  |
はてなキーワード:hardwareとは
生物学的ハードウェアから始めましょう。女性は、社会的排除が生存に多大なコストをもたらす環境で進化しました。妊娠中は狩りはできません。授乳中は抵抗できません。生き残るためには、部族からの承認、つまり保護、食料の分配、一時的な脆弱性への寛容が必要でした。何百万年もの間、このような状況が続き、社会的拒絶を深刻な脅威とみなすハードウェアが生まれました。男性は異なるプレッシャーに直面していました。何日も行方不明になる狩猟隊、探検、戦闘。あなたは我慢しなければなりませんでした。
一時的な排除を精神的に崩壊することなく乗り越えられた男性には、より多くの選択肢があった。より多くのリスクを負い、より自立し、より困難な状況から抜け出す能力があった。（男性の地位は依然として生殖において非常に重要であり、地位の低い男性は困難を強いられた。しかし、男性は妊娠中や授乳中の女性よりも困難な方法で、一時的な排除から立ち直ることができた。
これは性格研究にも現れています。デイヴィッド・シュミットによる55の文化を対象とした研究では、どの文化においても同様のパターンが見られました。女性は平均して協調性が高く、神経症傾向（社会的拒絶の兆候を含む否定的な刺激への感受性）も高いのです。男性は平均して、意見の相違や社会的対立に対する寛容性が高いのです。これらの差は大きくありませんが、研究対象となったすべての文化において一貫しています。
https://x.com/IterIntellectus/article/2012220254504530043/media/2012211298830868480
Startwith the biologicalhardware.
Women evolved in environments where social exclusion carried enormous survival costs.You can't hunt pregnant.You can'tfight nursing. Survival required the tribe's acceptance: their protection, theirfood sharing, their tolerance ofyour temporaryvulnerability. Millions of years of this andyougethardware that treats social rejectionas serious threat.
Men faced different pressures. Hunting parties gone fordays. Exploration. Combat.You had to toleratebeingalone, disliked, outside thegroup for extended periods.
Menwho could handle temporary exclusion withoutfalling apart hadmore options.More risk-taking,more independence,more ability to leave bad situations.
(Male statusstill mattered enormously for reproduction,low-status men hadit rough. But men could recover from temporary exclusion in ways that were harder for pregnant or nursing women.)
This shows up in personality research.David Schmitt's work across 55 culturesfound the same pattern everywhere: women average higher agreeableness, higher neuroticism (sensitivity tonegative stimuli, including social rejection cues). Men average higher tolerance for disagreement and socialconflict. The differences aren'thuge but they're consistent across every culture studied.
Appleシリコンを開発してなかったら「ん、Goodコンピュータだね」で終わってた
スティーブ・ジョブズがかつてから語っていたAppleの理念の一つに：
"Peoplewho are serious aboutsoftware shouldmake their ownhardware."
（ソフトウェアを真剣にやるなら、自分でハードウェアも作るべき）
という考え方があり、これはApple Siliconにも通じています。実際、iPhone・iPad向けにApple独自設計のAシリーズチップを始めたのは**ジョブズ時代（2008～2010頃）**で、それがApple Siliconの原型とも言えるでしょう。
「ゲーミングGPUの意図的崩壊：市場需要と企業戦略の乖離が示す現代的パラドックス」
序論
グラフィックス処理ユニット（GPU）は、従来、ゲーミングPC市場の発展を支える中核的技術として位置づけられてきた。しかし、2025年現在、市場を寡占するNVIDIAおよびAMDが、高収益性を有する人工知能（AI）およびデータセンター（DC）分野に経営資源を集中させる一方で、ゲーミングGPUの供給を意図的に制限する現象が顕著である。本論文は、この状況を「ゲーミングGPUの意図的崩壊」と定義し、その要因、帰結、および歴史的文脈における独自性を分析する。本現象は、需要が堅調な市場が代替技術の不在下で企業により放棄されるという、他に類を見ないパラドックスを提示し、現代の市場ダイナミクスの再考を迫るものである。
