsoftheseelderscannotwellbeover-ratedwhenwecometodiscussthenatureoftheanalogousofficeofpresbyterintheNewTestament.Ontheonehand,theelderwasneitherapriestnoraLevite,butarepresentativeofthepeople;ontheotherImnd,hehadspecialdutiesand
cc2
J
88Prophet,Priest,Elder,Minister.[Cn.XX.
responsibilitiesinconsequenceofthisposition,andliealsoliadspecialgraceconferredonhim(inthefirstinstance,atleast),toenablehimtoperformthosedutiesaright.
§8.OneotherreferencetoeldersintheOldTestamentmustbenoticed.Thewordrendered'ancients'inIs.3.14,24.23,isthesame,bothintheHebrewsandtheLXX,asthatnowunderdiscussion.Thelatterpassageisoneofpeculiarinterest.Weherereadthat'theLordshallreigninMountZion,andinJerusalemandbeforehisancientsgloriously,'or(asitisinthemargin)'thereshallbeglorybeforehisancients,'Arenotthese'ancients'or*elders'thesameasthosewhomSt.Johnsawinvision(Rev.4.4),beforethethroneofGod,givingglorytoGodandtotheLamb?Maytheynotbetakenastherepresentativesofallthesavedpeople,selectedbyGodHimselfforthisspecialpostofhonour?
§9.Thewordpresbytery,Trpsa^vTspiov,isusedthreetimesintheN.T.;twiceoftheSanhedrim(Luke23.66;Acts22.5),andonceofthegatheringofChristianelderswholaidtheirhandsonTimothy(1Tim.4.14).*
ChristianpresbytersoreldersarefirstnamedinActs11.30,wherereferenceismadetotheeldersinJuda3aorJerusalem.St.Paulappointedelders,apparentlybythelayingonofhands,andafternominationbythepeople,ineveryChurchwhichhefounded.Acts14.23.WefindtheseeldersinconclavewiththeapostlesinActs15;andwehaveamosttouchingandinstructiveaddress,illustratingtheirofiiceandwork,inActs20.17,&c.
EldersarenotmentionedintheEpistlesuntilwereach
'PaulhimselflaidhandsalsoonTimothy(2Tim.1.6),butperhapsatadif-ferent timeandwithadifferentobject.ItmaybeobservedthatthegreatapostleoftheGentileswasformallyappointedtohismissionaryworkbythelayingofthehandsoftheministersatAntioch(Acts13.3),althoughhehadpreviouslyre-ceived amission,accompaniedby,tliospecialgiTtioftheHolySpirit,bythelayingonofhandsonAnanias.
§9.]ChristianPresbyters.389
tlieEpistletoTimothy,tlioughtlieyareprobablythepersonsreferredtoin1Thess.5.12.'ItseemsstrangethattheyarenotinthelistofgiftedpersonsmentionedinEph.4.11;butthismaybeaccountedforbythefactthattheworkofanelder,assuch,didnotcallforextraordinarygifts,andwastobecarriedonlongafterthosegiftshadceased.Theymay,however,havebeenincludedunderthenameProphets.Fromthe1stEpistletoTimothywelearnthecharacterandpositionoftheelder;whilstfromTit.1.5,itwouldaj)pearthatthesystemofappointingeldersineverycitywheretherewasaChurch,wasstillsustained.BothPeterandJohndescribethemselvesbythistitle(2John,1;3John,1;1Pet.5.1).
St.PetergivesthemsomeadvicewhichfallsinexactlywiththeexhortationsgivenbySt.PaultothoseofEphesus.St.JamesalsodoubtlessreferstothosewhoheldtherankofelderintheChurch,intheremarkablepassage(5.14)inwhichhespeaksofhealingthesickbythemedicaluseofoil,inconnexionwiththepardonofsin.
AccordingtotheanalogyoftheOldTestament^theelderswouldbelay(i.e.non-sacerdotal)representativesofthevariouscommunitieswhicharefeederstotheoneChurch;theywouldexercisetheirspiritualandministerialfunctionsinthenameofthecongregation,beingcounsellorsandhelpers,guidesandfeedersoftheflockoverwhichtheHolyGhosthadappointedthem.Manyofthematfirstwerenodoubtpossessedofthegiftsofprophecyandtongues,andwereselectedfortheresponsiblepositionwhichtheyheld,eitherbecauseoftheirage,wisdom,andpiety,orbecauseofthespecialgiftstheypossessed.ButtheynomoreheldthepeculiarpositionoftheCohenorpriestthan
'ComparetheiTpoC<Tri.p.(voiherewiththeTrposcrTaTesirpecr^.in1Tim.5.17.
'ThosewhoregardtheelderoftheChristianChurchasasuccessorofasimilarofficerintheJewishsynagogue,mustafterallgobacktotheOldTesta-ment fortliefoundationoftheoffice.
390Prophet,Priest,Elder,Minister.[Cn.XX.
didtheeldersundertlieOldTestamentdispensation.Al-though theywouldnaturallytakeaprominentpartintheadministrationoftheLord'sSupper,thiswasnotasacer-dotal act;—neitherwasthePassoverSupperforwhichitwassubstituted;itwassacrificial,butnotsacerdotal,beinginsti-tuted beforetheAaronicpriesthood,andadministeredineveryfamilybytheheadtDfthehousehold.Itisright,therefore,thattheLord'sSuppershouldbeadministeredbythepresbyterasaleaderintheChurch,butnotasasacerdos,andatatable,notatanaltar.Seechap.xvi.§14.
§10.TheministerintheOldTestamentisShereth(mtJ')?^wordwhichtheLXXhasalmostalwaysrenderedXstrovpyos.^Theofficeofministerwasnotnecessarilysacred,butitwasalwayshonourable.Theministerdifferedfromtheservantorslave,inthatthelatterperformedwhatwecallmenialduties,oratanyratewasexpectedtotoilforhismaster,whereastheformerwasapersoninattendance©naking,prince,orgreatpersonage,torendersuchhonourableserviceaswouldbeacceptable.Inthissense,JosephwasministertoPotiphar(Gen.39.4),andafterwardswasinattendanceontheprisonersinbehalfofthegovernoroftheprison(Gen.40.4);so,too,JoshuaministeredtoMoses,SamueltoEli,andAbishagtoDavid.
ThewordisconstantlyusedoftheministrationsofthepriestsandLevites,andsignifiesthattheywerefulfillinghighfunctionsinrespectofthatunseenBeinginwhosehonourtheywereemployed.Thetermisequallyapplicabletoangels,whoaredescribedintheEpistletotheHebrewsasministeringspirits(Trveu^araXsiTovpyiKo),sentforthbytheirHeavenlyMastertoministertothemwhoshouldbeheirsofsalvation.
InEz.20.32,theheathenaresaidtoserveorministertowoodandstone.HeretheuseofthewordSherethis
'The-wordisrenderedSiaKoftlf'onlyinEsther1.10,2.2,6.3,
§§11.12.]TheMinistry,accordingtotheN.T.391
ironical;theyareengagedinministrations,—buttowhom?totheKingofkings?—no,toblocksofwoodandstone.
§11.Thewords\siT0vpy69,Xsnovpyia,andXsnovpystvareusedofChristianministrationsseveraltimesintheN.T.Insomeofthesepassagestheydenotetheministeringinworldlythings.SeeEom.15.27;2Cor.9.]2;Phil.2.25,30.InRom.13.6,thoseincivilauthorityarehonouredbythistitlewhendescribedasGod'sministers.
InPhil.2.17,andRom.15.16,theworkoftheChristianministry,properlysocalled,isspokenofintermsderivedfromthesacerdotalandministerialsystemoftheolddispen-sation, butwhenthesepassagesarecarefullyexamined,theywillnotbefoundtojustifytheclaimswhichhavebeensometimesmadebytheministerialorderinlatertimes.InPhil.2.17,Pauldescribeshimselfasofferedlikealibationforthesacrificeandministryofhisconvert'sfaith;thatistosay,thathemightbesacrificedontheirbehalf.InRom.15.16,hespeaksofhimselfasministeringtheGospelofGodthattheofferingupoftheGentilesmightberegardedbyGodasanacceptablesacrifice,beingsanctifiedbytheHolyGhost.Ineachofthesecasesthesacrificesarepersons;andthepassagesarecloselyrelatedtoRom.12.1,whereChristiansaredirectedtooffertheirbodiesaslivingsacrifices;butthereisnoreferencewhatsoevertowhatisnowsometimescalled'theChristiansacrifice.'
§12.Withregardtothewordserveorservice,theLXXoftenkeepsupadistinctionwhichisnottobefoundintheHebrew.IthasbothBovXsla,whichisbondservice,andwhichmaybeusedinareligioussenseornot;and\drpsia,sacredservice,awordonlyusedinareligioussense,butnotconfinedtothepriesthood.Forthesetworender-ings theHebrewonlyhastheoneword'avad(nny),whichisusedofeverykindofservice,goodandbad,whetherexercisedtowardsman,idols,orGod.Thedistinctionwhichissome-
392Prophet,Priest,Elder,Minister.[Ch.XX,
timesdrawnbetweenthewordsdotdeiaandlatreiaincon-nexion withtheworshipofGodandofcreatedbeingsiscertainlynotonewhichcanbesubstantiatedbyreferencetotheScripturesoftheOldTestament.
§13.TheverbBovXsvo),aswellasthenounSovXos,isfre-quently usedintheN.T.oftheserviceduefromeveryChristiantoGodandtoChrist(see,forexample,Col.3.24;1Tliess.1.9),whetherthatservicetaketheformofministryornot.
AaTpslaisusedofthatreligiousserviceoftheChristians•whichconsistsinself-dedicationtoGod,inEom.12.1;Phil.3.3;Heb.9.14;12.28.St.PaulusesitofhisownlifeofserviceinActs24.14,26.7,27.23;Eom.1.9;2Tim.1.3.ItisalsousedtoindicatetheceaselessemploymentofGod'sservantsinheaven,Eev.7.15,22.3.
§1.]HebrewwordsrepresentingRoyaltyandRiile.393
CHAPTEEXXI.
KING,JUDGE,CONDEMN,PUNISH,EEVENGE.
§1.HebrewwordsrepresentingBoyaltyandBule.—§2.Hebrew■wordsforJudgment.—§3.Distinctionbetweenthejudicialandtheadministrativeoffice.—§4.GeneralmeaningofShapbath.—§o.Dis-tinction betweenJudgmentandCondemnationintheN.T.—§6.WordsusedforPunishinthe0.T.—§7.Vengeance,accordingtothe0.T.—§8.ThesameintheJST.T.
§1.TheHebrewwordstranslatedkingandkingdomintheA.V.areconnectedwith,therootMalac(i'??o),whichap-pears invariousproj^ernames,suchasEbed-MelechandMilcom.Theverbisgenerallyrenderedreign(inEz.20.33,rule).
AnotherwordlargelyusedinthesamesenseisMashal('pK'O),whichrefers,notsomuchtotheofficeastothegovernmentwhichthatofficeimplies.Itisgenerallyren-dered rule,sometimesreign,ordominion,andoccasion-ally govern,asinGen.1.18,wheretheheavenlybodiesaredescribedasgoverningthedayandthenight.
Shalath{vh^),togetthemastery,isusedwithmuchforceinPs.119.133,'Letnotanyiniquityhavedominionoverme.'Itisalsorendered'dominion'ninetimesinDaniel,and'rule'fourteentimesinthesamebook.ThiswordisusedofJosephwhenheisdescribedas'thegovernorofEgypt,'Gen.42.6.Sheleth,whichisderivedfromit,signi-fies ashield,andisrenderedrulerinHos.4.18;andSholtan,whichremindsusofthemodernwordSultan,isrendereddominioninDan.4.3,&c.
Negid(t-Jj),aleader,isgenerallytranslatedprinceor
394King,ytidge,Condemn,Puftisk,Revenge.[Cn.XXI.
captain,andisusedofarulerseveraltimes,especiallyintheBooksofChronicles.InDan.9.26('thepeopleoftheprince'),and11.22('theprinceofthecovenant')theremaybeareferencetotheMessiah.ThewordisplainlyusedofHiminIs.55.4.Itproperlysignifiesaguide,fromtherootnagad,toinform.
Pechah.(nns)?asatraporpacha,isusedforagovernorchieflyinthelaterhistoricalbooks,alsoinHag.1.1,14,2.2,21,andMai.1.8.
Sar(-i:i>),a'chiefcaptain'inthearmy,isthetitlegiventothe'captainoftheLord'shosts'inJos.5.14,15.Itisappliedtojudgesorrulersofthetribes(Ex.18.21),whoareusuallycalledprincesintheA.V.inthelaterbooks.ItistranslatedgovernororusedofgovernmentinPs.68.27;Is.1.23,32.1;Jer.1.18,and52.10;alsoinIs.9.6,7,wheretheMessiahiscalled'theprinceofpeace,'and'thegovernmentshallbeuponhisshoulders...andoftheincreaseofhisgovernmentandpeacethereshallbenoend.'TheMessiahisalsocalledtheprince(Sar)inDan.8.11,25,10.13,21,and12.1.
Ba'al("pyn),tobelord,husband,ormaster,isusedofhavingdominionin1Chron.4.22,andIs.26.13('Otherlordsbesidestheehavehaddominionoverus').ThiswordisfoundintheremarkabledeclarationinIs.54.5,'Thymakeristhyhusband.'
Yad(t"),thehand,orinstrumentoipower,isusedoflord-ship in1Chron.18.3;and2Chron.21.8.InGen.27.40('Whenthouslialthavethedominion'),aword(t)-))isused,themeaningofwhichisuncertain.ItalsooccursinJer.2.31,andHos.11.12;andisrenderedmourninPs.55.2.
InJob38.33('Canstthousetthedominionthereofintheearth'),thewordusedissupposedtosignifyruleorempire,andtobeconnectedwiththenameoftheofficer
§1.]HebreivwordsrepresentingRoyaltyandRule.395
oroverseer(iDti'),whomwereadofinEx.5.6;Deut.1.15,16.18;1Chron.26.29;andProv.6.7.
Nashak(p:^>3),tokiss,whetherasamarkofrespect(Ps.2.12)orotherwise,isrenderedruleinGen.41.40,wherethemarginhas'bearmedorkiss.'Thewordisprobablyappliedtoarmourbecauseitfitsclosely,andisfoldedto-gether ;itisalsoappliedtothewingsofthelivingcreatureswhichtouchedoneanother(Ez.3.13).
InProv.25.28('Hethathathnoruleoverhisownspirit')theword(ivyo)signifiesself-restraint.In2Kin.25.22,and1Chron.26.32,wefindthewordpakad(nps),tovisitorsuperintend;inDeut.1.13,rosh(c^jii),thehead;inIs.1.10,3.6,7,and22.3,Katsin(pvp),acaptain;inPs.2.2,andfiveotherpassages,therulersorprincesaredescribedbyawordwhichsignifiesweightyoraugust(jt-)).Alaph(si'pn),tolead,orteach,isusedinZech.9.7,12.5,6;andChavash(E^•2^),tohind(usuallyforthepurposeofhearing)inJob34.17.Nachah(nn:),tolead,occursinPs.67.4;andChakah(ppn),todecree(lit.toengrave,asinJob19.24;Is.22.16,and49.16),isrenderedgovernorinJud.5.9,14.Nasi(s'^i'j),acaptainorprince(lit.onewhohearsresponsibility,orwhoholdsaloftanensign),isoftenusedofGod'sleadinghispeople,andisrendered'ruler'afewtimesinthePentateuchandin2Chron.1.2.
Oneotherimportantwordhastobementioned,viz.radah(nm),literallytotreaddown,hencetorule.ItisrenderedreigninLev.26.17;ruleinLev.25.43,46,53,1Kin.5.16,9.23,2Chron.8.10,Ps.68.27,110.2,Is.14.2,6,41.2,Jer.5.31,Ez.29.15,34.4;anddominioninGen.1.26,28,Num.24.19,Jud.5.13,1Kin.4.24,Neh.9.28,Ps.49.14,72.8.MayitnotbethatthetreadingdownoftheLord'senemies,andthebringingthemunderhisfeetasafootstool,signifies,insomecases,nottheirdestruction,buttheirbeingreducedtoordinarysubjection?Wherethesameusageis
396King,ytidge,Condeinn,Punish,Revenge.[Cn,XXL
appliedtoruleanddestruction,thestudentmaybeallowedtointerpretthewordintheformersense,providedthatinsodoinghedoesnotgoagainstthegeneralteachingofScripture.
§2.Thewordsjudgmentandcondemnationsignifytwoverydifferentthings,yettheyaresometimesregardedasidenticalbytheBiblereader,whoisthusindangeroflosingsightofsomeimportanttruth.^Onlyonceisthewordshaphath(nst^),thegeneralwordfortheadministrationofjustice,renderedcondemnintheA.Y.,namely,inPs.109.31,andherethemarginpointstothetruerendering.Theusualwordfor'condemnation,'ashasbeenshownelsewhere,israsha',whichinthePielformsignifies'toac-count ordealwithaswicked.'Itisusedinthissensesix-teen times,andistheexactoppositeoftheHiphilformoftsadak,*toaccountordealwithasrighteous.'InPs.109.7,'lethimbecondemned'isliterally'lethimgooutaswicked.'In2Chron.36.3,andAmos2.8,thewordused(c>jy)signifiestobefinedormulcted.
Comingnowtothesubjectofjudgment,wehavetodistinguishthevariousshadesofmeaningwhichthewordpossesses.WhenthePsalmistprays,'Teachmegoodjudgment'(Ps.119.QQ),heusesawordwhichsignifiestaste(nuto),andasksforakeenmoralandspiritualper-ception, suchasisreferredtobythewriteroftheEpistletotheHebrews,whenhespeaksofthosewho'byreasonofusehavetheirsensesexercisedtodiscernbothgoodandevil'(Heb.5.14).
InGen.31.37,Jacobsays,'Setthygoodsbeforemybrethrenandthybrethren,thattheymayjudgebetwixtusboth(na^),thatis,thattheymaydecidewhichofusisright.Onthe
'TheGermanlanguageusesrichttnfortheadministrationofjusticeandvrthfiilcnforthegivingajudicialdecision;butmanylanguagesarenotabletomarkthisimportantdistinction.
§3.]HebrewivorcisforJudgment.397
wordElohim,whichisrenderedjudgesinEx.21.6,22.8,and1Sam.2.25,seechap.ii.§5.
InJer.51.47,52,'IwilldojudgmentuponthegravenimagesofBabylon,'thewordforvisitation(nps)isused.Seechap.xvii.§6.
Palal(^"pd),whenusedjudicially,appearstopointtoarbitrationbetweentwoparties.ItisrenderedjudgeinEx.21.22;Dent.32.31,'Theirrockisnotasourrock,evenourenemiesthemselvesbeingjudges'(arbitratorsorumpires);1Sam.2.25,'Ifonemansinagainstanother,thejudge(Elohim)shalljudgehim(orarbitratebetweentheoneandtheother);Job31.11,28;Ps.106.30,'ThenstoodupPhinehasandexecutedjudgment,andsotheplaguewasstayed.'ThePrayerBookversionreads,'ThenstoodupPhinehasandprayed(i.e.soughtthearbitrationofGod);Is.16.3,28.7;Ez.16.52,28.23,'Thewoundedshallbejudgedinthemidstofherbythesworduponheroneveryside.'
§3.Din(|n),tojudge,whencethenameDan,impliesasettlementofwhatisrightwherethereisachargeuponaperson,andsoitcomestosignifythedecisionofacause.Itisrenderedjudgeinmorethanthirtypassages.Itisajudicialword,whileshaphathisratheradministrative.Theonewouldmarktheactwherebymen'sfinaldestiniesaredecided;theotherwouldpointtothemodeinwhichtheraceofmanwouldbegovernedandtheiraffairsadminis-tered.
Dinisfirstfoundinthefollowingpassages:—
Gen.15.14,*ThenationwhomtheyshallservewillIjudge.'
Gen.30.6,'Godhathjudgedme,andhathalsoheardmyvoice.'
Gen.49.16,'Danshalljudgehispeople.'
Deut.32.36,'TheLordshalljudgehispeople,andrepenthimselfforhisservants'(ithereevidentlyistobetakenasreferringto^favourabledecision).
1Sam.2.10,'TheadversariesoftheLordshallbebrokento
39^King,yudge,Condemn,Punish,Revenge.[Ch.xxi.
pieces;outofheavenshallhethunderuponthem:theLordshalljudgetheendsoftheearth.'
Ezra7.25,26,'Setmagistrates(shaphath)andjudges(din),whichmayjudge(din)allthepeoplethatarebeyondtheriver,allsuchasknowthelawsofthyGod;andteachyethemthatknownot.AndwhosoeverwillnotdothelawofthyGod,andthelawoftheking,letjudgment(din)beexecutedspeedilyuponhim,whetheritbeuntodeath,ortobanishment,ortoconfiscationofgoods,ortoim-prisonment.'
Esther1.13,'Sowastheking'smannertowardallthatknewlawandjudgment.'
Job19.29,'Beyeafraidofthesword;forAvrathbringeththepunishmentsofthesword,thatyemayknowthereisajudgment.'
Job35.14,'Althoughthousayestthoushaltnotseehim,yetjudgmentisbeforehim,thereforetrustthouhim.'Seealso36.17,31.
Ps.50.4,'Heshallcalltotheheavensfromabove,andtotheearth,thathemayjudgehispeople.'1,*Judgemebythystrength.'5,'AjudgeoftheAvidows.'
8,'Thoudidstcausejudgmenttobeheardfromheaven.'
Ps.96.10,'SayamongtheheathenthattheLordreigneth:theworldalsoshallbeestablishedthatitshallnotbemoved:heshalljudgethepeopleuprightly.'
Ps.110.6,'Heshalljudgeamongtheheathen,heshallfilltheplaceswiththedeadbodies;heshallAvoundtheheadsovermanycountries.'
Ps.135.14,'TheLordwilljudgehispeople,andhewillrepenthimselfconcerninghisservants.'
Prov.20.8,'Akingthatsittothinthethroneofjudgmentscatteretliawayallevilwithhis*eyes.'Seetoo31.5.
Is.3.13,*TheLordstandethuptoplead,andstandethto
judgethepeople.'
Is.10.2,'Toturnasidetheneedyfromjudgment,andto
takeawaytherightfromthepoorofmypeople.'
Jer.22.16,'Hejudgedthecauseofthepoorandneedy.'
Ps. | 54. |
Ps. | 68. |
Ps. | 76. |
§§4.5.]GeneralmeaningofSliaphath.399
Dan.4.37,'Ipraisethekingofheaven,allwhoseworksare
truth,andhiswaysjudgment.'Dan.7.10,'Thejudgmentwassetandthebooksopened.'
verse22,'Judgmentwasgiventothesaintsofthemost
High,andthetimecamethatthesaintspossessed
thekingdom.'verse26,'Thejudgmentshallsit,andtheyshalltakeaway
hisdominion.'Zech.3.7,'Thoushaltalsojudgemyhouse,andshaltalsokeep
mycourts.'
TheLXXrepresentsDinbyKplvw,andZiaKpivo),Kplais,andKpi/jLa.
Thetwovs^ordsshaphathanddinarefoundsidebysideinsomeplaces,e.^.1Sam.24.15;Ps.7.8,9.8,72.2;andJer.5.28.Butthisbynomeansprovesthattheirmeaningsareidentical.
§4.Shaphathistherootofthenameforthe'judges*whowereraisedupfromtimetotimetoberulersovertheland,todefendthepeoplefromenemies,tosavethemfromtheiroppressors,toteachthemthetruth,toupholdthemintherightcourse.ItisinthisgeneralmeaningthatthewordisusuallyfoundintheOldTestament.ItisthereforenotoutofplacethatitshouldberendereddefendinPs.82.3;deliverin1Sam.23.14;andruleinEuth1.1.ShaphathisrenderedintheLXXKpivco,BiaKplvo),hiKa^w,andEtchiKso},butneverKaraKplvM.ThejudgeisKpiri]sorhiKaarrjs',andthejudgmentisKplfia,Kplcrts,hiKaLoavvrj,BiKaio)jj-a.
§5.TurningtotheNewTestamentinthelightoftheforegoingremarks,weareledtodistinguishthreekindsofjudgment'whicharetherespeciallydealtwith,namely,first,self-judgmentorthediscriminationofone'sownnature,characterandwork;secondly,theGreatAssize,whenthedestinyofeachshallbeassigned;and,thirdly,theadminis-tration ofthefutureworldinrighteousness.
400King,Judge,Condemn,Punish,Revenge.[Ch.xxi.
Itmustbenoticed,however,thatKplvwissometimesusedinthesenseofcondemnationintheN.T.,asinJohn3.17,18,'Godsentnothissonintotheworldtocondemn(«:/9tWtv)theworld...hethatbelievethisnotcondemned{Kpt'vsTai)...hethatbelievethnotiscondemnedalready{i]SrjKSKpirat);John16.11,'Nowistherulerofthisworldcondemned[KSKpuai);2Thess.2.12,'Thatallmightbecondemned.'
InotherpassagesKpiv(ameanstodecideorformanesti-mate, whetherfavourableorthecontrary,asinMatt.7.1,*Judgenot(i.e.formnohardestimateofothers),thatyebenotjudged(i.e.thatahardestimatebenotformedofyou');compareRom.2.1;Luke7.43,'Thouhastformedarightestimate';Acts16.15,*Ifyehavejudgedmetobefaithful';Rom.14.5,'Onejudgethonedayaboveanother';James4.11,'Hethatjudgethhisbrotherbecomesajudicialinterpreterofthelaw.'
OccasionallythereisreferencetojudicialadministrationanduprightgovernmentintheN.T.Thus,inActs17.81,itissaidthatGodisabouttojudgetheinhabitedworldinrighteousnessinthepersonofthemanwhomhehathor-dained'; Heb.10.30(LXX,Deut.32.36),'TheLordshalljudge(din)hispeople';Matt.19.28,'Ye...shallsitontwelvethrones,judgingthetwelvetribesofIsrael';1Cor.6.2,'Thesaintsshalljudgetheworld';1Cor.6.3,'Weshalljudgeangels.'
ThechastisementsofChristiansaredescribedasapresentjudgmentin1Cor.11.32[and1Pet.4.6?],asthusrelievingthosewhoendurethemfromtheseverityofajudgmenthereafter.
GodisdescribedunderthenameKpntjsintheN.T.astheJudgeofquickanddead(Acts10.42),astheJudgeofall(Heb.12.23),astherighteousJudge(2Tim.4.8),andastheonelawgiver[andjudge],whoisabletosaveandtodestroy(James4.12).
§5,]yudgmentintheN.T.401
Theword«pt/AaoccursnearlythirtytimesintheN.T.,usuallyinthesenseofcondemnation,butnotalways.Inthewidersenseofadministrativejusticewemayrefertothefollowingpassages:—John9.89,TorjudgmentamIcomeintothisworld,thattheywhichseenotmaysee,andthattheywhichseemaybemadeblind';Rom.11.33,'Howunsearchablearehisjudgments';Eev.20.4,'Isawthrones,andtheysatonthem,andjudgmentwasgivenuntothem.'
ThewordKpiaisisfoundinaboutfiftyplacesintheN.T.Sometimesitsignifiestheformationofarightestimateofanother'scharacteranddoings,asinMatt.23.23,whereitisjoinedwithmercyandfaith;Luke11.42,whereitiscoupledwithlove.Accordingly,ourLordsaystotheJews,*Judgenotaccordingtoappearance,butjudgerighteous(orjust)judgment,'John7.24.HesaysofHisownjudgmentormodeofestimatinganddealingwithothers,itisrighteous,andjust,andtrue(John8.16).AnestimateofthecharacterandworkofallmenistobeformedbyChrist;andthedayorperiodinwhichthisworkwillbeaccomplishedisdescribedinmanyplacesastheDayofJudgment.ItisevidentthatallthecircumstancesinwhichmenareplacedwillbeconsideredbytheRighteousJudge(Rev.20.12,13),whowilldealnotonlywiththeouterlife,butalsowiththesecretsoftheheart(Rom.2.16;1Cor.4.5).ThemenofNineveh,themenofTyreandSidon,andthemenofSodomandGomorrha,willstandinverydifferentpositionsintheDivineestimationfromthosewhohavehadthefulllightoftheGospel.SeeMatt.12.41,42;John12.48;James2.12.ItwasoneoftheobjectsofChrist'smissiontoproclaimjudgmentinthismerciful,equitable,andadministrativesensetotheheathen.Matt.12.18.
ThewordKpiaisissometimesusedinthesenseofcon-
DD
402KingyJudge,Condeimi,Punish,Revenge.[Ch.XXI.
demnation,asinMatt.23.33,'Howcanyouescapetliecondemnationofhell';andinJolin5.24,'Hethatbe-lieveth...comethnotintocondemnation';^whilstinJohn5.29,acontrastisdrawnbetweenthosethatrisetolifeandthosethatrisetocondemnation.'
InActs8.33,weread,*Hisjudgmentwastakenaway.'WehavehereaquotationfromtheLXXofIs.63.8.ItsubstantiallyagreeswiththeHebrewtext,whichreads,'Hewastakenfromjudgment.'Themeaningaj^pearstobethatfairandtruejudgmentwasnotrenderedtoHim.
§6.Themoralrelationshipbetweensinandpunish-ment isillustratedbythefactthatthelatterisexpressedbythewordsChattathand'Aven(seechap.vi.§§2,13),inGen.4.13;Lev.26.41,43;1Sam.28.10;Lam.3.39,4.6,22;Zech.14.19.Yasar("iD''),tochastise,isfoundinLev.26.18,'Ifyewillnotyetforallthishearkenuntome,thenIwillpunishyouseventimesmoreforyoursins.'Nacah(hd:),tosmite,isusedinLev.26.24;Nakam(npj),toavenge,inEx.21.20,21;Ea'a(yyn),tobringevil,inZech.8.14;'Anash(trjy),toamerce,orfine,fivetimesintheBookofProverbs.Intheremainingpassages,allofwhichareinthepropheticalbooks,Pakad(nps),tovisit,isused,punishmentbeingregardedasavisitationfromGod.
§7.Ithasbeenalreadynoticed(chap.xi.§4),thattheavengingorrevengingthebloodoftheslainisreferredtounderthewordGaalinNum.35.12,andotherpassages.Fromtheearliestperiodofhumanhistory,Godisrepre-sented astakingthepartoftheinjured,theoppressed,andeventheslain.TheircriesascendintoHisears;theirbloodcallstoHimevenfromtheground.Thus,theRe-deemer isnecessarilyanavenger.Shaphath,tojudge,is
'Somewoiildrenderthewordjudgmenthere,andareconfirmedbythefactthatbelieversinChristarenottobejudgedwiththe-world.Butitmustnotbefor£;ottenthattheLordwillrendertoeveryone(Cliristiansincluded)accordingtotheirworks,andthatallmustreceivetheirrewardfromhim.
§7.]Vengeance,accordingtotheO.T.403
usedinthesamesensein2Sam.18.19,31.Forasimilarreason,perhaps,Yasha',tosave,isrenderedtoavengein1Sam.25.26,31,33;butinthesepassages,whichrefertoDavid'ssavinghimselffromthehandofNabalbjdeedsofviolence,amoreliteralrenderingmightbepreferred.
InDeut.32.42('Thebeginningofrevengesupontheenemy'),andinJud.5.2('PraiseyetheLordfortheaveng-ing ofIsrael'),awordisusedwhichisderivedfromPara'(yis),tostri]),andhencetoreject,orsetatnought.Inthefirstofthesepassages,itmayrefertothedesolationwhichshouldcomeupontheenemy,andinthesecondtotheriddanceofthemfromtheland.
Wenowcometothemostgeneralwordforrevengingoravenging(betweenwhichthereisnodistinctionintheO.T.),namelj-,Nakam(npJ).ItfirstappearsinGen.4.15,'Vengeanceshallbetakenonhim(orratherforhim,i.e.forCain)sevenfold.'Compareverse24,'IfCainshallbeavengedsevenfold,trulyLamechseventyandsevenfold.'Thewordisusedaltogetheraboutseventy-fivetimesintheO.T.PersonalandprivaterevengewasforbiddentoIsrael,*Thoushaltnotavengenorbearanygrudgeagainstthechildrenofthypeople,butthoushaltlovethyneighbourasthyself(Lev.19.18).ThechildrenofIsraelwerealwaystaughttoleavevengeanceinGod'shand,asHewouldavengethebloodofHisservantsandwouldtaketheirpartagainsttheirenemies.See,forexample,Deut.32.35,43;Ps.18.47,94.1;Jer.11.20;Nah.1.2.TheLord'svengeanceisregardedasretribution^butnotasretaliation-,itissetforthnotasanevilpassion,butratherastherighteousandunerringvindicationofHisownpeopleandofHisowncourseofaction,tothediscomfitureofthosewhohadsetthemselvesinoppositiontoHim.Hemetesitoutwithjustice,andonsuchadayoratsuchatimeasseemsfittingtoHim.SeeIs.34.8,61.2,63.4;Jer.46.10,51.G.
DD2
404King^yt^dge,Condemn,Punish,Revenge.[Ch.XXI.
§8.ThewordshKhiKzlvandEKScKrjaisstandoccasionallybotliforShaphatli,andalsoforNakam.Theyimplythevisitationofduepenaltyuponthecriminal,whetherbythehandofthehumanjudge(Luke18.3;Acts7.24;Eom.13.4;1Pet.2.14),orbytheagencyofGod(Luke18.7,8,21.22;1Thess.2.16;2Thess.1.8;Eev.6.10,19.2).
ThereisnoplacegivenintheNewTestamentanymorethanthereisintheOldfortheavengingofpersonalinjuries.Onthecontrary,thefeelingofrevengeisstudiouslycondemned.Wherethemagistrateisnotcalledupontovindicatethesufferer,thereGodwillstepin.'Vengeancebelongethuntome,saiththeLord'(Rom.12.19;Heb.10.30).^
'ThesewordsarequotedfromDeut.32.35,andaretranslatedfromtheHebrew,notfromtheLXX,whichreadsivvixepq.iKdiKriaeoosinsteadofifioleKSlKr](ns.
§1.]Goim,ortheHeathen.405
CHAPTEEXXII.
HEATHEN,NATION,PEOPLE,TRIBE,FAMILY.
§1.Goim,ortheHeathen.—§2.'Am,orthePeople.—§3.Other■wordsrenderedPeo])Ie.—§4.Distinctionbetween^Ovosand\a6sintheN.T.—§5.Theexpression'allnations.'—§6.HebrewwordsforTribeandFamily.
§1.TheonlywordrenderedeitherGentileorheatheninthe0.T.isGoi(••1:1);itisgenerallyusedinthepluralnum-ber, andsignifiesanationviewedahextra.ItwasconstantlyappliedbytheJewstothesurroundingnations.Goiistranslatednati^VfeinallpassageswheretheA.V.hasadoptedthisword,withtheexceptionofaboutthirty-five.Intenpassagesitisrenderedpeople.Innineteenoutoftwentyplacesinwhichthewordisfound,theLXXhasadoptedIQvosasarendering,andhenceisderivedtheEnglishwordheathen.ThefirstpassageinwhichgoiappearsisGen.10.5,wherethehistorian,writingofthechildrenofJapheth,says*BytheseweretheislesoftheGentilesdividedintheirlands,everyoneafterhistongue,aftertheirfamilies,intheirnations.'Thewordfor'isles'mayperhapsbeusedhereinthemoreextendedsenseof'territories.'ItisatanyrateimpliedthatthefamilyofJaphethspreadverylargelyandrapidlythroughouttheworld,andoccupiedthedistantislands.
AbrahamhadthreepromisesmadetohimbyGod,ineachofwhichthewordgoimoccurs.First,hisseedwastoinheritCanaan,whichwasatthattimepossessedbygoim;secondly,hewastobethefatherofmanygoim;andthirdly,inhimandhisseedwereallthegoimoftheearthtobeblessed.
4o6Heathen,Nation,People,Tribe,Family.[Ch.XXII.
Wlaerethewordliasbeenrenderedpeopleitwillalwaysbefoundtobeinthesingularnumber,andinthesecasesitusuallyreferstoIsrael;thereis,however,oneexception,namely,Zech.12.3,wherewereadofallthepeople(i.e.nations)oftheearthbeing'gatheredagainstJerusalem.'
Throughoutthehistoricalbooks,thePsalms,andtheprophets,thewordgoimprimarilysignifiesthosenationswhichlivedintheimmediateneighbourhoodoftheJewishpeople;theywereregardedasenemies,asignorantofthetruth,andsometimesastyrants.YetgleamsofbrighterandbetterdaysforthemappearonthepagesofScripturefromtimetotime.ThegoimweretoseekaftertheMessiah,theSonofJesse,Is.11.10;God'sChosenOnewastoministerjudgmenttothem,Is.42.1;Hewastobenotonlyacove-nant tothepeop/e(ofIsrael),butalsoalighttothegoim(42.6),andasalvationtotheendsoftheearth(49.6).InIsaiah60.andelsewhere,thegoimaredescribedascontri-buting totheglorificationoftheregeneratedIsrael;whilstinotherplaceswereadofthemasagentsinpunishingIsrael(Jer.4.7).Theiridolatrywasfearful,andtheirabominationsweregreat(2Kin.16.3).TheirtriumphoverIsraelandtheirignorantfuryagainstIsrael'skingarede-nounced instrongterms;butafteralltheyaretobeGod'sinheritance;theyaretoldtorejoiceinHiscomingtojudgetheearth,andallnationswhomGodhathmadearetocomeandworshipbeforehim.
Aconsiderationofthepassageswherethewordgoimoccursleadstotheenquirywhetherwearenotsometimesindangerofusingthewordheathenintoodisparagingasense,andofdrawingtoosharpalinebetweenGentilenationsandthosethatwecallChristian.ThereissomedangerlestweshouldfallintotheexclusivespiritoftheJewindealingwiththenationsoftheworld,adangerwhich
§§2-4.]NatiojiandPeople.407
St.Paulanalyses,condemns,andcorrectsintheEpistletotlieRomans.
§2.Ifgoidenotesanationregardedfrom,withouty'Am(ay),signifiesapeopleasviewedbyoneoftliemselves.Sometimesitisusedinthefamiliaranddomesticwayinwhichwespeakof'folk,'arenderingwhichithasreceivedinGen.33,15.IntheLXXitisgenerallyrendered\a6<f,butinafewpassagessOvos.Itisoftenbroughtintodirectrelationshiporcontrastwithgoi.ThusMoses,speakingtoGodconcerningIsrael,says,'Thisnation(goi)isthypeople('am),'Ex.33.13.ItisusedbytheOldTestamentwritersoftheirownnation,todistinguishthemasGod'speople,andtomarkthemofffromthesurroundinggoim.Yetitisnoticeablethattheprophetsgiveahopethatthegoimwhohadnotbeen'ammimshouldbecomethepeopleofGodthroughDivinemercy.ThusinPs.18.43,weread,'Thouhastmademetheheadoftheheathen(goim):apeople('am)whomIhavenotknownshallserveme.'ThiswillcometopasswhenGodshallberecognisedasholdingruleas'KmgoftheNations,'apositionwhichHenowclaimsandwillhereafterrealise(seeJer.10.7).SeeHos.1.9,10,and2.23.
§3.Awordwhichoccupiesalessdefinitepositionthaneithergoior'amisLom[na^);itisgenerallyfoundintheplural,andisusedfrequentlyinthePsalmsandIsaiah,andtwoorthreetimesinearlierorlaterbooks.ThiswordisappliedsometimestoIsrael,andsometimestoothernations.Ummah(nD5<),atribeorfamily,literallythosesprungofonemother,isrenderedpeopleinNum.25.15,andPs.117.1;andnationsinGen.25.16;Ezra4.10;andthroughouttheBookofDaniel.
§4.Thewordsdi'osfirstoccursintheN.T.inthephrase*GalileeoftheGentiles'(Matt.4.15).HerethetitleisbroughtintoclosejuxtapositionwithXaos,whichisusedin
4o8Heathen,Nation,People,Tribe,Family.[Ch.XXII.
thewordswhichimmediatelyfollow,'Thepeoplethatsittethindarknesshathseenagreatlight.'InMatt.6.32,theGentilesarereferredtobyourLordascaringmainlyforthenecessitiesofthepresentlife.Inchap.10.5,thedisciplesarespeciallyexhortednottogointo'thewayoftheGentiles';whilstinchap.28.19,theyaretoldtomakedisciplesofalltheGentilenations.
ThenseofsOvosinLuke7.5,'Helovethonrnation,'seemscuriousatfirstsight,butisquiteinaccordancewithgeneralusage.CompareJohn11.48,50,51,52;Acts10.22,24.17,26.4.
InthefollowingpassagesthewordsWvosand\a6sarecontrasted:—
Luke2.32,'Alightforthepurposeofrevealingthetruthto
Gentiles,andagloryofthypeopleIsrael.'Acts4.25,27,'WhydotheGentilesrage,andthepeople(pi.)imagineavainthing...forverilyagainstthyholyservant*Jesus,whomthouhastanointed,bothHerod,andPontiusPilate,withtheGentiles,andthepeople(pi.)ofIsrael,weregatheredto-gether.'Acts15.14,'GoddeterminedtotakefromamongtheGentilesa
peopleforhisname.'Acts26.17,'DeliveringtheefromthepeopleandfromtheGentilesuntowhomnowIsendthee.'verse23,'ThatChristshouldsuiFer,thathethefirstshouldproclaimlighttothepeopleandtheGentiles.'Rom.15.10,*EejoiceyeGentileswithhispeople.'
verse11,'PraisetheLordallyeGentiles,andlaudhimallyepeople'(pi.).1Pet.2.9,'Aholynationandpeculiarpeople.'
§5.Theexactinterpretationofthephrase'allnations'or'alltheGentiles'issometimesattendedwithdifficulty.Wemeetwithitinthefollowingpassages:—Matt.24.9,'Yeshallbehatedbyallnations.'
''Seecliap.1.§13.
