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はてなキーワード:Distortionとは
実は、アファーマティブ・アクション（AA）やそれに類する「優遇政策」は、経済学的にも長い議論の対象で、労働市場の効率性・インセンティブ構造・社会的資本の形成といった観点から、かなり深く分析されています。
AAによって採用・昇進などで属性が重視されると、「最適な人材配置」が歪むことがあります。
本来、最も生産性が高い候補者を選ぶべきところで、**別の基準（性別・人種・出身など）**が介入する。
結果として、全体の生産効率（totalfactor productivity）が低下する可能性がある。
たとえば：
Loury (1998), “Discrimination in the Post-Civil Rights Era”
→AAは短期的な公平性を実現するが、長期的には人的資本（human capital）の最適配分を阻害する。
Coate & Loury (1993), Quarterly Journal of Economics
→ 「低評価リスク」仮説：制度的優遇があると、企業側が「優遇枠の人は平均的に能力が低いかもしれない」と予期し、全体の採用評価を下げる。
→ つまり、恩恵を受ける人自身が市場で過小評価される逆効果が生じる。
経済学では、個人が努力する動機＝「期待される報酬 ×確率」。
AAによって「結果の平等」が保証されると、努力のリターンが減少する可能性がある。
Phelps (1972), “The StatisticalTheory of Racism and Sexism”
→ もし企業が属性を基準に期待値を修正する（例：「女性は平均的に○○が低い」など）と、
個人が努力しても評価が改善されにくく、人間資本投資のインセンティブが下がる。
Becker (1957), The Economics of Discrimination
→市場競争の中では、長期的には差別はコストになる（＝差別する企業が淘汰される）。
つまり、市場メカニズムに任せた方が、平等を促す方向に進む可能性がある。
🔹 3.スティグマ効果（signaldistortion）
「AAによる採用・昇進＝能力より制度的配慮」と見られることで、
これはゲーム理論的には「シグナリング（signaling）」の問題として扱われます。
Coate & Loury (1993)モデルでは、AA導入後、採用者が「優遇されているグループ」に対して
“平均的に能力が低い”という信念を形成 →雇用主が訓練投資を減らす。
→ その結果、実際に能力格差が固定化されるという自己成就的な悪循環が起きる。
市場の信号構造を歪め、差別を制度的に固定化するという逆効果が生まれる。
経済学では信頼・ネットワーク・協調といった“社会的資本”も重要な生産要素とされています。
グループ間の信頼が低下
成功の原因が「努力」ではなく「制度」に帰属される（＝相互尊重の低下）
→結果的に、社会全体の協力効率（cooperative efficiency）が下がる。
この点は、Putnam（2000）『BowlingAlone』や Fukuyama（1995）『Trust』などでも、
“制度的な平等の押し付け”が社会的信頼を損なうという形で議論されています。
AAを受けて育った世代が、次の世代に「努力よりも制度を頼る文化」を引き継ぐ可能性があります。
→ これを “policy dependence equilibrium”（政策依存均衡）と呼ぶモデルがあります。
例：
Cass Sunstein (1991) “Why MarketsDon’t Stop Discrimination”
🔹総合すると…
アファーマティブ・アクションは短期的には平等を“見かけ上”実現するけれど、
長期的には：
生産性の低下（misallocation）
P = {p₁, p₂, ..., pₙ}
自分の行動 aᵢᵗ により、期待効用 E[Uᵢ(aᵢᵗ, Iᵢᵗ)] を最大化。ここで Iᵢᵗ は時点 t における情報集合（受信＋自己判断）
πᵢᵗ =自身の発信が他者の行動に影響し、その結果自分のUᵢが上がる
プレイヤーpᵢは時点tに次を決定：
2. どのような情報を発信するか（他者の目的関数に影響を与える戦略的選択）
このゲームにおける均衡概念としては、ベイズナッシュ均衡（BNE）が適用可能ですが、以下の点で非古典的性質が生じます：
1. 影響力のあるプレイヤー（φが大きい）は、自らの目的にかなうように、他者の行動を操作する情報を発信する。最適戦略は、「相手の信念を操作してUⱼ(aⱼ)を自分に都合よく曲げる」情報を選ぶこと。
2.一般プレイヤーは、情報の信頼性θを学習的にアップデートしながら、信念を更新し、行動を決定。最適戦略は、「自分の目的にノイズを与える情報源をフィルタする」信頼制御的フィルタリング。
3. 全体均衡では、ノイズの蓄積により複数の局所合理性が生まれ、「信念の断片化」が進む。結果として、行動の整合性が失われ、社会全体としては効率の悪いナッシュ均衡に陥る可能性がある（例：エコーチェンバー、陰謀論、情報バブル）
このゲームは「Endogenous BeliefDistortion Game（内生的信念歪曲ゲーム）」と定義し、以下のように拡張可能：
#midjourney #midjourneyai #midjourneyart
In this video tutorial, wewill showyou how to create animage in Midjourney and turnit into a360image. Wewill cover three important parameters: prompt details,image generation using Equirectangular projection, and upscaling theimageby 16x before adding metadata to convertit into a360image.