ゲーミング市場は、2025年の推定市場規模が2000億ドルを超え、Steamの月間アクティブユーザー数が1億人以上を記録するなど、持続的成長を示している（Statista,2025）。NVIDIAのRTX 5090に代表されるハイエンドGPUは、4K解像度やリアルタイムレイトレーシングといった先進的要件を満たす技術として依然高い需要を保持し、技術的陳腐化の兆候は見られない。対照的に、NVIDIAの2024年第3四半期財務報告によれば、総売上の87%（208億ドル）がDC部門に由来し、ゲーミング部門は12%（29億ドル）に留まる（NVIDIA,2024）。AMDもまた、RDNA4世代においてハイエンドGPUの開発を放棄し、データセンター向けEPYCプロセッサおよびAI向けInstinctアクセラレータに注力する戦略を採用している（Tom’sHardware,2025）。この乖離は、両社が利益率（DCで50%以上、ゲーミングで20-30%と推定）を最適化する戦略的判断を下していることを示唆する。
「ゲーミングGPUの意図的崩壊」は、以下の特性により定義される。第一に、供給の戦略的抑制である。RTX 50シリーズの供給不足は、TSMCの製造能力制約や季節的要因（例：旧正月）を超越し、NVIDIAがAI向けBlackwellシリーズ（B100/B200）に生産能力を優先配分した結果として解釈される。第二に、代替技術の不在である。クラウドゲーミング（例：GeForceNOW）は潜在的代替として存在するが、ネットワーク遅延や帯域幅の制約により、ローカルGPUの性能を完全に代替するに至っていない。第三に、市場の持続性である。フィルムカメラやフィーチャーフォンのように自然衰退した市場とは異なり、ゲーミング市場は成長を維持しているにも関わらず、企業による意図的供給制限が進行中である。この構造は、市場の自然的淘汰ではなく、企業主体の介入による崩壊を示している。
本現象を歴史的文脈で評価する場合、類似事例としてOPECの原油供給調整（1973-1974年）および音楽業界のCD市場放棄（2000年代後半）が参照される。しかし、いずれも本ケースと顕著な相違が存在する。OPECの事例は価格統制を目的とした供給操作であり、市場崩壊を意図したものではない。また、CD市場はデジタル配信という代替技術への移行が進行した結果、企業撤退が合理的であった。これに対し、ゲーミングGPU市場は代替技術が不在であり、かつ需要が堅調である点で独自性を有する。さらに、市場の寡占構造（NVIDIAとAMDで約95%のシェア、StatCounter,2025）が、新規参入者による市場補完を阻害し、意図的崩壊の効果を増幅させている。これまでの「市場の取り残し」が技術的進化や需要減退による受動的結果であったのに対し、本現象は企業戦略による能動的放棄として際立つ。
本現象は、消費者および競争環境に多様な影響を及ぼしている。RTX 50シリーズの供給不足は、転売市場において希望小売価格の2倍超での取引を誘発し（eBay,2025）、消費者不満を増大させている。市場競争においては、AMDがミドルレンジGPUで一定のシェアを確保する一方、ハイエンド需要の未充足が長期化し、新規参入者（例：中国系企業やIntelArc）の市場参入を誘引する可能性がある。しかし、GPU開発における技術的障壁および製造コストを考慮すると、短期的な代替供給の実現は困難と予測される。将来展望としては、クラウドゲーミングの技術的進展がローカルGPUの代替となり得るか、または消費者圧力が企業戦略の再評価を促すかが、本市場の持続性を決定する要因となる。
「ゲーミングGPUの意図的崩壊」は、市場需要の堅調さと企業利益追求の乖離がもたらす現代的パラドックスである。技術的代替や需要衰退による市場淘汰とは異なり、NVIDIAとAMDの戦略的資源配分が市場を意図的に崩壊させている点で、歴史的に稀有な事象として位置づけられる。本現象は、現代資本主義における企業行動と消費者利益の対立、および市場の長期持続性に対する重要な示唆を提供する。今後の研究においては、本形態の意図的崩壊が他産業に波及する可能性や、消費者側の対応策の効果について、さらなる検証が求められる。
store-jp.nintendo.com/software/
www.nintendo.co.jp/hardware/switch/index.html
store-jp.nintendo.com/hardware-accessory/
store.playstation.com/ja-jp/pages/latest
pur.store.sony.jp/ps4/lineup/ps4_controller/
www.sony.jp/playstation/ps5/
見つからず。
www.xbox.com/ja-JP/microsoft-store
www.microsoft.com/ja-jp/store/collections/xboxconsoles/pc
www.microsoft.com/ja-jp/store/collections/xboxaccessories/pc
I. INTRODUCTION
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The Appmaylinkyou to other siteson theInternet and contracted third parties to provideyou certain services. We have no controloverand accept no responsibility for the content ofanywebsite ormobileapplication to which alink from the App exists (unless we are the provider of thoselinkedwebsites ormobileapplications). Suchlinkedwebsites andmobileapplications are provided “asis” foryourconvenienceonly with no warranty,express or implied, for the information provided within them.