§6.]HebrewwordsforTribeandFamily.409
verse14,'Thisgospelofthekingdomshallbepreachedinall
theworld,asawitnesstoallnations'(compare
Mark13.10).INIatt.25.32,'Allnationsshallbegatheredbeforehim.'Matt.28.19,'Makedisciplesofallnations.'Mark11.17,'Myhouseshallbecalledahouseofprayerforall
nations.'Luke21.24,'They(theJews)shallbecarriedcaptivetoall
nations.'Luke24.47,'Thatinhisnameshouldrepentanceandremissionof
sinsbeproclaimedtoallnations.'Acts14.16,'InpasttimessufferedalltheGentilestowalkin
theirways.'Acts15.17,'ThattheremnantofmenshouldseektheLord,andall
theGentilesoverwhomnowmynameiscalled.'Rom.1.5,'Apostleshipfortheobedienceoffaithinallnations.'Rom.15.11,'PraisetheLord,allyenations.'Rom.16.26,'MadeknownuntoalltheGentiles.'Gal.3.8,'Intheeallthenationsoftheearthshallbeblessed.'
Rev.12.5,'Toruleorfeedallnations.'Rev.15.4,'Allnationsshallcomeandworshipbeforethee.'Rev.18.3,'Shehathcalledallnationstodrinkofhercup.'verse23,'Allnationsweredeceivedbythineenchantment.'
WiththesepassagesmaybecomparedPs.67.2,72.11,17,82.8;Is.2.2,25.7,6L11,and66.18,whichsetforththeDivinepromisestoallnationsoftheearth.Thisex-pression cannotalwaysbeunderstoodinitsfullandliteralsense,aswillbeseenbytheexaminationof1Kin.4.31;
1Chron.14.17;Jer.27.7;andZech.14.2.
§6.Twowordsarerenderedtribe,namely,matteh(nuo),andshevethi^y^),bothofwhichoriginallysignifyarod.Thefounderofafamilywasitsroot,whilsttheancestorofeachsubdivision(andsothesubdivisionitself)wasarodorstem.Hencetherodwasthesymbolofthetribe(Num.17.2).
Thefamilyisastillfurthersubdivision,andiscalledBlishpachah(n^^E^♦D);theonlyexceptionswereasfollows:—In
2Chron.35.5,12,thewordab(nx),theancestryorhouseof
4IOHeathen,Nation,People,Tribe,Family.[Cn.xxn.
fathersisused.InJud.6.15,eleph(pj'px),a'tliousand,'isadopted(compareitsuseintheprophecyofBethlehem,whichwassosmallamongthe'thousands'ofIsrael,Micah6.2).In1Chron.13.14;Ps.68.6,wefindthewordbeth(jT'n)?ahouse.
InGen.47.12,theHebrewistaph[^,whichisgenerallyrenderedlittleones;thisrendering,however,haslatelybeenquestioned.
Dr.PayneSmith,nowDeanofCanterbury,pointsoutinhisBamptonLectures'thatIsraelwasdividedintothreegreatclasses:—First,therewerethenobles,heads,orprinces,whosegenealogiesaregivenintheBooksofNum-bers andChronicles.Secondly,thereweretheretainerswhoformedthestrengthofthesenoblehouses,notneces-sarily descendedinadirectlinefromJacob,butforminghouseholdsorclansunderthevariousnobles.TheHebrewnameforthesehouseholdswastaph(p^q),whichtheLXXren-ders olKiaandaxryyivSLa,Theywerecircumcised,weresharersofthecovenant,andwerepartofthecommonwealthofIsrael.Dr.PayneSmithholdstheEnglishrendering'littleones'tobeamistake,because,whilstthetaph.includedthechildren,italsoincludedagreatdealmore,namely,thewholehouseholdorbodyofretainers.Thirdly,therewasthe'mixedmultitude'('ereb),whichhadgraduallyuniteditselfwiththedestiniesofIsrael,andwhichincludedEgyp-tians, Arabs,and,incourseoftime,Canaanites.Theyappeartohavehadnolandedpropertyassignedtothem,andwerenotsharersintheCovenant.
Eachtribewasdividedintofamilies(mishpachah)whichborethenamesoftheleadingdescendantsofJacob.Thusthe43,730menofthetribeofReubenformedonlyfourfamilies,andtheseweresubdividedintohouses(Num.1.2).InJosh.7.17,18,inthehistoryofAchan,wefindthetribe
'ProphecyaPreparationforChrist.Macmillan:1869.
§6.]HebrewwordsforTribeandFamily.411
ofJudalithusdividedintofamilies,houses,andindividuals.Now,asthetribeofJudahconsistedof70,500men,dividedintofouroratmostfive'families,'thev^^holenumberineach'house'musthavebeenlarge.Thechiefsofthehouseswereimportantmen,andwerecalled*chieffathers'inNum.31.26,and*headsofthefathers'inJosh.14.1.Whilstthetribesandthehouseshadtheirheads,itappearsdoubtfulwhethertheintermediatedivision,thefamilies,hadtheirheadsalso(see2Chron.5.2);possiblybecausethesonsofthepatriarchshadmaintainedanequalityamongthemselves.
412Land,Eai'th,World.[Ch.xxni.
CHAPTERXXin.
LAND,EARTH,WOELD.
§1.Adamali,ortheSoil.—§2.PassagesinwhichithasbeenrenderedEarth.—§3.DistinctionbetweenAdamahandErets.—§4.OtherwordsrenderedEarth.—§5.EarthandLandintheN.T.—§6.WordsforWorldinthe0.T.—§7.ThesameintheN.T.
§1.ThkeeHebrewwordsarerenderedland.One,Sadeh(mC'),signifiesafield,aplotofland,oranestate;itisrendered'land'in1Sam.14.14;2Sam.9.7,19.29;2Kin.8.3,5;andNeh.5.3,&c.Anotherword,Erets(ps),wliicliisverylargelyused,andsignifiesaterritory,oreventhewholeearth.ItissystematicallyadoptedbyMosesandotherwritersintheexpression,'Alandflowingwithmilkandhoney.'ThethirdwordAdamah(nons),properlymeansthesoil,regardedasaproductiveagent.Itisusedofthelandorgroundinthesenseinwhichafarmerwouldspeakofit.ThiswordisusedwithremarkableconsistencyofthelandofCanaan,ofthefruitsoftheland,oftheJew'sownland.ItfirstoccursinthissenseinGen.28.15,'Iwillbringtheeagainintothisland,'whereitisincontrastwith'AHthefamiliesoftheearth.'InGen.47.20,weread,'Josephboughtalltheland(i.e.soil,adamah),ofEgyptforPharaoh....sotheland(i.e.thewholeterritory,erets),becamePharaoh's.'OtherinstanceswherethetwowordsoccurinjuxtapositionareLev.20.24;Deut.29.28;2Kin.25.21;Jer.16.15,23.7,8;Ez.7.2,12.19,33.24.Inthesepassages,adamahisusedinapeculiarsense,tomarkIsrael's'ownland,'whilsteretsisusedmoregenerallyoftheterri-torityoftheCanaanites,orofsomeotherpeople.
§§2.3.]Adamah,orEarth.413
AdamahisusedinDeut.21.1,23,withregardtothede-filement ofthelandcausedbythepresenceofaslainbodyorofabodythatremainedunburied.Itwasregardedasholyorsacred,anddeathwasadefilementbecauseitwastheoutwardandvisiblesignofsin.
InthepassageswhichrelatetotherestorationofIsraeltotheirnativesoil,adamahisconsistentlyused.SeeIs.14.1,2;Jer.16.15;Ez.11.17,34.13,27,36.24,37.12,14,21;Am.9.15;Zech.2.12.
§2.Adamahisrenderedearthaboutfiftytimes,andalwaysinthesenseabovedesignated,asgroundorsoil.Thusitisusedofthebeastoftheearth,Gen.1.25;ofCainbeingcursedfromtheearthsothatitshouldnotyielditsfruittohim,Gen.4.11;ofthefaceoftheearth.Gen.6.1,7;ofrainfallingontheearth,Gen.7.4;oftheblessingtobegiventoallthefamiliesoftheearth.Gen.12.3,28.14(compareitsusageinEx.10.6).InEx.20.24,itisusedofthe'altarofearth,'apointinterestingtobeob-served, asmakingthesoilonwhichmanlivesandfromwhichhetakeshisnameaparticipatorwiththeriteofsacrifice.PerhapsitwasforanaltarthatNaamanaskedfortwomules'burdenofsoil,2Kin.6.17.Adamahisalsousedoftheearthwhichwasputonaman'sheadasamarkofsorrow(1Sara.4.12).ItoccurswithtouchingsignificanceinPs.146.4,'Hisbreathgoethforth,hereturnethtoMsearth,andinthatverydayhisthoughtsperish.'
InIs.24.21('TheLordshallpunishthehostofthehighonesthatareonhigh,andthekingsoftheearthupontheearth'),weshouldhavealmostexpectedtofinderets,butadamahisusedtoenforcethecontrastbetweenthosethatdwellonthissoilwiththeinhabitantsofotherregions;compare45.9,*Letthepotsherdsstrivewiththepotsherdsoftheearth,'andAmos3.2,'YouonlyhaveIknownofaUthefamiliesoftheearth.'
414Land^EarthyWorld.[Ch.xxni.
§3.Tliegreatdifficultywhich,hastobedealtwithintranslatingtheworderetsistodeterminewhereitisusedwithreferenceonljtoaspecialterritory,suchasCanaan,andwhereitsignifiesthewholeworld.Whentheearthisspokenofinconnexionwithheaven(asinGen.1.1;Is.49.13,and65.17),itmusthavethelargermeaning;thesamewillusuallybethecasewhenwereadofHiqendsoftheearth(Is.52.10),orthewholeearth(Mic.4.13);butinagreatnumberofpassagesthereisnothingbutthecontextorthegeneralanalogyofScripturetoguidethetranslatororin-terpreter.
ThedistinctionbetweenthenarrowerandwidermeaninsrofthetermisimportantinconsideringtheaccountoftheDeluge,andalsointheinterpretationofmanypropheticalpassages.ThusinPs.37.11,weread,*Themeekshallinherittheearth';butinverse29,whereeretsisalsoused,theA.Y.renders'Therighteousshallinherittheland.'Seealsoverses22and34.InIs.11.9,weread,'TheearthshallbefulloftheknowledgeoftheLord';yettheearlierpartoftheverseonlyspeaksofGod's'holymountain.'InJer.22.29('Dearth,earth,earth')istheprophetappealingtothewideworld,ortothelandofCanaan?InIs.24.1,weread,'BeholdtheLordmakeththeearthempty';verse3,'Thelandshallbeuttertyemptied';verse4,'Theearthmourneth';verse13,'"Whenitshallbethusinthemidstoftheland,'&c.Eretsisusedthroughoutthechapter;buttowhatdoesitrefer?Oughtitnottoberendereduni-formly ?The21stverseseemstoimplythatitisusedinthemoreextensivesense.InAm.8.8,weread,'Shallnotthelandtrembleforthis';andinverse9,'Iwilldarkentheearthintheclearday.'InZech.14.9,'TheLordshallbekingoveralltheearth';andinverse10,'Allthelandshallbeturnedasaplain.'Ourtranslatorsseemalmosttohaveindulgedinvarietyinthesepassagesforthesakeofvariety,butitistotheconfusionoftheEnglishreader.
§§4.5.]EarthandLandintheN.T.415
TlieGreekrenderingforadamahisalways777.Thesamewordistliemostgeneralrenderingforerets,butwealsofind%u)pa,territory,inaboutfiftypassages,andouKovfxivT],ahabit-able world,inniiiepassages.Thereareotheroccasionalrenderings,butnonewhichcallforspecialnotice.
§4.Thewordfor'earth,'inthesenseofearthenvessels,potsherds,orpotter'sclay,isalwaysCheras(cnn),exceptin2Sam.17.28,whereYatsar(-i^*»)isused,referringtothevesselsbeingmoulded.InDan.2.10,'Thereisnotamanupontheearth,&c.'thewordused(riD'n*),.signifiesdryland;whilst'Aphar(isy),dust,isfoundinGen.26.15;Is.2.19;Dan.12.2;Job8.19,28.2,30.6,and41.33,inmostofwhichpassagesholesorcavitiesintheuppersurfaceoftheeartharereferredto.
§5.IntheN.T.itistoberemembered,asinthe0.T.,thatwheretheGreekrepresentationoferetsisfoundincon-trast orjuxtapositionwithheaven,weknowthatitmustsignifytheearthasawhole.Thiswouldapplytosuchpassagesasthefollowing:—
'Heavenandearthshallpassaway,'Matt.5.18.
'Thywillbedoneonearthasitisinheaven,'Matt.6.10.
'WhatsoeveryebindinearthshaUbeboundinheaven,'Matt.18.18.
Insomepassagestheinterpretationadmitsofadoubt.ThusMatt.5.5,'Blessedarethemeekfortheyshallinherittheearth.'HereourLordismakinguseoftheLXXren-dering ofPs.37.11,inwhichpassageitisnaturaltosupposethatthelandofCanaanwouldbeprimarilyreferredto.Hei-e,however,theHebrewwordiserets,aswasnoticedabove;andthusthelargersenseofthewordisadmissible.InEph.6.3,'Thatthoumayestlivelongintheearth,'theHebrew(Ex.20.12),isadamah,andthelandofCanaanisplainlymeant.
Thecontextintheseandothercasesistheonlymeans
4i6LandyEarth,World.[Ch.xxni.
wherebythereadercandecidewhetherby7?}issignifiedthesoil,theterritory,ortheworld.
§6.ThegeneralwordtranslatedworldintheA.V.islevel(^nn).Thereareafewexceptions:thusinIs.38.11,weread,'Ishallbeholdmannomorewiththeinhabitantsoftheworld';heretheword('?nn)mayperhapssignifytheplaceofrest,cessation,forbearance.^InPs.17.14,'Frommenoftheworld,'and49.1,*Inhabitantsoftheworld,'wefindaword(I'pn),whichmayrefertothetransitorystateofthingsinthisworldwhich'passethaway.'ItisrenderedageinJob11.17;Ps.39.5,and89.47.InPs.22.27;Is.23.17,62.11,andJer.25.26,eretsisused.'Olam(n'piy),isfoundinPs.73.12,'Theseprosperintheworld';Ecc.3.11,*Hehathsettheworldintheirheart';andinIs.45.17,64.4.
Bylevelissignified,first,thesolidmaterialonwhichmandwells,andwhichwasformed,founded,established,anddisposedbyGod;andsecondly,theinhabitantsthereof.ItisusuallyrenderedolKovfihrjintheLXX,neverK6a/xo9,whichwasoriginallyusedonlytodenoteorderandornament.
Theoriginofthewordisalittledoubtful.Awordspeltsimilarly,andusedinLev.18.23,andotherpassages,signifiespollution,confusion,ordispersion(fromhbl)-Itissupposed,however,byGeseniustobeconnectedwiththerootyaval{h2'<),toflow,andtoindicatethestreamofj)eoplewithwhichtheworldisflooded.Perhapsaslightconfir-mation ofthisviewmightbederivedfromthefactthatwatersareoftentakeninScriptureasasymboloflargepopulations.Whilstthispointremainsinuncertainty,thegeneralapplicationofthewordisnotatalldoubtful.
Inoneortwopassagesonlydoesthewordlevelor
'WefindtherootrenderedforbearinEz.3.27;frailinPs.39.4;andrejectedinIs.53.3.
§7.]TJiesameintheN.T.417
oiKovfxivr]appeartorefertoalimitedportionoftlieearth.PerhapsIs.24.4,maybementionedasanexample.
§7.IntheNewTestamentthewordolKov/Msvrjiscertainly-usedoftheEomanEmpireinLuke2.1,andperhapsinthequotationinRom.10.18,wherethelargersenseofthewordimpliedinthePsalmscouldhardlybeintended.Inotherpassageswemustunderstandthewordassignifyingalltheearth,e.g.inMatt.24.14;Acts17.31;Heb.1.6,2.5.PropheticstudentshavearighttoeitherinterpretationinRev.3.10,12.9,and16.14,buttheRomanuseofthewordisnotsolikelytobeadoptedbySt.JohnastheJewishuseinthelaro^ersense.
EE
418HeaverijHostofHeaven,Firmament.[Ch.xxiv.
CHAPTEEXXIY,
HEAVEN,HOSTOFHEAVEN,FIEMAMENT.
§1.HebrewwordsfarHeaven.—§2.Sbaimuaim,itsrarionssignifications.—§3.ThesameintheN.T.—§4.'TheQueenofHeaven.'—§5.'TheHostofHeaven.'-—§6.TheFirmament:theideasconveyedbytheHebrewandtheGreekwords.
§1.TheHebrewwordgenerallyinnsetorepresenttheheavenandalsotheair,isShammaim(d'DC')'Sometimesitsignifiestheatmosphereimmediatelysurronndingtheearth,inwhichthefowlsof'theair'fly;sometimesitisusedofthespaceinwhichthecloudsarefloating;inotherplacesitreferstothevastexpansethroughwhichthestarsaremovingintheircourses.ShammaimisalsoopposedtoSheol,theonebeingregardedasaplaceofexaltation,theotherofdegradation;theonebeingrepresentedasthedwelling-placeoftheMostHighandoftheangelsofGod,theotherastheabodeofthedead.
InPs.77.18,whereweread,'Thevoiceofthythunderwasintheheaven/thewordGalgali^hi),whichisused,probablysignifiesawhirlwind.TheLXXhasht(Zrpo-)(U).InPs.68.4,'Extolhimthatridethupontheheavens,'wefindtheword'Arabah(nniy),whichgenerallymeansadesert;hencecloudsofsand,andcloudsgenerally.InPs.89.6and37,thewordShachak(pnc^),renderedheavens,origin-ally signifiesdust;compareourexpression'acloudofdust.'InIs.5.30,'Thelightisdarkenedintheheavensthereof,'ourmarginhas'inthedestructionthereof';theHebrewword(n^sny)usedhei'eprobablysignifiesdarkness.
§2.]Shaminaim,itsvarioussignifications.419
§2.InallbutthesefewpassagesthewordShammaiinisusedwhereHeavenisfoundintheA.V.Itistobenoticedthattheformofthewordisneithersingularnorpluralbutdual.Thisissupposedbysomecommentatorstoimplytheexistenceofalowerandanupperheaven,orofaphysicalandspiritualheaven—'theheavenandtheheavenofheavens.'Theoriginalidearepresentedbytherootisgenerallycon-sidered tobeheight,andifthisisarightconjecture,thewordexactlyanswerstoitsGreekequivalentovpavos,andtoitsEnglishtranslation'heaven,'thatwhichisheavenorheavedup.Itincludesallspacethatisnotoccupiedbytheterrestrialglobe,andextendsfromtheairwebreatheandthewindswhichwefeelaroundustothefirmamentorexpan&ewhichcontainstheinnumerablestars.Thisitincludes,andexceeds,forwhereourintellectceasestooperate,andfailstofindalimittotheextensionofspace,herefaithstepsinandtellsusthatwhilstbeforetheeyeofthebodythereisspreadoutaninfinityofspace,thepossessionofasuper-materialnaturebringsusintocommunionwithaBeina*wliosenatureandcoiiditioncannotadequatelybedescribedbytermsoflocalityorextension.TheheavensandtheheavenofheavenscannotcontainHim;thecountlessstarsarenotonlyknownandnumberedbyHim,butarecalledintoexistenceandfixedintheircoursesbyHiswillandwisdom.WhereverHeis,therethetrueheavenis,andthegloriesofthefirmamentfaintlyshadowforththeinefiableblisswhichthosemustrealisewhoarebroughtintorelation-ship withHim.
Thepopularphraseologyabout'goingtoheaven'repre-sents thetruth,butcertainlynotintheforminAvliichitisgenerallypresentedinScripture.WerarelyreadintlieOldorNewTestamentthatthegodlywillgotoheaven,eitheratdeathoraftertheresurrection.Wearerathertoldofakingdombeingsetuponearth,ofaheavenlycitydescending
EE2
420Heavejt,HostofHeaven,Firmament.[Cn.xxrv.
fromabove,andtakingupitsabodeintheneworrenewedearth.
Whatiscalled'thekingdomofheaven'intheNewTes-tament, thoughnevermentionedinsomanywordsintheHebrewScriptures,wassymbolisedbythewholetabernacleservice,wastypifiedbythesocialandcivilpolicyofIsrael,andisnowbeingdevelopedintheChristianChurch.Here-after itwillbeexhibitedinitscompleteness,whenthehumanfamilywilloccupyaglorioushabitation,livingtogetherinloveandharmony,andincloserelationshiptotheFatheroftheirspirits.
§3.Theusageoftheword'heaven'intheNewTesta-ment generallyanswerstothatwhichistobetracedthroughtheHebrewBible,butmorestressislaiduponthespiritualheaven,upontheFatherwhoisthere,andupontheSonwhocamefromheaven,andwhohasreturnedthithertoremainhiddenfromtheeyeofmanuntilthetimeoftherestitution.
Thereare,indeed,thesamedistinctspheresdesignatedbythewordovpavosintheN.T.asbyShammaimintheOld.Thereistheairordwelling-placeofthefowlsoftheair(Matt.6.26);thereisalsothevastspaceinwhichthestarsaremoving(Acts2.19);butinbyfarthegreaternumberofpassagesheavensignifiesthedwelling-placeoftheMostHigh,andtheabodeoftheangelichosts.Thetitles'king-dom ofGod'and'kingdomofheaven'arereallyidenticalintheirsignification,thoughpresentingthetruthinslightlyvariedaspects.GodistheKingofheaven,andHiswillisdonebyallitsangelicinhabitants.WhenthekingdomofGodisspokenofascominguponearth,wearetounder-stand astateofthingsinwhichthesubjectionofman'swilltoGodistobecompleted,andthedestructionofallthatiscontrarytoGod'swill,whetherinthingsphysicalorinthingsspiritual,istobeaccomplished.When,ontheotherhand.
§§4.5.]'TheHostofHeaveji'421
itisthekingdomofheaventhatisannounced,wearetounderstandthattheorganizationofthehumanraceinwholeorpart,andalsoperhapstheirdwelling-place,willberen-dered harmoniouswiththeotherportionsofthefamilyofthatHeavenlyFatherinWhosehousearemanymansions.
§4.WhilstGodisregardedastheGodorKingofHeaven,wereadintheprophecyofJeremiahofthe'QueenofHeaven'(7.18,44.17,18,19,25).Inthemarginthistitleisrendered'frameofheaven'(riDS^Oforns'pn).Iftheformeristherightinterpretation,theheathengoddessAstarteorVenusisprobablyreferredto;ifotherwise,theprophetisreprobatingtheworshipoftheframe,structure,orworkmanshipofheaven,or,inotherwords,ofthestars,asasubstitutefortheworshipofHimwhocreatedallthesethings.
§5.InDeut.4.19,thepeopleofIsraelwerespeciallywarnedlesttheyshouldliftuptheireyesuntoheaven,andwhentheysawthesunandthemoonandthestars,allthehostofheaven[tovkoct/jlovtovovpavov),shouldbedriventoworshipthemandservethem.DeathbystoningwastobethepunishmentofanysuchdeparturefromthetrueGod,Deut.17.3,5.Towhatanextentthepeoplefailedinthismatter,andhowgrievouslytheysufferedinconsequence,willbeseenbyreferringtoJer.8.1-3,19.12,13;2Kin.17.16,21.3,5;2Chron.33.3,5.Notonlywasthehostofheavenworshipped,butaltarsweresetupinhonourofthestarsevenintheprecinctsoftheTemple.WhatacontrastwiththisimpietyispresentedbytheopeningwordsoftheprayeroftheLevitesrecordedinNeh.9.6,'Thou,eventhou,artLordalone;thouhastmadeheaven,theheavenofheavens,withalltheirhost,theearth,andallthingsthataretherein,theseas,andallthatistherein,andthoupreservestthemall;andthehostofheavenworshippeththee.'
Thefollyofworshippingthehostofheavenisforcibly
422Heaven,HostojHeaven,Firmament.[Ch.XXIV.
illustratedbythefactthatastlieheavenlybodiesowetheirstructureandcontinuancetoGod,sowilltheyperishwhenHewithdrawsHishand.'Allthehostofheavenshallbedissolved,andtheheavensshallberolledtogetherasascroll:andalltheirhostshallfalldown,astheleaffallethofffromthevine,andasafallingfigfromthefig-tree,'Is.34.4.ThispassageistakenupandadoptedbyourLord,whosaysthat'Afterthetribulationthesunshallbedarkened,andthemoonshallnotgiveherlight,andthestarsofheavenshallfall,andthepowersthatareinheaven(i.e.thehostofheaven)shallbeshaken'(Mark13.25).Heretheex-pression powers{Svvd/u.sis)istheusualrenderingadoptedbytheLXXforhost{rjhvvaixisrovovpavov).
In1Kin.22.19,Micaiahsays,'IsawtheLordsittingonhisthrone,andallthehostofheaven(17aTpartarovovpavov)standingbyhimonhisrighthandandonhisleft.'Thecontextshowsusthattheprophetwasspeaking,notofthejjhysical,butofthespiritualheaven;andthatbythehostofheavenhemeanttheintelligentbeingswhoexistinthatspiritualsphereinwhichGoddwells,andwhosebusi-ness itistocarryoutHispurposesofmercyandofwrath.Withthispassagemaybecomparedthesublimevisioncon-tained inEev.19.11-14,whentheheavensareopened,andtheseerbeholdstheFaithfulandTrueOnecalledtheWordofGodridingonawhitehorse,'andthearmiesAvhichwereinheaven{raaTparsupiararasvroiovpavw)followedhimuponwhitehorses,clothedinfinelinen.'
§6.Thefirmamentisthespaceinwhichthestarsareset(Gen.1.7,8).OurinterpretationofthewordisderivedfromtheGreekarspsay/jia,throughtheLatinfirmamentum.Itmeansthatwhichisfixedandsteadfast,ratherthanthatwhichissolid.ThewordonceoccursintheNewTesta-ment, viz.,inCol.2.5,'Thesteadfastness{aTspEw/uua)ofyourfaithinChrist';andotherformsoftherootareused
§a]TheFirmamejit,423
inthesameway.Theapplicationofthiswordtotheheavenlybodiesissimpleandbeautiful;theyarenotfickleanduncertainintheirmovements,butareregulatedbya.lawwhichtheycannotpassover.*BythewordoftheLordweretheheavensmade{ia-TspsMdrja-av)andalltli•hostofthembythebreathofhismouth,'Ps.33.6.'ihavemadetheearth,andcreatedmanuponit:I,evenmyhands,havestretchedout(scrrspsaxTa)theheavens,andalltheirhosthaveIcommanded,'Is.45.12.*Minehandalsohathlaidthefoundationoftheearth,andmyrighthandhathspanned{ia-TapsMas)theheavens,'Is.48.13.
TheHebrewwordrakia'(ypi),whichhasbeenthusren-dered inGreek,Latin,andEnglishbyawordwhichrepre-sents steadfastnessorunvariableness,isderiv^edfromraka',tospreadout.ThisverbisfoundinJob37.18,*Hastthouwithhimspreadoutthesky,whichisstrongandasamoltenlooking-glass';Ps.136.6,'Tohimthatstretchedouttheearthabove(orover)thewaters';Is.42.5,^Hethatspreadforththeearth';44.24,'Thatspreadethabroadtheearthbymyself.'
Thefirmament,then,isthatwhichisspreadorstretchedout—henceanexpanse;andthisistherender-ing receivedbymanyatthepresenttime.Perhaps,guidedpartlybythisusageoftheHebrewword,andpartlybytherenderingoftheLXX,wemayattachtwoideastotheterm,namely,extetisionandregularity,or(tocombinetheminone)fixedspace.TheinterplanetaryspacesaremeasuredoutbyOod,and,thoughthestarsareevermoving,theygenerallypreservefixedrelativepositions;theirmovementsarenoterratic,notinstraightlines,butinorbits,andthuSjthougheverchanging,theyarealwaysthesame.
Isitnotpossiblethatthevisionofthewheels,thefii'mament,thelivingcreatures,andtheDivineBeinginhumanform,whichisrecordedinthe1stchapterofEzekiel,
424Heavefi,HostofHeaven,Firmament.[Ch.xxiv.
representsthemovementsoftheheavenlybodiesintheirvariousorbitsthroughspace,undertheagencyofthelivinghostofheaven,accordingtothewordandwillofHimwhoendureththesameforever?Whetherthistheorybeaccepted,orwhetheritberegardedasfanciful,itisclearthattheideasofheavenpresentedtotheJewbytheBiblearesingularlyinaccordancewiththeviewsentertainedbystudentsofmodernastronomy.
Ch.XXV.§1.]HebrewzvordstoexpressDestruction.425
CHAPTERXXV.
DESTROY,PERISH.
§1.VarietyofHebrewwordsusedtoexpressDestruction.—§2.NoteonNum.24.17.—§3.Observationontheusageofthewordsalreadydiscussed.—§4.Meaningandusageofthewordi\.vad.—§o.ItsrepresentativesintheN.T.—§6.UsageandmeaningofSbacbatb.—§7.ItsrepresentativeintheN.T.—§8.UsageandmeaningofSbamad.—§9.VarioussensesofCbaram.—§10.TheexterminationoftheCanaanites.—§11.EepresentativesofCbaramintheN.T.
§1.MorethanfiftyHebrewwordshavebeenrendereddestroy,destruction,orperish.Someofthemneedonlyabriefmention,butothersareofgreaterimportance.
Aid[1,1^)isoccasionallysorendered,asinJob18.12;andProv.1.27.Itisusuallyrenderedcalamity,andsignifiesthatwhichoppressesandstraitens,the'tribulationandanguish'ofRom.2.9.
Asaph(5]DS),whichoccursin1Sam.15.6,meanstogather,andwemightrenderthepassage'lestTincludeyouwiththem.'ComparePs.26.9;alsoZeph.1.2,3('consume').
Asham(dl*'k)isoncerendereddestroy,viz.inPs.5.10,'destroythouthem,'i.e.condemnthem,ordealwiththemasguilty.Seechap6.§14.
In2Chron.22.7,the'destruction'ofAhaziahisliterallyhistreadingdown;andinIs.10.25,thedestructionoftheAssyriansmeanstheirbeingbroughttonoughtorwastedaway(sofarasthisworldisconcerned).InProv.2L7,'Therobberyofthewickedshalldestroythem,'theverb(i-ij)meanstosaw,sweepaway,ordragdown*ThedestructionoftheseedroyalbyAthaliah(2Chron.
426Destroy,Perish.[Ch.XXV.
22.10),isdescribedbyawordwliiclisignifies'toinflictapestilence'(nan);comparetbeuseoftheword'pestilent'or'pestilential'inourownlanguage.
Daca(N3"t),todashinpieces,orcrush,isusedinJob6.9,'ThatitwouldpleaseGodtodestroyme';34.25,'Heoverturneththeminthenight,sothattheyaredestroyed';Ps.90.3,'Thouturnestmantodestruction.'Compareourownmodeofsayingthatamanis'crushed'andhisho23es'dashed.'
Bala'(y'pn),toswallowup,isusedseveraltimes,e'.g.inJob2.3,'Todestroyhimwithoutacause';10.8,'Thinehandshavemademeandfashionedmetogetherroundabout,yetthoudostdestroyme';Ps.56.9,'Destroy,OLord,anddividetheirtongues';Is.19.3,'Iwilldestroythecounselthereof;2&.7,8,'Hewilldestroyinthismoun-tain thefaceofthecoveringcastoverallpeople,andthevailthatisspreadoverallnations;hewillswallowupdeathinvictory.'Herethesamewordisrendered'destroy'inoneverseand'swallowup'intheother;,thelastclausemightberendered'Hewillutterlydestroydeath.'
Damah(n»n),tobesilent,ortocease,isrendereddestroyinEz.27.32,'WhatcityislikeTyrus,likethedestroyedinthemidstofthesea';andHos.4.5,6,'Iwilldestroythymother;mypeoplearedestroyedforlackofknowledge.'Wemightperhapsgiveamoreliteralrender-ing here,andsay,'Mypeople^aresilencedforlackofknowledge.'
InDeut.7.23,andin1Sam.5.9,11,thewordused(nin)issupposedtosignifycommotionorconfusion;asimilarword(Don),signifyingdiscomfiture,isfoundinEx.23.27,Deat.2.15,andPs.144.6.Harag(j-in),tokill,isusedinPs.78.47,'Hedestroyedtheirvineswithhail.'Haras(Din),toteardown,occursin1Chron.20.l;ofthedestruG-
§1.]HebrewwordstiscdtoexpressDestritction.427
tionofRabbali,inPs.11.3;ofthedestructionoffounda-tions, inIs.14.17;ofthedestructionofcities,inIs.19.18,wherewereadof'thecityofdestruction,'or,asthemarginhasit,'thecityofHeres,orthesun.'ItalsooccursinPs.28.5,andIs.49.17,19.
Chaval(^nn),tobind,isusedinEzra6.12;Prov.13.13;Ecc.5.6;Mic.2.10;Is.10.27,'Theyokeshallbedestroyedbecauseoftheanointing';54.16,'Ihavecreatedthewastertodestroy';Dan.2.4t,6.26,7.14,'Inthedaysofthesekingsshallthegodofheavensetupakingdomwhichshallneverbedestroyed';4.23,'Hewdownthetreeanddestroyit.'Perhapstheoriginofthefiguremaybeillus-trated byourLord'swords,M'hereHeteachesusthatthebindingofastrongmanisthepreliminarytothespolia-tion ofhisgoods.
InProv.31.8,thepersonsdescribedas'appointedfordestruction'areliterally'sonsofpassingaway'(f]V:n).Charav(ain),todryup,occursinJud.16.24,'Thede-stroyer ofourcountry';andin2Kin.19.17;Ezra4.15;Ps.9.6,'DestructionsarecometoaperjDctualend.'Theexhaustionofacountry,city,orindividual,isevidentlyreferredtointhesepassages.
InsevenpassagesintheProverbsdestructionisliterallya'breakingup'(nnno);inPs.74.8,'Letusdestroythemaltogether,'theideaofviolentdealing(nr)isimplied;inEx.15.9theverbsignifiestotakepossession(l""!''),andthepassageisrenderedinthemargin,'Myhandshallrepossessthem.'InJob21.20,calamity(T'S)isrepresented;whilstinJob9.22,Lev.26.44,and2Chron.31.1,Calah(n'p3),tofinish,tocomplete,andsotobringtoanend,isused.Carath(ma),tocutoff,isrendered'destroy'inEx.8.9;Lev.26.22;Jud.4.24;and1Kin.15.13.Mul^wS),whichalsosignifiestocutoff,isfoundinPs.118.10,11,12;Cathath(nns),tobeat,inDeut.1.44,
428Destroy,Perish.[Ch.xxv.
2Chron.15.6,andJob4.20;Muth(nio),todie,in2Sam.20.19,andJob33.22;andMachali(nno),toblotout,inGen.6.7,7.4,23,inthehistoiyofthedeluge;alsoinJud.21.17,andProv.31.3.
InProv.15.25,*TlieLordwilldestroytliehouseoftheproud,'theword(riDj)signifiestopluckup,andhencetorootout.InJob19.26—'Thoughaftermyskin(worms)destroythis(body)'—theword(fjp])meanstocutdown.InIs.42.14,'Iwilldestroy,'isliterally'Iwillmakedesolate'(nti'j).InPs.9.6,'Thouhastde-stroyed cities,'Natha(yji^),totear,isused;andinEx.34.
13,Deut.7.5,Job19.10,Ps.52.5,andEz.26.12,Nathats(fnj),toteardown,orbeatdown,isfound.Tsadah(m^'),tocutdown,isthewordinZeph.3.6.Saphah(nsD),toscrape,isfoundinGen.18.23,24,'Wiltthoudestroytherighteouswiththewicked...wiltthoudestroyandnotsparetheplaceforthefiftyrighteous';alsoin1Chron.21.12;Ps.40.
14,'Letthembeconfoundedthatseekaftermysoul(i.e.life)todestroyit';andProv.13.23,'Muchfoodisinthetillageofthepoor,butthereisthatisdestroyedforwantofjudgment.'
Shavar(nat^),toshiverorbreakinpieces,isrendered'destroy'aboutthirtytimes,e.g.inProv.16.18,'Pridegoethbeforedestruction';29.1,'Hethatbeingoftenre-proved, hardenethhisneck,shallsuddenlybedestroyed,andthatwithoutremedy';Is.1.28,'Thedestructionofthesinnersandtransgressorsshallbetogether';59.7,'Wastinganddestructionareintheirpaths';60.1^,'Violenceshallnomorebeheardinthyland,wastingnordestructionwithinthyborders.'SMah(n''Kty),desola-tion, occursinPs.73.18,andIs.24.12;thewordShuah(nxiB>)jhasthesamemeaninginPs.35.8,17,and63.9;Shamem(qdk')*tolaywaste,ortobeastonished,inEcc.
§§2.3.]Hebrewwordsf01'Destruction.429
7.16,andHosea2.12;Shasah(noc'),tospoil,inJer.50.11;Shacol53:^),tobereave,inDeut.32.25.
Shadadiyv^),todealviolently,isrendered'destroy'tentimes,e.g.inPs.137.8,*0daughterofBabylon,wlioarttobedestroyed'(P.B.version,'wastedwitlimisery');Hos.7.13,'Destructionuntothem!becausetheyhavetransgressedagainstme';Joel1.15,'ThedayoftheLordisathand,andasadestructionfromtheAlmightyshallitcome.'
ThewordusedofthedestructionofthetemplebyNebu-chadnezzar inEzra5.12,isSathar(nno),tohide.InPs.17.4,theword(pis)signifiesviolence;inJob30.24,31.29,wefindPid(t-s),calamity;inProv.13.20,Eua'(yn),evil;inEz.7.25,Kaphdah{r\'\^>),cuttingoff;inJer.46.20,thewordfordestructionistakenfromthenipping{^"s^^^ofthegad-fly.Kathav(3np),contagion,isfoundinDeut.32.24;Ps.91.6;andHos.13.14,'0death,Iwillbethydestruc-tion.' Tsamath(nov),tocutoff,isthewordusedin2Sam.22.41;Ps.18.40,69.4,73.27,101.8.
§2.InNum.24.17,weread,'AsceptreshallriseoutofIsrael,andshallsmitethecomers(orsmitethroughthel^rinces)ofMoab,anddestroyallthechildrenofSeth.'Thewordhererendereddestroyissomewhatdoubtful.Sometakeitasmeaningdig—hencedigthroughorspoil;othersconsiderthatitisusedinafavourablesenseofthe'hitidinguptheivalVofSeth;others,again,derivingitfromKarar(mp),understandittosignify'refresh.'Ifthelastviewbetrue,thepassagepointsforwardtoa'timeofrefreshing,'suchasisreferredtoinActs3.19,21.
§3.Thewordshithertonoticed,thoughverynumerous,areusedonlyinafewpassages,anddonotplayacon-spicuous partinScripture.Theypointtodestructionasacalamity,asaworkofbreakingdownortearingup,asanactofviolence,orasadeedofdesolation.Theyapplyto
430Destroy,Perish.[Ch.xxv,
nations,cities,andindividuals,andareusedinjustsuchsensesasweshouldgivetheminordinaryhistory,withoutatallreferringtothedestinyoftheindividualinanystateofexistencebeyondtheworld.Fourwords,however,re-main tobeconsidered,eachofwhichisusedinagreatnumberofpassages,andwithsomeimportantvariationsofmeaning.
§4.Avad(n25<),toperish,andinitscausativeformtodestroy,islargelyusedthroughouttheOldTestament.ThegeneralGreekrenderingisaTroXXv/jn;hencethenameAbaddon(Rev.9.11)isrenderedApoUyon,thedestroyer.Thiswordisrendered'perish'inaboutahundredpas-sages. Whenusedofpersonsitgenerallysignifiesdeathswhenusedoflandsitimpliesdesolation.ThesameisthegeneralstateofthecasewithregardtoitsGreekequivalentinitsvariousformsofaTroWv/xi,uTrcoXsia,6\.£6pos.
ItisappliedtothecaseofKorah'scompany,who'perishedfromamongthecongregation,'Num.16.33;totheAmalekitenation,whichshould'perishforever,'Num.24.20,seealsoverse24;itisheldoutasathreattoIsraelthattheyshould'utterlyperishfromofftheland'ofCanaaniftheybecameidolatrous,Deut.4.26;itisusedofthenation'sancestor,'aSyrianreadytoperish,'Deut.26.5;itisregardedastheoppositetotheprolongingofone'sdaysintheland,Deut.30.18;itisappliedtothecuttingoflPofthehouseofAhab,2Kin.9.8;Estherusesitwithregardtoherapprehensionofdeathasthealternativeofsuccess,'IfIperish,Iperish,'Esth.4.16;itisappliedtotheevaporationofmountaintorrents,andtothedeceitfulnessoffriends.Job6.18;tothememoryofthewicked,whichdiesoutofthemindsoftheirsurvivors,18.17;totheutterdisappearanceofthewickedmanfromtheearth,'Heshallperishforeverlikehisowndung:theywhichhaveseenhimshallsay.Whereishe?'20.7;itisusedofmen
§4.]MeaningandUsageofthezvordAvad.431
perishingforwantofclothing-(aswesay,'perishedwithcold'),31.19;itisappliedtothe'way'orcoursetakenbythewickedincontrastwiththewayoftherighteous,Ps.1.6;itisusedoftheheathen(assuch)j)erishingoutofthelandofGod,10.16;itisusedofthedeathofthefoolandbrutishpersonwholeavetheirwealthtoothers,49.10•ofthewickedperishingbeforethej)resenceofGodaswaxmeltethbeforethefire,68.2;ofGod'senemies(assuch)perishing,92.9;oftheheavensperishingwhilstGodendures,102.26;ofman'sthoughtsperishingwhenhedies,146.4.IntheBookofProverbsitisregardedasthefateoftheliarandtheproudincontrastwiththeexaltationoftherighteous;inProv.31.6,weareexhortedto'givestrongwineuntohimthatisreadytoj)erish.'
InEcc.7.15,avadisappliedtoajustmanperishinginhisrighteousness;andinIs.57.1,2,weread,'Therighteousperisheth,andnomanlayethittoheart:andmercifulmenaretakenaway,noneconsideringthattherighteousistakenawayfromthatwhichisevil.Heshallenterintopeace.'Thesepassagesareimportant,asshowingthattheperishingoftheoutermanindeathisperfectlyconsistentwiththeentranceintopeace.
Thewordavadisalsofoundinthefollowingpassages:—
Is.60.12,'ThenationandkingdomthatAvillnotservetheesliall
perish;yea(those)nationsshallbeutterlywasted.'
Jar.9.12,'Thelandperishethandisburneduplikeawilder-
ness.'
Jer.40.15,'TheremnantinJudaiiperish.'
Jer.48.8,'Thevalleyalsoshallperish,andtheplainshallbedestroyed.'verse3G,'Therichesthathehathgottenareperished.'