Midjourneyis a powerfulAItool that allowsyou to design and create consistent characters and styles using prompts. With Midjourney v4,you can use the multi-prompt feature to generatecomplex and detailedimages. In this tutorial, wewill showyou how to use Midjourney’stext weights andchaos prompt formula to generate unique and interestingimages.
Firstly, wewill discuss prompt details. Promptsare thekey to generatingimages in Midjourney. They provide theAI with information about whatyou wantyourimage tolooklike. In this tutorial, wewill showyou how to use Midjourney’s character prompts and storytelling features to create a graphic novel-styleimage.
Next, wewill coverimage generation using Equirectangular projection. Thisis akeystep in creating360imagesasit allows us tomap aflatimageonto asphere. Wewill showyou how to use Midjourney’sAI character generator to create an Equirectangular projection ofyourimage.
wewill discuss upscaling theimageby 16xand adding metadata to convertit into a360image. Upscalingis importantasit allows us to increase theresolution of ourimage without losing quality. Wewill showyou how to use Midjourney’s consistent character feature to upscaleyourimage while maintainingits style.
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Prompts
## *Keyword to be used*
# *City Landscape*
/imagine prompt: *equirectangular projection of* acity landscape ingolden hour, the urban landscapeis bathed in warmlightas thesun sets behind theskyscrapers. Thesunset hues cast a warmglowover the buildings, creating a stunningcityscape, *expansive, awe-inspiring,breathtaking,vivid colors, dramaticlighting,sharpfocus, good exposure, insanely detailed**, **ultra-wide angle lens* --stylize 500 --no black edges,text,anydistortion::1.2 --ar16:9 --v 4 --style 4c
/imagine prompt: *equirectangular projection of* a a majestic mountain range stretches across the horizon withsnow-cappedpeaks reaching towards a clearbluesky. The crispair and serene landscape create abreathtaking scene. *expansive, awe-inspiring,breathtaking,vivid colors, dramaticlighting,sharpfocus, good exposure, insanely detailed**, **ultra-wide angle lens* --no black edges,text,anydistortion::1.2 --ar16:9 --v 4 --style 4c
/imagine prompt: *equirectangular projection of* a visually stunning landscape: majestic mountains,goldensunset, *expansive, awe-inspiring,breathtaking,vivid colors, dramaticlighting,sharpfocus, good exposure, insanely detailed**, **ultra-wide angle lens* --no black edges,text,anydistortion --ar16:9 --v 4 --style 4c Christ, amen.
いやそんな程度の話はわざわざ教えてもらわなくても知ってるんだわ。その辺知ってるなら俺がratedistortionの話を出したら当然information bottleneckの話が出てくるはずで、俺はそれを期待してたんだが単語だけ丸暗記してるお前からは何も出てこなかった。
これ読んだならratedistortiontheoryは分かるよな。お前の言う「重みネットワーク」とやらはそれ以外の古典的な情報圧縮と比べてratedistortion的にどう違うと思ってるの？
打ち消されない/can't be counteredという効果は、呪文や能力が打ち消されることを防ぐ効果である。
「打ち消されない」という効果は、「〜〜を打ち消す」という効果を持った呪文や能力によって打ち消されることを無視する。
基本的には、打ち消しを得意とする青の対抗色である赤と緑のカードの持つ能力である。赤、緑に次ぐ3番手は青であり、最初に印刷された最後の言葉/LastWord以後はしばらく登場していなかったが、呪文においては至高の評決/Supreme Verdict、クリーチャーにおいては真珠湖の古きもの/Pearl Lake Ancient以来定期的に現れている。黒は思考のひずみ/ThoughtDistortionでこの効果を持ち4番手となった。白はこの役割を持たない。
普通の打ち消しでは対抗できないため、打ち消し戦術を使う側は他の対処を考えなければならない。
例えば、突然の衰微/Abrupt Decayを対象に蝕み/Undermineを唱えた場合、蝕みの解決に際し、突然の衰微のコントローラーは3点のライフを失う。
テンペストでスクラーグノス/Scragnothが最初に持った能力である。
緑の打ち消されないカードはほぼ全てクリーチャー・カードである。またクリーチャー呪文を打ち消されなくするカードも擁する。