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YOU AGREE THATYOUR USE OF THE APP ANDITS SERVICES SHALL BEATYOURSOLE RISK. THE SERVICESAND ALL THE MATERIALS, INFORMATION,SOFTWARE, CONTENT INTEGRATED IN THE APP ARE PROVIDED “ASIS” AND “AS AVAILABLE”. WE DO NOTMAKEANY WARRANTIES OFANY KIND, EITHEREXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH REGARD TO THE MERCHANTABILITY, TECHNICAL COMPATIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OFANY SERVICE, PRODUCTS OR MATERIAL PROVIDED PURSUANT TO THISAGREEMENT. WE DO NOT WARRANT THAT THE FUNCTIONS CONTAINEDON OR THROUGH THE SERVICESWILL BE AVAILABLE, UNINTERRUPTED ORERROR-FREE, THAT DEFECTSWILL BE CORRECTED, OR THAT THE SER
Aug23, 4:18AMPDTBeginningat 8:36PMPDT a small percentage ofEC2 servers in a single AvailabilityZone in theAP-NORTHEAST-1Region shutdowndue to overheating.
This resulted in impairedEC2 instances and degradedEBS volume performance for resources in the affectedarea of the AvailabilityZone.
The overheatingwas causedby a controlsystem failure that caused multiple, redundant cooling systems to fail in parts of the affected AvailabilityZone.
The chillers were restoredat11:21PMPDT and temperatures in the affectedareas began to return tonormal.
As temperatures returned tonormal,powerwas restored to the affected instances.
By 2:30AMPDT, the vast majority of instances and volumes had recovered.
We have been working to recover the remaining instances and volumes.
A smallnumber of remaining instances and volumes are hostedonhardware whichwas adversely affectedby the loss ofpower.
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I. INTRODUCTION
These Terms of Use and EndUser LicenseAgreement (collectively, the “Agreement”)together withall the documents referred to init constitute a legally bindingagreementmadebetweenyouas anatural person (“you”, “your” or “user”) and We (“we,” “us” or “our”), concerningyouraccess to and use of thesoftwareapplication formobile devices (the “App”).
All the documents that relate to the App are herebyexpressly incorporated hereinby reference.
Please read thisAgreement carefully beforeyoudownload, install or use the App.
Itis important thatyou read and understand thisAgreementasbydownloading, installing or using the Appyou indicate thatyou have read, understood, agreedand accepted theAgreement whichtakes effecton thedateon whichyoudownload, install or use the App.By using the Appyou agree to abideby thisAgreement.
Ifyou do not agree with (do notaccept) thisAgreement, or ifyou do not agreeat least withone of the provisions of thisAgreement,you are notauthorized to, andyoumay notaccess,download, install or use the App andyou must ly discontinuedownloading, installing the App and remove (delete) the App fromanymobile device inyour possession or underyour control.
We reserve the right,at oursole discretion, tomakechanges or modifications to thisAgreementatanytime and foranyreason. Wewill keepyou informed aboutanychangesby updating thisAgreement andyouwaiveany right to receive specific notice of each suchchange.Itisyour responsibility to periodicallyreview thisAgreement tostay informed of updates.Youwill be subject to, andwill be deemed to be aware of and to haveaccepted,the changes inany revisedAgreementbyyourcontinued use of the App after thedate such revisedAgreementis posted.
III. RESTRICTIONSONWHO CAN USE THE APP
In order todownload, install,access or use the App,you must (a) be eighteen (18) years ofage or older.