Lam.3.18,'MystrengthandmyhopeisperishedIromtheLord.'
Ez.7.2G,'Thelawshallperishfromthepriest.'
Dan.2.18,'ThatDanielandhisfellowsshouldnotperish(bya
432Destroy^Perish.[Ch.xxv.
violentdeath)withtherestofthewisemenof
Babylon.'Joel1.11,'Theharvestofthefieldisperished.'Jonah1.6,'CalluponthyGod,ifsobethatGodwillthinkupon
usthatweperishnot'(comparethecryofthe
disciples,'Lord,saveus,orweperish!')Jonah3.9,'WhocantellifGodwillturnandrepent,andturn
awayfromhisfierceanger,thatweperishnot?'Jonah4.10,Thegourd'cameupinanight,andperishedina
night.'Micah7.2,'Thegoodmanisperishedoutoftheearth.'
Tliepassageswliicliliavebeencitedarefairsamplesoftliewhole.Theyshowthatthewordreferstothedeathoftherighteousorthewicked;tothedownfallanddissolutionofnations;tothedesolationofcountries;tothewitheringawayofherbageandcrops;tothefadingawayofstrength,hope,wisdom,knowledge,andwealth.Thewordisappliedtomanwithreferencetohiswholepositionuponearth;whilsthisfuturedestinyisleftapparentlyuntouchedbyit.
Abriefexaminationoftheusageofavadinpassageswhereitisrendered'destroy'or'destruction,'willsuf-fice. Thewordisappliedtothedestructionoftemples,images,andpictures(Num.33.62,Deut.12.33);todefeat(Josh.7.7);tonationaloverthrow(Deut.28.51);andtothetakingawayoflife,whetherbythehandofmanorbytheagencyofGod(2Kin.10.19;Ex.10.7;Lev.23.30jDeut.7.10,20;Job28.22).
InJob26.6,weread,'Hell(Sheol)isnakedbeforehim,anddestructionhathnocovering';andinProv.15.11,'Hell(Sheol)anddestructionarebeforetheLord.'Thesewordsareheresynonymous,andrefertothelocalityorcon-dition ofthosewhohavediedorhavebeendestroyed;itisevidentlyimpliedthat,althoughsofarasthisworldisconcernedtheyhaveperished,yettheyarestillinastateofexistence,andarewithinGod'scognizance.
InPs.88.10,11,12,theplaintivequestionisheard,'Wilt
§4.]MeaningandUsageofthewordAvad.433
thoushowwonderstothedead?shallthedeadariseandpraisethee?Shallthylovingkindnessbedeclaredinthegrave?orthyfaithfulnessindestruction?Shallthywondersbeknowninthedark?andthyrighteousnessinthelandofforgetfulness?'Herethedead,thegraveorsepulchre,thestateofdestruction,thedark,andthelandofforgetfuhiess,aresynonymous;andthePsalmist,inhislongingforpresenthelp,urgesGodnottoputoffhisloving-kindnessuntilthattimewhen(forpresent^jurposes)itwillbetoolate.
InEcc.7.7,weread,*Agifbdestroyeththeheart,'thatistosay,briberydestroysaman'smoralrectitude.Inthisinstancethewordisusedofman'sspiritratherthanofhisoutwardcircumstances.SoinJer.23.1,'Woebeuntothepastorsthatdestroyandscatterthesheepofmypasture.'
WhenthePsalmistspeaksofGod'sdestroyinghisenemiesorthewicked,asinPs.5.6,9.5,21.10,heappa-rently referstotheirbeingdestroyedfromthefaceoftheearth.
Avadisrendered'broken'inPs.31.12,'Iamlikeabrokenvessel';voidinDent.32.28,'Anationvoidofcounsel';undoneinNum.21.29,'Thouartundone,OpeopleofChemosh';failinPs.142.4,'Eefugefailedme';Ez.12.22,'Everyvisionfaileth.'ItisalsotranslatedloseinEx.22.9;Lev.6.3,4;Dent.22.3;and1Sam.9.3,20,withreferencetoalostox,sheep,orraiment.InPs.'119.176,itassumesamoralsignificance,'Ihavegoneastraylikealostsheep;seekthyservant,forIdonotforgetthycommandments';Jer.50.6,'Mypeoplehathbeenlostsheep,theirshepherdshaveluredthemtogoastray';Ez.34.4,'Neitherhaveyesoughtthatwhichwaslost';verse16,'Iwillseekthatwhichwaslost.'Theideathusrepre-sented, andtheverywordusedintheLXXinthesepas-
Fp
434Destroy,Perish.[Ch.XXV.
sages,aretakenupintheirdeepestsignificancebyHimwhocame'toseekthelost,'andtheyarethekeynotetoagreatportionofthetruthofthegospel.
§5.ThewordoXsdposisfoundfourtimesintheN.T.In1Cor.5.5,'thedestructionoftheflesh'isspokenof.Herereferenceseemstobemadetothespecialtemporalchastisementswhichwereinflictedintheapostolicages,andacontrastisdrawnbetweenthedestructionofthefleshnowandthesalvationofthespiritinthedayofChrist.
Intheotherthreepassages,referenceismadetothepunishmentofthewicked;see1Thess.5.3;2Thess.1.9;and1Tim.6.9.
'AirooXsiaintheN.T.speciallyrepresentsthelotofthosewhogoonthebroadpath(Mat.7.13),whosetthemselvesagainsttheGospel(Phil.1.28),wholiveacarnallife(Phil.3.19),whoyieldtolustsandcovetousness(1Tim.6.9),whodrawbackfromChrist(Heb.10.39),whodenytheLordthatboughtthem(2Pet.2.1,'3),andwresttheScriptures(2Pet.3.16),andare,inaword,ungodly(2Pet.3.7).
TheinflictionofthisaTrcoXsiaissynchronouswiththeDayofJudgmentandtheburningoftheheavenandearththatnoware,2Pet.3.7;thewholeeventbeingprefiguredbythedestructionthatcameupontheearthattheDeluge,whenthethenworldperished[aTrcoXsTo),andalsobythedestructionofSodomandGomorrha.ThewordalsooccursinMatt.26.8,Mark14.4,withrespecttothe'waste'oftheointment;inJohn17.12,ofJudas,thesonofperdition;ofanothersonofperditionin2Thess.2.3;inEev.17.8,11,oftheBeast;alsoinActs8.20[25.16],andRom.9.22.
Theverba-noXKviuisappliedtothedestructionofphysicalobjects,e.g.wine-skins(Matt.9.17),gold(1Pet.1.7),food(John6.27),andthehairofthehead(Luke21.18).In
■TheA.V.hasfailedtopreservetheconnexionbetweenthedestructiveheresiesandthedestructionwhichensues.
§5.]Its7^eprese7itativesintheN.T.435
thesecasesitisnotanniliilationthatisspokenof,butsuchinjuryasmakestheobjectpracticallyuselessforitsoriginal■purpose.Itisappliedtothedestructionofthephysicalcosmosorworldin2Pet.3.6,inexactlythesamesense;forastheworldwasdestroyedattheDelug-e,soshallitbehereafter;itwillberendereduselessasahabitationforman.Nevertheless,asafterthefirstdestructionitwasrestored,soitmaybeafterthesecond.Again,thewordisappliedtotheperishingorbeingdestroyedfromoffthefaceoftheearthindeath,whenthephysical.framewhichisthetempleoflifebecomesuntenanted;andacontrastisdrawnbetweenthepowerofthosewhocanbringaboutthedeathofthebody,andofHimwhocandestroybothbodyandsoulinGehenna.DeathisspokenofinthissenseinMatt.2.13,8.25,12.14,21.41,22.7,26.52,27.20;andprobablyinMatt.18.14;Eom.2.12,14.15;and1Cor.8.11.Thedestructionofthebodyiscomparedtothedisintegrationoftheseedwhichfallsintothegroundanddies.Itisdismembermentanddissolution,andrendersthebodyuselessforthetimebeing,sofarasitsoriginalpurjjoseisconcerned,butitisnotannihilation.Theuseofthewordintheargumentin1Cor.15.18,isworthyofnote;ithereimpliesthat,physi-cally speaking,theChristianhasperished,ifChristbenotrisen.Thereisnotawordhereaboutannihilationoftheperson{whichwouldcontinueinHades),butsimplyoftheblottingoutofexistenceinthebody.
Thewordisalsolargelyusedinamoralsense,withrespecttotheinnerman,astheoppositeofsalvation.Itisappliedtothose'lostsheep'whomtheGoodShepherddiedtosave(Matt.18.11;Luke15.32;compareIs.53.6).Allmenareregardedasmorallydestroyed,i.e.theyhavefailedtocarryouttheintentionforwhichtheracewascalledintobeing.Tosavethemfromthiscondition,GodsentHisSon,andcausedHimtobeliftedupliketheserpentinthe
FF2
^436Destroy,Perish.[Ch.xxv.
wilderness(Jolin3.15,16),notbeingwillingthatanyshouldperish,butthatallshouldcometorepentance(2Pet.3.9).Thosewhorejectthissalvationhavecontractedanewre-sponsibility, andare,inanewsense,inthewayofdestruc-tion {airoWvfihoi)(1Cor.1.18;2Cor.2.15,4.3;2Thess.2.10).Thisfinaldestructionaffectsevilspiritsaswellasmen.SeeMark1.24,andLuke4.34,whereitistobeobservedthatwhilstoneEvangelistrecordsthewords,'Artthoucometotormentus?^theothersays,'todestroyus.'Wecannotcomprehendwhatwillbethenatureofthisde-struction whichaffectsthespiritorperson;butthereadingofsuchsolemnwordsasthoseutteredbytheLordofLoveinMatt.10.28,39,16.25,andLuke9.25,impressesthemindwiththeideaoftheutterrejectionandinfinitedegra-dation whichshallbethelotofthosewhojudgethemselvesunworthyofeternallife.Notonlycreation,butalsore-demption, hasfailedofitspurposewiththem.Thustheyarenotannihilated,butdestroyed.
§6.Shachath(nnK')^awordwhichespeciallymarksdis-solution orcorruption,isrendereddestroyinaboutahundredplaces.ItfirstoccursinGen.6.13,17,9.11,15,bothwithreferencetothemoralcorruption,andalsotothephysicaldestructionofallthatwaslivingontheearth;andoftheearthitself,which,asSt.Petersaid,'perished'(2Pet.3.6).ItisnextusedofthedestructionofSodomandGomorrha(Gen.13.10,18.28,19.13,14,29),adestructionwhichisregarded,bothintheOldandNewTestaments,astheprominentsampleofthepunishmentoftheungodly.Itisusedofthedestructionofthefirst-bominEgypt,Ex.12.23;ofthedestructionoftrees,Deut.20.19,20;ofthede-struction oftheincreaseoftheearth,Jud.6.4,5;ofthedestructionofmeninbattle,Jud.20.21,&c.;ofcities,1Sam.23.10;ofindividuals,1Sam.26.9;ofnations,2Kin.8.19,13.23.
§§7.8,]UsageandmeaningofSJiamad.437
InPs.55.23,weread,'Tliouslialtbringthemdownintothejjitofdestruction:bloodyanddeceitfulmenshallnotliveouthalftheirdays.'Thisisasampleofalargeclassofpassagesinwhichwickednessisrepresentedasbringinganuntimelyorviolentdeathasitsconsequence.God,onthecontrary,redeemsthelifeofhispeoplefromdestruction;thatistosay.Heprolongstheirdays,Ps.103.4.Theadulterer'destroyethhisownsoul,'heentersacoursetheendofwhichisdeath,Prov.6.32.ThiswordisalsousedinDan.9.26,'Thepeopleoftheprincethatshallcomeshalldestroythecityandthesanctuary';andinHos.13.9,'0Israel,thouhastdestroj^edthyself,butinmeisthyhelp,'Lastly,thepromisefortherestoredJerusalemis'Theyshallnothurtnordestroyinallmyholymountain,'Is.11.9,65.25.
ThechiefLXXrenderingofthiswordishia^Q&ipw;wealsofindinseveralpassages(pdslpco,/caTacpdelpo},oXodpsvu),i^nXodpsvu),i^aX£t(f)co,andaTroWv/jbt.
§7.TheverbSta(f)d£lpcoisusedofphysicalcorruptioninLuke12.33,2Cor.4.16,Eev.8.9;ofmoralcorruptionin1Tim.6.5,'mencorruptedinmind,'andEev.19.2;itisusedinbothsensesinRev.11.10,'Tocornq^tthosethatarecorruptingtheearth.'
Thenounisonlyusedintwopassages,viz.inActs2.27,31,andActs13.34-37,inwhichPeterandPaulareapplyingPs.16.10,.tothefactthatourLord'sbodywasraisedbeforecorruptionsetin,
§8.Shamad(loc'),,toconsume,isrendered'destroy'inabouteightypassages.Itisusuallyrenderedi^oXoOpsvco,^butsometimesa7r6x\vp,L.Itisappliedseveraltimestothedestructionofnations,cities,andfamiliesbywar,especiallyintheBooksofDeuteronomy,Joshua,andSamuel.Itis
'ThiswordonlyoccursonceintheN.T.,viz.inActs3.23,whichisaquota-tion fronaDeut.18.19,butnotfromtheLXX.
438Destroy,Perish.[Ch.XXV.
usedofthedestructionofthewickedinPs.37.38,92.7,'Theyshallbedestroyedforever';145.20,'Allthewickedwillhedestroy';Is.13.9,'Heshalldestroythesinnersoutoftheland.'ThewordoccursinIs.26.14,'Theyaredead,theyshallnotlive;theyaredeceased,theyshallnotrise:thereforehastthouvisitedanddestroyedthem,andmadealltheirmemorytoperish.'Thisisanexpressionofthesecurityinthemindofthespeakerwhofeelsthatthereisnofearoftheevilrulersrisingagaintoplaythetyrantortomislead,butitisbynomeanstobetakenasdecidingthequestionwhethertheseungodlymenmayormaynothaveafutureawaitingthem.
Yeryoftenaqualifyingexpressionisused,whichshowsthatthedestructionspokenofisrelative,notabsolute.ThusinEz.14.9,'IwilldestroyhimfromthemidstofmyjpeopleIsrael';Am.9.8,'Iwilldestroyitfromoffthefaceoftheearth';Hag.2.22,'Iwilldestroythestrengthoftheking-doms oftheheathen.'Thispointstotherealmeaninginotherpassages.ItisnottobesupposedthatthechildofAdamistohavehisexistenceextinguishedbecausehistimeuponearthiscutshort.HemayyetremaininsomeplaceorconditionknowntoGoduntilthedayofthegreatawakening.
§9.Charam(dih)isareligiouswordofgreatimportance,aswillbeseenfromitsusage.Itrepresentsthedevotionofsomeobjecttodestruction,ortoasacreduse(answeringtothedoublesenseoftheLatinsacer),notforthegratifica-tion ofanyselfishpurpose,butasareligiousact.Itisrendereddevoteordedicate?inLev.27.21,withreferencetoafield;inverses28and29withreferencetoman,beast,andland;andthedirectionisgiventhatthedevotedobject(ifananimal)shouldnotberedeemed,butputtodeath.Withregai-dtotheland,itsdevotionrendereditthepro-perty ofthex^riest,Num.18.14,Ez.44.29.Thiswordwas
§9.]VarioussensesofCJiaram.439
appliedtothedestructionofnations,partlybecausetlieywereregardedasundertheDivinedoom,andpartlyalsobecausethesubstanceofthenationsdestroyedwasdedi-cated totheLord.Thus,wereadinMic.4.13,'Thoushaltbeatinpiecesmanypeople,andIwillconsecrate(ordevote)theirgainuntotheLord,andtheirsubstanceuntotheLordofthewholeearth.'InEzra10.8,itisusedoftheforfeitureofthesubstanceofthosewhodidnotcometothepassover,whichwasaccompaniedbytheputtingthemoutofthecongregation.AlsoinDan.11.44,itisusedofthewayinwhichthekingshould'makeaway'many.
Thewordisusedoftheaccursed(i.e.devoted)cityandsubstanceofJerichointhe6thand7thchaptersofJoshua,andinthereferencetoAchan'sconductinJos.22.20,and1Chron.2.7.
Theidolsandtheirsilverandgoldarealsodescribedascursed(i.e.devoted)inDeut.7.26,13.17.InIs.34.5,theEdomitesaredescribedas'ThepeopleofGod'scurse,'i.e.devotedtodestructionbyGod;andthisaccountsfortheuseofthewordin2Chron.20.23,'ThechildrenofAmmonandMoabstoodupagainsttheinhabitantsofMountSeirutterlytoslaythem'(i.e.todevotethemtodestruction);withoutknowingit,theywerecarryingouttheDivinepurpose.InIs.43.28,Godsays,'IhavegivenJacobtothecurse,'i.e.Ihavedevotedthepeopletodestruction.Thiswasincon-sequence oftheiridolatryandrebellion.
Thissameword,rendered'curse,'isthelastwordinthesolemnconclusionofMalachi'sprophecy,'BeholdIwillsendyouElijahtheprophetbeforethecomingofthegreatanddreadfuldayoftheLord;andheshallturntheheartofthefatherstothechildren,andtheheartofthechildrentothefathers,lestIcometosmitetheearthwithacurse,'i.e.lestIcomeanddevotethelandofIsraeltodestruction.Alas!thewarningvoiceofEliaswasnotattendedto;
440DestroyyPerish.[Ch.XXV.
Jerusalemdidnotrecognisethedayofitsvisitation;anditwassmittenwithacurse,thecountryoncemoredesolated,andthepeoplescattered.
Charamisrendereddestroyfortytimes.InalmostalloftheseplacesreferenceismadetothedestructionofthenativesofCanaanandthesurrounding-countrybyIsrael.ThedestructionofnationsbyNebuchadnezzarisdescribedbythesamewordin2Kin.19.11,andIs.37.11,perhapsbecausehewasunwittinglycarryingouttheworkofGodinhisdestruction.InIs.11.15,thedestructionofthelandofEgyptbytheLordisreferredto;andinJer.25.9,thedestructionofJudahbytheKingofBabylon.ThewordisalsousedinZech.14.11,wherethebrightpromiseisgivenofatimewhenmenshalldwellinthelandofIsrael,and'thereshallbenomoreutterdestruction,'nomorenecessityfordevotingthelandtodestruction—ahopethatiscarriedforwardintheNewTestamentinthewords,'Thereshallbenomorecurse'(Rev.22.3).
ThemostprominentLXXrenderingsofthiswordarei^oXodpsvo),avadsfiaTi^w,dvdds/u,a^dvdOrjfia,wordswhichoftenoccurintheNewTestament.
§10.WithregardtotheexterminationoftheCanaanites,thefollowingpointsmaybenoticed.First,itwasnottakeninhandtoaccomplishpersonalrevenge;IsraelhadnogrudgeagainstCanaan;thepeoplehadtobealmostgoadedintotheland.Secondly,itwasnotdonetogainplunder,forallplunderwasregardedascherem,devotedtoGod,andinthatsenseaccursed.Thirdly,itwasnotdonetogratifythirstformilitaryglory;fortheHebrewswerethesmallestofnations,andweretoldl)eforehandthatiftheyconquereditwouldnotbeintheirownstrength,butinGod.Fourthly,itwasnottoberegardedasarewardformerit;theywerearebelliousandstiffneckedpeople,andwouldhaveperishedinthewildernesshadnotGodrememberedHisholycove-
§11.]RepresentativesofCharamintheN.T.441
nant.Fifthly,theexterminationoftlieCanaaniteswastobeasecurityagainstidolatryanddemoralizationontliepartofIsrael.Lastly,thesenationshadfilledupthemeasureoftheiriniquity,andtheIsraelitesindestroyingthemwereacting"magisteriallyasGod'sagents.
§11.ThewordduddijfiaoccursonlyonceintheN.T.,namely,inLuke21.5,wherewereadofthetemplebeingadornedwithgifts.InthelatertimesofJudaism,thisformoftheGreekwordmayhavebeenreservedforthissense,asArchbishopTrenchremarksinhisSynonymsoftheNewTestament.
TheworddvaOsfiaTL^oyisfoundfourtimesintheN.T.InMark14.71,itisusedofPeter'scursing,whichmayhavebeenacallingdownofimpT-ecationonhisownhead.SoinActs23.12,14.21,certainmen'boundthemselveswithanoath,'i.e.invitedthecurseofGodincasetheyfailedtocarryouttheirpurpose.
Itisnoteasytofixtheexactsenseofdi'dOs/naintheN.T.WiththeexceptionofActs23.14,itonl}^occursinfivepas-sages, whichareinSt.Paul'sEpistles.InGal.1.8,9,hesays,'IfanyonepreachanyothergospelthanIhavepreacheduntoyou,lethimbeanathema.'Again,1Cor.16.22,'IfanyonelovenottheLordJesusChrist,lethimbeanathema.''IsitnotpossiblethattheJewishuseofthewordcheremforexcommunicationisuppermostintheApostle'smindinthesepassages?Hedoesnotsaylethimbeputawayfromamongyou,butlethimberegardedwithaversionasanobjectonwhichtheLordwillpourdownin-dignation.
Again,theapostlesays(1Cor.12.3),thatwhateverspiritcallsJesusanathemaisnotofGod.Heisheregivingaplaintestbywhichthedullestcomprehensioncoulddiscernspirits.WhateverspiritpromptsamantospeakofJesusasanaccursedordevotedobjectthatspiritcannotbeof
442Destroy,Perish.[Ch.xxv.
God,whilstnonebuttheSpiritofGodaouldpromptamantosaythatJesusistheLord.
TheonlyotherpassageisEom.9.3,wherePaulseemstohavealmostprayedorwishedthatana7iathemamayhavecomeonhimfromChrist,forthesakeofhisbrethren.InFatherSimon'stranslationoftheNewTestament,thepas-sage readsthus:—'Icouldwishmyselftobeananathema,forthesakeofJesusChrist,formybrethren,'&c.Hecon-sidered thattheGreekavro(from)mightberendered'be-cause of,'or'forthesakeof,'becausetheHebrewpreposi-tion whichanswerstoitintheOldTestamentisfrequentlyusedinthissense.Probably,whatSt.Paulmeantwas,thathewasreadytodevotehislifetodestructionintheeffortofsettingtheGospelbeforehisJewishbrethren.Byaddingthewords,'fromChrist,'theapostlewouldsignifythatthisdevotiontodeathwouldbe'withrespecttoChrist,'i.e.byHiswill,andforHissake.
§1.]PassagesinwhichShcolocctirs.443
CHAPTEEXXVI.
THEGEAVE,HELL,DEATH.
§1.ExaminationofallthepassagesinwhichSlieoloccurs.—§2.Conclusionastothemeaningoftheword.—§3.ReferencestoHadesintheN.T.—§4.ConsiderationofActs2.27.—§5.NotesonotherpassagesintheN.T.—§6.HebrewwordswliichexpressDeath.—§7-Wordsforadeadbody.—§8.Rephaim.—§9.'Thoushaltsurelydie.'—§10.PeculiaruseofthewordLiathintheN.T.—§11.Eelationshipbetweensinanddeath.—§12.TheSecondDeath.
§1.Thestatewliicliwecalldeath,i.e.tlieconditioncon-sequent upontheactofdying,istobeviewedinthreeaspects:—First,thereisthetomb,orsepulchre,thelocalhabitationofthephysicalform,whichiscalledKever(inp).Gen.50.5;secondly,thereisthecorruptionwherebythebodyitselfisdissolved,whichisrepresentedbythewordShachath(nnt');andthirdlythereisSheol("pistr),whichre-presents thepositionorconditionofthedeparted.
Thislastwordissoimportant,andhasawakenedsomuchdiscussion,thatitwillbebesttoquoteallthepassagesinwhichitoccurs.Theyareasfollows:—
Gen.37.35,'Ishallgodowntothegraveuntomysonmourn-ing.'
Gen.42.38,44.29,31,'Thenshallyebnngdownmygreyhairswithsorrowtothegrave.'
1Sam.2.6,'TheLordkillethandmakethalive:hebringethdowntothegraveandbringethup.'
1Km.2.6,9,'Letnothishoarheadgodowntothegraveinpeiioe.'
Job7.9,'Astheclotidisconsumedandvanishethaway,sohe
thatgoethdowntothegraveshallcomeupno
444TheGimve,Hell,Death.[Ch.xxvi.
(more).Heshallreturnnomoretohishouse,neithershallhisplaceknowhimanymore.'Notethatthereisnothinginthispassageintheslightestdegreeinconsistentwiththedoctrineofcontinuedexistenceafterdeath,orofaresurrectiontoanotherstateofbeing.Allitaffirmsisthatman,whenoncedeadandinSheol,returnsnomoretohisformerpositiononearth.Deathissomethingmorethanachangeofearthlyresidenceoratemporaryillness.Itisacompleteterminationofaman'searthlycareer.Job14.13,'0tliatthouwouldesthidemeinthegrave,thatthouwouldestkeepmesecret,untilthywrathbepast,thatthouwouldestappointmeasettimeandrememberme.'Job17.13,'IfIwait,thegraveisminehouse:Ihavemademy
bedinthedarkness.'Job21.13,'Theyspendtheirdaysinmirth,andinamomentgo
downtothegrave.'Job24.19,'Droughtandheatconsumethesnowwaters:sodoth
thegravethosewhichhavesinned.'Ps.6.5,'Indeaththereisnoremembranceofthee;inthe
gravewhoshallgivetheethanks?'Ps.30.3,'Thouhastbroughtupmysoulii'omthegraA^e:thouhastkeptmealive,thatIshouldnotgodowntothepit.'Ps.31.17,'Letthewickedbeashamed,andletthembesilentin
thegrave.'Ps.49.14,15,'Likesheeptheyarelaidinthegrave;deathshallfeedonthem;andtheuprightshallhavedominionovertheminthemorning;andtheirbeautyshallconsumeinthegravefromtheirdwelling.ButGodwillredeemmysoulfromthepowerofthegrave:forheshallreceiveme.'Ps.88.3,'Mysoulisfulloftroubles:andmylifedrawethnigh
untothegrave.'Ps.89.48,'Whatmanishethatlivethandshallnotseedeath?shallhedeliverhissoulfromthehandofthegrave?'Ps.141.7,'Ourbonesarescatteredatthegrave'smouth.'Prov.1.12,'Letusswallowthemaliveasthegrave,andwhole,asthosethatgodownintothepit.'
§1.]PassagesinwJiichSheoloccurs.445
Prov.30.15,16,'Fourthingssaynot,Itisenough:thegrave,'&c.
Ecc.9.10,'Whatsoeverthyhandfindethtodo,doitwiththy
might;forthereisnowork,nordevice,norknow-ledge, norwisdom,inthegrave,whitherthougoest.'
Cant.8.6,'Jealousyiscruelasthegrave.'
Ls._14.11,'Thypompisbroughtdowntothegrave.'
Is.38.10,'Ishallgotothegatesofthegrave,'anexpression
whichourLordadoptswhenHesays,'thegatesofHades{orSheol),shallnotprevailagainstit'(Matt.16.18).verse18,'Thegravecannotpraisethee,deathcannotcele-brate thee.'
Ez.31.15,'InthedaywhenhewentdowntothegraveIcausedamourning.'
Hos.13.14,'Iwillransomthemfromthepower(orhand)ofthegrave;Iwillredeemthemfromdeath:0death,Iwillbethyplagues;Ograve,Iwillbethydestruction.'
Tothesepassages,inwliichSheolisregardedasidenticaloranalogouswiththegrave,v^emayadd.Num.16.30,33,*Theygodownquick(i.e.alive)intothepit';andJob17.16,'Theyshallgodowntothebarsofthepit,whenourresttogetherisinthedust.'Bythegraveor;pitisnotmeanttheearthlydwelling-placeofthecorpse—thatisalwaysKever—butthereceptacleofthesordwhenitispartedfromthebody.Thesameisthecasewiththewordhell,whichstandsforSheolinthefollowingpassages:—
Deut.32.22,'Afireiskindledinmineanger,andshallburnvmto
thelowesthell.'2Sam.22.6,Ps.18.5,116.3,'Thesorrowsofhellcompassedme
about,thesnaresofdeathpreventedme.'Job11.8,*Itishighasheaven;whatcanstthoudo?deeper
thanhell;whatcanstthouknow?'Job26.6,'Hellisnakedbeforehim,anddestructionhathno
covering.'Fs.9.17,'Thewickedshallbeturnedintohell,andallthe
nationsthatforgetGod.'
446
TheGrave,Hell,Death.
[Cn.XXVI.
Ps.16.10,'Thouwiltnotleavemysoulinhell,neitherwiltthousufferthineholyonetoseecorruption.'
Ps.55.15,'Letdeathseizeuponthem,andletthemgodownquick(i.e.alive)intohell.'
Ps.86.13,'Thouhastdeliveredmysoulfromthelowesthell.'
Ps.139.8,'IfIascendupintoheaven,thouartthere:if1makemybedinhell,beholdthouartthere.'
Prov.5.5,'Herfeetgodowntodeath;herstepstakeholdonhell.'
Prov.7.27,'Herhouseisthewaytohell,goingdowntothechambersofdeath.'
Prov.9.18,*Heknowethnotthatthedeadarethere;andthatherguestsareinthedepthsofhell.'
Prov.15.11,'HellanddestructionarebeforetheLord;howmuchmorethentheheartsofthechildrenofmen?'verse24,'Thewayoflifeisabovetothewise,thathemaydepartfromhellbeneath.'
Prov.23.14,'Thoushaltbeathimwiththerod,andshaltdeliverhissoulfromhell.'
Prov.27.20,'Hellanddestructionareneverfull;sotheeyesofmanareneversatisfied.'
Is.5.14,'Thereforehellhathenlargedherself,andopenedher
mouthwithoutmeasure:andtheirglory,andtheirmultitude,andtheirpomp,andhethatrejoiceth,shalldescendintoit.'
Is.14.9,'Hellfrombeneathismovedfortheetomeetthee
atthycoming.'verse15,'Yetthoushaltbebroughtdowntohell,tothesidesofthepit.'CompareourLord'sthreattoCaper-naum, 'ThoushaltbecastdoAvntohe11.'
Is.28.15,18,'Wehavemadeacovenantwithdeath,andwith
hellareweatagreement.'
Is.57.9,'Thoudidstdebasethyselfevenuntohell.'
Ez.31.IG,17(seealsoverse15,above),'Imadethenationstoshakeatthesoundofhisfall,whenIcasthimdowntohellwiththemthatdescendintothepit:andallthetreesofEden,thechoiceandbestofLebanon,allthatdrinkAvater,shallbecomfortedinthenetherpartsoftheearth.Theyalsowentdownintohellwithhimuntothemthatbeslainwiththesword.'
§2.]Conclusionastothemeaningoftlieword.447
Ez.32.21,*Thestrongamongthemightyshallapeaktohimout
ofthemidstofhellwiththemthathelphira.'verse27,*TheyshallnotliewiththemightythatareJallenof
theuncircimicised,whicharegonedowntohell
withtheirweaponsofwar.'Amos9.2,'Thoughtheydigintohell,thenceshallminehand
takethem;thoughtheyclimbuptoheaven,thence
willIbringthemdown.'Jonah2.2,'OutofthebellyofhellcriedI,andthouheardest
myvoice.'Hab.2.5,*Whoenlargethhisdesireashell,andisasdeathand
cannotbesatisfied,'
§2.TheseareallthepassagesinwhichthewordSheoloccurs.Withoneortwoinsignificantexceptions,theLXXhasconsistentlyretainedHades'('^Zr]s)asarendering.Thereisnoreasontodoubtthatthesameconditionofthingsisindicatedbythewordwhereveritisused,althouo-hourtranslatorshaveunfortunatelyrendereditbythethreewordshell,the]pit,andthegrave.Whatthegraveorpitistothebody,thatSheolistothesoul.
Owingtothelimitsofthehumanmind,thisresting-placeofthesoulcannotberegardedotherwisethanasalocality;anditisusuallydescribedasdeepdownintheearth,andastheplaceintowhichmenofallnationsdescendatdeath.Sheolisthuswhatwecallthenetherworld,andperhapsthiswouldbethebestrenderingfortheword.Notinonesinglepassageisitusedinthesenseofthefinalplaceofpunish-ment aftertheresurrection,concerningwhichlittle,ifany-thing, isdefinitelyrevealedintheOldTestament.Itiscontrasted,asregardsitslocality,withheaven,theonebeingregardedasdown,theotherup.Itisregardedasanabodeforthosewhohavedepartedfromthewayoflifeandhavechosenthepathofevil.Concerningthosewholiveto
'ThiswordisusuallysupposedtosignifytheUnseen,butcriticswhoseopinionisofweightconsiderthatitmayberelatedtotheHebrewAid(l^X))whichsignifiescalamityordestruction.
448TheGrave,Hell,Death.[Ch.XXVI.
theLord,iftheyenterittheyaredeliveredfromitshandbythepowerofGod;deathshallnothavedominionoverthem.Sheolispicturedforthasdark,assilent,asaplacewherenonecanpraiseGod,asahiding-place,andasimpenetrable.Itsverynameseemstosignifyaplaceaboutwhichmenenquire—amysteriousplace.Itinvolvesdeprivationoftheonlykindofexistenceaboutwhichwehaveanydefiniteknowledge,butnotannihilation,eitherforindividualsorapparentlyfornations;somepassageswhereitoccursimplyacertainindistinctcompanionship.Though'm,anknowssolittleaboutit,SheolisnakedandopenbeforeGod.Hecanfindmenthere;Hecanhidethemthere;Hecanredeemthemthence.Itisaconditiontoberegardedwithhorrorbyallfromchildhoodupwards,andeveryeffortistobemadetoavoidthosesnareswhichdrawmendownintoitandkeepthemthere.
§3.ItissurprisingtonoticehowfewreferencestherearetoHadesintheIST.T.,itbeingonlymentionedtwelvetimesaltogether.InMatt.11.23,andLuke10.15,itisusedfigurativelyofthecastingdownofCapernaumfromherexaltation;andinthesamewayitissaidoftheChurchofChrist,thatthegatesofHadesshallnotprevailagainstit(Matt.16.18);whilsttheproudqitieshavegonetodestruc-tion, thecongregationofChristshallnevervanishfromofi"thefaceoftheearth.
InLuke16.23,wehaveanaccountofthestateofade-parted beingwhohadenteredHades,^notGehenna,apointwhichmustnotbelostsightofbytheinterpreterofourLord'sdiscourseconcerningLazarusandDives.
§4.InActs2.27,St.Peterquotesthe16thPsalm,withregardtotheinterpretationofwhichthereissomedifferenceofopinion.Theordinaryrenderingis,'Thoushaltnotleavemysoulinhell,'buttherearecriticswhoconsider
'SeeDiesIra,chap,xxiii.foradiscussionofthisparable.
§§5.G.]HebreivwordswhichexpressDeath.449
thattliepassage,bothintheOldandNewTestament,oughttoberendered'ThoushaltnotconsignmysoultoHades';whilstothersareofopinionthatitshouldbetranslated,'Thoushaltnotleavemydeadbodyinthegrave.'Thatthewordnephesh,soul,maysometimesbetranslated'deadbody,'istrue(seechap.iv.§2);andthatthewordliadesisoftentranslated(jravewehavealsoseentobetrue.Sofarastheusageofthewords,therefore,isconcerned,thereisnoobjectiontothislastrendering,andthefactwhichwouldbethusstatedistrue,andisanexactparalleltotheotherpartoftheverse,*Neithershaltthousufferthylovingone*toseecorruption.'ThebeliefoftheearlyChurchastothemeaningofthetextwasinaccordancewiththemoregenerallyreceivedtranslation.^
§5.In1Cor.15.55,theA.Y.hasadoptedtherenderinggraveforHades.But,accordingtomanyearlyauthorities,therightreadingisdeath,notHades.Ifthisreadingbefollowed,itmustbeconcludedthattheapostleknowinglysubstituteddeathforHades—thewordwhichappearsintheLXXinthepassageAvhichheisadaptingtohissubject.
InRev.1.18(and,accordingtosomeMSS.in3.7),theLordisdescribedaspossessingthekeysofHadesanddeath,i.e.itisHethatcanopenthedoorofthenetherworldandcallforththedeadintobeing.InEev.6.8,DeathandHadesaredescribedastheagentsofslaughter;andinchap.20.13,14,theyaresaidtoyieldupthedeadthathadbeenswallowedupbythem,andthentobecastintothelakeoffire.
§6.ThegeneralwordtorepresentdyingisMoth(nio);otherwordshoweverareoccasionallyused.ThusNaphal("pS]),tofall,occursinGen.25.18,'Hedied(orfell)inthepresenceof(orbefore)allhisbrethren.'Shadad{iTCf),to
'Seechap.x.§§9-12,onthewordhererenderedloving.^SeePearsonontheCreed.
GG
450TheGrave,Hell,Death.[Ch.xx^T
destroy,isfoundinJud.5.27,'Thereliefelldowndead'(i.e.destroyed).Gava'(j?ij),tobreatheoutorexpire(i/cTTvsw),isusedinGen.6.17,'Everythingthatisintheearthshalldie';7.21;Num.20.3,'WouldGodthatwehaddiedwhenourbrethrendiedbeforetheJjord';verse29;Job27.5,29.18,36.12;Ps.88.15,104.29;Zech.13.8.ThisAvordisonlyusedwithreferencetothedeathofourLordintheN.T.;seeMark15.37,39;Luke23.46.
§7.Nivlah(n'pnj),acarcase,isusedinLev.7.24,'Thefatofthebeastiliatdieth(ofitself),'lit.'thefatofacarcase.'SoalsoinLev.17.15,22.8;Dent.14.8,21;Ps.79.2;Is.26.19,'Thydeadmenshalllive,togetherwithmydeadbodyshalltheyarise';Jer.26.23,34.20,36.30;Ez.4.14,44.31.Anotherword,signifyingcarcase(ijd),isusedin2Chron.20.24,25;Jer.31.40,33.5,41.9.
§8.Eepliaim(□''KSn),whichinotherplacesisrenderedgiants,'isusedofthedeadinJob26.5,'Dead(things)areformedfromunderthewaters,withtheinhabitantsthereof;Ps.88.10,'Wiltthoushowwonderstothedead?Shallthedeadariseandpraisethee?'Prov.2.18,Torherhouseinclinethuntodeath(nio),andherpathsuntothedead';chap.9.18,'Heknowethnotthatthedeadarethere,andthatherguestsareinthedepthsofSheol;chap.21.16,'Themanthatwanderethoutofthewayofunderstandingshallremaininthecongregationofthedead';Ts.14.9,'Sheolfrombeneathismovedfortheetomeettheeatthycoming;itstirrethupthedeadforthee,evenalltheleadersoftheearth';chap.26.19,'Theearthshallcastoutthedead.'
§9.TheHebrewreduplicatedform,'Dyingthoushaltdie,'or'Thoushaltsurelydie,'isfoundseveraltimesintheO.T.,andisquotedintheNewTestamentinMatt.15.4;Mark7.10.Ithassometimesbeensupposedthatthisex-pression, beingsoveryemphatic,referstosomethingmore
1Seechap.iii.§16.
§10.]Pcadiar2tseofthezuordDeathintheN.J.451
thandeath,andimpliesthejudgmentthatfollows;butthiscannotfairlybeinferredfromtheforminquestion.
§10.ThegeneraluseofthewordddvarosintheN.T.neednotbenoticed,butaspiritualsignificationofthewordwhichisslightlyhintedatinthe0.T.,andwhichisdeve-loped withmuchclearnessintheNew,callsforashortexamination.
OurLordsaidtohisdisciples(Matt.16.28),'TherearesomestandingherewhoshallnottasteofdeathuntiltheyseetheSonofMancominginhiskingdom.'ThewordsaregiveninanotherformbySt.Mark(9.1),'TherearesomewhoshallnottasteofdeathuntiltheyseethekingdomofGodcomewithpower.'SeealsoLuke9.27.ThesewordsintheirfullmeaningcanneitherrefertotheTransfigura-tion, nortotheDayofPentecost,nortothedestructionofJerusalem.TheyevidentlypointtoatimeyettocomewhentheSonofManshallcomeinHiskingdomandinthegloryofHisFatherwithallHisholyangels.BishopHorsleyagreeswiththisviewofthetext,butholdsthatourLordisreferringtothedeathofthewicked,andthatHetellsHisdisciplesthatmanyofthemwouldneverknowthefullbitternessofdeathuntiltheDayofJudgment.Itisnoteasytoundersti'indhowthisenthusiasticandpowerfulexpositorcouldsufferhimselftobeledintosuchaviewofthepassage.
Therecanbelittledoubtthattherealobjectofthispassageistopreparethemindsofthedisciplesforthegrandtruththatdeath,whichhadbeenhithertotheterroroftheworld,wastoloseitstasteorstinginthecaseofthosewhounitedthemselvestotheLordbyfaith.ChristHim-self wastodie.Hewastosufferthepainsofdeath,Hissoulwastobeexceedingsorrowfulevenuntodeath,butbydeathHewastoovercomehimwhohadthepowerofdeath,andtodeliverthemwhothroughfearofdeathhadbeenalltheir
GG2
452TheGrave,Hell,Death.[Ch.XXVI.
livessubjecttobondage.Hethusintroducedanewviewoflifeanddeath,tellingHisdisciplesthatliewhowouldsavebislifebydenyingtheLord,shouldloseit,whilsthewhowaswillingtolosehislifefortheLord'ssake,thesameshouldsaveit.TheLordwouldbeashamedoftheoneontheGreatDay,butwouldconfesstheother.ThusHeshedlightonlifeandimmortality.'Itmaybepartlywithre-ference tothissubjectthatthewordsoftheprophetIsaiah(9.2)arequotedbySt.Matthew(4.16),'Thepeoplethatweresittingindarknesshaveseenagreatlight,andonthemthatweresittinginthelandandshadowofdeath,lighthatharisen(aveTftXe).'SoalsointhepropheticsongofZachariaswereadthattheBranchorDaystar[aiaiokr])fromonhighhathvisitedustoshineuponthemthatweresittingindarknessandtheshadowofdeath(Luke1.79).
TheentranceintoanewlifewhichtakesplacethroughfaithinChristinvolvesalsoadeath.Thisisacuttingoffofhumannaturefromitsoldmodesandprinciplesofexist-ence—inotherwords,itisdeathtosin.Justasinphysicaldissolutionthebodyceasestofeel,thehearttobeat,thehandstowork,andthefeettowalk,sointhismysticaldeaththebodyandallitsmembersaretobenolongerservantstosin;thesamebreachorgulfistobemadebetweentheChristianandsinasthereisbetweenadeadmanandtheouterworldinwhichheusedtoliveandmoveandhavehisbeing.