以下には、打ち消されない呪文や能力から受ける影響を低減する方向での対処例を示し、戦場に出てから対処する方法は割愛する。
時間停止/Time Stopや精神壊しの罠/Mindbreak Trap、アショクの消去/Ashiok's Erasure等で呪文や能力を追放する。
造物の学者、ヴェンセール/Venser, Shaper Savantや粗暴な排除/Brutal Expulsion等で呪文をバウンスしてしまう。
対象を取る場合、誤った指図/Misdirection等で対象を変更する。あるいは明滅やバウンス、呪禁やプロテクション、破壊不能の付与で対象を保護したり、立ち消えを発生させたりする。
事前にエメリアの盾、イオナ/Iona,Shield of Emeriaや翻弄する魔道士/Meddling Mage、呪われたトーテム像/Cursed Totem等で唱えられない・起動できない状況を作る。
事前からの切削や手札破壊、マナ拘束等により、唱えるために必要な条件を奪う。
アーテイのおせっかい/Ertai's Meddlingで、呪文の効果の発生を遅らせる（その後、対象が不適正になった場合は立ち消える）。
かつては、対象を取る呪文や能力が不正な対象になった場合、解決時にルールによって打ち消されていた。（→立ち消え）
ドミナリア発売に伴うルール変更（2018年4月27日発効）により、不正な対象である時はルールによって打ち消されるのではなく単に解決されないことになったため、対象をとる呪文や能力が打ち消されない場合に使われていた「呪文や能力によっては打ち消されない」という文章を「打ち消されない」とするオラクル変更が同時期に行われた。
この時期にルールによる打ち消しを防ぐ事ができる例外として、金粉のドレイク/Gilded Drakeが存在していた。現在はルール変更に合わせて、不正な対象となっても解決される能力へと変更されている。
未来予知で部族呪文が登場してから、一時樹根スリヴァー/Root Sliverの能力でそれらがルールにより打ち消されなかった時期があった。2008年1月のオラクル更新で、これは「呪文や能力により打ち消されない」に改められていた。
ほらよ。
https://anond.hatelabo.jp/20171014071350
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グールド自身による（自己の言説の歪曲された利用への）反論（訳は大意）
[T]ransitions are often found in the fossil record. Preserved transitions are notcommon -- and should not be, according to our understanding ofevolution (seenext section) but they are not entirely wanting,as creationists often claim. [He then discussestwo examples: therapsid intermediaries between reptiles and mammals, and the half-dozenhuman species - foundas of 1981 - that appear in an unbroken temporal sequence of progressivelymore modern features.]
移行形態の化石記録はしばしば発見されています。保存された移行形態は一般的ではありませんが、そしてそれは私たちの断続平行説が正しいのであればそうあるべきですが、まったく欠如している、そう創造論者は主張していますが、そういうわけではありません。
Faced with these facts ofevolution and the philosophical bankruptcy of their own position, creationists rely upondistortion and innuendo to buttress their rhetorical claim. If I soundsharp or bitter, indeed Iam -- for I have become amajor target of these practices.
こういった進化の事実と彼ら自身の哲学的立場の破綻に直面して、創造論者は彼らの修辞的な主張を強化するために、歪曲と暗示に頼っています。もし私が辛辣に見えるのならば、実際その通りなのですが、それは私が彼らの実践の主要なターゲットとなっているからです。
I count myselfamong theevolutionistswho argue for a jerky, or episodic, rather than a smoothly gradual, pace ofchange. In 1972 my colleague Niles Eldredge and I developedthe theory of punctuated equilibrium. We argued thattwo outstanding facts of the fossil record -- geologically "sudden" origin of new species and failure tochange thereafter (stasis) -- reflect the predictions ofevolutionarytheory, not the imperfections of the fossil record. In most theories, small isolated populations arethe source of new species, and the process of speciation takes thousands or tens of thousands of years. Thisamount oftime, so long when measuredagainst our lives, is a geological microsecond . . .
私は自分を徐々に漸進的に変化が起きるというよりも、気まぐれで断続的に起きると考える進化論者のひとりであると考えています。
Since we proposed punctuated equilibria to explain trends, it is infuriating to be quotedagain andagain by creationists -- whether through design or stupidity, I do not know --as admitting that the fossil record includes no transitional forms. Transitional forms are generally lackingat the specieslevel, but they are abundant between larger groups.
（変化に）波があることを説明するために私たちが断続的平衡を主張して以来、何度も何度も創造論者によってデザインやなにやらを通じて、私が化石記録は移行形態を含まないと認めていると引用されたのは、はらわたの煮えくりかえる思いです。移行形態は一般的に種の水準では欠如していますが、それより大きいグループの間では豊富に存在するのです。