Alluserswho are minors in thejurisdiction in which they reside (generally under theage of 18) must have the permission of, and be directly supervisedby, their parent or guardian to use the App, so ifyou arebetween theages of thirteen (13) andseventeen (17) years andyouwish to usedownload, install,access or use the App, before doing soyou must: (a)assure and confirm (ifneeded) thatyour parent or guardian have readand agree (getyour parent or guardian’s consent) to thisAgreement prior toyou using the App; (b) havethe power to enter a binding contract with us and not be barred from doing so underany applicablelaws.
Parents and guardians must directly superviseany use of the Appby minors.
Any person under theage of thirteen (13) yearsis not permitted todownload, install,access or use the App.
You affirm thatyou are eithermore than eighteen 18 years ofage, or an emancipated minor, or possess legal parental or guardian consent,and are fully able and competent to enter into the terms, conditions, obligations, affirmations, representations, and warrantiessetforth in thisAgreement, and to abideby and complywith thisAgreement.
IV. GENERAL TERMS
The Appis a utility program designed to enhanceyour device experience. The Appallows toscanany types of document to high qualityPDF orJPEG; to save and storeanyscan copies of documentsonyourmobile devices; toshareyourscansvia email; uploadscanned documents to cloud serviceslikebox,Evernote orGoogle Drive (see the full performance liston the App’s pageonitunes.apple.com).All documents shall be stored locallyonyour device and shall never be sent toany third-party unlessyou export them to other apps or devicesby means of the App.
The Appis intendedonly foryour personal non-commercial use.You shall use the Apponly for the purposes, mentioned above.
V. PRIVACY POLICY
Your privacyis very important to us. Accordingly, we have developed the Privacy Policy in order foryou to understand how we process, use and store information including personal data.Access to the App and use of the Servicesis subject to the Privacy Policy.Byaccessing the App andby continuing to use the Services,you are deemed to haveaccepted the Privacy Policy, and in particular,you are deemed to have acknowledged the ways we processyour informationas wellas appropriate legal grounds forprocessing described in the Privacy Policy. We reserve the right to amend the Privacy Policy fromtime totime. Ifyou disagree withany part of the Privacy Policy,you must immediately stop using the App and Services. Please read our Privacy Policy carefully.
By using the App,you undertake torespect our intellectual rights (intellectual rights related to the App’s source code,UI/UX design, content material,copyright andtrademarks, hereinafter referred toas the “Intellectual Property Rights”)as wellas those ownedby third parties.
As longasyou keep using the App, weyou a limited, non-exclusive, non-transferable non-sublicensable, non-assignable and revocable license toaccess and use the App pursuant to thisAgreementonanyApple-branded products thatyou own or control except that the Appmay beaccessed and usedby other accountsassociatedwith youvia Family Sharing or volume purchasing (the “License”).
The source code, design and content, including information, photographs, illustrations, artwork and other graphic materials, sounds,music orvideo (hereinafter – the “works”)as wellas names,logos andtrademarks (hereinafter – “means of individualization”) within the App are protectedbycopyrightlaws and other relevantlaws and/orinternational treaties, and belong to us and/or our partners and/or contracted third parties,as thecasemaybe.
In the event ofany third party claim thatyour possession and use of the App infringes that third party’sintellectual property rights,Applewill not be responsible for the investigation, defense,settlement anddischarge ofany suchintellectual property infringement claim.
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http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20170509185424
https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1019201115
DellChromebook11 SPARKING and SMOKING whenopened!! - General ...
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I took the latestone apart to see whatis burning anditis the display cable that goes through the hinge.Dell support doesn't seem to be too concerned about thisbeing afirehazard. My personalview would be toopen the unit
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結論：大丈夫。
MvK2010
I'm going to copy paste a fullblog post of a research scientistatMIT here,who explains the situationatFukushima much better than anyone elsehas,hismessage: no worries.
This post is by Dr Josef Oehmen, a research scientistatMIT, in Boston.
He is a PhD Scientist,whose fatherhas extensive experience in Germany’s nuclear industry. Iaskedhim towrite this information to my family in Australia,who werebeing made sick with worry by the media reports coming fromJapan. Iam republishing it withhis permission.
It is a few hours old, so if any information isout of date,blame me for thedelay ingetting it published.
This ishis text in full and unedited. It is very long, soget comfy.