ThisdeathisrelatedtothecrucifixionofChrist,whoinHisdeath'diedtosin.'ThebelieverisbaptizedintoChrist'sdeath,hedieswithChrist,ismadeconformabletoHisdeath,iscrucifiedwithChrist(Rom.6.;2Cor.5.14;Gal.2.19,20;Col.2.20,3.3).
§11.InaccordancewiththisteachingisthetruthsooftenrepeatedinvariousformsinSt.John'sGospel,'He
>1Tim.6.16.Thisseemsthebestinterpretationofthe•word^wTt'fw.
§12.]TheSecojidDeath.453
thatbelieveth.inmesliallneverdie';*Heispassedfromdeathuntolife';'Hethatkeepethmysayingshallneverseedeath'(John5.24,8.51).FaithinChrististakenastheentranceintoanewandeverlasting-life,whichflowsintoallthatcometoHimbyfaith.Thelifewhichisthuscom-municated tothebelieverbytheagencyoftheHolySpiritismanifestedmlove.'Weknowthatwehavepassedfromdeathuntolifebecausewelovethebrethren:hethatlovethnothisbrotherabidethindeath'(1John3.14).ThestateofamanwithoutChrist,andconsequentlywithoutlove,isdeath.
WiththisdoctrineagreethewordsofSt.Paul,*ThebondofthespiritoflifeinChristJesushathmademefreefromthebondofsinanddeath'(Eom.8.2).Sinanddeathareregardedbytheapostleasverycloselyrelated;notonlydiddeathpassuponallmenforthatallsinned,butsinreignedindeath(Rom.6.21).NowdeathhathnomoredominionoverChrist(Rom.6.9j;andsinshallnothavedominionoverthosethatareinChrist(Rom.6.14).Deathistheculminationoftheworkofsin;andsoSt.Jamessays(1.15),'Sin,whenitismatured,bringethforthdeath.'
§12.TheseconddeathismentionedonlyintheBookofRevelation,21.8.Thisisaconditionofthingswhichfol-lows aftertheresurrection.Thosethatovercomeandarefaithfaluntodeathshallnotsufferinjuryfromit(2.11).Thosethathavepartinthefirstresurrectionshallnotbesubjectedtoitspower(20.6).TheseconddeathisthusdescribedinRev.20.14,15:'DeathandHades(i.e.perhaps,thoseevilsj)iritsthathavethepowerofdeathandHades)werecastintothelakeoffire,this(i.e.thebeingcastintothelakeoffire)istheseconddeath';'WhosoeverwasnotfoundwrittenintheBookofLifewascastintothislake.'Whoeverhasanametolivebutisdead,whosoeverisashamedofChristandofHisword,whosoeverjudgeshim-
454^'^'^Grave,Hell,Death.[Cn.XXVI,
selfunworthyofeverlastinglife,andthusisnotinscribedintheBookofLife,willbeapartakeroftheseconddeath;hewillbe'hurt'bythatwhichthefaithfulwillbedeliveredfrom.HowfarthispassageistobeextendedbeyondtheChristiandispensation,andtobeappliedtoJews,orstillfurthertoheathen,isamatterwhichneednotherebeenteredupon.'ItsapplicationtotheChristiandispensationisclearandundoubted.Again,weread(21.8)that,whilsthewhoovercomethshallinheritallthings,hewhodoesnotovercomebutgiveswaytoinstability,unbelief,idolatrousabominations,murder,fornication,witchcraft,idolatry,andlies,shallhavehispartinthelakewhichburnethwithfireandbrimstone,whichistheseconddeath.
'TheauthorhasattemptedtodiscussthissubjectinsomeofthelaterchaptersofDiesIrcB,
Ch.XXYII.§1.]ExistenceofEvilSpirits.455
CHAPTEEXXVII.
SATAN,TEMPTEE,SERPENT.
§1.Theexistenceandinfluenceofevilspirits.—§2.VariousmeaningsgiventothewordSa'ir.—§3.UsageofthewordSb.ed.—§4.Satan;thenounandtheverb.—§5.Considerationof1Chron.23..1.—§6.NoteonsomepassagesinJobandZechariah.—§7-ThewordsSatanandDevilintheN.T.—§8.ThewordZaifJL6i'LovintheN.T.—I9.Hebrewwordswhichsignifyleniftation.—§10.PassagesinwhichBachanoccurs.—§11.PassagesinwhichSlasab.occurs.—§12.Conclusionastothemeaningofthewords.—§13.TheirGreekequivalentsintheN.T.;usageofSiaKplvaiandSoKi/jLa^oo.—§14.ThewordsaSuKifxosandSoiciixwy.—§15.Temptation,accordingtotheN.T.—I16.HebrewnamesfortheSerpentandtheDragon.
§1.Ourknowledgeofbeingsofalessmaterialnaturetliaiiourselves,whethergoodorevil,isalmostentirelylimitedtotheinformationwhichwegainfromtheScriptures.ThishasledsomemenfromthetimeoftheSaddnceesdownwardstodenytheexistencebothofangelsandofevilspirits.Yettherearefactsinhumannatureregardedasawhole,andalsointhehistoryoftheexperiencedChristian,whichmustnotbeneglectedbythosewhowishtolearnallthatistobeknownaboutspiritualexistence.Beliefintheex-istence ofevilspiritshasbeenwidespreadforages,andthatquiteindependentlyoftheScriptures.Thesuperstitiousdreadandconsequentworshipoftheserpentistobetracedineverypartoftheworld.^Theintrusionofwild,strange,bold,andblasphemoussuggestionsintotheheartoftheChristianinhisholiestmoments,duringtimesofprivateprayerorwhilstengagedinpublicworship,isaphenomenon
'SeeFergusson'sworkonTreeandSerpentWorship,Allen&Co,1870.
456Satan,Te^npter,Sej^pent.[Cn.XXVII.
noteasilyreconcileablewiththetheorythatman'sthoughtsarealwaysself-originated.Evilisoftenbreathedintomen'sheartstheyknownothow;theirintellectsaresharpenedwhilsttheirconsciencesaredeadened;theyareimpelledthewrongwaybyanevilforcewhichisinthembutnotofthem,fountainsofvilenessandsinareopenedandalmostcreatedintheirhearts,andtheyareindangerofbeingplungedintoeverykindofviolence.Whenceareallthesethings?Aretheytobeaccountedforbynaturalcauses?Ismanthesoleoriginatorofhiswrong-doing?Hasheonlyhimselftoblame?Scripturetellsusthatthisisnotthecase.Itunfoldstous,thoughobscurely,thefactthatthechildrenofmenarebesetbytempters,whoaremembersofthespiritworld,andwhoarebusilyengagedduringthetimeallottedtothemintryingtomakemenasmuchaspossiblelikethemselves,bothincharacteranddestiny.
§2.ThefirstwordwhichmaybenoticedisSa'ir("i''yi^),whichistranslated'devil'inLev.17.7,'Theyshallnomoreoffertheirsacrificesuntodevils';andin2Chron.11.15,'Heordainedhimpriestsforthehighplaces,andforthedevils,andforthecalveswhichhehadmade.'IneachofthesepassagestheLXXtranslates'vainthings'[fMaraLo),bywhichnodoubttheymeantidols.Thefirstpassageevi-dently referstoafalseworshipwhichhadbecomecommoninIsraelduringtheirstayinEgypt;andthesecond,point-ing asitdoestotheintroductionofidolatrybyJeroboamafterhisreturnfromEgypt,wouldleadusinthesamedirection.ThewordSa'iroriginallysignifies'agoat,'andisusuallysorendered;andasitappearsthattheEgyptiansworshippedtheirhero-godMendesunderthisform,itbecomesprobablethatgoat-worshipiswhatisreferredtointhesepassages.
ThewordSa'iristranslatedSatyrinIs.13.21,*Satyrsshalldancethere';andinIs.34.14,'Andthesatyrshall
§3.]UsageofthewordShed.457
crytohisfellow.'InthesepassagestheSa'irisintroducedincomjjanywiththeowlandthewildbeastofthedesertasfreelytakingupitsabodeamongtheruinsofancientcities.Therecanbelittledoubtthatgoatsarereferredtointhesepassages,butitisremarkablethattheLXXadoptstheworddemon{SaifiovLov),inthefirstofthem.Theideathatevilspiritshauntdesolateplacesandruinsisaveryoldone,andevenappearstobeadoptedbyourLordwhenHespeaksoftheuncleanspiritgoingthrough'dryplaces,'i.e.desolateplaces,seekingrest.JustasGoddelightsinthehabitablepartsoftheearth,sotheremaybeevilspiritsthathauntthoseplaceswhicharedesolateandruined,andcon-sequently congenialwiththeirownfallencondition.
§3.Shed{1^'),isrendered'devil'twice.InDeut.32.17,'Theysacrificeduntodevils,nottoGod';or,asitisinthemargin,'todevilswhichwerenotGod,'wordswhichSt.PauladoptswhenhespeaksoftheGentilessacrificing'todevilsandnottoGod';(1Cor.10.20).SeealsoPs.106.37,'Yea,theysacrificedtheirsonsandtheirdaughtersuntodevils.'
Ineachofthesecases,asinthepassagefromSt.Paul,andinallplaceswhere'devil'occursinthepluralnumberintheAuthorisedVersionoftheNewTestament,theGreekwordisdemon{Eaifiovtov).ThesamerenderinghasbeengiveninPs.96.5,wheretheA.V.has'idols';inIs.65.11,whereidolatry,perhapsaformofmoon-worship,isspecifiedinthewords'thatprepareatableforthattroop,''or,asitisinthemargin,'Gad';andinIs.34.14,whereweread'Thewildbeastsofthedesert,'margin'Zoim.'Butlittle
'DavidMillhasaninterestingdissertationonthispoint.HeconsidersthatGadisthegodoffortune,answeringto3Ie7ilintlieotherpartoftheverse.HehintsthattliereisaconnectionbetweenthewordsGad,utev-ffatis,andGod,and(possibly)a-ya96s;healsothinksthatthereisareferencetoFortuneintheuseofthenameGadinGen.30.11.HelikewiseconnectsAcbad,whichwehavenaturallytranslated'one'inIs.66.17,withthenameofHecate.
458Satan,Tempter,Serpent.[Ch.XXVII.
liglitisthrownbythesepassagesontherealmeaningofSaifjLoviov,asunderstoodbytheJewishreadersoftheLXXinourLord'stime.ItsuseintheApocryphaanswerstoourideaofevilspirits.Certainly,whenweconsidertheinevitabletendencyofidolatrytomisrepresentthetrueGodandtosetHimforthinformswhichsignifythatHeisaspiritofevilratherthanofgood,wecanwellunderstandthefeelingwhichpromptedtheGreektranslatorstoidentifyfalsegodswithevilspirits.
AlthoughsomeconnectthewordSliedwiththeverbShadad,todestroy,itismoregenerallyconnectedwiththerootSliid,torule.Ifthesecondbethetruederivation,thewordisprobablyusedinironybythesacredwriters.
§4.Satan(ptj*),isproperlyspeakinganadversaryorplotter,oronewhodevisesmeansforopposinganother.Thewordisusedeitherinitsverbalorsubstantivalforminthefollowingpassages:—
Num.22.22,'TheangeloftheLordstoodinthewayforanadversaryagainsthim'(LXX.^ta/3nXeI)'avr^).
1Sam.29.4,'Lestinthebattlehebeanadversarytons.'
2Sam.19.22,'WhathaveItodowithyou,thatyeshouldthisday
beadversariesuntome.'
1Kin.5.4,'Thereisneitheradversarynoreviloccurrent.'
1Kin.11.14,'TheLordstirredupanadversaryuntoSolomon.'InthispassagetheLXXhasZardr,butinthethreeprevioustextsithaseVZ/jouXoc.TheHebrewwordrecursinverses23and25,butisomittedbytheLXX.
Ps.38.20,'Theyalsothatrenderevilforgoodaremineadver-saries.'
Ps.71.13,'Letthembeconfoundedandconsumedthatareadversariestomysoul.'
Ps.109.4,'Formylovetheyaremyadversaries.
verseG,'LetSatan(withoutthearticleintheHebrewandin
theGreek)standathisrighthand.'verse20,'Letthisbetherewardofmineadversariesfrom
theLord.'verse29,'Letmineadversariesbeclothedwithshame.'
§§5.6.]NoteoilpassagesinJobandZechariah.459
InthesepassagestheLXXrendersbjtheverbIvlia-/3d\\(i),exceptinthehist,wherewefindBid0o\os.
§5.In1Chron.21.1wereadthat'SatanstoodnpagainstIsraelandprovokedDavidtonumberIsraeL'ThereisnoarticlehereintheHebreworGreek(Sid^oXos),thereforethewordmightberendered'anadversary,'asinotherpas-sages. Turningtothecorrespondingpassage,2Sam.24.
1,weread,'AndagaintheangeroftheLordwaskindledagainstIsrael,andhemovedDavidagainstthemtosaj,go,numberIsraelandJudah.'Asin1Kin.11.14,weweretoldplainlythat'TheLordstirredupa8atanagainstSolo-mon ';so,puttingthesetwoparallelpassagestogether,wemaygatherthat'TheLordstirredupa8ata7iagainstIsrael.'TheBibleremindsusmorethanoncethatprovo-cations toevilarenotonlypermittedbutorderedbyGod,totestthosewhoarestronginfaith,andtoshowthoseAvhoaredependingonthemselveshowvainitisforthemtotrustinanyonebutthelivingGod.TheiustrumentsthatareusedforthispurjDoseareinsomecasesevilspirits,andtheseactbysuggestionorotherwiseontheimpulsesofmen.
§6.SatanisreferredtoverydefinitelyinJob1.6-12,
2.1-7.IntheseimportantpassageswehavethedefinitearticlebothintheHebrewandintheGreek(0SLa/SoXos),andwehaveaconfirmationoftheviewwhichthepreviouspassagessuggested,thathumanoppositiontowhatisgoodissecretlyinstigatedbyabeingwholivesinanothersphereofexistence,andwhoistheadversary,or,tousetheGreektranslationinitsmodernEnglishform,thedevil;thatheispermittedbyGodtoputmen'sfaithtothetestbytheinflictionofvariousevils;butthathecandonothingwithoutsuchpermission.
IntheremarkablevisionrecordedbytheprophetZecha-riah (3.1,2)wereadthus:*HeshowedmeJoshuathehighpriest,standingbeforetheangeloftheLord,andSatan,the
460Satan,Tempter,Serpent.[Ch.xxvn.
adversary(notasinourmargin"awadversary")standingathisriglithandtoresist(lit.tosatan)him.AndtheLordsaidunto(the)Satan,TheLordrebukethee,Satan.'HereagainthereisanarticleintheHebrewandGreek;andSatanisbroughtintoconflictv^iththeangelsofGod,asattheopeningofthebookofJob,wheretheLXXrenders'sonsofGod'as*angelsofGod.'Thesamebeingisevi-dently referredto,andheisengagedinthesamework,butissubjectedtotherebukeofGod.
§7.ThewordSatanisregardedasanequivalenttitlewiththedevilintheN.T.,justasevilspiritisoftensub-stituted fordemonintheparallelaccountsofthesameeventinthegospels.Heisregardedastheenemyofsouls,lead-ing themintosin,andaimingattheirdestruction.Heappearstohavehadinfluenceoverthebodiesofmen,anddeathisregardedashismastei'piece.ButtheSonofGodbydyingovercame'himthathadthepowerofdeath,thatisthedevil'(Heb.2.14).
Wherethewordhid^dkosoccursintheN.T.withthedefinitearticle,wemayconcludethattheadversary,Satan,isreferredto.Thefollowingareinstancesofitsusage:—OurLordwastemptedbythedevil.Matt.4.;theenemywhosowedtaresisthedevil.Matt.13.39;thefireispre-pared forthedevilandhisangels.Matt.25.41;thedeviltakesthegoodseedoutofman'sheart,Luke8.12;thedevilputitintotheheartofJudastobetraytheLord,John13.2.ThereisnodefinitearticleinActs13.10,wherePauladdressesElymasasthesonof8id^o\os;i)robably,however,thispassagemaybeclassedwiththeothers;com-pare St.John'swords*childi'enofthedevil,'1John3.10.ThedevilisidentifiedbynamewithSataninEev.20.2.
Thewordoccurswithoutthearticleandinamoregeneralsensein1Tim.3.11;2Tim.3.3;Tit.3.3;andalsoin
§§8,9.]HebrewwordsivhichsignifyTemptation.461
John6.70,whereitissaidofJudas'Heisadevil,'i.e.anadversary,orfalseaccuser.
§8.Theverb8at/j,ovl<^ea6aiisonlyusedinthegospels,andexpressesthecaseofthosewhoaresufferingfromtheagencyofdemons.ThesemysteriousbeingsareconstantlyreferredtointheJST.T.asbeingcastoutthroughtheLord'spower.InJohn10.20,thebeingpossessedwithademonisregardedasequivalenttomadness.
InActs17.18theAthenianphilosophersgivetheworditsmoreclassicalusage,andaccordinglyitisrenderedgods,thatistosay,geniUInthissenseitseemstobeunderstoodinallthelaterpassages,viz.1Cor.10.20,21;1Tim.4.1;James2.19;andEev.9.20,16.14.
§9.BeforeleavingthisbranchofthesubjectitmaybewelltonoticethatSatanisneverdesignatedastheTempterintheOldTestament.TheEnglishword'tempt,'or'temptation,'occurssixteentimes.InMai.3.15,theHebrewwordisBachan(jrin),to2y'^'oveortest,asmetalsaretestedinthecrucible(seeverse10,wherethesameHebrewwordisrenderedprove).IntheremainingpassagesthewordNasah(no:)?literally'totesthythesmell,'hence'toijuttothejproof,'isused.Inallthesepassages(withoneexception,namelyGen.22.1,wherewearetoldthatGodtemptedortestedAbraham)thewordisusedwithreferencetothewayinwhichmanhasputGod'spowerorforbearancetothetest.ThusinEx.17.2,7,wearetoldthatIsrael'tempted'Godinthewilderness,andtheplacewasthereforecalledMassah,anamederivedfromthewordNasah.InPs.78.41weread,'Theyturnedback,andtemptedGod,andlimitedtheHolyOneofIsrael.'ThislimitationwasthesettinganimagiiiaryboundarytoGod'spowerandgoodness,andthuscallingHimforthtostepoverthatboundary.Thetemptationsinthewilderness
'Seehoweverchap.ii.§9.
462Sata7i,Tempter,Serpent.[Cn.XXVll.
arereferredtoseveraltimesbothinthePentateuchandPsahns,and-asnalljinthesamesense.Inthreepassages,however,namely,Deut.4.34,7.19,and29.3,referenceismadenottotheprovocationswhichGodendnredwhenHisforbearancewasputtothetestinthewilderness,buttothemodeinwhichHispurposetowardsIsraelandHispowerofworkingwonderswereprovedanddemonstratedbyHisconducttowardsPharaohandhispeople.
§10.Themeaningofthetwowordswhichwerender*tempt'willbemoreclearlyseenifwecollectthepassageswheretheyoccurwithotherrenderings.
Bachanisfoundinthefollowingpassages:—
Gen.42.15,16,'Herebyyeshallbeproved...thatyourwordsmaybeproved,"whethertherebeanytruthinyou.'
1Chron.29.17,'Thoutriesttheheart.'
Job7.18,'Thatthoushouldesttryhimeverymoment.'
Job12.11,'Dothnottheeartrywords?andthemouthtastehismeat?'Seealsochap.34.3.
Job23.10,'Whenhehathtriedme,Ishallcomeforthasgold.'
Job34.36,*MydesireisthatJobmaybetrieduntotheendbecauseofhisanswersforwickedmen.'
Ps.7.9,'TherighteousGodtrieththeheartsandreins.'So
Jer.11.20.
Ps.11.4,5,'Hiseyelidstrythechildrenofmen.TheLordtrieththerighteous.'
Ps.17.3,'Thouhastprovedmineheart.'
Ps.66.10,'Thou,OGod,hastprovedus.'
Ps.81.7,'IprovedtheeatthewatersofMeribah.'
Ps.139.23,'Tryme,andknowmythoughts.'
Prov.17.3,'Thefiningpotisforsilver,andthefurnaceforgold;buttheLordtrieththehearts.'
Is.28.IG,'Behold,IlayinZionforafoundationastone,a
triedstone.'HerewehaveapredictionofthetruththattheMessiahshouldundergoacourseoftrial,probation,ortemptation,beforebecomingthefoundationofHisChurch.TheLXX,asquotedintheN.T.,adoptsthewordelect(t/cXt/croe)inthispassage.
§§11.12.]Conchisionastothevicaningofthezvords.463
Jer,6.27,'Ihavesettheeforatowerandafortressamongmy
people,thatthoumayestknowandtrytheirway.'
Jer.9.7,'Behold,Iwillmeltthemandtrythem.'
Jer.12.3,'Thou,OLord,knowestme;thouhastseenmeandtriedminehearttowardthee.'
Jer.17.10,'ItheLordsearchtheheart,Itrythereins,eventogiveeverymanaccordingtohisways.'Seealsochap.20.12.
Ez.21.13,'Itisatrial.'
Zech.13.9,'IAvilltrythemasgoldistried.'
Mai.3.10,'Provemenowherewith'—anideatakenupinthelothverse,wherethesamewordisusedinthewords,'TheythattemptGodareevendelivered.'
§11.ThewordNasahoccursinthefollowingpassages(exclusiveofGen.22.1,alreadyreferredto):—Ex.15.25,'Thereheprovedthem.'WhilstIsraelwastestingGod'spowerandforbearance,GodwastestingIsrael'sfaith.SoEx.16.4,20.20;Deut.8.2,16,13.3;Jud.2.22,3.1,4;2Chron.32.31.InDeut.4.34itisrendered'assay'aswellas'temptation';andinDeut.28.56,itisrendered'adventure'intheA.Y.InJud.6.39Gideonsays,'Letmeprove,Ipraythee,butthisoncewiththefleece.'
1Sam.17.39,Davidgirdedonhisarmourandheassayedtogo(lit.hewasonthevergeofstarting)butheputthearmouroffagain,'forhehadnotprovedit.'
1Kin.10.1,theQueenofShebacametoSolomon'toprovehimwithhardwords.'Compare2Chron.9.1.
ItisalsousedinJob4.2('assay');Job9.23('trial');Ecc.2.1and7.23;alsoinDan.1.12and14,whereitisrendered'prove.'
ThetwowordsoccurtogetherinPs.26.2,'Examine(bachan)me,0Lord,andprove(nasah)me';andinPs.95.9,'Whenyourfatherstempted(nasah)me,proved(bachan)me,andsawmywork.'
§12.Aconsiderationofthesepassagesleadsonetotheconclusionthatthevariousevilsandstrugglesanddifficulties
464Satan,Tempter,Serpent.[Ch.xxvil.
wliicliarepromptedfromwithin,orwhichbefallmanfromwithout,areorderedbyGodaspartofthegreatsystemofprobationortestingtowhicheverychildofAdamisbeingsubjected,andthattheresultofthetestissometimesfavourableandatothertimesunfavourable,accordingasmanisfoundtohavebeenleaninguponGodoronlyuponhimself.Theagencyoftheeviloneispermittedforthepurposeofbringingamanintothatsortofcontactwithevilwhichwillservetotesthisrealprinciples.Ifamanfalls,itisbecauseheis'ledawaybyhisownlustsandenticed,'insteadoflivingtotheLordandtrustinginHim.Ifamanstands,itisbecauseheisonthe*triedstone,'thesurefoundation.'Blessedisthemanthatgoesthroughthetimeofprobationwithoutbeingfoundwanting,becausewhenheisproved,heshallreceivethecrownoflife,whichtheLordhathpromisedtothemthatlovehim,'James1.12.
TheLXXtranslatesBachanbyira^co,ifeTatct),(palvo/j-ai,(^avsposr^ivofjuai,fiavOdvco,Kpivoo,htaKplvoj,SoKi/id^a)(themostusualword),hiKaiooo(Ez.21.13),i7ri<jTps(f)(o,dvOiarrjfxi,andi/cXe/cTos(Prov.17.3andIs.28.6).
Nasahisalwaystranslatedbyirsipd^o),oroneofitscom-pounds.
§13.Thewordsrd^oidoesnotoccurintheIST.T.buti^sTa^coisusedthreetimestorepresentaccurate,scrutinisingsearch(Matt.2.8,10.11;John21.12);^aivofxatisusedtoindicatetheresultofsuchscrutinyin2Cor.13.7;andso<f)av£pos<yivs(r6atisfoundinthesenseofbeingbroughttothetestinLuke8.17,'Thereisnothinghiddenwhichshallnotbemademanifest;1Cor.3.13,'Hisworkshallbemademanifest';seealso1Cor.11.19,14.25;1John3.10.
ThereissomedifficultyingivingaconsistentrenderingtoSiaKpucointheN.T.Itoftenanswers,bothinsenseasweUasetymology,totheworddiscern,asinMatt.16.3,
§1.3.]TheirGreekequivalentsintheN.T.465
'Yecandiscerntliefaceofthelieavens';1Cor.11.31,'Ifwediscernedourselves(i.e.ourownmotives)weshouldnotbejudgedoftheLord.'InotherpassagesthewordisusedinaHiphilorcausativesense,aswhenweread'Whomakeththeetodiffer,'in1Cor.4.7;soprobablyweshouldunderstand1Cor.11.29,'Notmakingadis-tinction betweenthatwhichrepresentsthebodyofChristandotherfood.'
InJude9.wereadofMichaelcontending(StaKpLvo/xsvos)withSatan;butinthe22ndverse,wherethesamepartoftheverboccurs,ithasbeenrendered'Onsomehavecom-passion, makingadifference';mightitnotberendered'Contendingwiththem,'inaccordancewiththepreviouspassage?TheverbhasthissensealsoinActs11.2,wherewereadthatthejaftercircumcisioncontendedwithPeter.
Inthepassivevoicethewordhascometosignifydoubt-ing, i.e.thesubjectionofthemindandwilltofluctuationsandcontendingimpulses.ThuswereadinMatt.21.21,'Ifyehavefaithanddoubtnot';soMark11.23;Acts
10.20;Rom.4.20(wheretheA.V.reads'Hestaggerednotatthepromise');Rom.14.23;James1.6,2.4.
ThewordBoKifjud^scvisalsousedoftheprocessofscrutinywherebyamanisbroughttothetest.ItissometimesusedasasubstituteforZiatcplvstv,asinLuke12.56,whichmaybecomparedwithMatt.16.3,quotedabove.Sothemansaysofhisyokeofoxen,'Igotoprovethem,'Lu.14.19;Rom.2.18,'Thoudiscernestwhatisexcellent.'Com-pare Rom.12.2,'Thatyoumaymakeproofofwhatisthatgood,andacceptable,andperfect,willofGod';1Cor.3.13,'Thefireshalltesteveryman'swork';1Cor.
11.28,'Letamanscrutinisehimself;comjmrethe31stverse,whereBiafpivo)isused.Comparealso2Cor.8.8,22,13.5;Gal.6.4;Eph.5.10;Phil.L10;1Tim.3.]0;1John4.1.
HH
466Satan,Tempter,Serpent.[Ch.xxvn.
Sometimestheverbsignifiesthatthescrutinyhasbeensatisfactory;itisthenrenderedtoapprove.Sowereadin1Thess.2.4,'WehavebeenapprovedofGod.'CompareEom.1.28,*TheydidnotapproveoftheretainingGodintheirknowledge.'InthisversetheApostlecarriesontheideacontainedintheverbttoKifxafysalittlefurther,forheproceeds,'WhereforeGodgavethemuptoareprobatemind'{c&okhiovvovv).TheyrejectedHim,soHerejectedthem.
§14.ThewordgZokiixoshasusuallybeenrenderedre-probate, asin2Oor.13.5,wherewehavethesamecon-nexion ofwordsasinthepassagelastquoted,'Prove{8oKiiJ,d(^sTs)yourownselves....unlessyebereprobate'[aSoKifjboi),Inoneplace,however,andthataveryremark-able one,ourtranslatorshavepreferredtorenderdSoKi/nosby'castaway,'viz.in1Cor.9.27,whereSt.Paulsays,'IbringmybodyintosubjectionlestwhilstIhavepreachedtoothersImyselfshouldbeunabletopassthescrutiny(ofthelastday).'Thesenseofthispassageisveryplainandl^ractical,anditisstrangethatcommentatorsshouldsome-times haveallowedthemselvestotravelfromitssolemnteachingintovainandunprofitablequestionsbaseduponthehypothesisthatwhatPaulwassodiligentlyguardingagainstmightinrealityoccur.
St.JamesandSt.Peterconcurinusingtheexpression'Thetrialofyourfaith.'Herethewordis8oKLfiiov(James1.3;1Pet.1.7),andtheideasuggestedisthatthefaithwhichaChristianprofesseshastobesubmittedtothetestofafflictionandtemptation,justasgoldisputintoacrucibleandpassedthroughthefire.
ThewordSoki/mosisusedseveraltimesbySt.Paul,andsignifiestheconditionofhimwhohasstoodthetestandisapproved,ashehimselflabouredtobe,andashesoughttomakeallwhocamewithinreachofhisministry.
§15.]Temptation,accordingtotheN.T.467
See2Tim.2.15,andcompareJames1.12,'Whenheistried,'i.e.approved.Inaccordancewiththesepassages,wecanunderstandEom.5.4,wherewereadthat'Patienceworkethexperience'{SoKifjujv).Thisdoubtlessmeansthatastribulationistheoccasionwherebyenduranceorpatienceisdeveloped,sothisendurancebecomesatestorproofthatfaithisliving*andtrue;andthepossessionofthistestgivesusfairhopethatthepromisesmadetousinChristshallbebestoweduponus.
§15.WhenweturnfromthesevariousGreekwordswhichstandfortheHebrewwordBachantoTrsipd^stv,whichalwaysrepresentsthewordNasah,wenoticeamarkeddifferenceofsense.Thescrutinyortestingprocesswhichwehavecon-sidered isexercisedbymen,aidedbytheenlightenmentoftheHolySpirit,inthepresentlife,andwillbebroughttobearupontheheartsandlivesofallmenbyGodhereafter.ButTTSLpaafiosisalmostalwaysrepresentedintheNewTestamentastheworkofthedevilorofthosewhoarefollowinghisguidance.ThusChristduringhisearthlyministr}''suffered,beingtempted,'andthosetemptations,whichwereofvariouskinds,werethrowninhispathsome-times bySatanhimself,andsometimesbythePhariseesandothers,whosoughttoentangleHiminanoffenceagainstGodorman.IntheActs,wereadofAnaniasandSapphiratemptingtheSpiritofGod(Acts5.9);andofPeteraskingthebrethrenwhytheytemptedGodbyim-posing thelawofMosesontheGentileconverts(15.10).InJames1.13,14,wehavethewholehistoryoftemptation,sofarastheoperationsofthehumanheartareconcerned.Satan'soperationsareimpliedbutnotdirectlystated.Amanissaidtobeledawaywhenheisbaited[SsXsa^o/xsvos)byhisownpassions.Butwhoisitthatusesthesethingsasabait'?NotGod.Letnomansayi7ithissenseIamtemptedofGod.Notman;forhecannotbaitthehook
HH2
468Satan,Tempter,Serpent.[Cn.XXVII.
withwhichhehimselfistobebeguiledanddestroyed.ItmustthenbetheEvilOne,whomakesuseoftheinclinationsoftheheartasameansofdragginghimtoruin.
WhenweaskGodnottoleadusintotemptation,wemean,Leadusnotintothatposition,andputusnotintothosecircumsta.nces,inwhichweshouldbeindangeroffallinganeasypreytotheassaultsofSatan.Inconnexionwiththisprayerwehavethepromisethatwitheverytempta-tion inwhichGodpermitsustobeplaced.Heprovidesawayofescapethatwemaybeabletogothroughwithoutfalling.Heallowsthewaym,andHemakesthewayout{ttjvsK^aaiv),1Cor.10.13.
OneortwopassagesonlyinwhichtheverboccursaretobeinterpreteddifPerently.In2Cor.13.5,'temptyour-selves,' meansputyourselftothetest,asweseefromthecontext,whichshowsthatthewordisusedasaparalleltotheverbSoKi/xd^siv.InthissensewemustunderstandtheuseofthewordinHeb.11.17,wherethewriterreferstothetemptationofAbrahamtoslayIsaac.
§16.BeforedismissingtheexaminationofthetermsreferringtoSatanicagencyintheOldTestament,itmaybewelltonoticethewordsbywhichtheSerpentisdescribed.
ItisstrangethatSaraph(sintr),shouldsignifybothaserpentandanangel.Theoriginalmeaningofthewordis'toburn,'hencetoflashlikefire:itisthusapplicablebothtotherapidmovementsofthefieryserpent(Num.21.6;Deut.8.15;Is.14.29),andalsotothose'ministers'ofGodwhoare'aflameoffire'(Is.6.2,6).
Zahal,tocrawl,isthewordusedinDeut.32.24;Tanin,adragon(crocodile?lizard?)inEx.7.9,10,12.ItisnoticeablethatthewordrenderedserpentinEx.7.isdifierentfromwhatwemeetwithinEx.4.3,wheretheregularwordNachashisused.Therecanbelittledoubtthattwodifferentcreaturesarehererepresented.Theword
§16.]HebrewNamesfortlieSerpentandDragoji.469
Taninoccursinvariousforms,andsignifiesbothlandandseamonsters.Itstandsforthe'greatwhales'{/cryTT])ofGen.1.21;andforthewhale.Job7.12;forthepoisonousdragoninDeut.32.33;forthedragons(Egyptians?)inPs.74.13,wherethejareconnectedwiththeleviathan;compareIs.27.1.InIs.51.9,theDragonisagaincon-nected withRahab,asthesymboloftheproudEgyptian;andinEz.29.3,Pharaohisdirectlycalled'thegreatdragonthatliethinthemidstofhisrivers,'andinchap.32.2,heiscomparedtowhalesordragonsintheseas.
InMicah1.8,thiscreatureisdescribedasmakingawailingnoise;seealsoIs.13.22.InLam.4.3,thesamecreatureiscalleda'seamonster,'or'sea-calf,'andisde-scribed assuckingitsyoung.TheLXXrendersitanowl[crsiprjv)inJob30.29,Is.34.13,43.20,inwhichpassagesitisbroughtinasaparalleltotheowlorostrich.Itisalsoregardedasamarkofdesolation,andasinhabitingruinsanddryplaces,Jer.9.11,10.22,49.33;Ps.44.19{'theplaceofdragons');Is.35.7.
Puttingthesepassagestogether,itmaybesaidthattheTaninisfirstamonsterofthedeep,j)erhapsacrocodile,thenarepresentationofthepowerofEgyptwhichwasdestroyed,thenasymbolofdesolationgenerally,andthusbroughtintothecompanyofothercreatureswhicharesupposedtolurkaboutdesolateplaces.
ItisthereappearanceofthesymbolofthedragonintheNewTestamentthathasjustifiedtheenumerationofthepassagesabovecited.
Wenowreturntotheordinarywordforserpent,namely,Nachash(c'n:).ThiscreaturefirstappearsinGen.3.asonewhichwas'Moresubtlethananybeastofthefield,'andastheinstrumentthroughwhichthefallofmanwasefiPected.ItsnextappearanceisinGen.49.17,inthecourseofJacob'sblessing,whereweread,'Danshallbeaserpentbytheway,
470Satan,Tempter,Serpent.[Cn.XXVII.
anadderinthepath,thatbiteththehorses'heels,sothattheridershallfallbackwards.'ItisnotalittleremarkablethatthisreferencetotheserpentandtoitsbitingtheheelshouldbefollowedbytheutteranceofaheartwhichlongedforthehelpofHimwhoshouldbruisetheserpent'shead,'Ihavewaitedforthysalvation,0Lord.'
ThenextappearanceofthewordNachashiswhereitisrecordedthattherodofMoseswasturnedintoaserpent,Ex,4.3,and7.15;ithasbeenalreadynoticedthatthewordisdistinctherefromthatwhichisusedinEx.7.9,10,12.TheserpentisagainreferredtoinNum.21.6,whereitisalsocalledfiery(Saraph).Inverse7,itissimplycalledNachash;inverse8,Saraph;inverses9and10,Nachash.Itissingularthatthesamewordinaslightlydifferentform(Xechash)signifiesbrass,orratherbronze,andisusedhereaselsewhere.HencetheserpentofbrasswasafterwardsdesignatedbyHezekiah'neehushtan,'apieceofbrass.OurLord'sreferencetotheliftingupoftheserpentofbrassasaforeshadowingofHiscrucifixion,andofthebenefitswhichshouldbeobtainedtherefrom,givesgreatimportancetothiswholenarrative.
TheserpentisalsoreferredtoinDeut.8.15;Job26.13;Ps.68.4('Theirpoisonislikethepoisonofaserpent');Ps.140.3;Prov.23.32,30.19;Ecc.10.8,11;Is.14.29,27.1(whereitisconnectedwiththeleviathanandthedragon);Is.65.25('Dustshallbetheserpent'smeat');Jer.8.17,46.22;Am.5.19,9.3;andMic.7.17.Inthesepassagesthemaliciousness,stubbornness,andfinaldegrada-tion oftheimpenitentareespeciallybroughtundernotice.
ItwasleftforourLordandHisapostlestosetforthwithincreasedclearnesstherealsourceofthatvenomwhichhasmademanwhatheis,andalsothesecretofthatpowerwherebythepoisonmaybeeradicatedandthepoisonerovercome.
§L]TendencyoftheMindtoSuperstition.471
CHAPTEEXXVIII.
WITCH,DIVINER,FAMILIARSPIRIT,MAGICIAN.
§1.Theteodeucyoftheniiudtosuperstitionandtounauthorisedmeansofinformation.—§2.CasUapIi,ortheWitch.—§3.Kesem,ortheDiviner.—§4.Ob,ortheFamiliarSpirit.—§5.TheWitchofEndor.—§(i.Zd'oni,ortheWizard.—§7.Chartummiiiii,orthemagicians.—8.G-ezar,ortheSootlisayer.—§9.Otherwordsofsimilarimport.
§1.Superstitionisthenaturalcomplementtomaterialism.ThemindofmanhavingoncebecomewarpedinreligiousmattersdoesnotclingwithunerringsagacitytothetruththatthereisaGod,butgoesasideintobypaths,sometimesrestinginthatwhichismaterialandseekingtoexcludethe.ideaofspiritualexistencesaltogetherfromthemind;atothertimesoscillatinginthedirectionofwhatisnowcalledspiritualism,asystemknowninearlierdaysbytherudernameofwitchcraft.Fewthingsaremorefascinatingthanthethoughtthatthesecretsofthehiddenworldoroftheunknownfuturemaybeunfoldedthroughdealingswiththedeparted,orthatonepersonmay,bygoingthroughcertainmysteriousprocesses,exerciseapowerfulinfluenceoverthewillordestinyofanother.Incantations,drugs,vapours,theconjunctionofthestars,thevoiceorflightofbii-ds,thepassageoftheclouds,mesmerism,animal-magnetism,elec-tro-biology—theseandsuchlikehavebeenusedinvariousagesandcountriestotaketheplaceofreligion,andbytheirmeansmenhavemimickedthesupernaturaldealingsofGod.Buttheyareallabominable(Dent.18.10-12),andaretogivewaybeforethesimplevoiceoftheinspiredprophet.
472Witch,Diviner,FamiliarSpirits,&c.[Ch.XXVIII.
Accordiugly,theEphesianconvertsactedonatrueinstinct,andinplainharmonywiththeteachingoftheOldTesta-ment, whentheydiscardedtheir*curiousarts,'andburntalltheirbooksatagreatsacrifice(Acts19.19).Howdis-honouring toGodthesepracticesaretheprophetIsaiahplainlyshows(Is.8.19),andhowunprofitabletomanourLordteacheswhenhelaysdownthatifmenbelievenotMosesandtheprophets,neitherwilltheybepersuadedthoughonerosefromthedead(Luke16.31).
§2.Withoneexception,whichwillbereferredtoundertheheadof'divination,'thew^ordforwitchandwitch-craft throughouttheOldTestamentisCashaph(cTt;*^).Theoriginalmeaningofthiswordisunknown,butifwemayjudgefromtheuseofcognateformsinArabicandSyriac,itmaybetakentorefertotheperformanceofreligiousrites,eitherinthewayofprayerorsecretcommunicationswithanotherworld.
Witchcraftwasadoptedinveryearlydaysasamethodoftradinguponthereligiousinstinctsandsuperstitionsofmankind.Itwaslargelycarriedonbythefemalesex,thoughnotconfinedtoit.ThusCashaphisappliedtothe'sorcerers'ofEgyptinEx.7.11,toIsraelitesorcerersinJer.27.9,andMai.3.5,andtothoseofChaldeanorigininDan.2.2.ItisalsousedofsorceryinIs.47.12.ThattheCanaaniteswerewellacquaintedwiththeartisevidentfromthefactthattheyhadacity(Acshaph)whichmusthavebeenspeciallynamedfromit(Jos.11.1,12.20,19.25).Thewordisrenderedwitchorwitchcraftinthefol-lowing passages:—Ex.22.18,'Thoushaltnotsufferawitchtolive';Deut.18.10;2Kin.9.22,wherethereisreferencetoJezebel,whowasaZidonianbybirth;2Chron.33.6,withreferencetoManasseh;Micah5.12;Nahum3.4,wherethecaseofNinevehisreferredto.
Withregardtotheexactnatureoftheartrepresentedby
§3.]Kesem,ortheDiviner.473
thiswordlittleisknown;butthegeneralrendering'oftheLXX,whichis(f)ap/j,aKSLa,leadstothesuppositionthattheuseofdrugs,probablytoproducecloudsofvapour,waspartoftheprocess.Theart,whateveritmightbe,wasdenouncedasoneoftheworksofthefleshinGal.5.20,andisreferredtoinRev.9.21,21.8,22.15.SeealsoActs19.19.
§3.Theoneexceptionnoticedaboveis1Sam.15.28,wherewereadthat'rebellionisasthesinofwitchcraft';butitwouldbebettertosay'thesinofdivination,'thesubjectnexttobeconsidered.
ThewordfordiviningisKasam(nop),(LXX,fiavrsvco,)ineverypassageexceptwherereferenceismadetoJoseph's'divining'cup.Theoriginalmeaningofthewordseemstobe'todivide'or'partitionout.'ItsfirstappearanceiswheretheeldersofMoabgotoBalaamwith'therewardsofdivinationintheirhand'(Num.22.7),andwheretheseerannouncesthat'thereisnodivinationagainstIsrael'(23.23).Balaamisdirectlycalledadiviner(A.V.sooth-sayer) inJosh.13.22.WemeetwithitamongthelistofsimilarpracticesinDeut.18.10,and14,wherewearegiventounderstandthatitwascommonamongtheCanaanites.
ThePhilistineshadtheirdiviners(1Sam.6.2);andthewitchofEndorwasasked'todivinebythefamiliarsjDirit'(1Sam.28.8).InthelaterdaysofIsraelthepeoplere-sorted todivinations(2Kin.17.17).InIs.44.25,itissaidofGodthatHe'frustrateththesignificanttokensofliars(i.e.theirfalsemiracles),andmakethdivinersmad';andinJer,14.14,falseprophets'prophesyuntoyouafalsevisionanddivination,andathingofnoughtandthedeceitoftheirheart.'SeealsoJer.27.9,29.8;Ez.12.24,13.6,7,9,23,21.29,22.28;Mic.3.6,7;Zech.10.2,wheretheyaredescribedbothasliesandasvanityornothing-ness.
Onereasonwhyfalseprophetspractiseddivinationis;
474^Vitch,Diviner,FamiliarSpirits,&c.[Cs.XXVin.
evidentfromMicali3.11,wherewearetoldthattheydidit^.formoney'Somelightisthrownonthenatureofthepractice,first,byIs,3.2,wherethewordisren-dered 'prudent';andsecondlybyProv.16.10,wherewereadthat'adivinesentence,'i.e.awordofdivination,'isinthelipsofthekingjhismouthtransgressethnotinjudgment.'Thedivinersweredoubtlessshrewdmen,wellacquaintedwiththeafPairsofthosewhomtheyhadtodowith,andabletodelivertheirprognosticationsinoracularandenigmaticallanguage.Theyprophesiedoutoftheirownheart,andhadnothingbuttheirownwitstohelpthem,tlioughtheyprofessedtoobtaininformationbytheinter-pretation ofcertainphenomena,whichprobablytheyar-ranged beforehand.
ThreespecialmodesofdivinationarealludedtoinEz.21.21,'ThekingofBabylonstoodatthepartingoftheway,attheheadoftwoways,tousedivination:hemadehisarrows(orknives)bright,heconsultedwithhisimages(orteraphim),helookedintheliver.'
TheordinarywordforadivinerintheLXXis^dvTis,aseerorsoothsayer.Thisartisonlyo-ncereferredtointheN.T.,namely,inActs16.16,wherewereadofthePhillip-jDiandamseltliatshegotforhermastersmuchgainsbydivining{/jiavTsvo/uLsvr}).
§4.ThefamiliarspiritisOb(nix),literally,*abottle'(seeJob32.19,wherethewordisused),andhenceperhapsthehollowsoundwhichmightbeproducedbythewindorr.reathinanemptybottleorskin.TheLXXrendersthewordiyjaa-rpt/LLvdos,ventriloquist;sothattheprocesscalledObmustprobablyhavedependedinsomedegreeonthepowerofproducingsomepeculiarsoundwhichmightrepre-sent thevoiceofthedead.ThispointisalludedtoinIs.8.19,wherewereadof'themthathavefamiliarspirits,'to-gether with'wizardsthatpeepandthatmutter'(lit.that
§6.]TheWitchofEndor.475
chirporsqueak,see10.14,andthatutteralowsoundorspeakiudistmctly,see69.3).AlsoinIs.29.4,weread,'Thoushaltbebroughtdown,andshaltspeakoutoftheground,andthyspeechshallbelowoutofthedust,andthyvoiceshallbeasofonethathathafamiliarspirit,outoftheground,andthyspeechshallwhisper(orchirp)outofthedust.'Theideathatthedead,iftheycouldspeakatall,wouldberepresentedasspeakingoutoftheground,isveryoldandverynatural;seeGen.4.10,'Thevoiceofthybrother'sbloodcriethuntomefromtheground.'
Inonepassage(2Kin.21.6),theLXXrendersthewordbyOski^Ti-js,bywhichwasmeantj^erhapsapersonwithastrongwillwhocouldactuponthefeelingsofothers.Ifthiswerenotasolitaryinstance,onemightbeinclinedtoconnectObwiththerootAvah(n3x),towill,andtoclassthedealingsreferredtowiththosewhicharenowcalledanimalmagnetism,andpossiblytointroducethesdeXoOprjaKSLaorwill-worshipoftheNewTestamentintothesamecategory.
ThewordOboccursinthefollowingpassages,besidesthoseah*eadyreferredto:—Lev.19,31,'Regardnotthemthathavefamiliarspirits';Lev.20.6,27;Deut.18.11;2Km.21.6,23.24;1Chron.10.13;2Chron.33.6;andIs.19.3,whichreferstoEgypt.
§5.Themostinterestingpassage,however,isthatinwhich'thewitchofEndor'isdescribed,1Sam.28.3,7,8,9.WearefirsttoldthatSaulhadputawaythese'familiarspirits'outoftheland,thenthathechargedhisservaiitstoseekoutawomanwhodealtinthisforbiddenart.Accordinglytheyfindoutforhima'mistressofOb,'andhevisitsherindisguiseandaskshertodivinetohimbyOb,andtobringupthatwhichheshouldspeakoftoher.Thewoman,underapromiseofsecresy,isreadyenoughtogratifyhiswishes,andaskswhomsheshallraiseup.Herbusinessthenwasnecromancy,therealorpretendeddealing
47^Witch,Diviner,FamiliarSpirits,&c.[Ch.xxvm.
with,thedeparted,the*enquiringofthedead,'whichiscallednecromancyinDent.18.10.ThereisnoindicationfromotherpartsofScripturewhereObisreferredtothattherewasusuallyanyappearance;butgenerallyavoice,whichwassupposedtobethatofthedepartedperson,washeardtoproceed,asitwere,fromtheground,sometimesmutteringindistinctlyandsometimes'peeping,'thatistosay,pipingorchirpinglikethethinshrillnotesofabird.
Saul,whosecharacterwasastrangemixtureofve-hemence andsuperstition,terrifiedatthehostofthePhilistines,andperhapsseizedwithapresentimentofhisapproachingdeath,seeksnotuntotheLord,butuntothiswomanwhocanchirpandcanmumble,andhopesthatbyhermagicriteshemayoncemoreobtainthehelpofthedeceasedprophetoftheLordwhosewarningsandexhorta-tions hadbeensooftendisregarded.Thewomanonherpartwaspreparedtosatisfythemorbidlongingsofhervisitorbyprofessingtoevokethesjpiritofthedead,andbyutteringsomeoracularwordsinshrillormuffledtones.
Saulsays,'BringmeupSamuel.'Nosoonerarethewordsuttered,thantoherhorrorthewomanperceivesSamuel.Shescreamswithterror,andsaystohervisitor,*Whyhastthoudeceivedme?AndthouartSaul.'Therewasnoshamhere.Godhadinterposedandpermittedtheprophettoappeartothewomaninmajesticform,andj)erhapscladinjudicialrobesofoffice,sothatshesaid,'Isawgods(orjudges')comingupfromtheearth.'
Saul,whodoesnotappeartohaveseenanyvisionhimself,andwhocannotseewhythewomanshouldbesosurprisedatwhathetakestobetheresultofherincantations,knowsfromherdescriptionthatSamuelmustbebeforeher,andpros-trates himselfinreverencewhilstlisteningtothewordsofthe'oldman.'
'Seechap.ii.§5.
§§G.7.]Chartummhn,orMagicians.477
Withoutenteringfurtherintothenarrative,whichwouldbebeyondthepresentobject,itmaybenotedthatSamuelrepresentshimselfas'disquieted'and'broughtuj)'owingtothedesireofSaul;alsothathepredictsthedeathofthekingandhissonsthefollowingday,andgivesthereasonofSaul'sillsuccess.ButdidthewomanreallytakepartinbringingupSamuel?Sheprofessedafterwardsthatshehaddoneso(verse21),butthenarrativeratherimpliesthatshehadnothingatalltodowithit,and,ifso,wemustcometotheconclusionthatGodonthisoccasionmadeuseofSaul'ssuperstitiousdependenceonanimpostortoplantasolemnlessoninhisheartbeforehedied.Certainlythereisnoencouragementgivenbythewholenarrativetosimilarpro-ceedings, especiallywhenwerememberthat'Sauldiedforhistransgression,andalsoforashingcounselofafamiliarspirit,insteadofinquiringoftheLord,'1Chron.10.Vd,14.
Ifitbeasked,inconclusion,whatdifferencetherewasbetweenapersonwhohadafamiliarspiritandonewhoiscalleda'medium'intermsofmodernsj)iritualism,itmayreasonablybeansweredthatthereisnodifferenceatall,andthatthedenunciationsagainsttheonearefairlyapplicabletotheother.
§6.ThewordforwizardisId'oni(^^yT),literally,'aknowingone.'TheyarealwaysrankedwiththosewhodealinOb,andaretoberegardedwithequalabhorrence.TheyarereferredtoinLev.19.31,20.6,27;Deut.18.11;1Sam.28.3,9;2Kin.21.6,23.24;2Chron.33.6;Is.8.19,and19.3.These'knowing'personswerenodoubtwiseintheirgeneration,*prudent'likethediviners,andskilledintheartofpreyinguponthefolliesandsuperstitionsofthosewhocameintocontactwiththem.TheLXXrender-ing isusuallysTraothos,anenchanter,orjvooarr]^,aknow-ing person.
§7.ThemagicianswereChartummim(D^CDin),aname
478Witch,Diviner,FamiliarSpirits,&c.[Ch.xxnn.
whicliissupposedtobederivedfromCharath,agravingtool.'TlieLXXsometimescallstliems^Tjr/rjral,explainers.Perhapstheywereengraversofhieroglyphics,andpossessedofthatsecretknowledgewhichthesesculpturesrepresented,andwhichtheycommunicatedtothepeoplewithconsiderablereserve.AlthoughatfirstsightitmightbesupposedfromthefactsnarratedconcerningtheminthebookofExodusthattheywerepossessedofpreternaturalpowers,yetitmaywellbedoubtediftheyhadaccesstoanyothersecretinflu-ences thanthosewhichnaturalscienceisdailybringingtolight,orthanthosebymeansofwhichtheIndianjugglerastoundshisEuropeanspectators.Theremayhavebeensecrel:sintheearlydaysofhumanhistorywhichwereknownbuttoafew,andwerehandeddownwithgreatcaution;modernsciencehashithertofailedtopenetratethem,buttheywillperhapsbeunravelledincourseoftime.ThelearnedmagiciansofEgyptmaywellbesupposedtohavebeenj)Ossessorsofsuchsecrets.
§8.TheChaldeansoothsayerwhomwereadofinDan.2.27,4.7,5.7,11,wasnodoubtanastrologer,whopretendedtodowhatastrologersinmanycountriesandinvariouserashaveprofessedtodo,viz.tocalculatethedestiniesofmanbyinterpretingthemovementsandcon-junctions oftheheavenlybodies.Theirname,Gezar(it^),isliterallytocut.Whetherthisnamewasappliedtothemfromtheirmarkingouttheheavensintocertaindivisionsforpurposesofobservation,orwhethertheyderiveditfromthefactthattheycutoffordecidedthefateofthosewhocametothemforadvice,isamatterwhichperhapscannotnowbedetermined.
§9.Anothermodeofattemptingtoobtaininformationwasbytheexaminationoftheclouds.Hencetheuseof
'DavidMilldorivcdthewordfromtheAi-ameanChur("lin),^osee,andtbom(Clt^),secret.
§9.]Otherluordsofsimilai'-import.479
thewordAnan(]::]}),kXtjSov1^0/xat,'toobservetheclouds.'TheseobserversarerankedwithalltheotherintrudersintoimlawfulpursuitsinDeut.18.10,and14,underthetitleofsoothsayers.TheyarementionedinIs.2.6,whereitissaidofIsraelthat'theyaresoothsayerslikethePhilis-tines.' SeealsoMicah5.12.TheyarespokenofinIs.57.3,asthesonsof'thesorceress,'andareclassedwiththevile,theimpure,andtheidolater.InJer.27.9,theA.V.callsthem'enchanters';andinLev.19.26,2Kin.21.6,and2Chron.33.6,theyaredescribedas'theobserversoftimes,'thatistosay,personswhobyexaminingthecloudsprofesstobeabletotellatwhatexactcrisisanyeventistobeexpectedtotakeplace,andwhenagoodopportunityarrivesfordoing*acertainwork.
ThewordChever("i3D)?'binding'or'fascination,'isrenderedenchantmentinIs.47.9,12,wherereferenceismadetoBabylon;andisrendered'charmer'inDeut.18.11;alsoinPs.58.5,wheretheserpentcharmerisreferredto.Intheearlypartofthesameverse,Lachash{crh),towhisper,isusedfortheartoftheserpentcharmer,andisalsousedinthesameconnexioninJer.8.17,andinEcc.10.11,wheretheA.V.has'enchantment.'
InIs.19.3,'charmers'aredescribedasIttim(dux),thosewhospeakwithasoftlowvoice.Theseareperhapsserjjentcharmers.TheworditselfisusedofAhabgoing'softly'(1Ki.21.27),asasignofhishumilityandre-pentance.
The'enchantments'oftheEgyptiansareLahathim(d^dh^)inEx.7.11,andLath{r:h)inEx.7.22,8.7,18.Eothofthesewordssignifysecresy,andimplythattheselearnedmenpractisedwhatinthemiddleageswouldbecalled'theblackai-t,'orperhapswhatwecall'sleightofhand.'
Onlyoneotherwordhastobenoticed,namely,Nacliash(:rm),whichissupposedtosignifytowhisperorhiss,and
480Witch,Diviner,FamiliarSpirits,&c.[Ch.xxvni.
lienceisappliedtotheserpent.Itisrendered'enchant-ment' inLev.19.2G;Dent.18.10;Num.23.23,24.1(withreferencetoBalaam);2Kin.17.17,21.6;2Chron.33.6.ThesepassagesimplythatitwasCanaanitishratherthanEgyptianinitsoriginandconnexion.Thewordisusedinamodifiedsensein1Kin.20.33,'Themendiddiligentlyobservewhetheranythingwouldcomefromhim';theyprognosticatedastoBenhadad'sfatefromAhab'swords.ItisalsothewordusedbyJoseph'sstewardinGen.44.5,15,wheretheA.V.has'divine'or'maketrial,'andper-haps wasspeciallyusedbyJoseph'sorderasawordofCanaanitishorigin.TheLXXrendersitb}^thewordoloivia-fios,augury,ortheinterpretingeventsbytheflightofbirds;butdivinationbymeansofpictures,whichweresupposedtobeformedbyliquidinacup,maybereferredto.TheverbisusedinGen.30.27,whereLabansays,'1havelearnedbyexperiencethattheLordhathblessedmeforthysake.'Possibly,however,thesecondmeaningofNachash(?toshine),whencethenameforbrassisderived,ma}^throwsomelightonthisquestion.TwopersonsarementionedintheO.T.whoderivetheirnamefromthisroot,namely,Naasson(Nachshon),thesonofAmminadab(Ex.6.23),andNehushta,themotherofJehoiachin(2Kin.24.8).
§1.]ManstendencytoMaterialism.481
CHAPTEEXXIX.
IDOL,TEEAPHIM,GROVE,HIGHPLACE.
§1.Man'stendencytomaterialism.—§2.HebrewwordsforIdols.—I3.The'Abomination'intheN.T.—§4.Usageandmeaningoftheword"etsev.—§5.Hebrewwordssignifyingimageorsimilitude.—§6.ThesameintheN.T.—§7.OtherHebrewwordsreferringtoidolatr}'.—§8.Idols,accordingtotheN.T.—§9.FulkeandMartin'scontro-versy onthewordimage.—§10.Mitsvab,orthePillar.—§11.TheCbaiuonim.—§12.Asberah,ortheGrove.—§13.Baznab,ortheHighPlace.—§14.TheTeraphim.
§1.Manisessentiallyanimage-maker.Hisbestworksinartandmeclianicsareimitationsofnature.Hismusicisanattempttopresent,notindeedtotheeyebuttotheear,whatmaybecalledapictureofthevariedfeelingsthatoccupyhisheart.Thistendencyalsoshowsitselfinhisreligiousworship,whichheisinclinedtomakeassymbolicalaspossible.Nay,heseekstomakeasensiblerepresenta-tion evenofGodHimself,andgraduallytotransfertotheworkofhisownhandsthatreverenceanddependencewhichproperlybelongstotheonelivingandtrueGod.Thereisastrangefascinationinexaggeratedreligioussymbolism;itengrossesandexcitesthemind,butisbynomeansofahealthycharacter.Ittendslittlebylittletosupplantthesimplicityofspiritualworship,andtoturnmanintoanidolater.Idolatryinitsfirststageisasortofsymbolism;someobjectisselectedtorepresenttheunseenDeityortosetforthoneofHisattributes;littlebylittlethematerialimagetakestheplaceofthespiritualrealityforwhichitstands,andidolatryensues,bringinginitstrainthatsen-
II
482Idol,Teraphim,Grove,HighPlace.[Ch.XXIX.
sualitywhicliisthesureattendantofeveryformofmate-rialism ;tliehigliestfunctionsofhumannaturearethusabnegated,andhumanlifeisdebased.ThefirstchapteroftheEpistletotheEomanstellsthestoryofidolatrousdegradationwithpainfulvividness,andfullyaccountsfortheoft-repeatedadmonitionsgivenbyMosesonthisspecialpoint,andfortheseverepenaltieswhichGodinflicteduponthepeopleinordertobreakthroughtheevilfascination,andtodelivertTiemfromthesnareofmaterialism.
§2.TwelvedifferentHebrewwordsarerepresentedbytheEnglishword'idol.'Someofthempointtothefactthatanidolisathingofnought;othersaresignificantoftheterrorwithwhichtheworshipperoffalsegodsisinspired,oroftheaversionwithwhichthelivingandtrueGodregardssuchobjects;othersagainrefertotheshapeoftheidol,tothematerialofwhichitismade,ortothepositioninwhichitisplaced.
InIs.^6.3,theidolisAven(jix),iniquity,orathingofnought.Beth-Aven,i.e.thehouseofvanityoridolatry,isreferredtoinHos.4.15,5.8,and10.5,8.InAm.5.5,weread,Beth-ElshallcometoAven(A.V.tonought).Herethereisevidentlyaplayontheword.SeeJosh.7.2.
ThewordAlii(^I'px),whichissupposedtohavethesamemeaning,beingprobablyacompoundwordsignifying'nogod,'isusedinthefollowingj)laces:—
Lev.19.4,'Turnyenotuntoidols.'Lev.26.1,'Yeshallmateyounoidols.'
1Chr.16.26,andPs.96.5,*Allthegodsofthenationsareidols(nonentities)5butitisJehovahthatmadetheheavens.'Ps.97.7,'Confoundedbeallthey...thatboastthemselvesof
idols(i.e.nonentities);worshiphimallyegods.'Is.2.8,'Theirlandalsoisfullofidols.'
verse18,'Theidolsheshallutterlyabolish.'
verse20,'Inthatdayamanshallcasthisidolsofsilverand
§3.]The'Abomination'intheN.T.483
gold,whichtheymadeeachoneforhimselfto
worship,tothemolesandtothebats.'Is.10.10,11,'Thekingdomsoftheidols...Samariaand
heridols.'Is.19.1,'TheidolsofEgyptshallbemovedathispresence.'
verse3,*Theyshallseektotheidols.'Is.31.7,'Inthatdayeverymanshallcastawayhisidolsof
silverandgold.'Ez.30.13,'IwillcausetheirimagestoceaseoutofNoph.'Hab.2.18,'Tomakedumbidols.'Zech.11.17,'Woetotheidol(goodfornothing)shepherdthat
leaveththeHock.'
Thenotliino-nessoficTolatrjisbroug-litoutbySt.Paul,wlioremindstheCorinthiansthat'anidolisnothinginthevrorld'(1Cor.8.4),thatthegodsoftheheathenare'vanities'(Acts14.15);and'nogods,'Gal.4.8.
InJer.50.38,whereweread,'Thejaremadupontheiridols,'thewordImahfnn''x),isused,whichimpliesthattheidolwasanobjectofterror.ThiswordisusedofGod's'terrors,'butnotofthe'fear'duetoHim.ThesameideaisprobablyrepresentedbyMiphletseth(dv'psd),thedesignationoftheidolwhichMaachahmade'(1Kin.15.13,alsointhecorrespondingpassage,2Chron.15.16).In2Chron.15.8,idolsarecalled'abominations,'Shakuts(pt/')ja,wordwhichisoftenusedtotestifytoGod'shatredofthewholesystemofidolatry,andwhichanswerstotheGreek
§3.Theconnexionofabomination{^hsKvy^ia)withidolatryisbroughtoutinRom.2.22,'Thouwhoabomi-natestidols,dostthourobtemples?'InRev.21.8,the'abominable,'thatisthosewhoworshipidols,arecoupled
'DavidMillconsidersthatthiswasPhito,thepresidentoftheinfernalregions,whomhealsoidentifieswithBeelzeliubtheprinceofflies,ofnuisances,andofthepoweroftheair.HethinksthatAthuraorAstartewasHecateorLuna,andthatChiun(Am.5.26)wasSaturn.
II2
484Idol,TerapMin,Grove,HighPlace.[Cn.XXIX.
withtliefearful'andtlieunbelieving.InTit.1.16,St.PaulspeaksofsomewhoprofesstoknowGod,butbytheirworksdenyHim,andareabominable,i.e.practicallyonalevelwithidolaters.ThefalselioodofidolatryisbroughtoutinEev.21.27,wheretomakeanabominationandtomakealieareputsidebyside.Probablythecupcontainingabominationsandwhoredom,referredtoinEev.17.4,5,representsthevariousformsofidolatrywhich'thewoman'shallpromote.St.Paultellsusthatcovetousnessisidolatry,andinaccordancewiththistruthourLordtellsthecovetousPhariseesthatwhatislifteduponhighamongmenisregardedasanabominationoridolinthesightofGod,Luke16.14,15.
Referencehasnowbeenmadetoallthepassagesinwhichtheword^hiXvyixaoccursintheN.T.,withtheexceptionofourLord'sreferenceto'theabominationofdesolationspokenofbyDanielthe.prophet'(Matt.24.15;Mark13.14;Dan.9.27),concerningtheinterpretationofwhichcom-mentators differ.
§4.ThereisawordwhichisfoundseveraltimesintheO.T.whichisratherambiguous,namely'Etsev(n^'y).Itissupposedtomeanthatwhichcauseslabour,eitherinthemakingoftheidol,orintheworshippingit.TheGreekrenderingissometimes\v7nj,grief,butusuallysoScoXov.Scripturealwaysconveystoustheideathattruewor-ship isnotwearisometothechildofGod,whereastheworshipofidolsishardlabourwithoutprofit.
In1Sam.31.9;1Chron.10.9;2Sam.5.21,thiswordisusedwithreferencetothefalsegodsofthePhilistines;in2Chron.24.18,andPs.106.36,38,itreferstotheobjectsofCanaanitishworshipbywhichtheIsraeliteswereensnared;thesameisthecaseinPs.115.4,and135.15,'Theiridols
'ThewordSetXSshererenderedfearfulprobablysignifiesunstable,inwhichsenseitisusedinthe0.T.
§5.]HebrewwordssignifyingImageorSimilitude.485
aresilverandgold,tlieworkofmen'shands.'InIs.10.11,aliiisusedofSamaria'sidols,and'etsevofJerusalem'sidols;inIs.46.1,'etsevisappliedtoBelandNebo,whichwere'aburdentothewearybeast';anditisusedofthesameidolsinJer.50.2,wheretheyaredescribedasbrokeninpieces;inJer.22.28,Coniahisdescribedas'adespisedbrokenidol'(wheresomewouldtranslatetheword'vase,'butun-necessarily) ;itisalsousedoftheidolsofIsraelorCanaaninIs.48.5;Hos.4.17,8.4,13.2,14.8;Mic.1.7;Zech.13.2.Onweighingtheusageofthewordintheforegoingpassages,thereader,bearinginminditsoriginalmeaning,willprobablycometotheconclusionthatitisespeciallyadoptedb}^thesacredwriterstosignifythefollyofwor-shipping thatwhichone'sownfingershavemade.
§5.WordsreferringtothefactthattheidolishewnintoacertainshapeorimageareSemel(^jod),2Chron.33.7,15(Manasseh'sidol),andEz.8.3,5('theimageofjealousy');andperhapsTsir("1"^),Is.45.16,'makersofidols.'Temunali(n3i?Dn),'likeness,'isusedinJob4.16.Itdoesnot,however,refertoanidol,buttosomeformoroutlinewhichpresenteditselfinvision.ThesamewordisusedinEx.20.4,intheprohibitionfrommakingthe'likeness'ofanything;alsoinDeut.4.23,25,5.8;andPs.17.15('IshallbesatisfiedwhenIawakewiththylikeness.')TheLXXrenderingisgenerallyofjuomfia,similitude.
Tselem(d"?:*),arepresentation,answeringtotheGreekaltccav,image,isthewordusedinGen.1.26,27,5.3,and9.6,withreferencetothefactthatmanwasmadeintheimageofGod.InNum.33.52,itisusedofmoltenimages,anditoccursinthefollowingpassages:—1Sam.6.5,11(theimagesofmiceandemerods);2Kin.11.18(theimagesofBaal);2Chron.23.17;Ez.7.20,16.17,and23.14(imagesofmen);Amos5.26(MolochandChiun);Dan.2.31,&c.,and3.1,&c.,theimageofwhichNebuchad-
486Idol,TerapMm,Grove,HighPlace.[Ch.XXIX.
nezzardreamed,andthatwhicliliesetupintlieplainofDura.ThewordisalsousedinPs.73.20,'Whenthouawakest,thoushaltdespisetheirimage,'thatistosay,theirformorappearance;andinPs.39.6,'Manwalkethinavainshadow'(lit.inanimage).
§6.Thewordo/xoicofxameansaresemblanceorfigure,whetherbodilyormoral.ItisusedwithreferencetoidolatryinKom.1.23,whereSt.PaulspeaksofthosewhochangedthegloryoftheincorruptibleGodintotheresemblanceofanimageofacorruptibleman.WhenourLordissaidtohavebeenmadeinthelikenessofmen,thesamewordisused,butwithwhatadifference!Nolifelessstockorstoneshapedbyman'shandafterthepatternofhisfellowman,butalivingBeingpartakingofallthatisessentialtohumannature,yetabsolutelyfreefromstainofsin,andwithabodydestinedtoseenocorruption,sentintohumanlife,notfromnothingness,butfromthebosomoftheHeavenlyFather,andfromthatglorywhichHehadbeforethefounda-tion oftheworld.
ThefirstpassageintheN.T.inwhichthewordslkcovis
usedgivesagoodideaofitsmeaning;itiswithreference
tothedenariusofwhichourLordasks'Whoseisthisimage
andsuperscription'(Matt.22.20).Itiscurioustoobserve
thatwhilstidolatersarecondemnedforchangingtheglory
ofGodintothesimilitudeoftheimageofacorruptible
man(Kom.1.23),weareexpresslytoldthatmanis'the
imageandgloryofGod,'1Cor.11.7.Christissaidtobe
theimageofGod,2Cor.4.4,Col.1.15;theChristianis
nowinamoralandspiritualsensetobechangedintothe
sameimagefromglorytoglory,Rom.8.29,2Cor.3.18,
Col.3.10;andhereafter,sofarashisbodyisconcerned,a
similarresemblanceshallbeaccomplished,1Cor.15.49.
ThewordhkwvisalsoadoptedbySt.Johnwhenhe
§7.]OtherHebrewWordsreferringtoIdolatry.487
describestheimageoftheBeastinRev.13.14,15,14.9,11,15.2,16.2,19.20,20.4.
§7.Thewordusedin2Chron.3.10(D^y^'Ui'),withregardtotheCherubim,isoneofsomedifficulty.Itmaymeansculpturedwork,orperhapsmoveablework.
InLev.26.1,the'gravenimage'isMascith(n''3ti'»),whichissupposedtorefertohieroglyphics,ortolittlefiguresofThothandotherEgyptiangods.ThiswordalsooccursinEz.8.12,wherereferenceismadetothe'chambersofimagery,'thatistosay,chamberswithfigurespaintedandcarvedinrelief,suchasstillexistinEgyptandAssyria.InNum.33.52,andProv.25.11,Mascithisrenderedjjicittre.'?;andinPs.73.7,andProv.18.11,thereisreferencetothementalprocesswhichwecallincturiiujup,orimagination.
ThewordEl{^a),renderedidolinIs.57.5,oughtrathertoberenderedoaks.
Anotherwoi'dforidolisderivedfromGalgal{^ihj),toroll,andsignifiesatrunkofatreeoralogofwood,orperhapsinsomeplacesaroundstone.ThewordonlyoccursinLeviticus,Deuteronomy,theKings,andEzekiel.TheLXXusuallyrendersitdScoXov,anidol,butsometimes£'rrtTi]8£v/j,a,acustom;twice^SsXvy/xa,anabomination;andinotherpassagessvOvfir/fjoa,sTridvjjirjfjia,Zidvoia,andSiavorjfxa,wordswhichwouldpointtothetendencyofthehearttoidolatryratherthantotheobjectofworshipitself.Itoccursinthefollowingpassages:—Lev.26.30('thecarcasesofyouridols');Dent.29.17(margin'dungygods');1Kin.15.12,21.26;2Kin.17.12,21.11,21,23.24;Ez.6.4,5,6,9,13,8.10,14.3,4,5,6,7,16.36,18.6,12,15,20.7,8^16,24,31,39,22.3,4,23.7,30,37,39,49,30.13,33.25,36.18,25,37.23,44.10,12.ThecontextshowsthatsomeoftheseidolswereofEgyptianorigin.Thewordisevidentlyusedtosignifysomethingverydespicableandabominable,so
488Idol,Tcraphim,Grove,HighPlace.[Ch.XXJX.
thatpossiblythemargmalrenderinginDeut.29.17,conveysario'htidea.
§8.Thewordillw\ovistheonlywordusedofidolsintheN.T.,whethertheseidolsareoutwardandvisibleobjectsofworship,orwhethertheyaremoresubtleinfluenceswhichattracttheheart.
Idolatryisjoinedwithj^harmacyorwitchcraftinGal.5.20;itisidentifiedwithcovetousnessinEph.5.5,andisclassedwithmurderinRev.22.15.
§9.AhotcontroversywascalledforthshortlyaftertheReformationinEnglandbythefactthatintheEnglishtranslationsoftheScriptures,thewordsiScoXopwastrans-lated image.Martin,inhiscontroversywithEulke,laiddownthatanidolsignifiedafalsegod;Dr.Fulke,onthecontrary,heldthatitmeaiitanimage,andthatthiswasthebestword,asitincludedarepresentationofthetrueGod.Martinheld,andrightly,thatPesel(^DEi),whichisusuallytranslatedagravenimage,onlymeantagraventhing(Lat.sc^dptile),andhadnoreferencetoanimage;andhemadeasimilarcriticismonthewordMassecah(nnojo),whichisrenderedamoltenimage.Eulke,however,answeredthattheobjectoftheengravingintheonecase,andofthemeltingintheother,wastomakethematerialintoanimagewhichwasintendedtorepresenttheinvisibleGod,ortoimitateoneofHisworks,andsotobeworshijaped.Thisanswer,coupledwiththefactthatslBodXovalsoanswerstotheHebrewtemnnah,asabovenoticed,mayfairlyjustifyourtranslators,andalsotheirpredecessorswhoseworkwasbeingcriticise(JintranslatingstBoiXovbythewordimage.
§10.Wenowpasstotheconsiderationofwordswhichrepresentcertainspecificobjectswhichwerecloselycon-nected witholdformsofidolatry.Ofthesethefirsttobenamedisthepillar,statue,orstandingimage,theHebrewnameforwhichisMitsvali(nivio),derivedfromtheverbnatzav,tostand,andusedoftheobjectwhichsymbolised
§11.12.]AsheraJi,^rtheGrove.489
BaalintheCanaanitisliidolatry.TheLXXusuallyadopts(tttiXt],apillar,asitsrepresentative.ItisfirstreferredtoinEx.23.24,wherethecommandisgiventobreakdownthe'images'oftheCanaanitegods;soinEx.34.13,whereitisconnectedwith'groves';itisalsofoundinLev.26.1;Deut.7.5,16.22;1Kin.14.23;2Kin.3.2(imageofBaal);10.26,27(imagesofBaal);17.10,18.4,23.14;2Chron.14.3,31.1;Jer.43.13(theimagesbelongingtotheHouseoftheSun);Hos.3.4,'ThechildrenofIsraelshallabidemanydays....withoutanimage';Hos.10.1,2,'Accordingtothegoodnessofhislandtheyhavemadegoodlyimages....Heshallspoiltheirimages';Micah5.13,'Iwillcutoffthystandingimagesoutofthemidstofthee.'
ThesepassagesshowthatthestatueorpiUarreferredtowasanobjectofworshipamongtheCanaanites,thatitwasconnectedwiththegrove,andthatitrepresentedBaaltheSun-god.
§11.AnotherwordusedisChamonim(o^ann),sun-images,perhapsdiscs,orperhapspyramidalstonesintheshapeofaflame.ThislastistheideawhichGeseniusinclinesto,asinaccordancewithcertainoldPhoenicianinscriptionswhichspeakofBaalHanan,thesun-god.ThewordoccursinLev.26.30,'Iwillcutdown(cutofforsmite)yourimages,'2Chron.14.5,34.4,34.7('idols');Is.17.8,'Heshallnotrespectthatwhichhisfingershavemade,eitherthegrovesortheimages';Is.27.9,'Thegrovesandimagesshallnotstandup';Ez.6.4,6,'Yourimagesshallbebroken.'
ThevariousGreekwordsadoptedintheLXXdonotthrowanylightonthisobjectofworship.
§12.CloselyconnectedwithBaal-statuesandsun-imagesstandthegroves.Butbeforediscussingtheirnature,itistobeobservedthatthegrovewhichAbrahamissaidtohave
490Idol,Terap'/wji,Grove,HighPlace.[Ch.xxrx.
plantedinGen.21.33,wasdoubtlessahondfidegrove,oratleastatree;andthewordusedisAshal(^b^n),wliicliisdis-tinct fromtheheathenandidolatrous'grove,'andmayberenderedtamarisk.Withthisexception,thegeneralHebrewwordforagroveisAsherah.(mt^x)?usuallyrenderedaXaos(grove),bytheLXX;butintwopassages.Is.17.8and27.9,renderedSsuSpov(tree).ThegroveisfirstalludedtoinconnexionwithCanaanitishworshipinEx.34.18,whereitiscoupledwiththestatueorpillarwhichhasalreadybeenmentioned.WefinditinthesameconnexioninDent,7.5,12.3,16.21;1Kin.14.15,23;2Kin.18.4;2Chron.31.1;Is.27.9,andMic.5.14.ItisintroducedinconnexionwiththeworshipofBaalinJud.3.7,6.25,26(wherewearej)lainlytoldthatitwasmadeofwood,andthatitusedtobesetupbythealtarofBaal);seealso1Kin.16.33,and18.19.In2Kin,17.16,thepeoplearedescribedasmakingagrove,andasworshippingnotonlyBaal,butalso'allthehostofheaven';soin2Kin.21.3,and23.4,wherewereadof'thevesselsthatweremadeforBaal,andforthegrove,andforallthehostofheaven.'Seealso2Chron.33.3.
In1Kin.15.13,wereadthatMaachahmade'anidol(or"horriblething")inagrove,'orrather'foragrove.'Thesamechangeintherenderingisneededintheparallelpassage,2Chron.15.16,theprepositionineachcasebeinglaih)'for,'notba(n)'in.'
Thequestionnowrecurs.WhatwasthisAsherah,whichwehaverenderedgrove?Itwascertainlynotwhatwecallagroveoftrees;norwasitasingletreeplantedintheearth,'butitwasanobjectmadeofwoodandsetupbythesideofanaltardedicatedtoBaal,andinsomecasesincomj)anywithastatueorpillarrepresentingBaal.Gesenius,whoisanauthorityonallmattersconnectedwithPhoeniciansandCanaaniteworship,considersthatAsherahwasagoddess,
'Itishardlyeversaidtobe'planted';usuallyitisdescribedas'made.'
§13.]Bamah,o?^theHighPlace.491
identicalwithAslitoretli(Astarte,orVenus),buthisargu-ments arebynomeansconvincing.
Itappearsnotunlikelythatgroveworshipwasaformofthattreeworship?whichhasbeenfoundalmostallovertheworld,andwhichdrewitsoriginfromthetreesinthegardenofEden.TheAsherahwasprobably,inthefirstinstance,arepresentationofthetreeoflife,thoughthetraditionalideasoonpassedaway,andwasprobablysupersededbytheideaofthereproductivepowersofnature.Wecannotnowsayinwhatformitwas,butitmaypossiblyhavebeenintheformofacross,whichwouldbethesimplestartificialsymbolforatree,andwhichappearstohavebeenadoptedforthispurposeinvariouscountriesandinageslonganteriortoChristianity.^
In2Kin.21.7,wereadofa'gravenimageofthegrove,'literally,*thelikenessthegrove,'or'thelikenessofthegrove,'whereevidentlyasymbolicfigureisreferredto.In2Kin.23.7,wearetoldofcertainwomenwho'wovehang-gingsforthegrove,'andwhodidtheworkin'thehousesoftheSodomites.'These'■hangings'areliterally'houses,'andwereperhapsshrinesorcoveringsforthesymbolicalfigure.
§13.AnotherobjectconnectedwithidolatrousworshipistheHighPlace.ThewordusedforitisEamali(nnn)-TheusualrenderingintheLXXisvy{rT]\o9,high;butwealsofindoi/cos',ahouse;aXcros,agrove;/SoOvos,ahill;sl'SoiXov^anidol;d/xaprla,sin(Mic.1.5);6vcrcaaTr]piovand^(o/j.69,analtar;fpTy/zoy,adesert;cttt^Xt;,apillar;Xi'^oa,stones;s8a(f)os,afoundation;rpd')(7]Xos,aneck;andla'^ys(Dent.32.13),strength.
ThewordappearswithoutreferencetoidolatryinDent.32.13,'Hemadehimrideonthehighplacesofthe
'SeethissubjectdiscussedatlengthinFergusson'sworkonTreeandSerpentWorship;seealsothearticleon'Pre-ChristianCrosses'intheEd.Rev.,Octohev,1869.
492IdolyTeraphim,Grove,HighPlace.[Ch.XXIX.
earth,'wliereitisonlyusedinageneralsense.Thesamel^erhapsmaybesaidofitsusageinDeut.33.29.InJob9.8,the'waves'oftheseaareliterally'HighPlaces.'Ahighplaceisspokenofin1Sam.10.13,whereitseemstosignifyahill,asalsoin2Sam.1.19,25,22.34.SeealsoNum.21.28,22.41;Ps.18.33,78.69;Is.15.2,16.12;Jer.48.35;Am.4.13,7.9;Micah1.3,5;Hab.3.19;withregardtosomeofthesepassages,itmaybedoubtfulwhetherthewordisusedinitsgeneralorspecialsense.
InLev.26.30,highplacesareintroducedinconnexionwithimagesasobjectstobedestroyed;soinNum.33.52.ButwehavenodirectreferencetotheiruseuntilwereachthedaysofSolomon(1Kin.3.2,3,wherewearetoldthat'thepeoplesacrificedinhighplaces,becausetherewasnohousebuilt,'and'SolomonlovedtheLord,walkinginthestatutesofDavidhisfather,onlyhesacrificedandburntincenseinhighplaces').WearethentoldthathewenttoGibeon'wherewasagreathighplace,andofferedathousandburntofferingsuponthataltar.'^HeretheLordappearedtohim,butdidnotrebukehimforwhathehaddone.Atthattimethepermanenttemplewasnotbuilt,andconsequentlysomelibertymayhavebeenallowed.Shortlyafterwards,however,SolomonbuilthighplacesforChemoshandforMolech,'theidolsofMoabandAmnion,andthen'theLordwasangrywithhim.'
Jeroboammade'housesofhighplaces'(1Kin.12.31),withpriests,altars,andgoldencalves.ThesepriestsofthehighplacesburnedincenseonthealtaratBethel,andweredenouncedbythemanofGodwhocameoutofJudah.Thebuildinganduseofhighplaceswithstatuesandgrovesnowbecameverycommoninbothkingdoms.See1Kin.14.23,22.43;2Kin.12.3,16.4(Ahaz'sacrificedandburntin-
'Intheparallelpassage(2Chron.1.3),itisstatedthatthetabernacleofthecongregationwasatGibeon,amithatthehighplacewasconnectedwithit.
§14.]TheTeraphiifL493
censeintheliigliplaces,andonthehills,andundereverygreentree'),17.9,29,32.Asa,^Jehoshaphat,andafterwardsHezekiahremovedthem,asfaraspossible,butJehoramandManassehrebuiltthem,2Kin.21.3.Josiahagaindestroyedthem,butthepassionfortheseidolatrousritesv^asnoteasilytoberootedout.Compare2Chron.1.3,11.14,14.3,15.17,17.6,20.38,21.11,28.4,25,32.12,33.3,17,19,34.3.
Thereferencestohighplacesintheprophetsarenotnumerous.TheyarespeciallynoticedinEz.6.3,16.16,36.2,andarereferredtoinHos.10.8.
ThefactofaconnexionbetweenHighPlacesandBaalworshipisveryplainfrommanyofthepassagescited.Theonlyquestioniswhatwastheiroriginandintention.Theyappeartohavebeensometimesnaturaleminences,andsome-times constructedofearthorstones;occasionallytheyseemtohavebeenusedasaltars:atothertimestheyweresur-mounted bytheAsherah.InthediscussiononPre-Christiancrossesalreadyreferredto(seep.491,note1),itisstatedthattheoldemblemsofthetreeoflifewereconstantlyplacedonhillsormounds.ThismaythrowsomelightontheoriginoftheHighPlace.^
§14.TheTeraphim(cain)havenowtobenoticed.Thisword,whichisonlyusedinthepluralnumber,isnotunder-stood bythelexicographerortheantiquarian.TheLXXgivesvariousrenderings,viz.slBcoXov,idol;yXv-rrrov,carvedobject;S7)X.a,manifestations;aTvocJiOs'yyoijLsvoi,revealers;K£voTa(f)la,emptytombs.Theteraphimappeartobematerialobjectsregardedasasortof'fetish'ortalisman,andconsultedinemergencies.TheyarefirstmetwithinGen.31.19,34,35.Labancallsthemhis'gods,'buttheinspiredwriter
'AsaremovedthehighplacesfromJudah(2Chron.14.5),hutnotfromIsrael(15.17).