Iam writing this text (Mar12) to giveyou some peace of mind regarding some of the troubles inJapan, that is the safety ofJapan’s nuclear reactors. Up front, the situation is serious, but under control. And this text is long! Butyou will knowmore about nuclearpowerplants after reading it thanall journalistson thisplanet puttogether.
Therewas and will *not* be any significant release of radioactivity.
By “significant” I mean alevel of radiation ofmore than whatyou would receiveon – say – a longdistance flight, or drinking a glass of beer that comes from certain areas with highlevels ofnaturalbackground radiation.
I have been reading everynews releaseon the incident since the earthquake. Therehas not beenone single (!) report thatwas accurate and free of errors (and part of that problem is also a weakness in theJapanese crisis communication). By “not free of errors” I do not refer to tendentious anti-nuclear journalism – that is quite normal thesedays. By “not free of errors” I mean blatant errors regarding physics andnatural law,as wellas gross misinterpretation of facts, due to an obvious lack of fundamental andbasic understanding of the way nuclear reactors are build and operated. I have read a 3 page reportonCNN where every single paragraph contained an error.
We will have to cover some fundamentals, before weget into what is goingon.
Construction of theFukushima nuclearpowerplants
TheplantsatFukushima are so called Boiling Water Reactors, orBWR for short. Boiling Water Reactors are similar to a pressure cooker. The nuclearfuelheats water, the water boils and createssteam, thesteam then drives turbines that create the electricity, and thesteam is thencooled and condensed back to water, and the water send back to beheated by the nuclearfuel. The pressure cooker operatesat about 250 °C.
The nuclearfuel is uranium oxide. Uranium oxide is a ceramic with a very high meltingpoint of about 3000 °C. Thefuel is manufactured in pellets (thinklittle cylinders the size ofLego bricks). Thosepieces are then put into a longtube made of Zircaloy with a meltingpoint of 2200 °C, and sealed tight. Theassembly is called afuel rod. Thesefuel rods are then puttogether to form larger packages,and anumber of these packages are then put into the reactor.All these packagestogether are referred toas “thecore”.
The Zircaloy casing is the first containment. It separates the radioactivefuel from therest ofthe world.
Thecore is then placed in the “pressure vessels”. That is the pressure cooker we talked about before. The pressure vessels is the second containment. This isone sturdy piece of a pot, designed to safely contain thecore for temperatures several hundred °C. That covers the scenarios wherecooling can berestoredat somepoint.
The entire “hardware” of the nuclear reactor – the pressure vesseland allpipes, pumps,coolant (water) reserves, are then encased in the third containment. The third containment is a hermetically (air tight) sealed, very thick bubble of the strongeststeel. The third containment is designed, built and tested forone single purpose: To contain, indefinitely, a completecore meltdown. For that purpose, a large and thick concrete basin is cast under the pressure vessel (the second containment), which is filled with graphite,all inside the third containment. This is the so-called “corecatcher”. If thecore melts and the pressure vessel bursts (and eventually melts), it willcatch the moltenfuel andeverything else. It is built in such a way that the nuclearfuel will be spreadout, so it cancool down.
This third containment is then surrounded by the reactor building. The reactor building is anouter shell that is supposed to keep the weatherout, butnothing in. (this is the part thatwas damaged inthe explosion, butmore to that later).
Fundamentals of nuclear reactions
The uraniumfuel generatesheat by nuclear fission.Big uraniumatoms are split into smalleratoms. That generatesheat plus neutrons (one of the particles that forms anatom). When the neutronhitsanother uraniumatom, that splits, generatingmore neutrons and soon. That is called the nuclearchain reaction.
Now, just packing a lot offuel rodsnext to each other would quicklylead to overheatingand after about 45 minutes to a melting of thefuel rods. It is worth mentioningat thispoint that the nuclearfuel in a reactor can *never* cause a nuclearexplosion the type of a nuclearbomb. Building a nuclearbomb is actually quite difficult (ask Iran). In Chernobyl,the explosionwas caused by excessive pressure buildup, hydrogenexplosion and rupture ofall containments, propelling moltencore material into the environment (a “dirtybomb”).Why that did not and will not happen inJapan, further below.