-"WhenridingthroughthecountryoftheAmmonitesin1860,thewriterwasstruckwiththegreatuumLerofrudecromlechswhicharevisibleonthehill-sides. Ifthesewereforreligiouspurposes,asseemsmostprobable,maytheynothavebeenofthenatureofhighplaces?
494Idol,Terapkim,Grove,HighPlace.[Ch.XXIX.
onlycallsthem'terapMm.'InJud.17.5,theyareconnectedwiththeimages,with*ahouseofgodsandanephod,'buttheyareevidentlydistinctobjects,see18,14,17,18,20.In1Sam.15.23,teraphim(A.Y.idolatry)isputasaparalleltodivination(A.V.witchcraft).In1Sam.19.13,16,theteraphimareputinthebedtooccupytheplaceofDavid,whichhasledsometosupposethattheywereintheshapeofaman.In2Kin.23.24,theyarementionedamong-theabominationswhichJosiahputaway.InEzek.21.21,tera-phim arementionedasusedbytheKingofBabylonindivining.Thisfact,coupledwiththeuseoftheseobjectsinthehouseofLaban,wouldleadustolookforaChaldeanoriginforthem.InHos.3.4,theyarementionedamongthethingsofwhichIsraelwouldbedebarredduringtheircaptivity,apointwhichisworthnotice.InZee.10.2,theyarerankedwithdiviners.
§1.]Usageofthewor^d'Ad.495
CHAPTERXXX.
ETERNAL,EVERLASTING,THEAGETOCOME.
§1.Usageoftheword'ad,anditsGreekrenderings.—§2.Netsach,or'Utterly.'—§3.ItsrepresentativesintheN.T.—§4.Taxuid,or'Ferpetually!—§5.HowrepresentedintheN.T.—§6.Oreo,orlength.—§7.Dor,orG-eneration.—§8.NoteonLev.25.23,30.—§9.Kedem,or'ofold.'—§10.Tom,or'fromdaytoday.'—§11.Etb,or'oneveryoccasion.'—§12.'Olam,or'always.'—§13.Ideapresentedbytheword.—§14.N.T.representativesof'Olam.—§15.ExaminationofthewordalwviosintheN.T.—§16.TheAgetoGome.
§1.TheOldTestamentwordsrepresentingduration,andtlieirGreekequivalents,callfortliemostcarefulconsidera-tion inconsequenceofthefacttliattliewholerevelationofman'sfuturedestinymustdependtosomeextentupontheiraccurateinterpretation.
Oneofthemostfrequentwordsusedtomarkdurationis'Ad(ny),whichisrepresentedinEng-lishbythewordseternity,ever,everlasting,evermore,ofold,per-petually, worldwithoutend.Thiswordisonceusedwherethereisareferencetoixistdurationofalimitedextent,namely,inJob20.4,'Knowestthounotthisofold,sincemanwasplaceduponearth.'Itisusedofastateofbeingwhichisatoncepast,present,andfuture,withregardtoGodwhoinhabitseternity{kutoikcovtovalojva),Is.57.15.ItisappliedtotheendlessdurationofGod'sreign,Ex.15.18,Ps.10.16,wheretheLXXisverystrong,sisrovalcovakuIItt'alcovaKalstl;tothethroneofGod,Ps.45.6;totheMessianickingdom,Ps.89.29;tothedurationofGod'srighteousness,praise,andcommandments,Ps.111.3,8,10.
496Etemial^Everlasting,theAgetoCome.[Cn.XXX.
Itisalsousedofthedurationofnationalorindividualcon-fidence inGod,e.g.Ps.48.14,*ThisGodisourgodforeverandever[u^tovaloivaicalelstovalwvatovaiMvos),heshallbeourguideuntodeath'{elsrovsaldovas);Ps.52.8,'IwillhopeinGod'smercyforever';Ps.119.44,'Iwillkeepthylawcontinually,evenforeverandever'(Sta-TTavTos,sisTOValwvakovelstovaloivarovalwvos).ThesamewordoccursinthetitleoftheMessiah,as'theeverlastingfather,'6irarriptovixiWovrosaloivos(Is,9.6);itisalsofoundinpassageswhichrefertothecontinuanceofheavenandearth,Ps.148.6,elstovalcovakoIelstovalcovatovaloovos;Ps.104.5,'Theearthshallneverbemoved,'sistovalwvaTOVaiSivos.
§2.Again,theterm'adisappliedtothecontinuedexist-ence ofthepeopleofGod,andtothepersonalconfidencewhichtheymayfeelinGod,whetherhereorhereafter:—Ps.9.18,'Theexpectationofthepoorshallnotperishforever,'elstovalwva;Ps.22.26,'Yourheartshallliveforever,'elsaloivaal&vos;Ps.37.27-29,'Departfromevil,anddogood;anddwellforevermore'{elsaluvaalwvos).FortheLordlovethrighteousness,andforsakethnothissaints;theyarepreservedforever{sistovalwva):butthewickedshallbecutoff.Therighteousshallinheritthelandanddwellthereinforever'{elsalojvaalwvos);Is.45.17,'Yeshallnotbeashamednorconfoundedworldwithoutend,'scostovalwvosKaisti.
Lastly,'adisusedwithreferencetothecaseofevildoers,whethernationsorindividuals.OfAssherandEberitissaidthatthey'shallperishforever,'Num.24.20,24.HeretheLXXsimplyhastheverbfor'perish'{diToXovvTat);Ps.9.5,'Thouhastputouttheirnamesforeverandever'{sistovalwvakoIelsalwvaalcovos);Ps.83.17,'Letthembeconfoundedandtroubledforever'{elsalwva
I
§§2.3.]ItsRepresentativesintheN.T.497
alwvos);Ps.92.7,'Thewickedshallbedestroyedforever'{s^o\o6p£v9(i)(TivsisToualwvatovalcavQs).
§2.Netsach(nvj),withapreposition(?),isrenderedalways,constantly,ever,perpetual,andalsoinitsoriginalmeaningsofstrengthandvictory.ItisusuallyrenderedbytheLXXsists\os,untocompletion,butsometimessisvIkos,untovictory.Itsignifiescomplete-ness, andmightusuallj'betranslated'utterly.'
ItisusedofGodnotkeepingHisangerforever,Ps.103.9;andofthepleasureswhichareatHisrighthandforevermore,Ps.16.11.GodisseveraltimesappealedtonottoforgetHispeopleortobeabsentfromthemforever,Ps.13.1,44.23,74.1,10,19,79.5,89.46.
NetsachoccursinJobseveraltimes,eitherwdthreferencetotheutterdestructionbroughtuponman(thatis,upontheouterman)byGod,ortothefinaldeliverancewhichistobeobtainedbythegodly.SeeJob4.20,14.20,20.7,23.7,36.7.
Noman,saysthePsalmist,cancausehisfellowmentoliveforever,i.e.canensurehimagainstdeath,Ps.49.9.Thedestructionsofthewicked,thatis,theirevilmachina-tions againstthegodly,aredescribedashaving'cometoaperpetualend,'or,inotherwords,asbeingutterlyfrus-trated, Ps.9.6.NetsachisalsousedofthedesolationofEdomandBabylon(Am.1.11;Jer.50.39);whilstitissaidofIsraelprophetically,'Theyshallnoteverbemoved,'wheretheLXXdepartsfromitsusualrendering,andhass\sTOPalwva'xpovov.
ThiswordoccursinaslightlydifferentformintheHebrewheadingofseveralPsalms.TheLXXconsistentlyrendersitsisTOTsXos;theA.V.has'tothechiefmusician.'PerhapstherealmeaningisthatthePsalmisoneofvictory,andtobesungwithemphasis.
§3.ThreetimesintheN.T.wereadthathethaten-
49SEternal,Everlasting,theAgetoCome.[Ch.XXX.
durethtotheend{zhteXos)shallbesaved.BjthiswearetounderstandthathewhoholdsonfastthroughtribulationswithoutwaveringshallultimatelyfindGodtobehisde-liverer. Again,itissaidthattheLord,havinglovedHisown,lovedthemuntotheend,i.e.neverswervedfromHisaffection.HislovewaslikeGod'sprovidence,never-failing.InLuke18.5,thewordisusedoftheimportunatewidowwhosepertinacityovercamethecarelessnessofthejudge.Heavengedherlestsheshouldbeperpetuallycomingtohim.In1Thess.2.16,weareratherremindedofPs.9.6,forwereadthat'wrathhascomeuponthemutterly,'or,asperhapsweshouldunderstandit,*utterwrathhascomeuponthem.'
ThephrasedsvucosoccursonlytwiceintheN.T.,namely,inMatt.12.20,whereIs.42.3,isquoted,andin1Cor.15.54,wherethequotationisfromIs.25.8.ItiscuriousthatinthesetwoplacestheHebrewle-netsachisfound,butnotthephrasesisvikosintheLXX,thequotationbeingineachplaceanewtranslationfromtheHebrew.IntheonepassageChristissaiidtobringfoi*thstrengthuntovictory;andintheother,deathisspokenofasswallowedupinvictory.TheonepassagesetsforththefulnessofthepowerofChrist,whiletheotherdisclosestheutterdestruc-tion ofthepowerofthegrave.
§4.Tamid(T'jD'n)markscontinuityorperpetuity.ItisusuallyappliedtothepermanenceoftheMosaicritualthroughthehistoryoftheHebrewnation.TheLXXgene-rally rendersitSiairavTos,butoccasionallyStateXovs.Itisusedoftheshewbread(Ex.25.30),ofthelamp(27.20),ofthesignetofholiness(28.38),ofthepillarofthecloudandfire(Num.9.16),ofthe'daily'sacrifice(Dan.12.11),ofGod'seyerestingonthelandofIsrael(Dent.11.12),ofthesustenanceaffordedtoMephibosheth(2Sam.9.10),oftheconstantrealisationofthepresenceofGod—'Ihavesetthe
§§5-7.]Dor,orGeneration.499
Lordalwaysbeforeme'(Ps.16.8),'MineeyesareeveruntotheLord'(Ps.25.15),oftheconstantremembranceofsin—'Mysiniseverbeforeme'(Ps.51.3),ofdevotionalfeelingsandconduct(Ps.34.1,38.17,71.6,119.44).
GodsaysofJerusalem,'Ihavegraventheeuponthepalmsofmyhands,thywallsarecontinuallybeforeme'(Is.49.16);andofthegodlymanitissaid,'theLordshallguidetheecontinually.'Lastly,oftheheavenlyJeru-salem itispredicted,'Thygatesshallbeopencon-tinually, theyshallnotbeshutdaynornight'(Is.60.11).
§5.ThewordSiarravrbsoccurstentimesintheN.T.Twoofthesepassagesarequotationsfromthe0.T.,viz.Acts2.25,andEom.11.10,fromPs.16.8,and69.23,inwhichTamidisused.Inotherpassagesitisusedofthecon-tinuous serviceofGod,Luke24.53;Acts10.2;Heb.9.6,13.15.ItisalsousedinMatt.18.10,wherewereadofChrist'slittleones,thattheirangelsinheavencontinuallybeholdthefaceofGod.
§6.Orec(-]-ix)denoteslengthwithoutanyreferencetolimit.Itistranslated'forever'inPs.23.6,'Iwilldwellinhishouseforever';andPs.93.5,'Holinessbecomeththinehouseforever.'IneachcasetheLXXhassisfiuKpo-Trjrarj/uispwv.
§7.Dor(in)signifiesageneration.InPs.10.6,'Ishallneverbeinadversity,'thewordsareliterally,'Ishallnotbeinadversityfromgenerationtogeneration';andsoinPs.77.8('DoththeLord'spromisefailforever-more'). ThewordDor,liketheGreekjsvsaandtheEnglishgeneration,isoftenusedinalargeandindefinitesense,sometimesperhapsreferringtoanageorcentury,aswhentheLordpromisedtoAbrahamthathisseedshouldberescued'inthefourthgeneration'(Gen.15.16).
DorisappliedtothecontinuouscovenantmadebetweenGodandNoah,Gen.9.12,sisysvsasalcovcovs;totheremem-
KK2
500Eter7ial,Everlasting,theAgetoCome.[Ch.XXX.
branceofGod'snameormemorial,Ex.3.15,Ps.9.7,102.12,135.13;tothefeelingwhicliwastobekeptaliveagainsttheAmalekites,Ex.17.16;tothepermanenceofGod'sthoughts(Ps.33.11),mercyandtruth(40.11),wi^ath(85.5),existence(102.24),anddominion(145.13;Dan.4.3);tothejudgmentofEdom(Is.34.10),andtothedesolationofBabylon(Is.13.20).
AparallelexpressionisusedinLuke1.50,andEp.3.21,withregardtothecontinuanceofGod'smercyandoftheglorywhichistobeascribedtohiminChristJesus.
§8.ThewordTsemithuth(nrT-Dv)isrendered'ever'inLev.25.23,30,wherereferenceismadetothecontinuouspossessionofland;butintheLXXwefindsty^s^alwaiv,anexpressionwhichispreservedintheN.T.inHeb.6.16,wherewereadthatanoathis'forconfirmation.'PerhapsthereishereaspecialreferencetothecontinuityofthepromisethroughtheoathsworntoAbraham.
§9.Kedem(mp),whichmeansthatwhichisancient,isusedinDent.33.27,oftheeternalGod;inProv.8.22,ofGod's'worksofold'(tt/ootoOal&vos);andinHab.1.12,ofGod'sexistencefromeverlasting(a7r'dp^vs).TheGreekrenderingadoptedinthelastpassageisoftenfoundintheN.T.
§10.Yom(dv),day,isusedinthepluralnumberinagreatvarietyofsenses,andisrenderedintheA.Y.always,continuance,daily,yearly,*ever,perpetually.Inalmostallpassageswheredurationisimplied,theGreekrenderingisvrao-ayrdsrjixepas,whichhasbeenadoptedintheNewTestamentinMatt.28.20,'Iamwithyoualways.'
Inafewpassageswefind,d^rj/xspcovsisrjfispas,fromdaystodays.
*Kennicottconsidersthatitsometimesmeansweekly.SeehisDissertationontheSacrificeofCainandAbel.
§§11.12.]'Olam,orAlways.501
Thisphraseisappliedtorecurrentrites,such,asthelamentforJephtha'sdaughter,Jud.11.40;thefeastinShiloh,Jud,21.19;theworshipinShiloh,1Sam.1.3,21,2.19,20.6;andtotheofferingofsacrifices,Job1.5,Am.4.4.
Itisusedofthepermanenceofman'sduty,Deut.5.29;ofGod'spromises,Deut.6.24;andofhisthreats,Deut.28.33;ofthecontinuanceofevilintheheart.Gen.6.5;andofwickeddevices,Ps.52.1.Itisalsousedofpermanentrela-tions betweenmanandman,orbetweennationandnation,e.g.betweenSaulandDavid,1Sam.18.29;RehoboamandJeroboam,2Chron.12.15;DavidandAchish,1Sam.28.2;HiramandDavid,1Kin.5.1.
Lastly,thewordoccursinprophecieswhichrelatetothefamilyofJonadab,thesonofEechab(Jer.35.19),andofIsrael'spermanence(Jer.31.36),anddevotion(Jer.32.39).
§11.Theword'Eth(ny),whichmarksaseasonorop-portunity, isusedofdurationinJob,27.10;Ps.10.5;Prov.6.14,8.30;andEcc.9.8,withreferencetopersistenceofaction'inseasonandoutofseason.'TheLXXrendersit,sviravTiKatpm,'oneveryoccasion.'
§12.Nowordissolargelyusedtoexpressdurationas'01am(o'piy).Ithastwicebeenrenderedlong,namely,inEcc.12.5,wherewereadofamangoingtohislonghome'{dsolxovalo)vosavrov);andIs.42,14,'ShallIlongbesilent?'(dsl).Fivetimesitisrendered'always,'viz.Gen.6.3,'Myspiritshallnotalways[sistovalSiva)strivewithman';1Chron.16.15,'Letusalwaysrememberhiscovenant';Job7.16,'Ishallnotlivealways'(i.e.inthisworld);Ps.119.112,'Ihaveinclinedmyhearttoperformthystatutesalways';alsoinJer.20.17.
'01amistranslated'perpetual'withreferencetothecovenantmadewithNoah(Gen.9.12),tothepriesthoodofthehouseofLevi(Ex.29.9),totheSabbathasasignof
502Eternal^Everlasting,theAgetoCome,[Ch.xxx.
God'scovenant(Ex.31.16),andtovariousotherreligiousrites.Itisusedwith,anegativeinseveralpassages,e.g.in2Sam.12.10,oftheswordneverdepartingfromDavid'shouse;inPs.15.5,ofthegodlymanneverfalling;inPs.65.22,'oftherighteousmanneverbeingmoved';inIs.14.20,oftheseedofevildoerswhichshallneverbere-nowned ;inIs.25.2,ofthecityofthewickedwhichshallneverbebuilt;andinJoel2.26,ofGod'speopleneverbeingashamed.
InIs.60.16,'01amisrenderedeternal,'Iwillmakeoftheeaneternaljoy.'Itisrenderedforeverinalargenumberofpassages,e.g.Gen.13.15,ofthelandbeinggiventoAbi-aham;inEx.3.15,ofGod'snamelastingforever;Ex.21,6,oftheslaveservinghismasterforever(etsTovalwvcb);Deut.29.29,ofthetruthsrevealedtomanwhichwerethepeculiarpropertyofthenationforever.InPs.12.7,wereadthatGodpreservestherighteousforever;29.10,thatHeisKingforever.Elsewhere,itisappliedtotheextensionofthegraceofGodtoindividualsforawholelifetime.ThusthePsalmistsays,'Iwillabideinthytabernacleforever,'Ps.61.4;'TheLordismyportionforever,'73.26;*Thinehouseshouldhaveenduredforever,'81.15;agoodman'isnotmovedforever,'112.6;'TheLordisroundhispeopleforever,'125.2.God'sworkisforever,Ecc.3.14;Hiswordandsalvationareforever,Is.40.8,51.6;thysaints'kingdomandreignwillgoonforever,Dan.7.18;therighteousshallshineasthestarsforever,Dan.12.3.
Somepassageswhere'Olamisrenderedalwvios,andusedwithreferencetothewicked,mayherebecited:—Ps.78.Q%,'Hehathgiventhemperpetualreproach';Jer.18.16,'He^hathmadetheirlanddesolateandaperpetualhissing';23.40,'Perpetualdishonour';51.39,57,'Iwillmakethemdrunkenthattheymayrejoiceandsleepaperpetual
§§13.14]N.T.representativesofOlam.
D^O
sleep';Ez.35.5,9,*Becausetlioukastliadaperpetualiatred,andhastshedthebloodofthechildrenofIsraelbytheforceoftheswordinthetimeoftheircalamity....Iwillmaketheeaperpetualdesolation,andthycitiesshalljiotreturn;'compareZeph.2.9.SeealsoDan.12.2,wheretheword'Olamisapplied,notonlytotheeverlast-ing lifewhichsomeshallenjoyhereafter,butalsototheeverlastingcontemptwhichshallbepoureduponothers.
§13.Inthepassagesquoted,whichareaconsiderableproportionandafairspecimenofthewhole,theLXXren-dering isusuallyaicoviosordstovala^va;theseGreekphrases,therefore,whentheyreappearonthe'N.T.,mustbeinter-preted inaccordancewiththeusageoftheword'Olam.Theygiveaconceptionwhich,thoughnegative,issufficientlyclear.Eternityisendlessness;andthisideaisonlyqualifiedIbythenatureoftheobjecttowhichitisapplied,orbythedirectwordofGod.Whenappliedtothingsphysical,itisusedinaccordancewiththerevealedtruththattheheavenandearthshallpassaway,anditislimitedbythistruth.WhenappliedtoGod,itisusedinharmonywiththeti-uththatHeisessentiallyandabsolutelyexistent,andthatasHeisthecmi»acausarumandwithoutbeginning,sointheverynatureofthingsitmustbeheldthatnocausecaneverputanendtoHisexistence.Whenthewordisappliedtoman'sfuturedestinyaftertheresurrection,andafterthepassingawayofallthingsphysical,wedoright(unlessthereissomerevelationtothecontrary)togiveitthesenseofendlessnesswithoutanylimitation.
§14.TheworddelveryrarelyoccursintheN.T.,andwithnospecialsignificance.Itsignifiesalways,andmarks.ahabit,aswhenthepeoplebegantoaskPilatetodoashealwayshaddonetothem(Mark15.8),andasSt.PaultoldtheCorinthiansthathewas—thoughsorrowful,alwaysre-joicing (2Cor.6.10).
504Eternal,Everlasting,theAgetoCome.[Ch.xxx.
Theuseofthewordsal(x>vandamviosdeservescarefulattention.InanumberofpassagesourLordspeaksof'thisage'(a/'wv);ofitscares,Matt.13.22;ofitsend(13.39,40,49,24.3,28.20);ofitschildren,Luke20.34.SoSt.Paulspeaksofconformitytothisage(Rom.12.2),oftheseekerofthisage(1Cor.1.20),ofitsvauntedwisdom(1Cor.2.6,3.18),ofitsrulers(1Cor.2.6,8),ofitsgod(2Cor.4.4),ofitsbeingapresentevilage(Gal.1.4),oftheageoftheworld(Ep.2.2),andofthosewholoveit(2Tim.4.10).
§15.TheadjectivealcoviosisusedmorethanfortytimesintheN.T.withrespecttoeternallife,whichisregardedpartlyasapresent(becauseanessentiallyexistent)gift,partlyasapromiseforthefuturesecuredtoalldisciplesofChrist.
ThesameadjectiveisappliedtoGod'sendlessexistenceinEom.16.26;andtotheendlessefficacyofChrist'satone-ment inHeb.9.12,13.20.
Wealsofindthewordusedwithreferencetoeternaljire.Matt.18.8,25.41,Jude7;eternalpimishment,Matt.25.46;eternaljudgmentorcondemnation,Mark3.29,Heb.6.2;eternaldestruction,2Thess.1.9.Thewordinthesepas-sages plainlyimpliesfinality,andsignifiesthatwhenthesejudgmentsshallbeinflicted,thetimeofprobation,change,orthechanceofretrievingone'sfortune,willhavegonebyabsolutelyandforever.Astateofexistenceisenteredupon,which(sofarasGodhastoldus)isashopelessasitisendless.Weunderstandverylittleaboutthefuture,abouttherelationofhumanlifetotherestofexistence,andaboutthemoralweightofunbelief,asviewedinthelightofeternity;butwemustnotletourignoranceconstituteuscriticsofGod'struth.If,ontheonehand,itiswrongtoaddtoGod'sword,ontheotherwemustnottakeawayfromit;andifsomefeelitmorallyimpossibletoholdthedoc-trine ofeternalpunishment,theymustbecontenttowait.
§16.]TheAgetoCome.505
cleavingtotheGospelofGod'slove,andseekingtoan-nounce thatlovetoothers,vrhileconfessingthatthereisadarkbackgroundveryterrible,whichtheyareunableintheirignorancetocomprehend.
§16.InJohn9.32,itissaid,'Sincetheworldbegan,'&c.Weherefindhicrovalaivos,whichpointsbackwards,assisTovaloivadoesforwards.WefindairalwvosinthesamesenseinActs3.21,15.18,Eph.3.9,and,Col.1.26;alsoTrpoTwvaicovcovin1Cor.2.7.ThewordaldoviosisusedwithreferencetopastagesinRom.16.25;2Tim.1.9;andTit.1.2.
Thereareafewpassageswhichspeakinaveryspecialwayofanalcovoragetocome,e.g.Mark10.30,Luke18.30,20.35;andofitspowers,Heb.6.5.SomeinterpretersconnectthesepassageswiththeMillennium.InEp.2.7,theApostlespeaksinthepluralnumberoftheagestocome.ProbablyinallthesecasesthereisareferencetothecomingeternityofwhichtheMessiahistheFatherorsource(Is.9.6).
Inotherpassages,thegeneralsenseofeternalisimpliedbytheexpressionssistovalcova,sisrovsalcovas,s(osalwvos,sisTovsaloovasrcovalwvwv,whicharefrequentlyfound,asinLuke1.33,55;John12.34,13.8;Rom.9.5;Gal.1.5;1Tim.1.17.Sometranslatorshaverenderedthesepassageslite-rally, andwithoutrespecttotheirusageintheLXX(e.g.'untotheage,''untotheages,''&c.),butthishasbeenalreadyshowntobeamistakenmodeofinterpretation;theusageoftheHebrewwordsmustguidetheinterpretationoftheGreek.
In1Tim.1.17,Godiscalled'theKingofages'(A.Y.KingEternal);whilstinHeb.L2,11.3,Heissaidtohavemade'theages'(A.Y.theworlds).TherenderingoftheA.Y.isnodoubtrightinthefirstcase,andprobablyinthesecondalso.Acresandworldsbearthesamerelationtoone
5o6Eternal,Everlasting,theAgetoCome.[Ch.XXX.
anotherastimeandspacedo,andtheprocessofcreatingworldswasthemeansofbringingagesintobeing.'
In1Cor.10.11,wereadthatevenuponthosewholivedinapostolicdays,theendsoftheageshadcome(A.V.endsoftheworld);andinHeb.9.26,wearetoldthatChristhascomeonceinthecompletionoftheages(A.V.endoftheworld)toputawaysin.Thewordageisherethoughttoanswerrathertothesenseinwhichtheworddispensationisnowused;andamoreliteralrenderingwouldhavebeenpreferable.
In2Pet.3.18,wemeetwiththeexpressionsis-^/xspavalwvos,totheDayoftheAge(A.V.forever),bywhichweunderstandthedawnofthateternaldayinwhichsomeshallexistineverlastinglife,andothersinshameandever-lasting contempt(Dan.12.2).Man'sconceptionofendlessexistenceisnegativeatpresent,owingtotheconstructionofhismind;butwhentheagesofEternitybreakforthupontheredeemed,thenthegloryofGod'slovingworkwillbemanifestedinitstrueproportions,andtheheavenswillringwithgladsomehymnsofpraiseandwonder.Thentheim-perfections ofhumanthoughtandlanguageshallpassaway,andthenoblestaspirationsofthosewhotrustinGodshallberealised.ThechildrenofGodshallwakeupafterthelikenessofHimwhoinhabitetheternity,andtheytoo,beingonewiththeAnointed,'shallreignforeverandever'(Rev.22.5).
•'OlamhasbeenoccasionallyrenderedworldintheA.V.,asinEcc.3.11,■where,however,somewouldrenderthewords'Hehathput(aconceptionof)eternityintheirhearts.'Itiscuriousthatseveraltranslatorshaverenderedthelastverseofthe139thPsalm'Leadmeinthewayoftheworld.'InlaterHebrew'Olamwasconstantlyusedinthissense.
INDEXOFSUBJECTS.
Abaddon,430
Abominations,483
Acceptance,223
Access,300
Adam,75
Advocate,161
Agetocome,505
Almighty,56
Altar,308
Always,501
Amen,172
Amendment,153
Anathema,441
Ancients,388
AngeloftheLord,68
Angels,43,68
Anoint,293
Apocrypha,22
Appleoftheeye,82
Approach,298
Approve,466
Ascension,301
Assembly,362
Athens,Paul'sspeechat,48
Atonement,206
Avenge,402
Bad,131Baptism,245
Beautyofholiness,287Belief,171Bible,studyof,5
—itseffectontheheathen,7
—arevelationofGod'slove,177
—Hebrew,itsprecision,10Bishop,331,337
Bless,349Breath,101
Burningofvictims,310Burnt-offering,301
CajetanontheChurchandthe
Bible,3Call,353
Canaanites,exterminationof,440Castaway,406Charmer,479ChinesenamesofGod,33Christ,ascensionof,303
—SonofMan,77
—SunofRighteousness,267
—theTruth,175
—theWord,327
—titlesof,55,72,^296
—worshipped,345Church,372Cleansing,233Clear,272Comforter,151Commandment,329Communion,theholy,312Compassion,180Condemnation,396Confession,351Congregation,362
—tabernacleof,368Conscience,120Consecration,165Continually,499Conversion,153Convocation,369Corruption,436,443Covenant,338Curse,438
Death,449
—itsspiritualsignification,451
—thesecond,453Demon,48,457Destruction,425Devil,456
5o8
IndexofSubjects.
Devotion,438
Differences,religious,liowtobere-duced, 4Dipping,248Divination,473'Do,'itsritualsense,311Drink-offering,320
Earth,412Elder,38(3
Enchantment,479,480Enosh,mEquity,167Eternal,495,502Eucharist,312Everlasting,495Evil,131
Faith,171Faithfulness,171Familiarspirit,474Family,409Favour,178,182Fetishism,49Field,412Firmament,422Forgiveness,217Freewilloffering,331Frere,SirBartle,onBibleandtractcirculationinIndia,7
Generation,499
Gentile,405
Gess,ontheAtonement,258
Giants,91
God,namesof,33
Godly,185
Goodness,154,182
Grace,177
Grave,443
Gravenimage,488
Greek,wasitspokenbyChrist?21
Grove,489
Guilt,138
Guiltless,273
Hades,447Heart,109
—hardeningof,111Heathen,405Heaven,418
—hostof,421Heave-offering,331Hebrew,itspeculiarities,13
Hebrew,itspictorialpower,128Hell,445Highplace,491Holy,185,283Hope,175
Idoi.,482Image,485Imputation,276Incense,331Iniquity,135Integrity,161
Jehovah,61Jehovistcontroversy,64Judseo-Greek,18Judge,41,396Justice,169Justification,255
Kindness,155,182King,393
Land,412Law,327Leprosy,233Life,99Lord,58Love,181Loving-kiudness,182
McCatjlontheAngeloftheLord,602
—onrevelation,324Mageeontheatonement,215Magician,477Maimonidesonpenitence,147
—onJehovah,62Mail,namesof,75
—themediumofrevelation,377Master,58
Meat-offering,304Mediator,213Mercv,180
—seat,209Minister,391
Ministry,questionsrelatingto,378MostHigh,60
Natj<3HTT,133
Oblation,305Offering,298
—drink,320
IndexofSiibjects.
509
Offering,freewill,331
—heave,331
—peace,318
—sin,318
—trespass,320
—wave,331Ordain,289
Parbon,207,217Passover,314,317Patience,173Peace,162Peculiar,200Penance,149People,407Perfection,157
—ofChrist,163Perish,430Perverseness,130Pillar,488Pity,179,182Pleasure,115Praise,349Prayer,347Preach,351
Preacherthe,orEcclesiastes,355Presbyter,386Priest,383
—notasacrificer,306Proclaim,353Prophet,378Propitiation,212Protestantism,2PsychologyoftheBible,107Punctuation,Hebrew,9Punishment,402Purchase,200
Purge,207Purity,231
PtANSOM,212
Read,353
Rebellion,134
Recompense,159
Reconciliation,212,216
Redeem,192
Repentance,144
Reprobate,466
Revelation,manthemediumof,324
Revenge,402
Righteousness,169,260
—intheN.T.,268
Sacrifice,306
Saint,185
St.Matthew'sGospel,wasitwritten
inGreek?23Sanctify,283Satan,458Satyr,456Save,201Seer,380Septuagint,15Sepulchre,443Serpent,468Service,391Sin,128
Sin-offering,318Soil,412Soothsayer,478Sorcery,472Soul,94Spirit,100
—theHoly,104Spiritualism,471Sprinkling,243Substitution,215,221Sun-image,489Symbolism,481Synagogue,371
Tabernacle,360
Tabernacleofthecongregation,368
Tabernacles,feastof,361
Teach,356
Temple,359
Temptation,461
Teraphim,493
Testament,339
Thankworthy,179
Thummim,161
Tomb,443
Transgression,133,135
Translation,itsdifficulties,12,32
—itsprinciples,24Travail.130Trespass,133,135,138
—offering,320Trial,462Tribe,409Trinity,the,39Trust,172Truth,171Truthfulness,171
Uprightness,167
Vicariouspunishment,215
5IO
IndexofStibjects,
Visitation,330,337Vismedicatrix,191Volition,119
Washing,238,250Wave-offering,331Wickedness,132,134Will,113,228Wisdom,125
Witchcraft,471Wizard,477Wonderful,55WordoftheLord,325World,416Worship,341Wrong,130
Zetjs,identifiedwithTheos,.52
INDEXOFHEBEEWWORDS.
4092N
430*13K
113nnx
58"inK
75Dns*
412^tD^K
58"'jnN
181nnN
114.'na360tinx
47431i<
135,482PX
479D*DS
425*T'{<
483HD'X
79CJ'"'X
54,487^X
53n^x34wrha
53ni^x
482h''hii
54whii357,395,410fj^X
407HON
170|DN
326,329-lOK
171riQK
347x:x
82JJ'lJbJ425f\Dii
167nans
332n-lN499T)N
360|io-in
412pS
320nsj'x490^:j'i<
138,320,425Dt^X490mK'K
461ini223inn
173ni22
125,157,358p3
360,410IT"!
426y^a491non
348ny3
394hV2
248nyn338nna
349-\-)2
242ma
352Id
192^sa
87"123405MJ
450yi3
478ITJ
418,487?j'?3
157-IDJ
192,4027W
4251-13
326,329,-1^^-357,426/"^
238nn499"in
397-jn426SDT
426non124tJ'in
224IK'T328,330m
426Din35973'»n
349hhn
426Dnn
153lan426nn
426Din
306nar
468"pnT
357nnr
243nar24313r349lor
386JpT243PPT
243pnr
221,427'?3n
479-inn
395^3n
416^nn
172Sin
380nrn
111,153prn
128,318,402NDn
200,203n'^n
125,357D3n
287hn
416ibn
427^iibn
488cjon
289i^n
178,347pn182-ion
1^2non
185"i^on
114,224yr^n
328,330pn
395ppn
4273in
477D^0t2-In
438Din
415c'-in
276QEJ'n181pjiyn
249SnD
232inn
154,178,22431D
125,391Dyt:
410S^O
119'?«>
415nc'a''
3941-1
350nT"
181nn''
120,125,358yn*
477''jyn*
6in'
61nin^
500nil
172Sn»
154nt3*396,427na'357,402-ID*
368-iy»
1712V'
415-iv*
327,358n-|»
427E»;-|t
125tj>»
201,403y5>>»
167itj^t
112n3D239D33383in3
158,170p3427n'>3
158,427nS3158^^33831)03206nS3427m3170t3K>3472flB^S170IB^S167p"lEr3
427nn3407nah
1093"?
479wtinh
348iynh
479uh
358noS
224npS
427Sid
368nyiD428,449X110
309n3io
512
IndexofHebrewWords.
428nnD
361njna
427nnno
409ni30
68is'pta
326rh'Q
203tO^O
3931^0
281n3»
304nmo
488n3D»
109D^ro
135"pyo483nV^SD
488nnvD
61DnD379XK'D
293ne'e
487JT'S^O
360,361pK'O
393'?K'D
409nnsc'o
169,332{OSti'O
347x:
360niX3326CNi378Snj
450rhil
393T'JJ299tJ'JJ
98,118.321m:244nr:395nm145Dm
468,479Lrm379ejDJ402nD3
167ni3:158n'?3
461nD3
428HDJ
320HDJ
91,224,4497BJ
94,109tJ'SJ
497nvj
2037V3
272npj403npj
4285)pJ
221,224NE^'J
395X^EJ'J
428DB'J
98,100noE^:
395pK'J
428i?n:
428*(T\1
342*1JD
360,361HDD
217n!?D
485•pDD
428nSD
429nno
390n2j?
360mny
132"ini;
181njy
495iy
367,369my
332niu
131!?iy
415,501o'piy
129,402pi7
301n^y60n^^y407Dy
130hm479py
396,402K'jy
415isy
312,484nvy
395iify
4102iy
418nmy
418D''sny
125nmy
311HK^y
501ny348-iny
195ms
196yns326,329na
394nnD
4291^3347,397^^£5317riDD488^DS330,332,395,1-^^397,402/^P^
125nps403yis
429}*ns
129,133yK'B118^3^f
171Nnv
428mv
169,256pIX329rWi485T^f348n'?V485D^V
500nn-ov
429nov487D"*yvyx
360nnp
443-I3p
500mp
283,360£J*np
362Snp
355n^np
173nip
429ntop
310,331"IDp
109Tp
473DDp
429map
395pVp
352,369Kip
109,2982"lp
298pip
429}>1p
429-np
112ncj'p
113ncj'p
381nxi
395K^XI395HTl
100,224nn
429'^y\
395iri
179Dni
172,239I'm
132,402y-1 | |
ly | niy-) |
71.450 | D^2-| |
116,225 | PVI |
lo4,306 | ytj*-) |
412mtj* | |
Vid.,276 | mtr1 |
458pEJ'
348nn-'K'
109M3K'
125,357^at^
456T'y^'
362pB'
394-IK'
310,468\r\^
443^IXIJ'
428n'-XEJ'
348SxtJ*
350nnt;'
409D3B'
428-int^
129nJB'
457ni^
429,449'nK'
56ntj*428nxiB*
153aiEJ'
341r\m^
316DHEi'
418\>r\^
436,443nnEJ'
239Plt5tJ>
395"IDB'
429^3B>393^^^
159,318D^CJ'
436IDK'
418D''IDK'
428DDK'
125yntj>
203nOK'
356p:^
429HDti'396,402DDB>
483I'pK'
390niB'
416"pnn
327mirt,
125n^EJ'in
498n»on
160,168Don
485nj»n
331nsun
468pjn
113eipn
331nonr
493D''Dnn
INDEXOFGREEKWORDS.
dyadSs,155dyadaiffvvT},28d-ydTrrj,181ayii^co,283,289aylarrfxa,288dyia(rfi6s,291dyios,283,293aydr-ns,292ayiaicrwri,292oyj/eia,232,292dyvifffxa,130oyi/io-^Js,130,232oYopct^co,200aYxfcrevw,195aSrjs,447aSt/ci'a,130,131,
133,138ciStJ/ci^os,466ae^,500,501de6u>,276ai';'€(T(y,350aiVf'a),349,350alperi^o),223a!fp£o,221,223aWr,495,511,514alduios,512,514dKfiipai,296ciAr)0eia,161,172dAriBivds,171aAo-os,490,491dixaprdvoii,128,130,
135,142afiapria,318a/jiefxiTTOs,162,166fi^co/xos,162,166dva^a'ivoi,302afa/3i;8aCw,302d>'07&),302draee/xa,440,441dvaQifiaTi^u),440,
441dvad-n/xa,440,441draiTioy,276dpa^pepw,222,223,
302
di/TJp,76,80,87dvdiaT7\yn,464Sfep&jTTOs,76,80,87dvofxia,130,131,
133,135,138dvTaTroSliwij,i,159dfTiAuTpoj/,213dTTapxil,302dnetAew,151OTroSiStw/xi,159d-TroAAu/tti,430,434,
437diro?\VTp6<i},195,199diroTrAwo),239dnoTloj,159diro<f>9«'y7(5/x6r'Oi,493d7rc£A.6ia,430,434dpea-Koi,168dpx'?,500dpXo/JLai,119do-e'^Eti,133,135dcpayvi^u,130,232d(paipeij.a,322fi4)e(rts,200d<|)iV£,217,220dcpopia^a,322
)3a7rTjfa),246/SdirTO),249jSdcra^'os,319PSeXvyfxa,483,487/3e)3ai'co(ns,500^e;87)\os,287/Sporrfs,76)3ouA'^,117^ovAofiai,113,114jSowos,491;8a.^ds,309,491
7^,415yriyevTis,767170?,917AuirTdr,493yvaxTTr^s,479
Sai^udvior,457,461S^ktSs,117,226Sevopov,490SecrTroTTjs,615e'xo;uot,2265?'}Aa,493Sia/3oAos,459SLadriKTi,338SiaKplvai,399,4645Lay6ri/j,a,487Sidvoio,487SiaTTwrds,498,4995ia(^0€jpa!,437SiSdfTKw,358Si/cd^oi,399S'lKaios,232,260SiKaioo-wTj,183,260,
268,399--Sj/caidco,4645i«:ai'co/xa,328,3365o/ci/idfco,464,465
SoKi/jLTI,467SoKijXlOV,466
5o(fi/xds,2325d|a,347Soi'Aefa,391,392Svuafxts,67,422Swpedy,178Sipoj/,300,304
iyyarrrpiixvdos,474fyyi^u,299sSacpos,491fdiAodpr}aKfla,475effj/os,405,407erSoiAoj/,484,486,
487,488,491,493t'lKuv,485,486flpi)vr\,159iKSiKeo),330,399,
404fKKXricrlci,362,371fKK\ri(Xid(rTris,355fKAeiiroi,158,1624K\fKr6s,223,464
iKOVfflOS,321
iKirufw,450fAfe'o),151i\eriiJ.o(Jvvr],260eAeoy,182,260tATn'fo).173,176ivSiafidWw,459ev6viJL-r\na,487e;'Te'AAo;uai,329,337eVroAT?,329,330,
337€|a7opdfa>,200i^aKficpci),437elerd^co,464e^i\d(TKofj.at,130,
212e|»Ao9pei5&),437,440i^o/xoAoyew,356,
351(iraivfw,349,350eiraoiSJs,477tirldffia,322fwt6iiij.r]fx.a,487
iirLCTKiTTTOIXai,330,
337€iri(rKei(/ir,330eTricTKorrerj',337(Tna-Kowh,330,338fTrla-Koiros,331,337eTrtarrtixr],125e7r(crTpe<^a>,144,153,
464iTririiSfv/jLa,487tTTW,326fprj/xos,491eVd^'o),464euayytAi^ofxat,352,
355ei-SoKio,117,226evKoyew,349,350ev\oyr]fj.4yos,351evKoy7\r6s,351euXap'o-T^a,350
r)ix('pa,500
LL
514
IndexofGreekWords,
ddvaros,451e4\nixa,117,2260f\7ITfis,475ee'Aco,113,114,119e€6s,olevrirds,76Gvixiaui,321evff'ia,304,306euo-ioCw,306dvcrtacniiptov,309,
491eyco,306,317
Uparela,385Upareviiv,384,385UpaTevfia,385ifpeus,384iKav6s,56(AafTKOjuat,130,151,
217tXa(rij.6s,212lKa.(TTi]piov,209VAccos,217((r;tus,491
KadapiCw,130,232,
236,276KadaptfffiSs,212Ka6L(TTriij.i,330Kaip6s,501kukSs,131KaA(is,155(capSia,109KapTTOifxa,320KaraWay-f],216KUTaWdcrcrcii,216Karacpdeipoi!,437KaT6i;0urc<),168KaTopdSo!,168KatixaO;uai,349,350Kfvoracpia,493K-qpvffffU),352,355/f^TOs,469f\r)TJy,369/ci^TTos,130,138,143KfJtr/ios,416AcpT^a,399,401/fpiVo),399,400,464
(cptffiy,399,401Kvptos,58,61
AaAfO!,326Xan^dvu,221Aa({9,407A-orpefa,391,392Ae'7a),326A€iToi'p7e7i',384,391A€iToup7($s,390,391Ai0os,491KoyiCofiai,281AJ7101',326A(<7os,326Aouco,239AuTrrj,484Avrpoi/,197,212AurpJo),195,196
fJiUKpOTTJi,499
fiavOdvcc,358fiayrevco,473ptapTvpiov,368^araios,459lxirafxi\o)xo.i,146,
loOfxeravoilv,145,150M(<X^os,130
j'T/coy,498hVto),239v6iJ.ifji.ov,328j/d/ioj,327,333
ojK^a,410
oF/cos,360,361,371,
491oiKovfjiivT],415,416olKTipfj.6s,181oicovKTimos,488oAeSpos,430,434oXodpfvci),4376\oKavr!i}fj.a,302,
3206AdKA7)pos,159,162,
166dpiolaifxa,485opdoTOjjtco,168
8(noy,184ovpav6s,420
TraiSeuo),357TToTs,29
iravTOKpdrwp,56,67vapaKa\4oi,151TrapaKXrirus,152,
309Tracrxa,317iriieofxai,173,176ireipa^co,464,467TricTTevo),171iricTT^s,171■nXr]iJ.jxi\iia,138,
319ttAwo),239iri/eC^a,100,103TTOierj',312TTovripos,131,143^Tf^roy,130,138■Kpayjjia,326irpeff^uTepiov,388TTpeffjivTfpos,386irpea-^vTrts,386TrpoQvfiiw,118,119■npoadyw,299irpocrBixop.ai,226irpoaepxoixat,299■7rpo(Tevxo/J.ai,347irpoffKaXeai,354■KpoffKvvelv,341,346■Kpoa-Tay-fia,328TrpoffrdTToi,329,337Trpoo-xeo),243Trpoacpepai,2997rpo(pT]Tfvcj,379npocpr]Tr)s,379,381
paivd},244pavTi^w,130,244^avnafxSs,245pvo),195
(Tajiawe,67<Tfipi]v,469(T/crjj/T?,361,368,371ff/CTjj'oy,371
crK-r)vo>fxa,361,371oo(pia,125(rireuoo,uai,321(TTTovSi},320ffTepiwfxa,422<nri\7},491(Tvyyiveia,410crui'ay&)7^,362,368,
371(nn/a^poi'^oj,363ffvve5piov,363criii/€i87)(rts,120(ruj/(5s?>',124
(TVvi(TT7IIJ.I.,363
avvT4\iia,158,162£r<f)a^a),317ccppayi^w,162<rc6fco,196,201acaiiipiov,159
TfA€ios,159,161,163Te'Aof,497rpdxTlXos,491
1571aiVo),159virojxivui,173ui^7)A(5s,491i/'il/icrTos-,60
(paivofxai,4644)aj'€()(5s-,464^ao-e'/c,317(papjxaneia,473^deipw,437<ptd\7i,244(I)p6v7icns,125
XapiCoM-"-^,178Xapfs,178XPV^Ti'n,155Xpiw,293Xi^pa,415
xf/dAAw,349ilfTjAatpaco,51,56iJ/uX';,94,99
liJj',56
INDEXOFTEXTS.
2.
3.
ft.
5.
6.
GENESIS. | PAGE | PAOE | PAGK | |||
PAGE | 7. | 4413 | 18.24 | 222 | 23.14 | 350,413 |
1414 | 4,23428 | 25 | 66,170 | 15 | 41J | |
7,8422 | 21450 | 27,31 | 120 | 18 | 294 | |
14369 | -3^235 | 28 | 436 | 29.35 | 350 | |
18393 | 3. | 20235,301 | 19. | 83 | 30.6 | 397 |
21469 | 21224 | 13,14, | 29436 | 11 | 457 | |
21,2494 | 9. | 675,485 | 16 | 183 | 20 | 154 |
25413 | 10,12,15,1694 | 17,19 | 95 | 27 | 37,480 | |
26,27485 | 11,15436 | 21 | 224 | 33 | 264 | |
26,28395 | 12499,501 | 20.5 | 274 | 31.3 | 63 | |
31154 | 2665 | 7 | 379 | 13 | 69,294 | |
168 | lO. | 5405 | 9 | 129 | 15 | 278 |
3234 | 8,991 | 13 | 183 | 19 | 37,493 | |
776,98 | 11. | 576 | 21.23 | 183 | 29 | 37 |
1994 | 12. | 3350,413 | 33 | 490 | 30 | 87 |
2379 | 765 | 22. | 309 | 34,35 | 493 | |
469 | 8•<-35^ | ■1 | 461 | 36 | I3;i | |
1125 | 12'203 | 2,13 | 301 | 37 | 39S | |
543 | 13347 | 10 | 316 | 39 | 129 | |
6125,154 | 37-•^.•««- | 13 | 215 | 49 | fi7 | |
8101 | 13. | 465 | 18 | 350 | 50,53 | 37 |
13336 | 10436 | 23.7,12 | 342 | 54 | 308 | |
65 | 15502 | 8 | 97 | 32.1-3 | 68 | |
3,4,5304 | 14. | 14289 | 24.4 | 171 | 10 | 183 |
7225 | 2196 | 5,8 | 114 | 13 | 304 | |
10475 | 18-2260 | 8,41 | 272 | 20 | 224 | |
11413 | 2265 | 9 | 58 | 24-30 | 66- | |
13221,402 | 15. | 166 | 12,27, | 49182 | 30 | 95 |
15,24403 | 259 | 25.16 | 407 | 33.3,6, | 7342 | |
2686,354 | 6171,262, | 18 | 449 | 15 | 407 | |
3485 | 280,282 | 25 | 75 | 35.1,2,4 | 3S | |
686 | 14397 | 30 | 75 | 2 | 2.3223S> | |
29151 | 16499 | 26.3 | 63 | 11 | ol',363 | |
1,7413 | 16. | 66 | 4 | 350 | IS | 99 |
2154 | 7-1369 | 15 | 415 | 37.10 | 342 | |
365,501 | 17. | 156,161 | 29 | 132 | 31 | 249,316 |
483,87,91 | 18. | 83 | 35 | 102 | 35 | 443 |
5501 | 1,266 | 27.29 | 91,342 | 38.2o | 258 | |
6151 | 2342 | 31 | 96 | 39.4 | 39a | |
7146,428 | 4347 | 37 | 91 | 21 | 182 | |
9161 | 1455,369 | 40 | 394 | 40.1 | 129 | |
13,17436 | 18350 | 42 | 151 | 4 | 390 | |
14206 | 19264 | 28.3 | 57,363 | 7 | 132 | |
17101,450 | 23,24428 | 13-17 | 66 | 14 | 182 |
LL2
5i6
IndexofTexts.
PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | |||
Genesis— | 'iont. | 4.10 | 80 | 19.7 | 387 | 29.9501 |
40.17 | 60 | 11,12 | 325 | 10,14 | 240 | 1437 |
41.9 | 129 | 16 | 40 | 20.3 | 38 | 16,20244 |
40 | 326,395 | 22 | 376 | 4 | 485 | 17240 |
45 | 384 | 5.6 | 395 | 6 | 183 | 22165 |
51 | 130 | 16 | 129 | 7 | 273 | 27284 |
42.6 | 342,393 | 6.2,3 | 63 | 8,11 | 284 | 35,36,37211 |
11 | 170 | 3 | 66,58 | 12 | 415 | 36129,130 |
15,16 | 462 | 6 | 192 | 20 | 463 | 284,294 |
19 | 170 | 7 | 40 | 24 | 413 | 36,38,39311 |
21 | 141 | 23 | 480 | 25 | 322 | 42,43284,291, |
31,34 | 170 | 7.1 | 40 | 21.642, | 397,502 | 368 |
38 | 443 | 9,10, | 12468, | 8 | 195 | 30.10130 |
43.9 | 129 | 470 | 20,21 | 402 | 12212 | |
14 | 67,180 | 11 | 472,479 | 22 | 397 | 19,21240 |
20 | 58 | 15 | 470 | 23 | 95 | 26,28294 |
44.5-15 | 480 | 22 | 479 | 3095 | 195,212 | 30288 |
10 | 274 | 26 | 431 | 22.7,8 | 41 | 34243 |
16 | 256 | 8.9 | 427 | 8 | 397 | 35235 |
29 | 132,443 | 17,18 | 479 | 9 | 133,433 | 36,60368 |
30 | 95 | 27 | 329 | 11 | 224 | 31.6109 |
31 | 443 | 9.3 | 244 | 18 | 472 | 7338 |
32 | 129 | lO.6 | 413 | 28 | 42 | 13284 |
45.21 | 329 | 7 | 432 | 23.6,7 | 274 | 16502 |
46.2 | 381 | 11 | 87 | 7 | 256 | 1794 |
47.12 | 410 | 17 | 222 | 8 | 125 | 32.1363 |
20 | 412 | 25 | 311 | 9 | 98,109 | 3,4,537 |
26 | 328 | 27 | 114 | 12 | 38,94 | 12,14151 |
31 | 9,342 | 11.8 | 343 | 21 | 222 | 30215 |
48.3 | 57 | 12.3 | 367 | 23 | 72 | 33.9-1166 |
4 | 363 | 6 | 316 | 24 | 37,489 | 13407 |
12 | 343 | 12 | 37 | 27 | 426 | 15,16288 |
16 | 192 | 13,23, | 27317 | 24.1 | 387 | 19180 |
49.3 | 225 | 41^ | «436 | 5 | 301 | 2038,76 |
6 | 116,363 | 67 | 6,8 | 244 | 34.6180 | |
8 | 343,350 | 48 | 315 | 9 | 387 | 6,767 |
10 | 328 | 13.2 | 284 | 10 | 66,230 | 7183,222,272 |
11 | 313 | 15 | 195 | 11 | 380 | 9218 |
16 | 397 | 14.30 | 201 | 25. | 209,235 | 13428,489,490 |
17 | 469 | 15.8 | 81 | 2 | 118 | 25316 |
25 | 57 | 6 | 61 | 2,3 | 323 | 35.5118 |
26 | 287 | 9,97 | 427 | 5 | 75 | 775 |
50.5 | 443 | 11 | 54 | 6 | 294 | 22322 |
7 | 386 | 13 | 183,192 | 8 | 284 | 2375 |
17133,222,347| | 18 | 495 | 20 | 81 | 29321 | |
20 | 277 | 25 | 332,463 | 21,22 | 368 | 36.2109 |
16.4 | 463 | 30 | 498 | 3321 | ||
17.1 | 329 | 26.3 | 81 | 1975 | ||
EXODUS. | 2 | 461 | 14 | 75 | 38.21368 | |
1.17 | 329 | 5 | 386 | 27.20 | 243,498 | 24,29322 |
2.2 | 154 | 7 | 461 | 20 | 301 | 39.1075 |
6 | 180 | 12 | 171 | 28.3 | 288 | 30288 |
21 | 120 | 16 | 61,500 | 5 | 42 | 3475 |
3.1 | 384 | 18.11 | 37 | 12 | 221 | |
4-65 | 70284 | 1220 | 387357 | 1736 | 75 287 | LEVITICUS. |
12 | 63 | 21 | 394 | 38 | 225,284, | 1.3117,321 |
14 | 63 | 26 | 112 | 498 | 4,3225 | |
15 | 500,502 | 19.5 | 288 | 41 | 284,294 | 5,11244 |
4.3 | 468,470 | 6 | 385 | 29.4 | 240 | 2.194,304 |
IndexofTexts.
517
PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | PAGE |
Leviticus—co«<. | 15.8101 | 26.11338 | 14.18222,272 |
a.4294 | 15,30312 | 1698,109 | 19183,218,222 |
12301 | 16.209 | 17395 | 20,21218 |
3.2,8,13244 | 14,15,19244 | 18402 | 15.3,14,24312 |
4.2128 | 20212 | 21114 | 5,6,8,12312 |
6,17244,249 | 22221 | 22427 | 28128 |
12235 | 17.4280 | 24402 | 28,29129 |
13129 | 6244 | 30487,489,492 | 16.3363 |
13,22,27139 | 5-7307 | 41,43402 | 5367 |
13,14,21365 | 7456 | 44427 | 9299 |
20,26,31, | 1196,99,211 | 27.192 | 15304 |
35219 | 13307 | 296 | 19363 |
S.1120,121 | 1496 | 11299 | 30445 |
2,3,4,5, | 15450 | 14,16284 | 33430,445 |
6,15,17139 | 18.1881 | 18,23279 | 38285 |
9244 | 23416 | 21,28,29438 | 40321 |
10,16,18219 | 19.2285 | 28.4,8.20, | 46212 |
10311 | 437,482 | 21,23,24, | 17.2409 |
15128,135 | 5117 | 31312 | 7,8368 |
16129 | 7225 | 18.2368 | |
172216.2135 | 822115131 | NUMBERS. | 1443816,17195 |
3,4433 | 18403 | 1.2410 | 17244 |
11235 | 26479,480 | 50,53368 | 27,30278 |
26318 | 31475,477 | 3.13285 | 19.275 |
27240 | 35131 | 4.16330 | 9318 |
30212 | 36266 | 5.5140 | 11,1394 |
7.2,14244 | 20.6475,477 | 5,8287 | 12,13130 |
16118,321 | 7285 | 6,7140 | 9,12,13129 |
18225,280 | 7,8288 | 8192 | 12130 |
24450 | 24412 | 15,18,25, | 13,20244 |
19235 | 24,26288 | 26304 | 17129,130,318 |
8.3,4365 | 25235 | 31273 | 1896,249 |
11,30244 | 26285 | 6.695 | 19129,130 |
15129,130, | 27475,477 | 9,12288 | 20129,130,366 |
212 | 21.8285 | 1195 | 21244 |
22165 | 1195 | 16312 | 20.2363 |
19,24244 | 12288 | 17312 | 3450 |
9.9249 | 22.8450 | 7.10,11,84,88 | 13291 |
12,18244 | 19117 | 289 | 15132 |
15130,318 | 21161,2-25 | 8.6232 | 29450 |
10.3285,291 | 29117 | 7129,130, | 21.3354 |
10235,287 | 23.2369 | 232,240,244 | 597 |
17212,221 | 11225 | 11,13,15, | 6,7,8,9, |
19154,223 | 12,19312,313 | 21322 | 10470 |
11.32235 | 30432 | 21129,130,232 | 6468 |
4396 | 24.2301 | 9.2,3,4,5, | 18328 |
44285 | 4,7243 | 6,10,11, | 28492 |
4694 | 7,9320 | 12,13,14315 | 29433 |
13.235 | 1794 | 6,7,1095 | 22.7473 |
1714G | 1894 | 16498 | 22458 |
14.235 | 22328 | 10.9201 | 41492 |
6240 | 25.192 | 11368 | 23.9279 |
7244 | 10284 | 11.11132 | 10168 |
16249 | 23,30500 | 15132 | 19151 |
16,27244 | 24,51,54195 | 16387 | 21151 |
19,30312 | 27,50,52279 | 25387 | 23473,480 |
40129 | 31278 | 12.6381 | 24.1480 |
49130 | 43,46,53395 | 13.19361 | 3,1588 |
52129,130 | 26.1482,487,489 | 3391 | 4,1668,380 |
5i8
IndexofTexts.
PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | ||
Numbers—co?2^. | 6.25 | 261 | 24.7 | 95 | 2.12183 |
24.5154 | 7.5428,489,4901 | 13 | 261 | 17,19273 | |
17429 | 6 | 284 | 15 | 98,109 | 3.15249 |
19395 | 10,20 | 432 | 25.1 | 256 | 5.1381 |
20,24430,496 | 13,17 | 439 | 7 | 114 | 14,15394 |
25.263 | 19 | 462 | 7,8 | 115 | 6.439 |
8360 | 21 | 58 | 15 | 160 | 269 |
15407 | 23 | 426 | 16 | 131 | 19288 |
27.7170 | 26 | 439 | 26.5 | 430 | 7.439 |
28.8305 | 8.2,16 | 463 | 6 | 112 | 1135 |
31.14331 | 3 | 325 | 14 | 136 | 2482 |
1994 | 15468,4701 | 18 | 288 | 7120,432 | |
]9,20,23129, | 9.4,5,6 | 265 | 27.5 | 322 | 1488 |
130 | 5 | 338 | 6 | 159 | 17,18410 |
23,24233 | 15 | 338 | 25 | 275 | 8.31159,323 |
26411 | lO.10 | 114 | 28.33 | 601 | 35363 |
50,54212 | 17 | 59 | 51 | 432 | 11.1472 |
32.22273 | 11.12 | 498 | 66 | 463 | 20112 |
33.437 | 12.3 | 490 | 65 | 98 | J2.20472 |
52432,485, | 15,21 | 306 | 66 | 171 | 13.3278 |
487,492 | 27 | 313 | 29.3 | 462 | 22473 |
35.193 | 33 | 432 | 17 | 487,488 | 14.1411 |
1195 | 13.3 | 463 | 19 | 350 | 17.12119 |
12402 | 8 | 113 | 20 | 114,218 | 19.25472 |
11,15,3095 | 14.2 | 288 | 28 | 412 | 20.3,5,9193 |
31,32212 | 8,21 | 450 | 29 | 502 | 22.16135 |
33209 | 15.2 | 354 | 30.18 | 430 | 20136,439 |
9 | 110 | 31.10 | 369 | 24.1387 | |
DEUTEEONOMY. | 1816.18 | 112395 | 32.4 8 | 161,17161 | 1011419222,285 |
1.5119 | 21 | 490 | 10 | 82 | |
13395 | 22 | 489 | 13 | 491 | JUDGES. |
15395 | 17.3,5 | 421 | 17 | 457 | |
17112 | 18.3 | 308 | 22 | 445 | 1.27,34119 |
26114 | 10-14 | 471-480 | 24 | 429,468 | 2.168 |
44427 | 13 | 161 | 25 | 429 | 18151 |
2.11278 | 15,18 | 379 | 28 | 433 | 22463 |
15426 | 16 | 364 | 31 | 397 | 3.1,4463 |
21278 | 19 | 437 | 33 | 469 | 7490 |
30112,114 | 19.6,12 | 193 | 35 | 159,404 | 18299 |
4.7354 | 9,10 | 274 | 35,43 | 403 | 4.24427 |
9358 | 11-13 | 274 | 36151,397.400 | 6.2321,349,403 | |
10365 | 17 | 42 | 37,39 | 38 | 3349 |
19421 | 20.4 | 201 | 37 | 173 | 9321,395 |
23,25485 | 19,20 | 436 | 42 | 403 | 13,14395 |
26430 | 21.1 | 413 | 43 | 43,209 | 27450 |
31180 | 6 | 240 | 61 | 291 | 3088 |
34462,463 | 8 | 207 | 33. | 187 | 6.4,5436 |
3938 | 8,9 | 274 | 2 | 328 | 11-1669 |
S.295 | 14 | 97 | 8 | 187 | 14201 |
696 | 23 | 413 | 9 | 264 | 15410 |
8485 | 22.3 | 433 | 11 | 225 | 20,2169 |
11273 | 5 | 88 | 19 | 266 | 25,26490 |
22365 | 9 | 287 | 21 | 328 | 39463 |
29601 | 23.1 | 366 | 27 | 600 | 7.2202 |
«.599 | 5 | 114 | 29 | 492 | 8.3102 |
7356 | 6 | 154 | 16358 | ||
13346 | 14 | 283 | JOSHUA. | 9.482 | |
22132 | 24 | 97 | 1.17 | 333 | 8,15294 |
24601 | 25 | 322 | 2.11 | 102 | 28331 |
IndexofTexts,
5^9
11.
Judges—cont.9.38
201727406
12.13.
1ft.
15.
16.2417.
3,915,16
1823
810
3
18.
19.
20.
21.
35
11
14,17,18,
2025
610,2513
PAGE347
171114132501316706931255115367312274427286494120
16
21
6,15171922
EUTH.
49483,97120114114128436151151428501140
1. | 1 | 399 | |
11 | 85 | ||
20, | 21 | 58 | |
2. | 10 | 343 | |
13 | 110 | ||
14 | 249 | ||
3. | 13 | 114 | |
1SAMUEL |
2.
3.
3
3,21
915
61013
17,291925263335
314
344501360102443
294,397308304501
114,397
154
85,109
98
360
207,305
3.15
4.9
12
179,11
9.
2
6,11
620
3,201610.9131912.322
14.61427394145
15.69
11
22
23137
25
29
35
16.121823
17.28394253
18.56,7
2529
19.51113,16
20.63041
21.12
22.21517
23.101421
2ft.8
1525.26,31,
28
35
PAGE381
85413353426320473485112285433
202,294111492
132,20121212020241224920216]195425114146
116,308
473,494
222,3441451467588100133
119.4637536115435211650127520349450113034311097276114436399180343399
33403133224
26.3626.9
19
23
28.2
3
10
21
24
29.4
6
31.4
9
PAGE154
273,436
224,305114501
475,4777,8,9475,4778473402477306458154114
352,484
2SAMUEL.
1.19,2520
2.21
3.212839
ft.2
105..216.107.
14
14,15
18,19
19
21
2&
29
8.1118
9.7
la
11.2
411
12.10
15171820
13.14,16,1ft.9
111329
15.4
16.14
17.28
18.19,20,
26,2719,31
19.5
49235211498,109273112278353484114
78130187
7879,328
29
68120286383412498154286360602
86114132344114273193141114257
9441525
31353403203
25
19.
20.
22.
3133344150
23.1
2
5
16,
2ft,111141623
17
PACK181
no
203130,27945841211542838344536036110111624226.>169169,184161161492429349883201101144.-/J380'180151225
25,27
88,161
1KINGS.
2.
9
1216212342
6,
93.2,
51215ft.524315.1
4
8,9,10
166.238.1,
1-30,31
8,6020324,5812934335344327349218811131238339540950145S11639516236538721912^9
520
IndexofTexts.
PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | |||||
1Kings—cent. | 5. | 11322 | 23.7 | 491 | 29. | 9,19 | 160 | |
8.32 | 257 | 14234,248,249 | 14 | 489 | 29 | 380 | ||
43 | 355 | 17311,313,413 | 24 | 475,477, | ||||
47144 | ,130 | 18218 | 487,494 | |||||
61 | 160 | 25120 | 2ft.3,4 | 218 | 2CHRONICLES. | |||
63 | 289 | 26110 | 4 | 114,275 | 1. | 2 | 395 | |
64 | 313 | 6. | 3120 | 8 | 480 | 3 | 492,493 | |
9.1 | 115 | 10203 | 25.7 | 317 | 8 | 188 | ||
3 | 284 | 7. | 9353 | 22 | 395 | 2. | 14 | 277 |
11 | 110 | 13380 | 31 | 412 | 3. | 10 | 487 | |
23 | 395 | 16361 | 4. | 6 | 238 | |||
10.1 | 463 | 8. | 3,5412 | 5. | 2 | 411 | ||
9 | 116 | 15249 | 1CHRONTHT.KS | 2,3 | 365 | |||
13 | 116 | 19114,436 | 21 | 312 | ||||
21 | 278 | 20,22134 | 1.10 | 91 | 6. | 23 | 257 | |
11.4 | 160 | 9. | 8430 | 2.7 | 439 | 37 | 130,347 | |
11 | 338 | 1597 | 4.22 | 394 | 41 | 185 | ||
14,23,25 | 458 | 22472 | 6.10 | 360 | 42 | 188 | ||
14 | 459 | lO. | 342 | 49 | 321 | 7. | 5,9 | 289 |
12.19 | 134 | 7,14317 | 9.13 | 88 | 7 | 313 | ||
31 | 492 | 19432 | 20 | 278 | 21 | 60 | ||
32 | 312 | 20286 | lO.9 | 353,484 | 8. | 10 | 395 | |
13.33 | 114 | 24,25311 | 10 | 360 | 16 | 160 | ||
14.15,23 | 490 | 26,27489 | 13 | 475 | 9. | 1 | 463 | |
23 | 489 | 11. | 10,11,13360 | 13,14 | 477 | 8 | 116 | |
23 | 492 | 18485 | 12.8 | 88 | 12 | 116 | ||
15.3,14 | 160 | 12. | 3492 | 38 | 160 | 17 | 232 | |
12 | 487 | 15280 | 13.14 | 410 | 23 | 109,111 | ||
13427,483 | ,490 | 13. | 5202 | 14.17 | 409 | 29 | 380 | |
16.11 | 192 | 23114,436 | 16.1 | 299 | 10. | 4,11, | 18,19114 | |
33 | 490 | 16. | 3406 | 15 | 601 | 11. | 14 | 384,493 |
17.18 | 129 | 4492 | 17 | 328 | 15 | 456 | ||
21 | 99 | 13244 | 23 | 352 | 12. | 15 | 501 | |
18.19 | 490 | 15305 | 26 | 482 | 13. | 3 | 88 | |
21,26 | 317 | 17. | 9,29,32493 | 29 | 287,305 | 14. | 3 | 489,493 |
29,36 | 305 | 10489 | 17.13 | 188 | 5 | 493,489 | ||
40 | 316 | 12487 | 17 | 78,79 | 15. | 6 | 428 | |
19.4 | 96 | 14112 | 27 | 120 | 8 | 483 | ||
20.8 | 113 | 16421,490 | 18.3 | 394 | 16 | 483,490 | ||
33 | 480 | 17473,480 | 11 | 286 | 17 | 160,493 | ||
21.1 | 359 | 18. | 4489,490 | 20.1 | 426 | 16. | 9 | 160 |
6 | 115 | 14129 | 21.1 | 459 | 17. | 6 | 493 | |
20 | 487 | 1760 | 3 | 140 | 11 | 321 | ||
27 | 479 | 22344 | 9 | 380 | 18. | 2 | 306 | |
22.19 | 422 | 19. | 7101 | 12 | 428 | 19. | 9 | 160 |
22 | 381 | 11440 | 15 | 146 | 10 | 140 | ||
38 | 239 | 17427 | 22.18,19 | 286 | 19 | 114 | ||
43 | 492 | 22286 | 23.3 | 88 | 20. | 7 | 181 | |
49 | 114 | 20. | 3160 | 24.4 | 88 | 23 | 439 | |
18359 | 25.5 | 380 | 24,25 | 450 | ||||
2KINGS. | 21. | 3,54213490,493 | 826.12 | 35888 | 21. | 33 7 | 493114 | |
2.10 | 112 | 6475,477, | 29 | 395 | 8 | 394 | ||
15 | 343 | 479,480 | 32 | 395 | 11 | 493 | ||
18,19 | 38 | 7491 | 28.1 | 88 | 22. | 7 | 425 | |
19 | 133 | 11,21487 | 9 | 114,160 | 10 | 426 | ||
22 | 241 | 16275 | 21 | 118 | 23. | 10 | 360 | |
3.2 | 489 | 22. | 4162 | 29.5 | 118 | 13 | 358 | |
22 | 75 | 23. | 4490 | 6,9, | 14, | 17 | 485 | |
«.9 | 284 | 5383 | 17 | 321 | 20 | 60 |
IndexofTexts.
52i
PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | |||
2Chronicles—co7it. | 4 | 14359 | 3.14 | 330 | 9.22 | 161,427 |
24.6368 | 15427 | 4.16 | 430 | 23,28 | 275 | |
13157 | 2188 | 5.8 | 312 | 23 | 463 | |
18484 | 5. | 4,1088 | 10,14 | 181 | 30,31 | 232 |
25.2160 | 12429 | 6.3 | 390 | 30 | 242 | |
26.5381 | 6. | 888 | 13 | 181 | 31 | 249 |
18135,288 | 10348 | 8.5 | 170 | lO.4 | 84 | |
28.4,25493 | 12427 | 13 | 330 | 5 | 83,89 | |
10,13140 | 16,17289 | 9.5 | 117 | 8 | 426 | |
22135 | 19312,315 | 12 | 183 | |||
29.16,18232 | 20235 | 14 | 273 | |||
22244 | 7. | 6157 | JOL. | 15 | 258 | |
24129,130 | 15,16321 | 1.1 | 8,161 | 11.2 | 258 | |
33288 | 18117 | 3 | 360 | 4 | 243 | |
30.1,2,3,5, | 24328 | 5 | 501 | 6 | 125 | |
13315 | 25358 | 6-12 | 459 | 7 | 158 | |
16244 | 25,26398 | 2.1-7 | 459 | 8 | 445 | |
17,18232 | 9. | 2287 | 3 | 161,426 | 11 | 137 |
18,19207 | 2,4135 | 6 | 203 | 17 | 416 | |
19232 | 10. | 1364 | 12 | 244 | 20 | 95 |
22110,357 | 8439 | 3.10 | 130 | 12.11 | 462 | |
31.1427,489,490 | 19141 | 17 | 134 | 16 | 126 | |
2361 | 4.2 | 463 | 19 | 383 | ||
6286,288 | NEHEMIAH, | 7 | 168,275 | 20 | 125,171 | |
14322 | 1. | 111161,213221326154 | 8 | 131,137 | 13.3 | 116 |
32.12493 | 9 | 101 | 8,10 | 224 | ||
3060 | 2. | 10,11 | 14 | 11 | 285 | |
31463 | 16 | 485 | 15 | 172 | ||
33.3,5421 | 1782 | ,89,258 | 18 | 258 | ||
3490 | 10132,154 | 18 | 171 | 24 | 277 | |
3,17,19493 | 3. | 17132 2560 3412 7353 | 20 | 428,497 | 14.10 | 89 |
6472,475, | 5.1 | 284 | 13 | 444 | ||
477,479,480 | 5. | 6,7 | 130 | 14 | 89 | |
7,15485 | 6. | 6 | 136 | 19 | 239 | |
18,19380 | 8. | 2364 | 12 | 126 | 20 | 497 |
19135 | 9358 | 15 | 202 | 15.4 | 348 | |
34.4243 | 18312 | 6.9 | 120,426 | 5 | 357 | |
3493 | 9. | 6421 | 13 | 126 | 1484, | 243,258 |
4,7489 | 16,17,29112 | 14 | 183 | 15171 | 243,284 | |
10153 | 17219 | 18 | 430 | 29 | 158 | |
12,17330 | 24117 | 28 | 120 | 31 | 171 | |
35.3358 | 25,3529 | 7.3 | 130 | 35 | 131,136 | |
5,12409 | 28395 | 9 | 443 | 16.11 | 131 | |
8118 | 33171 | 12 | 469 | 17 | 243 | |
11244 | 11. | 1284 | 16 | 501 | 21 | 89 |
12299 | 2321 | 17 | 84 | 17.1 | 101 | |
15380 | 9,14331 | 18 | 462 | 8 | 275 | |
18315 | 12. | 27289 | 21 | 222 | 13 | 444 |
20360 | 30235 | 8.6 | 243 | 16 | 445 | |
36.3396 | 13. | 9,22,30235 | 19 | 415 | 18.3 | 277 |
15,17180 | 13279 | 20 | 161 | 12 | 485 | |
27135 | 9.2 | 84,258 | 17 | 430 | ||
3129 | 3 | 114 | 19.10 | 428 | ||
EZRA. | 4 | 112 | 11 | 277 | ||
1.6321 | ESTHER. | 7 | 329 | 15 | 277 | |
2.65364 | 1. | 10390 | 8 | 492 | 17 | 101 |
68321 | 13398 | 15 | 258 | 21 | 178 | |
3.4312 | 16130 | 18 | 101 | 24 | 395 | |
5288,321 | 2. | 2390 | 20 | 161,258 | 25 | 193 |
4.10407 | 18312 | 21 | 161 | 26 | 428 |
522
IndexofTexts.
PAGE | PAGE | PSALMS. | PAGE | |||||
Job—cont. | 32,19 | 474 | PAGE | 17.8 | 82 | |||
19.29 | 398 | 20 | 100 | 1. | 2 | 116 | 9 | 95 |
ao.4 | 495 | 21 | 224 | 6 | 431 | 14 | 416 | |
7 | 430,497 | 33.9 | 243 | 2. | 2 | 294,395 | 15 | 485 |
20 | 203 | 10 | 277 | 6 | 283,320 | 18.1 | 180 | |
21.13 | 154,444 | 12 | 84,258 | 7 | 31 | 5 | 445 | |
14 | 116 | 17 | 89 | 12 | 172,395 | 11 | 361 | |
15 | 348 | 22 | 428 | 4. | 1 | 265 | 13 | 61 |
19 | 137 | 24 | 196,212 | 3 | 185,186 | 15 | 101 | |
20 | 427 | 26 | 348 | 5 | 266,308 | 19 | 116 | |
21 | 115 | 27 | 130 | 5. | 4 | 115 | 20,24 | 242 |
34 | 135 | 28 | 196 | 5 | 137 | 25 | 88,184 | |
22.2 | 89 | 29 | 89 | 6 | 433 | 26 | 242 | |
3115 | ,161,258 | 32 | 116,256 | 7 | 183,344 | 30,32 | 161 | |
15 | 137 | 33 | 357 | 8 | 267 | S3 | 492 | |
19,30 | 275 | 34.3 | 462 | 9 | 170 | 40 | 429 | |
27 | 348 | 5 | 258 | 10 | 425 | 41 | 202 | |
29 | 202 | 6 | 86,170 | 6. | 4 | 183 | 43 | 407 |
23.7 | 168,497 | 17 | 170,395 | 6 | 444 | 47 | 403 | |
10 | 462 | 19 | 224 | 8 | 137 | 50 | 294 | |
24.1 | 380 | 22 | 137 | 7. | 8 | 399 | 19.4 | 326 |
19 | 444 | 25 | 426 | 9 | 462 | 799 | 153,161 | |
25.484 | 243,258 | 32 | 381 | 14,16 | 131 | 7,8, | 9331 | |
6 | 76,83 | 36113,137,462 | 8. | 44 | 9 | 235,258 | ||
26.3 | 125 | 37 | 134 | 4 | 76,83 | 12 | 276 | |
4 | 100 | 35.2 | 170 | 9. | 4 | 170 | 13 | 275 |
5 | 450 | 7 | 258 | 5 | 433,496 | 14 | 194,225 | |
6 | 432,445 | 8 | 76 | 6 | 427,428, | 20.3 | 224,305 | |
13 | 470 | 11 | 357 | 497,498 | 6 | 284,294 | ||
27.3 | 101 | 14 | 172,398 | 7 | 500 | 21.10 | 433 | |
5 | 257,450 | 36.4 | 161 | 8 | 399 | 22.8 | 116,172 | |
6 | 120 | 7 | 497 | 17 | 445 | 25 | 366 | |
7 | 131 | 12 | 450 | 18 | 496 | 26 | 110,496 | |
10 | 601 | 14 | 287 | 20 | 84 | 27 | 344,416 | |
12 | 380 | 17,31 | 398 | 10. | 3 | 98,109 | 29 | 344 |
17 | 275 | 18 | 212 | 5 | 501 | 23.6 | 499 | |
28.2 | 415 | 25 | 381 | 6 | 499 | 24.4 | 243,273 | |
3 | 158 | 29 | 361 | 7 | 131,136 | 5 | 203,261 | |
22 | 432 | 37.16 | 161 | 8 | 275 | 25.5 | 203 | |
29.6 | 240 | 18 | 423 | 14 | 131 | 11 | 219 | |
18 | 450 | 19 | 358 | 16 | 431,495 | 15 | 499 | |
22 | 379 | 38.3 | 89 | 11. | 3 | 427 | 18 | 131,222 |
30.15 | 98 | 7 | 43 | 4 | 76 | 26.2 | 463 | |
22 | 125 | 33 | 394 | 4,5 | 462 | 5 | 363 | |
24 | 429 | 36 | 109 | 6 | 101 | 6 | 240,275 | |
28 | 366 | 39.9 | 114 | 12. | 176 | ,185,186 | 9 | 425 |
29 | 469 | 16 | 113 | 6 | 235,243 | 12 | 366 | |
3X.3 | 137 | 27 | 329 | 7 | 602 | 27.6 | 308 | |
6 | 266 | 40.7 | 89 | 13. | 1 | 497 | 12 | 97 |
11 | 397 | 8 | 258 | 5 | 183 | 28.6 | 427 | |
16 | 116 | 14 | 202 | 14. | 2 | 76 | 29.1 | 54 |
19 | 431 | 16 | 101 | 15. | 2 | 169 | 2 | 287,344 |
21 | 322 | 17 | 115 | 5 | 275,502 | 10 | 502 | |
23 | 225 | 41.21 | 98 | 16. | 3 | 116,284 | 30.3 | 444 |
28 | 397 | 25 | 129,318 | 8 | 499 | 4 | 185 | |
29 | 429 | 27,29 | 277 | 1099 | 100,190, | 31.1 | 267 | |
33 | 76 | 42.6 | 151 | 437,446 | 5 | 195 | ||
37 | 299 | 7,8 | 170 | 11 | 497 | 12 | 433 | |
32.2 | 256 | 8 | 301 | 17. | 3 | 132,462 | 17 | 444 |
7 | 358 | 8,9 | 224 | 4 | 429 | 23 | 185 |
IndexofTexts.
523.
PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | ||||||
Psalms—cont. | 46. | 7 | 68 | 64. | 4 | 161 | 77.11 | 61 | |
32. | 182 | 48. | 8 | 68 | 65. | 3 | 130,207 | 15 | 194 |
1 | 222 | 14 | 496 | 4 | 299 | 18 | 418 | ||
2 | 281 | 49. | 1 | 416 | 66. | 10 | 462 | 78.18 | 97 |
6 | 222 | 2 | 80 | 16302 | ,311,313 | 35 | 61,194 | ||
6 | 186,186 | 7 | 195,212 | 67. | 2 | 409 | 37 | 170 | |
10 | 183 | 8 | 195 | 4 | 168,396 | 38 | 207 | ||
33.4 | 171 | 9 | 497 | 68. | 2 | 431 | 41 | 461 | |
5 | 183,261 | 10 | 431 | 4 | 418 | 47 | 426 | ||
6101 | 325,423 | 14 | 395,444 | 5 | 398 | 66 | 602 | ||
11 | 600 | 15 | 195,444 | 6 | 410 | 69 | 492 | ||
34.1 | 499 | 50. | 58 | 9118,321,322 | 79.2 | 185,460 | |||
889, | 155,172 | 2 | 158 | 10 | 367 | 5 | 497 | ||
9 | 284 | 4 | 398 | 11 | 362 | 9 | 203,207 | ||
12 | 116 | 5185 | ,186,308 | 14 | 58 | 80.7,14 | 1967 | ||
18 | 202 | 14 | 318 | 17 | 284 | 81.4 | 329 | ||
22 | 99,195 | 51. | 1 | 180 | 19 | 203 | 7 | 462 | |
35.8 | 428 | 2 | 235,240 | 20 | 203 | 11 | 114 | ||
17 | 428 | 4 | 243,259 | 26 | 366 | 15 | 502 | ||
18 | 366 | 6 | 116 | 27 | 393,394 | 82. | 41 | ||
23 | 60 | 7 | 129,130, | 30 | 367 | 2 | 131,224 | ||
27 | 115 | 235, | 240,318 | 69. | 4 | 178,429 | 3 | 257,399 | |
36.4 | 137 | 1026, | 110,170 | 6 | 14J | 8 | 409 | ||
37.11 | 414,415 | 11 | 286 | 13 | 203,226 | 83.12 | 360 | ||
22 | 414 | 12 | 118,203 | 18 | 194,196 | 17 | 496 | ||
23 | 89 | 13 | 133,163 | 20 | 86 | 84.11 | 169 | ||
27-29 | 496 | 16 | 116 | 31 | 164 | 85.2 | 222 | ||
28 | 185,186 | 17 | 308 | 70. | 2 | 116 | 5 | 600 | |
29 | 414 | 19115 | ,266,302 | 71. | 4 | 131 | 8 | 185 | |
34 | 414 | 52. | 1 | 601 | 6 | 499 | 86.2 | 185 | |
37 | 161 | 5 | 428 | 13 | 468 | 5 | 219 | ||
38 | 438 | 7 | 89 | 22 | 286 | 13 | 446 | ||
38.6 | 130 | 8 | 496 | 72. | 2 | 399 | 88.3 | 444 | |
15 | 60 | 9 | 185 | 4 | 202 | 4 | 89,279 | ||
17 | 499 | 54. | 1 | 398 | 8 | 395 | 10 | 432,460 | |
20 | 468 | 6 | 118,321 | 10 | 299 | 11 | 452 | ||
39.4 | 416 | 55. | 2 | 394 | 11 | 409 | 12 | 432 | |
5 | 416 | 9 | 426 | 13 | 202 | 15 | 460 | ||
6 | 488 | 10 | 130,137 | 15 | 349 | 89.2 | 188 | ||
7 | 28 | 15 | 446 | 17 | 350,409 | fi | 64 | ||
40.4 | 89 | 17 | 348 | 73. | 1 | 242 | 6 | 37,418 | |
6 | 116 | 22 | 602 | 7 | 487 | 7 | 2H4 | ||
8109 | ,116,117 | 23 | 437 | 12 | 416 | 8 | 61 | ||
9 | 362 | 56. | 7 | 137 | 13240 | ,243,276 | 14 | 1S8 | |
9,10 | 366 | 12 | 318 | 16 | 131 | 22 | 131 | ||
10 | 203 | 58. | 1 | 367 | 18 | 428 | 24 | 188 | |
11 | 600 | 4 | 470 | 20 | 486 | 27 | 61 | ||
14 | 115,428 | 5 | 479 | 25 | 116 | 28 | 188 | ||
41.1 | 132 | 8 | 381 | 26 | 602 | 29 | 495 | ||
2 | 97 | 10 | 240,381 | 27 | 429 | 33 | 183,188 | ||
11 | 116 | 59. | 5 | 137 | 74. | 1 | 497 | 38 | 288 |
43.1 | 131,185 | 60. | 3 | 112 | 8 | 427 | 39 | 288 | |
44.19 | 469 | 4 | 170 | 10 | 497 | 46 | 497 | ||
22 | 279 | 7 | 328 | 13 | 469 | 47 | 416 | ||
23 | 497 | 8 | 240 | 19 | 367.497 | 48 | 89,444 | ||
45.6 | 495 | 61. | 4 | 502 | 76. | 2 | 361 | 49 | 183 |
7 | 294,296 | 62. | 9 | 80 | 8 | 398 | 90.2 | 352 | |
11 | 344 | 63. | 2 | 381 | 9 | 202 | 3 | 83,426 | |
12 | 305 | 9 | 428 | 11 | 318 | 10 | 131,136 | ||
15 | 359 | 64. | 1 | 348 | 77. | 8 | 499 | 12 | 358 |
524
IndexofTexts.