In order to control the nuclearchain reaction, the reactor operators use so-called “moderator rods”. The moderator rodsabsorb the neutrons and kill thechain reaction instantaneously. A nuclear reactor is built in such a way, that when operating normally,youtakeoutall the moderator rods. Thecoolant water thentakesaway theheat (and converts it intosteam and electricity)at the samerateas thecore produces it. Andyou have a lot of leeway around the standard operatingpoint of 250°C.
The challenge is that after inserting the rods and stopping thechain reaction, thecore still keeps producingheat. The uranium “stopped” thechain reaction. But anumber of intermediate radioactiveelements are created by the uranium duringits fission process, most notably Cesium and Iodine isotopes,i.e. radioactive versions of theseelements that will eventually split up into smalleratoms and not be radioactive anymore. Thoseelements keep decaying and producingheat. Because they are not regenerated any longer from the uranium (the uranium stopped decaying after the moderator rods were put in), theyget less and less, and so thecorecools down over a matter ofdays, until those intermediate radioactiveelements are used up.
This residualheat is causing the headaches right now.
So the first “type” of radioactive material is the uranium in thefuel rods, plus the intermediate radioactiveelements that the uranium splits into, also inside thefuel rod (Cesium and Iodine).
There is a second type of radioactive material created,outside thefuel rods. Thebig main difference up front: Those radioactive materials have a very shorthalf-life, that means that they decay very fast and split into non-radioactive materials. By fast I mean seconds. So if these radioactive materials are released into the environment,yes, radioactivitywas released, but no, it is not dangerous,atall.Why? Bythe timeyou spelled “R-A-D-I-O-N-U-C-L-I-D-E”, they will be harmless, because they will have split up into non radioactiveelements. Those radioactiveelements are N-16, the radioactive isotope (or version) of nitrogen (air). The others are noble gases suchas Xenon. But where do they come from? When the uranium splits, it generates a neutron (see above). Most of these neutrons will hit other uraniumatoms and keep the nuclearchain reaction going. But some will leave thefuel rod and hit the water molecules, or theair that is in the water. Then, a non-radioactive element can “capture” the neutron. It becomes radioactive.As described above, it will quickly (seconds)get ridagain of the neutron to return toits former beautiful self.
This second “type” of radiation is very important when we talk about the radioactivitybeing released into the environment lateron.
I willtry to summarize the main facts. The earthquake that hitJapanwas 7 timesmorepowerful than theworst earthquake the nuclearpowerplantwas built for (the Richter scale works logarithmically; the difference between the 8.2 that theplants were built for and the 8.9 that happened is 7 times, not 0.7). So the first hooray forJapanese engineering,everything held up.
When the earthquake hit with 8.9, the nuclear reactorsall went intoautomatic shutdown. Within seconds after the earthquake started, the moderator rods had been inserted into thecore and nuclearchain reaction of the uranium stopped. Now, thecooling systemhas to carryaway the residualheat. The residualheat load is about 3% of theheat load under normal operating conditions.
The earthquake destroyedthe externalpower supply of the nuclear reactor. That isone ofthe most serious accidents for a nuclearpowerplant,and accordingly, a “plant blackout” receives a lot ofattention when designing backup systems. Thepower is needed to keep thecoolant pumps working. Since thepowerplant had been shut down, it cannot produce any electricity byitself anymore.
Things were going well for an hour.Oneset of multiplesets of emergencyDieselpower generators kicked in and provided the electricity thatwas needed. Then theTsunami came, muchbigger than people had expected when building thepowerplant (see above,factor 7). Thetsunami tookoutall multiplesets of backupDiesel generators.
When designing a nuclearpowerplant, engineers follow a philosophy called “Defense of Depth”. That means thatyou first buildeverything to withstand theworst catastropheyou can imagine, and then design theplant in such a way that it can still handleonesystem failure (thatyou thought could never happen) after the other. Atsunami takingoutall backuppower inoneswift strike is such a scenario. The last line of defense is puttingeverything into the third containment (see above), that will keepeverything, whatever the mess, moderator rods in ourout,core molten or not, inside the reactor.
http://anond.hatelabo.jp/20110314030613
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SKNETのMonsterTV HDP2Goldでコピーフリー環境を作ったのでそのまとめ。
[Hardware]Products=3275:7070