PAGE
Psalms—cont
90.13
91.16
14
92.79
1015
93.5
94.112132021
95.8
151
58
429
181
438,497
431
295
13]
287,499
403
89
132
131,328
275
112
9463
96.5287,457,482
8305
1013
97.79
1012
98.3
99.2
100.5
101.2
6
8
102.12
2426
103.3
4691113151820
104.52930
105.101522
106.61016173031363738
168,398
171
44,482
61
185,18628717161385222171161161429500500431219
194,4372614979017984330329496
101,45010132829597,357130194
185,187367
263,397
263,281484457
275,484
106.45
46
107.2
2025303242
108.89
109.4678
20262931
no.
111.
910
112.6
113.4
115.34
116.314
117.128
10
11
12
118.27
119.
9
30
41
44
66
96
108
112
133
154
157
176
122.6
125.2
128.4
130.4
PAGE
146179194325329116367168328240458458396330458202458396
71
59395118,321146,150398115495330495285495602
61115484445318407
90172427427427306331243171496499396158226,321501393194183433343502
89219
130.78
132.79
1617,
133.2
135.46
131415
136.6
137.8
138.122
139.8
222324
140.39
11
141.257
142.4
143.210
144.36
12
145.10131720
146.4
147.415
148.614
149.116
18
PAGE196196344185185288154288115500151,398484423429
43265344
61157446158462506470131137305132444433259117
83426359185600185438101,413,431
68329496185185367185,186185,186
PKOVERBS.
1.5
10111227
2.7126,168,1691845021161
301113275444425
3.3
6152132
4.18
5.35
14
6.712141718293235
7.21827
8.511142122232930
9.918
10.29
1212192932
11.57
132031
12.58
1721
13.68
132023
14.-^192031
15.1011
m
2435
IndexofTexts.
525
Proverbs-is.26
16.2568
101823
17.345
1528
18.15
11
19.5,917
20.89,11
142427
21.1378
131618
22.68
1121252993.27ier+1
1432
24.232
25.112028
26.26
27.69
1420
28.368
1013141718
PAGE
-cont.
236243275208170
135,474428357
462,464137275257279126224487275
178,19439824313376100114223425243354
366,4502122891362361703573819798,10919444647013138148713239536318198,10927944689169178
168,169129,133
11296
169,202
28.202125
29.1
1011202627
30.1101215,192028
1356813
16
31.
PAGE275
133
98,109
113,428
168,169
102
381
61
131
379
141
232,241
445
470
137
360
357,379
428
328,398
109,431
427
115
ECCLESIASTES.
2.1
172123
3.111141719
4.246
13
5.46
«■7,
7.137
14151623
8.236
9.78
10
10.4
8
11
12.1
5
10
21
4631S2167109115110,416,50650211510135017013112011542797154132433132431428463330115
115,132226501445129470
470,477
40,115
501
115,224
SONGOFSOLO-MON.(Canticles.)
PAGE
1.
2.
5.
6.
8.
1.
9,1514
710,13
51113
21013
41013
4
6
360181206115181115379206109,18175379181242381115445
ISAIAH.
101113161923242527
2.2689
11,18192022
3.26,
131420
4.3456
5.9141522232830
6.2
17
134
162
361
395
116
137,305,369
241,243
114
394
145,151
243
153,196,261
428,409
479
482
81,222
83
482
415
482
278
91,474
395
398
388
98
284
238,241
370
361
154
96,446
81
83
257
279
418
468
6.
910
7.13
8.1
13141921
9.26
7
10.1
23101114151721252732
11.2349
1015
12.1
13.12369
1217202122
14.12369
151720272932
15.2
16.312
17.8
PAGB
285212
208,468
208,212
72
72,153
84
85
73,285
73,285
472,474,477
112
452
65,91,394,
496,505394
131.136
170,398330483
483,485475
322,440
286
55,91
425
293,427322106100101
414,437
175,406
322
151
381
322
91
58
438
83
277
500
456
359,469413
395,413112395
446,450446427602470
468,470172492397492
489,490
526
IndexofTexts.
PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | ||||
Isaiah—cont. | 30.10 | 380 | 43.3 | 201,212 | 52.9 | 151 | |
17.11 | 86 | 15 | 114 | 7 | 354 | 10 | 394,414 |
13.5 | 161 | 28 | 101,322 | 9 | 259 | 11 | 242 |
19.1 | 483 | 29 | 58 | 11 | 202 | 15 | 244 |
3426,475,477, | 31.0 | 317 | 14 | 193 | 53.3 | 278,416 | |
479,483 | 7 | 483 | 20 | 469 | 4222,234,278 | ||
10 | 98 | 8 | 81 | 21 | 200 | 6 | 348,435 |
14 | 130 | 32.1 | 394 | 23 | 305 | 8 | 402 |
16 | 322 | 7 | 170 | 26 | 259 | 9 | 134 |
18 | 427 | 15 | 279 | 27 | 133,357 | 109£ | ,115,320 |
20 | 202 | 33.6 | 171 | 28 | 439 | 11131 | ,221.257 |
21 | 306,318 | 8 | 277 | 44.21 | 222 | 12 | 99,281 |
21.3 | 130 | 17 | 381 | 24 | 423 | 54.5 | 394 |
4 | 248 | 22 | 328 | 25 | 473 | 10 | 340 |
5 | 295 | 26 | 222 | 28 | 115,359 | 16 | 427 |
22.3 | 395 | 3ft.4 | 422 | 45.1 | 295 | 55. | 189 |
14 | 208 | 5 | 439 | 4 | 223 | 4 | 394 |
16 | 395 | 8 | 403 | 9 | 413 | 6 | 354 |
23.17 | 416 | 10 | 500 | 12 | 423 | 7 | 136,219 |
40 | 502 | 13 | 469 | 14 | 83 | 11 | 115 |
24.1,3 | 414 | 14 | 456,4o7 | 16 | 485 | 56.1 | 260 |
4 | 414,417 | 35.4 | 203 | 17 | 416,496 | 4 | 115 |
12 | 428 | 7 | 469 | 22 | 202 | 7 | 226 |
13 | 414 | 9 | 193 | 23-25 | 73 | 11 | 97 |
21 | 413,414 | 37.7 | 101 | 25 | 259 | 57.1 | 431 |
23 | 388 | 11 | 440 | 46.1 | 485 | 2 | 167,431 |
25.2 | 502 | 35 | 202 | 10 | 115 | 3 | 479 |
4 | 101 | 38.3 | 160 | 47.3 | 348 | 5 | 317,487 |
7 | 409 | 10 | 445 | 4 | 193 | 6 | 151,302 |
7,8 | 426 | 11 | 416 | 5 | 91 | 8 | 381 |
26.3 | 160 | 18 | 445 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 446 |
10 | 131,167 | 39.7 | 359 | 9 | 161,479 | 13 | 172 |
13 | 394 | 40.1 | 199 | 11 | 207 | 15 | 61,495 |
14 | 438 | 2 | 110 | 12 | 472,479 | 16 | 98 |
16 | 348 | 3 | 72 | 48.5 | 485 | 20,21 | 134 |
19 | 450 | 6 | 184 | 6 | 381 | 58.2 | 116 |
27.1 | 469 | 8 | 502 | 13 | 423 | 3 | 115 |
9208 | ,489,490 | 9 | 353 | 14 | 115,428 | 5 | 226 |
13 | 344 | 13 | 358 | 17 | 193 | 9 | 136 |
23.6 | 464 | 15,17 | 279 | 19 | 160 | 13 | 115 |
7 | 381,397 | 20 | 322 | 49.6 | 193,406 | 59.3 | 131,475 |
12 | 114 | 26 | 68 | 7193 | ,286,344 | 4 | 131 |
15 | 446 | 41.1 | 295 | 8 | 226,340 | 7 | 275,428 |
16 | 175,462 | 2 | 395 | 13 | 414 | 14 | 167 |
17 | 261 | 7 | 154 | 16 | 395,499 | 16 | 261 |
18 | 209,446 | 8 | 181 | 17,19 | 427 | 20 | 193 |
25 | 243,244 | 14 | 193 | 22,23 | 193 | 60. | 406 |
29 | 55,126 | 27 | 353 | 24169 | 193,328 | 5 | 153,353 |
29.1 | 306,309 | 29 | 136 | 26 | 193 | 6 | 353 |
2 | 309 | 33 | 415 | 50.8 | 257 | 7 | 226 |
4 | 475 | 42. | 227 | 9 | 114 | 11 | 499 |
6 | 330 | 1 | 223 | 51.5 | 172 | 12 | 431 |
13 | 84 | 1 | 29,406 | 6 | 502 | 15 | 502 |
U | 55 | 5 | 423 | 7 | 84 | 18 | 428 |
16,17 | 278 | 6 | 340,406 | 9 | 469 | 61.1295 | 296,352 |
21 | 129 | 8 | 69 | 10 | 193 | 2 | 226,403 |
22 | 196 | 14 | 601 | 12 | 85 | 10 | 384 |
23 | 285 | 21 | 115 | 39,57 | 502 | 11 | 409 |
30.2,3 | 173 | 24 | 114 | 52.3 | 193 | 62.4 | 116 |
6 | 415 | 43.1 | 1931 | 7 | 353 | 11 | 203,416 |
IndexofTexts.
527
PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | ||||||
Isaiah—cont. | a.12 | 330 | 25. | 29 | 275 | 46. | 20 | 429 | |
62.12 | 193 | 17 | 470,479 | 26. | 3 | 151 | 22 | 470 | |
63.2 | 7o | 9.5 | 130 | 13 | 153 | 28 | 275 | ||
4 | 194,403 | 7 | 463 | 15 | 275 | 48 | 6 | 203 | |
9 | 194 | 8 | 109 | 23 | 450 | 8 | 431 | ||
10 | 286 | 11 | 469 | 27. | 7 | 409 | 35 | 492 | |
11 | 193,286 | 12 | 431 | 9472,473,479 | 36 | 431 | |||
16 | 194 | 24 | 116 | 22 | 330 | 38 | 115 | ||
17 | 113 | 10.7 | 407 | 28. | 16 | 358 | 44 | 330 | |
64.4 | 416 | 15 | 330 | 29. | 6 | 85 | 49 | 12 | 275 |
5 | 348 | 22 | 469 | 8 | 473 | 30 | 277 | ||
6 | 231 | 11.12,17 | 321 | 32 | 358 | 33 | 469 | ||
7 | 354 | 20 | 403,462 | 30. | 11 | 275 | 50. | 2 | 485 |
65.9 | 223 | 23 | 330 | 12,15 | 86 | 6 | 433 | ||
11 | 46,457 | 12.3 | 463 | 20 | 368 | 7 | 141 | ||
16 | 350 | 13.27 | 236 | 21 | 299 | 11 | 429 | ||
17 | 414 | 14.10,12 | 226 | 31. | 11 | 193 | 20 | 219 | |
22 | 223 | 12 | 306 | 19 | 146 | 34 | 194 | ||
25 | 437,470 | 14 | 473 | 22 | 90 | 38 | 483 | ||
66.3302 | 306,482 | 15.6 | 151 | 32,33 | 340 | 39 | 497 | ||
17 | 233,457 | 9 | 95 | 34 | 219 | 51. | 6 | 403 | |
18 | 409 | 18 | 86 | 36 | 501 | 27 | 286 | ||
20 | 305 | 16.15 | 412,413 | 40 | 287,450 | 34 | 238 | ||
20-23 | 345 | 17.5-7 | 90 | 32. | 7,8 | 170 | 47,52 | 397 | |
24 | 85 | 9 | 86 | 7,8 | 192 | 52. | 10 | 317 | |
10 | 463 | 11 | 328 | 23 | 101 | ||||
11 | 170 | 18 | 55,91 | ||||||
JEREMIAH. | 16 | 80 | 20 | 76 | LAMENTATIONS. | ||||
1.5 | 283,284 | 26 | 306 | 29 | 321 | 1. | 18 | 330 | |
18 | 394 | 18.8,10 | 145 | 30 | 111 | 2. | 15 | 158 | |
2.3 | 141 | 16 | 502 | 39 | 501 | 18 | 82 | ||
21 | 171 | 23 | 207 | 40 | 111,340 | 3. | 9 | 130 | |
22 | 232,240 | 19.4 | 275 | 33. | 5 | 450 | 17 | 222 | |
31 | 394 | 12,13 | 421 | 8 | 219,236, | 18 | 431 | ||
34,35 | 275 | 15 | 112 | 11 | 306 | 33 | 120 | ||
3.1 | 181 | 20.2 | 60 | 15 | 30 | 35 | 178 | ||
11 | 256 | 4,6 | 181 | 34. | 20 | 450 | 39 | 402 | |
12 | 180,185 | 9 | 380 | 35. | 15 | 153 | 42 | 219 | |
21 | 130 | 12 | 463 | 19 | 501 | 51 | 98,109 | ||
4.2 | 350 | 15 | 363 | 36. | 325 | 58 | 194 | ||
7 | 406 | 16 | 146 | 3 | 219 | 4. | 2 | 278 | |
14 | 136,240 | 17 | 501 | 10 | 60 | 3 | 469 | ||
15 | 137 | 22.3 | 275 | 30 | 450 | 6 | 402 | ||
19 | 109 | 14 | 100 | 37. | 18 | 120 | 7 | 243 | |
28 | 145 | 16 | 398 | 20 | 224 | 10 | 179 | ||
S.1 | 219 | 17 | 275 | 39. | 6 | 317 | 22 | 402 | |
3 | 112 | 27 | 97 | 40. | 15 | 431 | |||
7 | 219 | 28 | 485,115 | 41. | 5 | 305 | EZEKIEL. | ||
28 | 170,399 | 29 | 414 | 7 | 317 | 1. | 423 | ||
31 | 395 | 23.1 | 433 | 9 | 450 | 1 | 381 | ||
6.15 | 330 | 5 | 357 | 42. | 2 | 224 | 4 | 101 | |
18 | 367 | 7,8 | 412 | 10 | 151 | 5,8 | 77 | ||
20 | 226 | 9 | 90 | 20 | 98,109 | 10 | 78 | ||
27 | 463 | 12 | 330 | 22 | 116 | 11 | 81 | ||
7.3,0 | 153 | 20 | 157 | 43. | 13 | 489 | 24 | 58 | |
6 | 275 | 33 | 380 | 44. | 14 | 97 | 26,28 | 77 | |
18 | 421 | 39 | 222 | 17,18 | 421 | 3. | 5,6,7 | 112 | |
8.1 | 481 | 24.2 | 133 | 19 | 342,421 | 7 | 114 | ||
3 | 421 | 25.9 | 440 | 25 | 421 | 9 | 112 | ||
6 | 146 | 26 | 416 | 46. | 10 | 403 | 13 | 395 |
528
IndexofTexts.
PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | |||
EzEKiEL—cont. | 18.5 | 329 | 31.16, | 17 | 446 | 45.323 |
3.18203 | 6,12 | 15487 | 32.2 | 469 | 10266 | |
2377 | 19 | 260,329 | 21 | 91,447 | 15,17212 | |
27416 | 20 | 267 | 27 | 447 | 17,23312 | |
4.14450 | 21 | 260,329 | 33. | 134 | 18120,130 | |
6.3493 | 23 | 115 | 6 | 96 | 19130 | |
4487 | 24 | 136 | 11 | 115 | 20211,212 | |
4,6487 | 27 | 203,329 | 14, | 16, | 19329 | 23,24312 |
5,6,9,13487 | 30 | 144 | 24 | 412 | 46.2345 | |
7.2412 | 32 | 115 | 25 | 487 | 7312 | |
20485 | 20.7 | 487 | 31, | 32 | 181 | 9345 |
25429 | 8 | 114 | 34.3 | 306 | 12118,312 | |
8.3381,485 | 8,16 | ,24, | 4 | 395,433 | 13,14,15312 | |
4381 | 31 | 487 | 13 | 413 | 48.323 | |
5485 | 32 | 102,390 | 16 | 433 | ||
10,12487 | 33 | 393 | 23, | 24 | 30 | DANIEL. |
9.4,5305 | 38 | 243 | 25 | 340 | 1.4,5359 | |
lO.477 | 39 | 487 | 27 | 413 | 9180 | |
568 | 40 | 226 | 35.5 | 323 | 12,14463 | |
8,1477 | 41 | 226,291 | 6, | 9 | 603 | 2.381 |
11.2137 | 46 | 379 | 21, | 24 | 323 | 2472 |
5102 | 21.2 | 379 | 36.2 | 493 | 10415 | |
16286 | 13 | 463,464 | 3 | 323 | 14125 | |
17413 | 21 | 474,494 | 5 | 98 | 18431 | |
19111 | 27 | 171 | 6 | 323 | 27478 | |
24381 | 29 | 473 | 18 | 487 | 31485 | |
12.19412 | 22.3 | 487 | 23 | 291 | 4384 | |
22433 | 4 | 141,487 | 24 | 413 | 44427 | |
24473 | 24 | 232 | 25236,244,487 | 46306,342 | ||
13.6321,473 | 28 | 473 | 26 | 111 | 47170 | |
7381,473 | 23.7 | 487 | 33 | 236 | 3.381 | |
8,9381 | 11 | 181 | 37. | 30,101 | 1485 | |
9473 | 14 | 485 | 12, | 14, | 21413 | 2,3289 |
16381 | 30,37 | 487 | 23 | 236,487 | 14,24171 | |
18203 | 39 | 317,487 | 36 | 340 | 28172 | |
19203 | 48 | 357 | 38.16 | 291 | 4.381 | |
23473 | 49 | 487 | 39.12, | 14, | 16235 | 3393,500 |
14.3,4,5487 | 2ft.14 | 151 | 23 | 135 | 4359 | |
6144,487 | 17 | 85 | 27 | 291 | 7478 | |
7487 | 25.6 | 98,109 | 40.2 | 381 | 8,9286 | |
9438 | 12 | 141 | 38 | 238 | 13284 | |
13135 | 15 | 90,109 | 39 | 309 | 1684 | |
15,21132 | 26.12 | 428 | 42.16 | 101 | 17118 | |
22146 | 27.3,4, | 11158 | 43.3 | 381 | 23427 | |
15.8135 | 13 | 95 | 15 | 309 | 25118 | |
16.596,180 | 31 | 109 | 18 | 302 | 27130,180,261 | |
8181 | 32 | 426 | 20 | 189,208 | 29359 | |
9239 | 28.12 | 158 | 22 | 130.189 | 32,35118 | |
14158 | 13 | 75 | 23 | 130,189 | 37170.399 | |
16493 | 14 | 295 | 24 | 302 | 5.381 | |
17485 | 15 | 161 | 25 | 312 | 5359 | |
2797 | 18 | 130 | 26 | 309 | 7,11478 | |
36487 | 22 | 291 | 27 | 226,312 | 19118 | |
61,52256 | 23 | 397 | 44.10, | 12 | 487 | 20H3 |
62259,397 | 25 | 291 | 19 | 291 | 21118 | |
64151 | 29.3 | 469 | 23 | 287 | 6.11;u8 | |
59340 | 15 | 395 | 27 | 130 | 12171 | |
62,63208 | 30.13323,483,487 | 29 | 438 | 18359 | ||
18.134 | 14.15 | 323 | 30 | 323 | 26427 | |
499 | 31.15 | 446,446 | 31 | 450 | 7.2381 |
IndexofTexts.
529
Daniel-7.71013141618192122252627S.41113141516172425279.59131618212t26
10.5
13
16,1821
11.3,16
22
PAGE
-cont.
381
399
87,381
427
171
284,602
118,171
284
284,399
284
399
284
117
394
284
256
90
381
76
284
391
381
130
219
348
261
354
81,306,385
162,212,295
394,437
306,484
81
ft.
12,
25
394
77
391
117
394
277
243
54,117
67
439
394
415,503,506
258,357,502
781
243
498
9,101
HOSEA.
40718042911080407189,494183
7.
8.
9.10.
11.12.13.
5,6
8
15136,1718
2
81115
4
6
7
9
1213
1
4
5
812
14
18
4712
136136
128
1256249
10
14
24
PAOK
42698,109141,482485393317136,482119I141183,184116,30876,132244368429132,133485275115279360226136380489141,489,383,482,482,49318314639463183485114437114151,194,429,445178118,321485
JOEL.
11 | 432 |
14 | 284 |
15 | 08,429 |
7 | 81 |
13.14 | 145 |
16 | 284,364 |
23 | 169 |
26 | 502 |
32 | 72 |
9 | 286 |
19 | 275 |
21 | 273 |
AMOS.
2.4
3.4.
1.U
497
5.
7.2369
1316
8.8,
9.238
111215
PAGE
330
396
413
501
181,321
492
136,482
169
212
470
226,302
299,305
361,483,485
67
295
220
145,220
145
492
284
379
,9414
447
470
438
362
354
413
JONAH.
1.6354,4321496,115,275
2.24479318
3.23539432
10145
4.21456132
10432
MICAH.
1.
3.
5.
3,
7
8
9
1
6
10
II
5
6,
11
10
13
2
12
13
491.49248546986137379427379286473474194
414,439410
472,479489
5.14
5
17
PAGE
490
61
183,186
126
186,432
97
171
470
18116,183,186
NAHUM. | |
1.1 | 380 |
2 | 403 |
3 | 273 |
15 | 318,353 |
2.6 | 360 |
3.4 | 472 |
HABBAKUK. | |
1.1 | 380 |
3 | 131 |
11 | 102 |
12 | 600 |
13 | 131 |
2.4 | 171 |
5 | 97,447 |
14 | 215 |
18 | 483 |
3.7 | 137 |
13 | 295 |
19 | 492 |
ZEPHANIAH. | |
I.2,3 | 425 |
4 | 383 |
7 | 284 |
2.9 | 603 |
11 | 345 |
3.1 | 195 |
4 | 82 |
5 | 131 |
6 | 428 |
9 | 243V |
10 | 305*^ |
12 | 172l^' |
HAGGAI. | |
I.1,14 | 394 |
2.2 | 394 |
14 | 299 |
21 | 394 |
22 | 438 |
ZECHAKIAH. | |
I.8 | 75,81 |
12 | 70 |
MM
530
IndexofTexts.
PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | ||||
Zechariah—cont. | 3. | 8 | 76 | 12.14 | 435 | 27.53293 | |
1.17151,154 | 10 | 461,463 | 18 | 29,401 | 28.2,570 | ||
2.882 | 12 | 116 | 18, | 28 | 104 | 9,17345 | |
968,322 | 15 | 461,463 | 20 | 498 | 19408,409 | ||
1168 | 16 | 376 | 35 | 113 | 20159,337, | ||
12284,413 | 17 | 200,288 | 41 | 150 | 500,504 | ||
3.1459 | 4. | 2 | 267 | 41, | 42 | 401 | |
269,4593,5231 | 13.15 22 | 113504 | MARK. | ||||
7399 | 39 | 460 | 1.4220 | ||||
4.968 | 39, | 40, | 49159 | 5351 | |||
14294 | MATTHEW. | 14.19 | 351 | 24436 | |||
6.275 | 1. | 18 | 104 | 33 | 345 | 44300 | |
7.9183 | 21 | 204 | 15.2 | 241 | 3.29504 | ||
8.3284 | 2. | 8 | 464 | 4 | 450 | 7.4,8250 | |
14145,402 | 8,11 | 345 | 8 | 18,113 | ]0450 | ||
9.7395 | 11 | 300 | 25 | 345 | 11298 | ||
9203 | 13,19 | 70 | 16.3 | 464,465 | 9.1451 | ||
16288 | 13 | 435 | 18372,445,448 | lO.26204 | |||
lO.2136,473,494 | 20 | 99 | 25 | 99,436 | 30505 | ||
11.14338 | 3. | 247 | 28 | 451 | 32,33303 | ||
17483 | 1 | 246 | 18.8 | 504 | 45197,213 | ||
12.3406 | 6 | 351 | 10 | 499 | 11.17409 | ||
5,6395 | ft. | 460 | 11, | 14 | 435 | 23465 | |
840 | 1 | 104 | 17 | 372 | 13.9371 | ||
13.2485 | 5 | 284 | 18 | 415 | 10409 | ||
6181 | 15 | 407 | 19.21 | 164 | 14484 | ||
790 | 16 | 452 | 28 | 400 | 14.4434 | ||
8450 | 5. | 4 | 152 | 20.IS | 303 | 22,23351 | |
9354,463 | 6,18 | 415 | 20 | 345 | 65382 | ||
la.2409 | 23 | 300 | 22, | 23 | 251 | 71441 | |
5284 | 6. | 9 | 285 | 28 | 99, | 197,213 | 15.8503 |
9,10414 | 10 | 415 | 21.6 | 337 | 37,39450 | ||
11440 | 13 | 197 | 11, | 26 | 382 | 16.16204 | |
15361 | 17 | 241 | 21 | 465 | |||
16345,362 | 25 | 99 | 29, | 32 | 150 | LUKE. | |
17345 | 26 | 420 | 41 | 435 | |||
18362 | 32 | 407 | 46 | 382 | 1.6166,336 | ||
19362,402 | 7. | 1 | 400 | 22.7 | 435 | 8385 | |
6 | 293 | 20 | 486 | 33,55505 | |||
13 | 434 | 36 | 333 | 45165 | |||
MALACHl. | 22 | 382 | 37 | 99 | 50500 | ||
1.1380 | 8. | 2 | 345,347 | 23.17 | 284 | 5429 | |
660 | 4 | 300 | 23 | 401 | 67382 | ||
7299,309 | 5 | 152 | 24, | 34 | 382 | 68,78338 | |
829,224,394 | 17 | 222 | 33 | 402 | 72293 | ||
10115,226,305 | 25 | 435 | 37 | 72 | 74197 | ||
1129,236,305 | 9. | 17 | 434 | 24.3 | 159,504 | 77220 | |
1229 | 18 | 345 | 9, | 14 | 408 | 79168,452 | |
13226,305 | 10 | 5 | 408 | 14 | 417 | 2.1417 | |
(Z^41340 | 8 | 178 | 15 | 293,484 | 14228 | ||
6130,132,264 | 11 | 464 | 25.32 | 409 | 23333 | ||
771 | 28 | 99 | 41 | 460,504 | 32408 | ||
12358 | 28,39 | 436 | 46 | 504 | 38199 | ||
12,13305 | 39 | 99 | 26.8 | 434 | 4.1,14,104 | ||
3.168,72,340 | 11. | 21 | 150 | 28 | 220 | 18104,296 | |
3236,243,266, | 23 | 448 | 52 | 435 | 19226 | ||
299,305 | 25 | 351 | 68 | 382 | 34436 | ||
4305 | 26 | 227 | 27.3 | 150 | 5.14300 | ||
b472 | 30 | 155 | 20 | 435 | 39155 |
hidexofTexts.
53t
312,
220,
PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | |||
24.51 | 303 | 1.10 | 48 | 13.38 | 220 | |
179 | 53 | 499 | 20 | 331,337 | 39 | 271 |
155 | 24 | 349 | 43 | 371 | ||
408 | JOHN. | 2.17 | 382 | 47 | 337 | |
179 | 19 | 420 | 14.6 | 124 | ||
400 | 1.3 | 325 | 25 | 499 | 15 | 356,483 |
460 | 11 | 338 | 26 | 176 | 16 | 409 |
464 | 2.19 | 370 | 27 | 100,190 | 21 | 441 |
436 | 3.15,16 | 436 | 437,448 | 23 | 388 | |
451 | 17,18 | 400 | 31 | 437 | 15. | 388 |
168 | 34 | 104 | 33 | 220 | 9 | 238 |
448 | 4.34 | 163 | 42 | 372 | 10 | 467 |
227 | S.24401 | ,453 | 3.13,26 | 29 | 14 | 408 |
182 | 29 | 402 | 13 | 30 | 17 | 409 |
250 | 6.11 | 351 | 14 | 179 | 18 | 605 |
401 | 14 | 382 | 16 | 166 | 21 | 355 |
382 | 27 | 434 | 19 | 429 | 32 | 382 |
437 | 70 | 461 | 2144, | 429,505 | 16.14 | 111,113 |
251 | 7.24 | 401 | 22,23 | 382 | 15 | 400 |
465 | 38 | 109 | 23 | 437 | 16 | 474 |
204 | 8.9 | 121 | 26 | 30 | 33 | 241 |
422 | 16 | 401 | 4.12 | 204 | 17. | 48 |
137 | .51 | 453 | 25,27 | 408 | 18 | 461 |
163 | 9.7,11,15 | 241 | 2729 | ,30,296 | 26 | 61,337 |
347 | 32 | 605 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 400,417 |
465 | 38 | 345 | 5.2 | 124 | 18.10 | 63 |
227 | 39 | 401 | 9 | 467 | 19.6 | 382 |
309 | 41 | 142 | 31 | 220 | 18 | 351 |
281 | lO.9 | 204 | 7.8 | 339 | 19 | 472,473 |
435 | 20 | 461 | 24 | 404 | 32,39, | 41376 |
484 | 24 | 100 | 35 | 198 | 20.17 | 388 |
448 | 34,36 | 40 | 38 | 376 | 21 | 150 |
249 | 36 | 289 | 43 | 362 | 28 | 201,337 |
472 | 11.55 | 292 | 44 | 369 | 21.9 | 382 |
404 | 48,50 | 408 | 53 | 333 | 10 | 383 |
498 | 51382 | ,408 | 59 | 349 | 24,26 | 292 |
404 | 52364 | ,408 | 8.20 | 434 | 22.6 | 388 |
217 | 12.34 | 505 | 22 | 150 | 16 | 242 |
505 | 41 | 72 | 33 | 402 | 23.1 | 121 |
303 | 48 | 401 | 9.37 | 241 | 5 | 42 |
206 | 13.2 | 460 | 10.2 | 499 | 12 | 441 |
303 | 5,6,8,10, | 13 | 309 | 14 | 392 | |
338 | 12,14 | 241 | 20 | 466 | 24.14 | 441 |
351 | 8 | 605 | 22 | 408 | 15 | 176 |
504 | 26 | 249 | 26 | 345 | 16 | 121 |
505 | 14.16 | 152 | 33,48 | 337 | 17 | 408 |
441 | 15.14,17 | 337 | 36 | 356 | 18 | 292 |
371 | 25 | 178 | 38 | 296 | 25.16 | 434 |
434 | 16.2 | 300 | 42 | 400 | 26.4 | 408 |
404 | 11 | 400 | 11.2 | 465 | 6 | 176 |
409 | 17.12 | 434 | 27 | 382 | 7 | 392 |
199 | 17,19 | 289 | 30 | 388 | 13 | 231 |
351 | 23 | 163 | 12.12 | 124 | 17,23 | 408 |
351 | 20.17 | 303 | 13.1 | 382 | 18 | 220 |
251 | 22,23 | 149 | 3 | 388 | 20 | 150 |
382 | 21.12 | 464 | 10 | 460 | 27.23 | 392 |
388 | 32 | 189 | 25 | 174 | ||
450 | 34 | 190 | ||||
198 | ACTS. | 34-37 | 437 | EOMANS. | ||
409 | 1.2 | 337 | 35 | 190 | 1.2 | 293 |
MM2
532
IndexofTexts.
PAGE1 | PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | |||
KoMANs—cont.1 | 8.3 | 319 | 2.6 | 164 | 1.10197 | |
1.431 | 106,292 | 4 | 336 | 6,8 | 604 | 21296 |
5 | 409 | 15 | 106 | 7 | 505 | 2.10179 |
9 | 392 | 20 | 176 | 12 | 179 | 15430 |
18 | 367 | 23 | 199 | 3.8 | 143 | 20,27296 |
23 | 486 | 24 | 176 | 13 | 464,465 | 3.18486 |
28 | 466 | 29 | 486 | 15 | 204 | 4.2122 |
32 | 336 | 32 | 179 | 16,17 | 370 | 3436 |
2.1 | 400 | 9.1 | 122 | 18 | 504 | 4486,504 |
4 | 155 | 3 | 442 | 4.4 | 121,124 | 638 |
9 | 425 | 5 | 505 | 5 | 401 | 13100 |
12 | 435 | 22 | 434 | 7 | 465 | 16437 |
14 | 333 | 33 | 72,175 | 21 | 106 | 5.1,4371 |
16 | 122 | 10.3 | 269,270 | 5.5 | 206,4.34 | 11122 |
16 | 401 | 7 | 303 | 7 | 317 | 14452 |
18 | 465 | 9 | 204 | 8 | 315 | 18217 |
22 | 483 | 10 | 113 | 6.2,3 | 400 | 19210,217,281 |
26 | 281,336 | 13 | 72 | 11 | 242 | 20217 |
26,27 | 333 | 15 | 356 | 19 | 370 | 21270,319 |
27 | 336 | 18 | 417 | 20 | 200 | 6.2204 |
29 | 376 | 11.4,5 | 376 | 7.14 | 290 | 6293 |
3.5 | 268 | 6 | 179 | 23 | 200 | 10503 |
10 | 269 | 10 | 499 | 8. | 141 | 16370 |
22,24, | 25270 | 15 | 217 | 4 | 483 | 7.1237,292 |
23 | 142 | 26 | 193,197 | 7 | 122 | 8,9150 |
24 | 178,199 | 33 | 401 | 11 | 435 | 10204 |
25 | 210 | 12.1119 | 152,181, | 9.10 | 176 | 8.8,22405 |
27 | 335 | 228,310, | 27 | 466 | 11,12119 | |
4.3 | 263,281 | 391,392 | lO.11 | 506 | 9.12391 | |
5 | 259 | 2 | 465,504 | 13 | 468 | 11.2298 |
6 | 281 | 6 | 382 | 16 | 351 | 27143 |
18 | 176 | 19 | 159,404 | 18 | 310 | 12.9164 |
20 | 465 | 13.4 | 404 | 20 | 457,461 | 13.5465,466,468 |
5.2 | 176,300 | 6 | 391 | 21 | 461 | 7464 |
4 | 467 | 11 | 204 | 25,27 | 28, | |
910 | 204,271217 | 14.5 10-12 | 40073 | 2911.4,5 | 122382 | GALATIANS. |
11 | 216 | 11 | 351 | 7 | 486 | 1.4319,504 |
14 | 334 | 15 | 435 | 19 | 464 | 5605 |
16 | 391 | 23 | 465 | 24 | 351 | 8,9441 |
16,18 | 336 | 15.4,5 | 152 | 28,29 | 31465 | 2.19336,452 |
17 | 270 | 9 | 349,351 | 32 | 400 | 20452 |
19 | 271 | 10 | 43 | 12.3 | 441 | 21178 |
21 | 453 | 10,11 | 408 | 10,14 | 382 | 3.8409 |
6. | 452 | 11 | 409 | 28 | 383 | 13200 |
7 | 272 | 12 | 175 | 13.5 | 281 | 16,17,29340 |
9 | 453 | 16 | 290,391 | 14. | 376 | 4.5200 |
11 | 281 | 27 | 391 | 15 | 349 | 8483 |
14 | 453 | 31 | 197 | 20 | 164 | 9153 |
16 | 293 | 16.16 | 293 | 25 | 346,464 | 5.20473,488 |
18 | 270 | 25 | 505 | 15.18 | 435 | 22292,387 |
19 | 291 | 26 | 409,504 | 33 | 155 | 23383 |
21227. | 136291337 | 1COKINTHIANS.1.2290 | 495455 | 486498114 | 6.4465 EPHESIANS. | |
2,6 | 335 | 8 | 436 | 16.22 | 441 | 1.4166 |
9 12 | 269,335293 | 1520 | 449504 | 2COEINTHIANS. | 52287199,220 | |
24 | 197 | 30291,292,269 | 1.3 | 181 | 9227 | |
8.2 | 335,453 | 55 | 449 | 4 | 152 | 11117 |
IndexofTexts.
511
PAGE | PARE | PAGE | PAGE | ||
Epiiesians—fO?Ji'. | 1 | 27176 | 3 | 104G5 | 3.871 |
X.lo199 | 28163 | 11460 | 16376 | ||
14199,201 | 2 | .5422 | 13201 | 4.2,6356 | |
22372 | 12252 | 15371 | 1292 | ||
2.2604 | 20452 | 4 | 1461 | 16300 | |
7505 | 3 | 3452 | 2123 | 5.9165,204 | |
14-161G3 | 10486 | 5290 | 14164,396 | ||
17356 | 12181 | 12292 | 6.2250,504 | ||
18300 | 24392 | 14382,388 | 5505 | ||
20383 | 5. | 2292 | 16500 | ||
21370 223713.5383 | LTHESSALO-NIANS. | 6. | 10241173895437 | 7.5385 1116519299 | |
9505 | 1. | 9153,392 | 9434 | 21150 | |
12300 | 10197 | 16452 | 25300 | ||
21500 | 2. | 4466 | 26190 | ||
4.9,10303 | 9143 | 27223,303 | |||
11383,389 | 10166 | 2TIMOTHY. | 28165 | ||
13,16163 | 15383 | 1. | 3123,392 | 8.2371 | |
30199 | 16404,498 | 6388 | 3,4384 | ||
32179 | 3. | 4,7291 | 9505 | 6340 | |
S.2310 5488 | 1116813166,292 | 2. | 15168,46721290 | 7,81669.1336 | |
10465 | 5. | 3434 | 3. | 3460 | 5210 |
1113619349 | 8204 9201 | 4. | 111976321 | 64999123,165 | |
26237,242,290 | 12389 | 840010504 | 10250,336 | ||
27166 | 20382 | 12199,504 | |||
6.3415 | 2392,166,289 | 17197 18197,204 | 13245,504 | ||
15356 | 14123,166, | ||||
18348 | 2THESSALO- | 237,245,290, | |||
NIANS. | 300 | ||||
PHILIPPIANS. | 1. | 8404 | TITUS. | 15200,34019245 | |
1.10465 | 9434,504 | 1. | 2176,505 | 20504 | |
16293 | 1128 | 6389 | 21245 | ||
28434 | 2. | 3434 | 7337 | 22220,233 | |
29179 | 10204,436 | 8190 15123 16484 | 26169,310,506 | ||
2.1181 | 12400 | 28193,204, | |||
744 | 13292 | 223,300 | |||
973 | 14201 | 2. | 14197,237 | 10.1165,300 | |
11351 | 3. | 2197 | 3. | 3460 | 2123 |
13227 | 527,168 | 4155 | 6319 | ||
Ig166 | 8143 | 5242 | 7228 | ||
17310,321,391 | 7176 | 10290 | |||
25,303913.3392 | 1TIMOTHY. | HEBKEWS. | 12310,31914165,290 | ||
6166 | 1. | 1176 | 18319 | ||
13281 | 5123 | 1, | 2505 | 21371 | |
15164 | 9142 | 3213,236 | 22123,237, | ||
19434 | 17505 | 643,346,417 | 241,242,245, | ||
4.18227,310 | 18382 | 9269,296 | 300,385 | ||
19123 | 2. | 3142 | 25371 | ||
COLOSSIANS. | 2. | 5198,213 6198,213 | 5417744 | 2631928181 | |
1.13197 | 8190 | 10165 | 30159,400 | ||
14,199,220 | 14336 | 11290 | 36228 | ||
15486 | 15292 | 14195,460 | 39100,201,434 | ||
22166 | 3. | 1,2337 | 15195 | 11.174 | |
26505 | 9123 | 17210 | 3505 |
534
hidexofTexts.
PAGE | PAGE | PAGE | |
HkBREWS—COTJ^. | 1.22292 | 4 | .1465 |
ai.6300 | 24184 | 6106 | |
17468 | 2.3155 | 10213,^19 | |
28244 | 5223,303,310, | 12164 | |
35200 | 371,385 | 5 | 17142 |
40165 | 6-872 | ||
12.7300 | 9201,385,408 | ||
10,14292 | 12338 | 2JOHN. | |
15337 | 14404 | 1 | 3389 |
23166,376,400 | 19124,179 | ||
24340 | 24223 | ||
28392 | 25337 | 3JOHN. | |
13.10310 | 3.15285 | 1. | 389 |
11319 | 16124 | ||
15223,303,499 | 18300,319 | ||
16310 | 19356 | JUDE. | |
20303 | 21124,252 | 1. | 1289 |
21228 | 4.6356,400 | 7504 | |
17371 | 9,22465 | ||
JAMES. | 18142,1605.2337 | 15142 20348 | |
1.3466 | 9,14389 | 24166 | |
4166 | |||
6465 | |||
9350 | 2PETEE. | REVELATION. | |
12464,467 | 1. | 5242 | |
13467 | 1.13,14371 | 6385 | |
14336,467 | 2.1200 | 873 | |
15453 | 1,3434 | 18449 | |
2.2371 | 7197 | 2. | 11453 |
4465 | 9120,197 | 21150 | |
12,19401 | 21337 | 3. | 5351 |
21223 | 3.2337 | 7449 | |
23181 | 6435,436 | 10417 | |
3.17125 | 7434 | 4. | 4388 |
4.8292 | 9436 | 5106 | |
11400 | 16434 | 6230 | |
12400 | 18606 | 10347 | |
16350 | 5. | 687,317 | |
17142 | 8321 | ||
5.467 | 1JOHN. | 9200,317 | |
13349 | I.51 | 10385 | |
16351 | 7,9237 | 11346 | |
19,20153 | 2.1152 | 12317 | |
2213,319 | 14346,347 | ||
1PETER. | 3164 | 6. | 8449 |
3.3293 | 10404 | ||
1.2245,292 | 4142 | 7. | 14242 |
7434,466 | 5223 | 15392 | |
18197 | 10460,464 | 8. | 3,4321 |
19166,197 | 14453 | 9437 |
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